Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Feedback Mechanisms in Female Reproductive System
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Afrel Mae P. Ayuban
Editor: Annalyn M. Macasinag
Reviewer: Annalyn M. Macasinag (Content and Language)
Illustrator: Name
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
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Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 10
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 6
Feedback Mechanisms in Female
Reproductive System
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Feedback Mechanisms in

Female Reproductive System!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Feedback Mechanisms in

Female Reproductive System!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is designed and written to help you master the lesson on feedback
mechanisms in female reproductive processes. It is here to help you master the
lesson on how feedback mechanisms help in maintaining different reproductive
processes to sustain a healthy life.

It has prepared to provide activities for reinforcement, strengthening and

enriching knowledge and skills. The skills in this module cover all the most essential
learning competencies in the list issued by the Department of Education.

This module uses different and interesting approaches, strategies, and

techniques to further hone scientific understanding of the learners. The module is
about the roles of female hormones in feedback mechanisms to regulate reproductive
processes as well as their importance in living a healthy life.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the female reproductive hormones and their roles in reproductive

processes,
2. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating female
reproductive processes using diagram,
3. and appreciate the important roles of feedback mechanisms in sustaining
a healthy life.

PRETEST

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a female reproductive hormone?

a. Estradiol
b. Estrogen
c. Progesterone
d. Testosterone

2. What is the role of estrogen in female reproductive process?

a. controls sperm formation
b. assists in labor and childbirth
c. stimulates the growth of uterine lining
d. inhibits the release of hormones LH and FSH
 3. Which of the following statements is FALSE during childbirth?
a. As the uterus contracts, the brain stops producing oxytocin.
b. High level of oxytocin in the blood results to more contraction until
the baby is born.
c. Increased pressure on the cervix stimulates the brain to release the
hormone oxytocin.
d. When labor begins, the baby’s head is pushed downwards and results
in increased pressure on the cervix.

4. Which of the following is the negative feedback effect of ovaries loosing

sensitivity to FSH and LH?
a. higher fertility rate
b. increase in production of estrogen
c. loss of ovulation and menstruation
d. increase follicular development and ovulation

5. Which of the following hormonal imbalance can lead to Polycystic Ovary

Syndrome (PCOS) in females?
a. higher levels of testosterone
b. higher levels of androgen
c. low levels of estrogen
d. low levels of LH

RECAP
In our previous discussion you have learned about the different phases of
menstrual cycle. Let us check if you still remember them by matching these phases
with their important event.

MENSTRUAL PHASE release of mature egg cell from the ovary

FOLLICULAR PHASE
maturing of egg cell

OVULATION PHASE
shedding of uterine lining
LUTEAL PHASE
start of uterine lining shedding

Excellent! Now that you already know the different phases of the menstrual
cycle as well as the significant event that occurs in each phase, let us learn about
the mechanisms that regulate female reproductive processes. Are you ready? Let’s
go!
 LESSON

As what you have discussed in the previous lessons, hormones play

important role in regulating human processes. Female sex hormones, or sex steroids,
play vital roles in sexual development, reproduction, and general health. Sex
hormone levels change over time, but some of the most significant changes happen
during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause.
How do hormones regulate these processes in females? Feedback Mechanism
is the answer! A feedback mechanism is a loop system wherein the system responds
to an uneasiness. Feedback loops are therefore the process whereby a change to the
system results in an alarm which will trigger a certain result. This result will either
increase the change to the system or reduce it to bring the system back to normal
keeping its internal environment stable responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
Feedback, in general, is a regulatory mechanism present in many biological
reactions. By allowing certain pathways to be turned off and on, the body can control
various aspects of its internal environment. This is similar to flipping a switch.
Feedback allows the product of a pathway to control the switch.

Negative feedback is a type of Positive feedback, on the

regulation in biological system in which
the end product of a process in turn
reduces the stimulus of the same
process. It occurs when the product of
a pathway turns the biochemical
pathway off.
other hand is found in other
biological pathways in which
the product increases the
pathway, biochemical
pathway on.
http://getdrawings.com/vector-
tag/button

Let us now discuss the different female reproductive processes and their
feedback mechanisms.

Feedback Mechanism in Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy

Before a woman ovulates, the hormone estrogen is released by the ovary. The
estrogen travels to the brain, which causes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
to be released from the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone (LH) to be released
from the pituitary gland. LH causes more estrogen to be released from the ovary,
which in turn causes an increase in GnRH and LH in the bloodstream through
positive feedback. The rise in these hormones, along with follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH), causes ovulation to occur.
 In negative feedback, rising levels of HYPOTHALAMUS

hormones feedback to the hypothalamus GnRH

and pituitary gland to decrease the ANTERIOR

PITUITARY
production of the hormones. During most GLAND

of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and

progesterone provide negative feedback to
LH
.
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This
FSH
keeps their levels more or less constant. Progesterone

If no fertilized egg is implanted into OVARY

(Corpus Luteum)
the uterus, the corpus luteum, a mass of
UTERUS
cells that forms in an ovary and is (Endometrium)

responsible for the production of the Progesterone

hormone progesterone during early
pregnancy degenerates and the levels of
REMEMBER: Estrogen is the
estrogen and progesterone decrease. The
hormone that regulates the
endometrium begins to degenerate as the
menstrual cycle while progesterone is
progesterone levels drop, initiating the next
the hormone that supports
menstrual cycle. The decrease in
pregnancy. During pregnancy, these
progesterone also allows the hypothalamus
two work together and are
to send GnRH to the anterior pituitary,
responsible for the changes that take
releasing FSH and LH and starting the
place during pregnancy.
cycles again.
Feedback Mechanism in Labor and Childbirth
Pressure of Contractions More pressure on More Baby is
child on begin cervix, oxytocin contractions born
cervix released

Positive Feedback
When labor begins, the baby’s head is pushed downwards and results in
increased pressure on the cervix. This stimulates receptor cells to send a chemical
signal to the brain, allowing the release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland.
This oxytocin diffuses to the cervix via the blood, where it stimulated further
contractions. These contractions stimulate further oxytocin release until the baby
is born. Breastfeeding is also a positive feedback loop; as the baby suckles, the
mother’s pituitary gland produces more of the hormone prolactin, which causes
more milk to be produced.

Feedback Mechanism in Menopause

Negative Feedback

As women approach their mid-40s to mid-50s,

their ovaries begin to lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH.
Menstrual periods become less frequent and finally cease;
this is menopause. There are still eggs and potential
follicles on the ovaries, but without the stimulation of FSH
and LH, they will not produce a viable egg to be released.
There is also marked reduction in estrogen level due to
loss of follicular development, loss of ovulation and
menstruation. The outcome of this is the inability to have
Wikipeidiacommons.com
children. During this time, she may experience hot
flashes, mood swings, and other symptoms.
 ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY # 1
DOT TO DOT
Direction: Draw line from the endocrine gland to the hormone it produces and
identify the function/s of each hormone in regulating female reproductive processes.
Select your answer from the given choices below.
Choose your
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) answer here:
Function: _________________________ ➢ promotes
ovulation and
progesterone
Estrogen
production in
Function:
the ovary
https://pituitary.as _________________________
➢ stimulates
n.au/learn/overvie
w-of-the-pituitary-
uterine
foundation/ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) contraction
Function: ➢ promotes
_________________________ follicle
maturation
Oxytocin and estrogen
ovaries Function: secretion in
https://www.canstock _________________________ the ovary
photo.com/illustration ➢ regulates the
/sexual.html
menstrual
Progesterone cycle
Function: ➢ supports
_________________________ pregnancy

ACTIVITY # 2
OH MY BABY!
Direction: Study the diagram of feedback mechanism in giving birth. Complete the
process by filling up the missing concept, choose from the pool of words below.
3 POOL OF WORDS:
Stretch receptors activated
in the uterus

Oxytocin causes uterine

muscles to contract

Baby’s growth takes up all

space in the uterus
2 4
Contractions get stronger
until baby is delivered
1 5
https://freesvg.org/15483 Brain signals for release of
72461 oxytocin
 ACTIVITY # 3
WRONG FEEDBACK!
Direction: The diagram shows the physical and emotional changes in a woman in
each phase of menstrual cycle. Write the correct scientific explanation for each.
Choose you answer from the “pool of statements” below.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi
le:Menopause_-_Osteoporosis_--_Smart- dreamstime.com/beatiful-girl-acne- https://www.vectorstock.com/ro
Servier.jpg red-pimple-face-beatiful-girl-acne- yalty-free-vectors/baby-formula-
red-pimple-face-teenager-ugly-skin- milk-vectorsnursing-moms-

1. Menopause 2. Acne Breakout 3. Non lactating mothers

Osteoporosis

https://www.freepik.com/free-
vector/hand-drawn-breast-cancer-
https://www.cleanpng.com/free/labor-
awareness-month-
induction.html
illustration_5461333.htmmoms-

4. Breast Cancer 5. Induced labor

POOL OF WORDS

decreasing excess level high estrogen

low low level of androgen
level of level causes
level of of activates oil
estrogen that production of
oxytocin prolactin gland
protects bone fat tissue

WRAP-UP

You have learned that our body has the ability to maintain a stability through
feedback mechanisms. Identify which diagram shows positive and negative feedback
loops.
A. B.

INPUT SYSTEM OUTPUT INPUT SYSTEM OUTPUT

(ALARM) (BODY) (RESULT) (ALARM) (BODY) (RESULT)

http://www.publicdomainfiles.com/show_file.php?id=13936204817199
 VALUING
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal
disorder common among women of reproductive age. It was
first reported by Stein and Levanthal in 1935 and is one of
the most common reproductive endocrine-related disease
affecting about 8-11% of women in the reproductive age
group diagnosed according to National Institute of Health
(NIH) (May L. Uyking-Naranjo, MD, 2013). Women with
Normal Polycystic
PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual Ovary Ovary
periods. There are different causes for PCOS. Some of them
are: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w
iki/File:PCOS_(Part_2).png
High levels of Androgens
Androgens, even though are sometimes called ‘male hormones’, are made in
small amounts in most women. It controls the development of male traits, such as
male-pattern baldness. Women with PCOS have more androgens than normal. If a
patient has androgen in higher than normal levels, then the ovaries are prevented
from releasing an egg (ovulation) during each menstrual cycle. It can also cause the
growth of extra hair growth and acne.

High levels of Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that controls how the food consumed by the body is
converted into energy. Resistance to insulin is a condition where the body's cells do
not respond normally to insulin. As a result, the patient’s insulin blood levels become
higher than normal. Many women with PCOS usually have insulin resistance that
can, over time, lead to Type II diabetes.
There is no cure for PCOS, but you can manage the symptoms of PCOS. You
and your doctor will work on a treatment plan based on your symptoms, your plans
for having children, and your risk of long-term health problems such as diabetes and
heart disease. Many women will need a combination of treatments, including:
• Steps you can take at home to help relieve your symptoms
• Medicines
 POSTTEST

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following hormone promotes ovulation and progesterone

production in the ovary?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. Oxytocin
d. Estrogen

2. Which of the following shows the effect of FSH in female reproductive process?
a. supports pregnancy
b. regulates menstrual cycle
c. promotes follicle maturation
d. increase uterine contraction

3. Which of the following DOES NOT describe positive feedback mechanism in

females?
a. As the baby suckles, more prolactin is produce.
b. As corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone drops.
c. As pressure in the uterus increases, oxytocin level increases.
d. As progesterone level drops, anterior pituitary gland releases LH and
FSH.

4. What is the correct arrangement of processes in the feedback mechanism

during labor and childbirth?
I. More pressure on cervix more oxytocin is released.
II. Pressure of child on the cervix.
III. Contractions begin
IV. More contractions
V. Baby is born.
a. III, II, I, IV, V
b. II, III, I, IV, V
c. I, IV, III, II, V
d. IV, I, II, II, V

5. Which of the following hormonal imbalance explains obesity among women?

a. Low level of estrogen weakens the bone.
b. Excess levels of androgen makes oil glands extra productive.
c. Changing estrogen levels affecting serotonin or “happy hormone”.
d. Decreasing estrogen level stimulates craving for fatty, salty and sweet
foods.
 promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the ovary
regulates the menstrual cycle
promotes ovulation and progesterone
production in the ovary
stimulates uterine contraction
supports pregnancy
DOT TO DOT
ACTIVITY # 1
RECAP
Answer Key
Pretest
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
Posttest
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
KEY TO CORRECTION
 WRAP-UP
1. decreasing level of estrogen that protects bone
2. excess level of androgen activates oil gland
3. low level of prolactin
4. high estrogen level causes production of fat tissue
5. low level of oxytocin
WRONG FEEDBACK
ACTIVITY # 3
3. Brain signals for
release of oxytocin
2. Stretch receptors 4. Oxytocin causes
activated in the uterine muscles to
uterus. contract.
1. Baby’s growth 5. Contractions get
takes up all space stronger until baby
in the uterus. is delivered.
OH MY BABY!
ACTIVITY # 2
….continuation of key to correction
 References
Bibliography
Evangelista, Eden Vela, and Edith Reyes Malonzo. 2006. Science in Today's World
Series Biology Textbook. Quezon City: SIBS Pubishing House.

Rabago, Lilia M. 2003. Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City: Vibal
Publishing House.

Seeley, et al. 1999. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology-3rd Edition. California: Mc

Graw-Hill

Websites
1. Canstockphoto.com
https://www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/sexual.html, August 11, 2020
2. Cleanpng.com
https://www.cleanpng.com/free/labor-induction.html, August 12, 2020.
3. Commons.Wikimedia.com
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PCOS_(Part_2).png, August 3, 2020
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menopause_-_Osteoporosis_--_Smart-
Servier.jpg, August 12, 2020
4. Dreams Time.com
dreamstime.com/beatiful-girl-acne-red-pimple-face-beatiful-girl-acne-red-pimple-
face-teenager-ugly-skin-sad-female-image153783027day-, August 12, 2020
5. Freepik.com
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/hand-drawn-breast-cancer-awareness-
month-illustration_5461333.htmmoms-, August 12, 2020.
6. Freesvg.com
https://freesvg.org/1548372461, August 5, 2020
7. Get Drawings.com
http://getdrawings.com/vector-tag/button, August 12, 2020
8. Medical News Today
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156451#early, August 13, 2020.
9. Opentxtbc
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/24-4-hormonal-control-of-human-
reproduction/, August 3, 2020.
10. Pituitary Foundation
https://pituitary.asn.au/learn/overview-of-the-pituitary-foundation/,August 12,
2020
11. Public Domain Files.com
http://www.publicdomainfiles.com/show_file.php?id=13936204817199, August
12, 2020
12. Vector Stock.com
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vectors/baby-formula-, August 12, 2020