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Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
• Generic name
➢ Amoxicillin
• Trade name
➢ Himox
Pharmacologic Principles
• Pharmaceutics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacotherapeutics
• Pharmacognosy
Afreen N. Abdurahman
Drug Absorption of Various Oral Preparations or reaching the systemic circulation (high first-
Forms pass effect).
➢ The same drug—given IV—bypasses the liver,
Liquids, elixirs, syrups Fastest preventing the first-pass effect from taking
Suspension solutions place, and more drug reaches the circulation.
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets Slowest
1) Pharmacokinetic Phase
2) Pharmacodynamics Phase
Pharmacokinetics
Afreen N. Abdurahman
DISTRIBUTION EXCRETION
➢ The transport of a drug in the body by the ➢ The elimination of drugs from the body
bloodstream to its site of action. • Kidneys (main organ)
• Protein-binding effect • Liver
• Water soluble vs. fat soluble • Bowel
• Blood-brain barrier ➢ biliary excretion
•Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, ➢ enterohepatic circulation
brain • Lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk
• Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat
METABOLISM
• Cardiovascular dysfunction
• Renal insufficiency
• Starvation
• Obstructive jaundice
• Slow acetylator Pharmacodynamics
• Erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy
• Drug actions:
Factors That Increase Metabolism ➢ The cellular processes involved in the drug and
cell interaction
• Fast acetylator
• Barbiturates • Drug effect:
• Rifampin therapy ➢ The physiologic reaction of the body to the
drug
Delayed Drug Metabolism Results In
• Onset
• Accumulation of drugs ➢ The time it takes for the drug to elicit a
• Prolonged action of the effects of the drugs therapeutic response.
Stimulating Drug Metabolism Causes • Peak
➢ The time it takes for a drug to reach its
• Diminished pharmacologic effects maximum therapeutic response.
Half-life • Duration
➢ The time it takes for one half of the original ➢ The time a drug concentration is sufficient to
amount of a drug in the body to be removed. elicit a therapeutic response
➢ A measure of the rate at which drugs are
removed from the body.
Loading Dose
Afreen N. Abdurahman
• Supportive therapy
• Prophylactic therapy
Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacotherapeutics: Monitoring
The ways by which drugs can produce therapeutic
effects: ➢ The effectiveness of the drug therapy must be
➢ Once the drug is at the site of action, it can evaluated.
modify the rate (increase or decrease) at ➢ One must be familiar with the drug’s
which the cells or tissues function. ➢ Intended therapeutic action (beneficial)
➢ A drug cannot make a cell or tissue perform a ➢ And the drug’s unintended but potential side
function it was not designed to perform. effects (predictable, adverse drug reactions).
• Therapeutic Index
➢ The ratio between a drug’s therapeutic
benefits and its toxic effects
• Tolerance
➢ A decreasing response to repetitive drug
doses
• Dependence
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP (CURVE) ➢ A physiologic or psychological need for a
drug
Interactions
• Additive effect
• Synergistic effect
• Antagonistic effect
ONSET-PEAK-DURATION • Incompatibility
Medication Misadventures
• Adverse drug events
➢ ALL are preventable
➢ Medication errors that result in patient
harm
Afreen N. Abdurahman
Adverse Drug Reaction
Iatrogenic Responses
Afreen N. Abdurahman