300s movie summary

In 480 B.C., one year after the Battle of Thermopylae, Dilios, a hoplite in the Spartan
army, begins his story of Leonidas I from childhood to kingship via Spartan doctrine.
A Persian herald arrives at Sparta demanding "earth and water" as a token of submission
to King Xerxes. He urges Leonidas to submit and insults Queen Gorgo. In response,
Leonidas and the Spartan soldiers throws the Persian herald and his Persian envoy into
the bottomless pit. Leonidas then visits the Ephors, proposing a strategy to drive back the
Persians through Thermopylae to funnel the Persians into a narrow pass, giving the
Greeks' heavy infantry the advantage over the numerically superior Persian light infantry.
The Ephors warn Leonidas that the Carneia is approaching and that Sparta should not
wage war during that time. They consult the Oracle, who decrees that Sparta should
honor the Carneia. As Leonidas angrily departs, an agent from Xerxes appears alongside
a Spartan politician, Theron, rewarding the Ephors for their covert support.
Although the Ephors have denied him permission to mobilize Sparta's army, Leonidas
gathers three hundred soldiers. Theron and the Council confront Leonidas about defying
the Ephors by going to war. Leonidas suggests that they will not go, but they depart for
war shortly thereafter. They are joined by a force of a few thousand Arcadians and other
Greeks led by Daxos. They reach Thermopylae, watching a storm sinking many Persian
navy ships at the Aegean Sea. The Spartans then scout out a large Persian encampment
and constructed the wall, using slain Persian scouts as mortar.
Meanwhile, Leonidas encounters Ephialtes, a deformed Spartan whose parents fled
Sparta to spare him certain infanticide. Ephialtes asks to join Leonidas' army and warns
him of a secret goat path the Persians could use to outflank and surround the Spartans.
Though sympathetic, Leonidas rejects him since his deformity could compromise the
phalanx formation.
The battle begins soon after the Spartans' refusal to lay down their weapons. Because of
the narrowed pathway, the Spartans repel many waves of the advancing Persian army.
Xerxes personally approaches Leonidas and offers him immense wealth and power in
exchange for his submission. Leonidas declines and mocks the inferior quality of Xerxes'
warriors. That night, Xerxes sends in his elite guard, the Immortals, accompanied by the
monstrous Uber Immortal, but the Greeks are once again victorious.
On the second day, Xerxes sends in new waves of armies, including war elephants and
an armoured rhinoceros, with no success. During a battle, Astinos is killed. Meanwhile,
an embittered Ephialtes has defected to Xerxes and reveals the secret path in exchange
for wealth, women, and a uniform. The Arcadians retreat upon learning of Ephialtes'
betrayal, but the Spartans choose to stay. Leonidas orders an injured but reluctant Dilios
to return to Sparta and inform his compatriots of what has happened.
In Sparta, Queen Gorgo has been attempting to persuade the Spartan Council to send
reinforcements to aid the 300 Spartan soldiers making their last stand. Gorgo comes to
Theron for help having been allowed to make her plea to the Council, but Theron rapes
her in exchange for his needed assistance, and the next day betrays her and attempts to
defame her as an adultress before the Council. Gorgo kills Theron, revealing within his
robe a bag of Xerxes' gold. Acknowledging his betrayal, the Council unanimously agrees
to send reinforcements. On the third day the Persians, led by Ephialtes, traverse the secret
path, encircling the Spartans. Xerxes' general again demands their surrender, but the
Spartans refused and Stelios kills the general. Angered, Xerxes orders his troops to
attack. Leonidas throws his spear at Xerxes, slicing his face to prove the God-King's
mortality. Leonidas and the remaining Spartans fight to the last man until they finally
succumb to an arrow barrage.
Dilios concludes his tale before the Spartan Council. Inspired by Leonidas's sacrifice, the
Greeks mobilize an army with Sparta leading the charge. A year later, Dilios, now head
of the Spartan-led Greek army, leads them to battle at Plataea against the Persians.

Helen of Troy summary:

The film begins with the birth of Paris, and Cassandra's prophecy that he would be the
cause of Troy's destruction. Paris' father, King Priam, leaves him on Mount Ida, where
he is raised by the shepherd Agelaus. When he is grown (in what is known as the
Judgement of Paris), he encounters the goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, who
ask him to judge which of them is the most beautiful. Hera offers him power and Athena
offers him victory, but he chooses Aphrodite, who promises him the love of the most
beautiful woman in the world.

In Sparta, Helen of Troy meets Agamemnon, who has come to claim her sister
Clytemnestra as his bride but is attracted to Helen. Helen is kidnapped by two
Athenians, including Theseus. Her brother Pollux raids Athens to rescue her but Theseus
kills him. In a rage, Helen's father Tyndareus presents her to the many suitors who seek
her hand. Various men compete and she is married to Menelaus. The other suitors swear
an oath to wage war against anyone who disrespects her husband's claim to her.

Paris is sent to Sparta to draw out a peace treaty with Menelaus, which angers
Agamemnon. The treaty is refused and Menelaus and Agamemnon plot to have him
murdered. Paris meets Helen; he gains her love and the two flee to Troy. Menelaus
demands that his brother wage war on Troy and the former suitors are gathered to fulfill
their oath. When the Greeks arrive to demand the return of Helen, Priam refuses. The
Greeks attack and occupy Troy.

The war rages on. Agamemnon agrees to end it if, in a single duel, Menelaus wins over
Paris. Agamemnon poisons Menelaus' javelin. Paris is cut but Menelaus stops the fight
and the two men make peace. Hector challenges Agamemnon to a duel to the death;
Achilles takes up the challenge and kills Hector. To try to save Paris, Helen attempts to
surrender to Agamemnon, but Paris intervenes. Achilles charges at him, but Paris shoots
Achilles in the heel. Paris is saved by Trojan soldiers but Agamemnon stabs him and he
dies in Helen's arms.

During Paris' funeral, the Greeks appear to sail away, leaving the huge wooden Trojan
Horse on the beach. It is taken into the city, but there are Greek soldiers inside the horse.
When the town is asleep, the Greeks kill Priam and Hecuba. Agamemnon seats himself
on Troy's throne, declaring himself emperor of the Aegean and ruler of the world.
Agamemnon has Helen brought to him and rapes her. The next morning, as the Greek
soldiers sack the city, Clytemnestra arrives, rescuing her sister and killing her husband.

Helen wanders through the ruined city. At the spot where Paris died, she sees his
apparition. She begs him to take her with him to the afterlife but he says that she must
wait for her time. A compassionate Menelaus takes her back to Sparta, where they will
reign as king and queen. Troy, once the richest kingdom of all, is left in ruins.

Lesson 1: Classic Civilization of Greece (Sir’s presentation)

Crete - where the ancient Greek civilization began in 2600 BCE
Minoans
- Name of the first civilization
- Traded overseas and worships forces of nature
- “Minos” - mythic king of Minoan Kingdom
- Capital: Knossos
- Arthur evans - english archaeologist that found remnants of a palace in Minoa

*The palace ruins mirrors the lavish lifestyle and progressive culture of the Minoans
*The palace was constructed with smooth stones, wood and copper was used.
*The palace had a labyrinth or passageways with 800 rooms and excellent indoor
planning and toilets
*The palace had a drainage system in the basement and walls adorned with frescoes
Frescoes - show Minoan’s love for festivities and competitions like bull-leaping
1400 - 1230 BCE: Peak of Minoan’s civilization
*collapsed after 200 years
- By volcanic eruption or strong waves, or foreign attacks

Myceneans
- 1900 BCE
- They travelled from Central Asia to Europe
- Indo-european race
- Went to the Balkan peninsula until they permanently settled in Peloponnesus
- Peloponnesus - a peninsula in the southern part of Greece
- Powerful in 1400 - 1200 BCE
- Their warriors w
- were ruled by a warrior king
- Their city was fortified by high walls (15m high) as defense against invaders
- Gained territories through invasion and conquest
Dark Ages
- Chaos and violence
- Trade and livelihood decreased
- Cultural development stagnated
- Skills such as writing, sculpture were neglected
- Endeed when Ionian Greeks reintroduced Greek culture in 750 BCE (beginning of
Hellenic Period)
Dorians - migrated to Greece
- distant relatives of Greece
Hellenic period (800 - 338 BCE)
- Ancient Greeks called themselves “Hellenes” - from Helen, ancestor of ancient
Greeks
- Polis - witnessed the growth of Greek communities
Had: *strong walls
*acropolis - at the top of the town (like kingdom or city hall))
*agoda - marketplace
Governance and defense
Monarchy - kings and queens
Aristocracy - nobility gained political power after serving the king
Oligarchy - rich and powerful tradesmen and artisans took or shared power with
3 or more aristocrats
Democracy - citizens had political representations
Hoplites - only men of certain age (20 to 60) compromised the citizenry
- obliged to protect the polis
- artisans, landowners, traders
Phalanx - military formation of hoplites
- feared by their enemies
- rectangular formation where they hold a spear on one hand and a shield on the
Other

Well-known progressive polis

● Spartans
- “Strong city states have strong military”
- The polis had no walls because their walls was the military
- Start military training at 7 years old
- They had emotional resilience
- Men are liability
● Athens
- Citizens study at home
- Girls are liability (they are the ones marrying rich families so their family becomes
rich)
- Democratic state
- Citizens wanted to live in freedom and generate new ideas
- Formal education groomed to a future good leaders
- Read and study the Iliad and Odyssey, study rhetoric, oration, mathematics, and
other disciplines
Sparta
- Military state
- Strengthened by their military
- Ruled by military king
- Do not foster philosophy, sciences, and arts
Iliad and Odyssey
Iliad - tale of war
- describes the feats of individual heroes and gods on both sides of the conflicts
- main themes: love, honor, friendship, rivalry, free will, fate
Odyssey - one hero’s adventure as he and his men try to return home after war with
Forces that oppose them which include one-eyed monsters and sorcerers who
Can turn them into pigs
Odyssey main themes:
Fate, free will, piety, tradition, justice, sadness, glory, honor

War thingy
Persian threat
- Persian empire (550 - 330 BCE)
- Came from Iran
- Strong empire that invaded territories in southern Greece
- Wanted to fight Spartans and Athens because they have the strongest polis to rule
over the Greeks
- Persia defeated the Ionia Greeks
Mid-sixth century BCE: Persians conquered the polis of Ionia despite the help Ionia
received from the Athens and other polis
King Darius I (Persia) - punished Greeks by destroying Greece
Graeco-Persian war (490 BCE)
- Attack of Persian troops in Marathon (named by because they run in the war)
- 10 000 Athenians soldiers defeated 25 000 Persians
Thermopylae (480 BCE)
- Narrow mountain pass
- Where 300 Spartans under King Leonidas fought 200 000 Persians
- At the time Darius died and was succeeded by Xerxes
*At first, Spartan troops had leverage despite the small number but the Greek traitor
showed Xerxes another route toward the mountain pass and then, Persians outflanked the
Spartans.
*Persians conquered Athens and burnt their acropolis.
Straight of Salamis
- Where Greek vs Persians continued
- Due to narrowness, Persian ships weren’t able to strategically position themselves
against smaller Athenian ships
Plataea - where Persians were defeated on land
Delian League Objectives:
● Strengthen defense against Persians
● Free polis conquered by Persians (Athens have over 100 polis)
Golden Age of Athens
- With the success of Greece against Persians, the status of Athens increased
- Leadership of Pericles (461 - 429 BCE)
- Athens became rich and powerful
Golden Age of Athens
- Strengthened democracy, wages increased, ordinary citizens became officials
- Direct democracy - citizens directly participate in decision making
Pericles (461 - 429 BCE)
- Improved Athen’s naval forces with funds for Delian League
- Assembled 200 warships to protect Athens and promote sea trades
- Artistry flourished
- Restored structures and built new ones
Ex: Parthenon (Temple of Athena)
The Rivalry
*Other polis especially Sparta got alarmed by Athen’s influence which led to the
establishment of Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
*The rivalry between Athens and Spart led to the Peloponnesian war in 431 BCE
Athens were defeated due to:
1. The death of ⅔ population of Athens including the Pericles because of a
contagious disease in 430 BCE
2. Death of thousands of Athenians in the fight against Spartan’s ally, Syracuse in
413 BCE
*Also, Persian collaboration with Sparta
404 BCE: Athens losing
*The rivalry continued and the economy and government of the other polis fell after the
war.
Macedonia (Sir’s presentation)
Conquest of Macedonia
*More than 150 years after Persians failed attempt to conquer Greece, Macedonians
dominated it.
*After, Philip II was enthroned king of the Macedonian Empire in 359 BCE
King Philip objectives:
● Build a strong empire
● Unify polis in Greece under the Macedonian Empire
● Overthrow the Persian Empire
*Successful conquest of Greece occurred after the Greeks were defeated after the battle
of Chaaeronea in 338 BCE
*With the Macedoniann conquest, Hellenic period (Athens + Greece) ended and the
Hellenistic period (Greek + Asian culture) began
Conquest of Alexander
336 BCE: Philip II was treacherously killed by his subordinates and was succeeded by
Alexander the Great
Expansion
Alexander
- 20 years old when he became king
- Continued his father’s goal to overthrow the Persians
- Fulfilled his ambitions of expanding the empire
Alexander’s military campaign timeline:
● 334 BCE: Alexander the Great freed Ionian Greeks from Persians
● 333 BCE: He defeated King Darius III of Persian and conquered ports in
Phoenicia
● 332 BCE: He conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.
- He was considered a savior for Persians and proclaimed as Pharaoh
● 331 BCE: Conquered Mesopotamia and Persian Empire’s main cities: Persepolis,
Susa
- Appointed himself as head of Persian Empire
- His general killed Darius III
● 330 - 327 BCE: Conquered territories in eastern part of Persian reaching present
Day Pakistan
*Greece (Europe) → Egypt (Africa) → Mesopotamia (Asia) → Indus (Asia)
Spread of Hellenistic culture
*Alexander the Great spread Macedonian culture
Hellenistic culture - blending of Greek and Asian culture
332 BCE: Alexander established Alexandria in Northern Egypt
Alexandria
- Center of imperial trade and Hellenistic culture
- 2 harbors, accommodate 1200 ships, lighthouse which guided the docking ships
56km away from shore
- Grand palaces, temples, museums, libraries, zoos, gardens, and institute for
scientific research
*Unlike the Hellenic period, peoples loyalty was not tied to the polis during the
Hellenistic period.
*Greeks became the uppermost class during Macedonia Empire
*Women’s social status increased gaining the right to study, travel, and work.
323 BCE (Iran): Alexander died due to high fever
*Hellenistic culture spread even further after his death
His death caused the empire to be divided into 3 generals:
● Ptolemy - Egypt, Libya, parts of Syria
● Seleucus - Mesopotamia, parts of Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan
● Antigonus - Macedonia and Greece
Hippocrates
- Medicine (science and health)
- Oath of Hippocrate or Hippocratic oath
Philosphers and teachers of Alexander the Great:
Socrates - Socratic method (inquire)
Plato - first political book (logic)
- politics and logic
Philosophers:
Aristotle - Earth is center of the solar system (geocenter)
Structure: Doric (plain), Ionic (circle), Corinthian (leaf)
Euclid - mathematician
- father of the triangle and Phytagorem Theorem

Classic civilization of Greece (Book)

*The classical civilization of Greece can be found in the shores of the Mediterranean Sea
in the south-east of Europe.
*Geography played a major role in the lives of Ancient Greeks. The existence of
mountains, oceans, and islands served as natural boundaries separating city-states.
*Greeks used sea to travel to cities.

Geography of Greece
*80% of mainland Greece is covered with mountains that served as boundaries. Because
of this, Greeks were forced to live in the coastlines.
*The sea served as their source of food.
*More than 1000 islands can be found in the Aegean Sea. Greeks inhabited the largest
islands: Crete, Rhodes, Chios, Delos

Aegean civilization
- Three regions: 1) Crete, 2) Cyclades, 3) mainland Greece (similar to Peloponnese,
central Greece, Thessaly)
● Crete - Minoan civilization emerged in the early stages of the Bronze Period
(3650 - 1400 BCE)
● Cyclades - belong in the ancient Helladic of mainland Greece and Minoan along
 With Crete
Cycladic - Bronze Period in Cyclades
1450 BCE: Mycenean civilization flourished in Crete from mainland Greece
*While the entire Europe was still in Stone Age, primitive humans of the Minoan and
Mycenean civilization have already developed an advanced culture in the Bronze Period.

Minoan
- First ever civilization that emerged in Europe and Greece
- Its center was Crete
- Home of the legendary king Minos which is in its capital, Knossos (or Cnossus)
- Minos - son of god, Zeus and Europa (Phoenician princess)
- the king of Crete was called this with god-like qualities
- Minos - first ever king of Crete
- known for his laws he had written
- in his time, Crete had thriving marine forces and an excellent educational
System
Labrys - mother goddess in a form of a double-bladed axe that Minoans worshipped
*This has a connection with Greek mythology because it describes the complex structure
designed and created by Daedalus for Minos to serve as a dwelling place for the minotaur
Minotaur - creature with the body of a human and a head of a bull.
*It is unknown where the Minoans originated from.
2600 BCE: People in Minoa have already been cultivating bronze and gold and have
developed Linear A (Minoans system of writing)
1700 - 1450 BCE: Peak of Minoan civilization
Arthur Evans
- Englis archaeologist
- Crete, 1900 BCE, he found a grand palace that covers 2.2 hectares in KNossos
near Heraklion at the north shore
*Palace contains almost 800 rooms that seemed like a small city
*Walls were covered with colorful paintings that depicts the everyday life, male and
female athletes, and animals
*There are also palaces in: Phaistos, Malia, Zakros
*The welfare of the Minoans were rooted on sailing and trading with those from Egypt,
Asia minor, Syria and Greece.
*As time passed, people borrowed and applied this civilization to mainland Greece to
come up with their own culture
1450 BCE: Minoan civilization began to collapse due to an intense earthquake or
volcanic eruption (After a while, mainland Greeks attacked Crete)
1400 BCE: Palace of Knossos was destroyed due to several invasions and another
earthquake

Mycenean
- Emerged in mainland Greece in 16th century BCE
- Center of a rich plain field of Argos in southern Greece
- Derived from the place, Mycenae (palace can be found which was first studied by
archaeologists
- Also refers to the entire civilization that emerged in the Aegean region from 1400
BCE
- Borrowed culture from Minoans (Ex: Pots and decorations in Minoan form, kings
acquired services of Minoan artisans for their palaces)
- Replaced Minoans in trading
- Their lifestyle includes: farming, trading, managing various industries, war
- Landlords, peasants, servants, slaves, priests
- People worship Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and all other gods of Mt. Olympus
Linear B - the Minoan writing system clerks used when recording historical events
Heinrich Schliemann
- 1876, German businessman who dug in Mycenae and found stone walls and
discovered buried dead bodies in golden masks
*Other centers of power: Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Midea, Gla, Orchomenos, Argos, Sparta,
Nichoria, Athens
1300 BCE: Achaean - built by the king of Mycena to control Aegean

Hellenic civilization
1200 BCE: Mycenean civilization weakened due to continuous battles of kingdoms
*Fall was possibly caused by non-natives or revolution of the people
*War became constant and early written records were lost
1200 BCE: Invasion of Dorians (group of primitive Greeks) that destroyed palaces and
other cities.
Dark Ages (1100 BCE - 800 BCE)
- Development of fields or arts were almost nothing
- Communities were poorly governed
- Social division among the people
- People still worshipped the gods
800 BCE: New civilization emerged which was Hellenic
Hellenic
- From the term _______ or Greece for Greeks
- Art of pottery making and metallurgy were revived
- Life on farming, fishing, and trading in the Mediterranean region became fruitful
again as well as in Egypt, Italy, Phoenicia, Sicily, and Cyprus
*Greeks borrowed the system of writing of the Phoenicians (alphabet)
*Greeks payed tribute to Zeus by holding tournament every 4 years in Olympia (where
his temple is located) and more than 40 000 people watch in a stadium. All great athletes
all over Greece compete. (eigth century BCE to fourth century BCE)
*Runningv(foot-race comp.), jumping, boxing, etc.

Homer - blind poet from Asia minor

- wrote the Iliad and Odyssey (two great epics that shaped the mind and
personality of Greeks)
800 BCE - 750 BCE: Greeks began establishing colonies in various lands (in 200 years
they had Asia minor, north Africa, islands of Aegean Sea, Sicily, southern Europe, shored
of Black Sea)
Polis
- Independed city-states
- Established in 800 BCE, and they became the center of living for people loyal to
the state
- Found in: Athens, Thebes, mainland Megara, Sparta and Corinth in Peloponnesus,
Miletus in the shores of Asia minor, Mitylene and Samos as islands of Aegean Sea
- *Largest polis in land area are Sparta and Athens whose population both reached
400 000 at the height of their reign*
Sparta (or Lacedaemon)
- Found in the southern region of Greece, Laconia
- Known for their military which they were frightened for because of their
braveness and fighting skills
- Loyalty to the state and military
- Had agoge
- Long hair and red cloak
- Marriage is valued. Men who can’t bare a son is ashamed but men with many sons
are regarded highly.
- Often battles with Athens and Corinth
- Population had 3 factions:
 ● Spartans who are true inhabitants
● Helots (slaves)
- Greeks who came from Laconia and Messenia that were conquered by
Spartans as slaves
- Farmers, helpers or slaves, caretakers
- Often experience brutal treatments aside from being killed
● Perioeci
- Craftsmen, traders, furniture makers
Agoge - when a boy has to undergo a state-supported education and military practice at
The age of seven
- values honesty, bravery, discipline, patience, and diligence
*major part of a Spartans life is serving the military
Hoplite - soldiers of Sparta compromised of men at the ages of 20 to 60 years old
- live by “State comes first before family”

Spartan women - independent compared to other polis

- access to education
- join competitions, dance and sing
*Sparta reached height of victory after they defeated teh Athens in the Peloponnesian war
(431 - 404 BCE)
*Eventually defeated by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra (371 BCE)
Epaminodas - Theban general
- led the battle against Sparta and released the helots
*After, Spart grew weaker and diminished completely

Athens
- One of the most important and largest capitals found in Attica
- Focused their lives on sea and trading
Progressed because of silver, lead and marble on its lands
- Largest naval force in Greece
- Its city was visited by people to study and trade
*Mycenean culture was maintained in Attica despite several attacks from the outside and
danger of Dorians
*Athenians took pride of themselves for speaking Ionian and having traditions way
superior if to be compared with their neighboring places
*Athena was the first patron of polis
Parthenon - one of the most famous structures in Athens
 - in Acropolis as a temple for Athena
Aristocrats - control the land and government
- highest class in the society and usually pass on their social rank as well as
Their title and honor
- acquire the lands of the poor for being indebted to them
Draco
- 621 BCE:Due to the lack of order in laws he authored some reforms in the laws
*Due to the harsh punishments in crimes, Solon changed it
594 BCE: Democracy flourished in Athens because of the laws he wrote
*After Solon, power shifted among Peisistratos and his two sons: Hippias, Hipparchus
546 - 510 BCE: Cruel and oppressive rulers were dethroned through the revolt of
Athenians supported by Sparta under Cleomenes I
508/507BCE: Democracy was established under Cleisthenes after the tyrannical rule of
Isagoras
*495 - 429 BCE: During the reign of Pericles, Athens reached its peak of power
*461-429 BCE: Called “Period of Pericles” - political system in Athens became stable
which lasted for almost 180 years until 332 BCE

Graeco-Persian wars (499 - 449 BCE)

- Conflict between cities of Greek and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia
490 and 480 BCE: Persia attacked Greece in their very own land.
*their conflict was rooted down from the invasion done by the Persians to Ionia, which
was inhabited by Greeks, that was done in 547 BCE
5th century BCE: Under the rule of Darius I, Persia continued to expand its territory from
Ionia, Thrace, and Macedonia.
*Darius planned to conquer the Athens anad Greece next
*Athens then made an alliance with Sparta
4 notable battles occurred:
● Marathon (490 BCE)
● Thermopylae (480 BCE)
● Salamis (480 BCE)
● Plataea (479 BCE)
*In the end, Greeks defeated the Persians which is why they maintained their civilization
but Persia continued to flourish for the next 100 years while Greece continued to enrich
their culture.
449 BCE: Peace of Callias - peace agreement that was signed between the Delian League
(under the rule of Athens) and Persia
Peloponnesian war (431 - 404 BCE)
- Sparta and Athens got into war each backed by their allies
- 1st part: 460 BCE - 446 BCE
- 2nd (more destructive): 431 BCE - 404 BCE
- 404 BCE: Spartans defeated the Athenian army in Aegospotami
End of 7th century: Sparta became the most powerful state in Peloponnesus
6th century BCE: Sparta managed to make an alliance with other city states and created
the Peloponnesian League (Spartan Alliance) - first ever association in Greece
*Spartan influence became a strong force during the battle against the Persians.
*Meanwhile, after Athens defeated Persians in Marathon and Salamis, their naval force
became the strongest in Greece

Delian League (477 BCE)

- Established by Athens after the battle of Plataea
- Prepare and unite the city-states to upcoming danger from the Persians
- Derived from the island of Delos where member-states hold meetings
454 BCE: Under the Pericles, meetings were transferred to Athens and their empire
began to be greater leading to the domination of Athenians to their neighboring places
and islands of Aegean
371 BCE: Spartans were defeated by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra after defeating
Athens.
366 BCE - 365 BCE: Peloponnesian League fell due to the lack of a strong leader
*Defeat from the war was a huge tragedy for the Athens.
338 BCE: Athens were completely taken over by Macedonian forces under the rule of
Philip II after they defeated Athens in Chaeronea.
197 BCE: By the defeat of Macedonians by Romans in Cynoscephalae, Greece was taken
over by the Roman Empire

*Great philosopher, Socrates also came from Greece

Built in the Period of Pericles: Pericles was friends with philosophers:
● Acropolis *Protagoras
● Parthenon *Zeno of Elea
Popular in the field of theater: * Anaxagoras
 ● Aeschylus
● Sophocles Historian:
● Euripides *Thucydides
● Aristophanes *Herodotus
Popular in field of Poetry: Pindar Famous institutions
Science and mathematics: *Academy of Plato (385 BCE)
● Thales *Lyceum of Aristotle (335 BCE)
● Pythagoras
● Democritus
● Hippocrates
Phidias
- Sculpted the statues of Zeus in Olympia and Athena Parthenos in Parthenon

Sitting statue of Zeus(435 BCE) - height of 13m

- destroyed in 5th century BCE
Athena Parthenos (447 BCE) - In 5th century CE, it was still standing in Parthenon until
Romans removed it
460 BCE - 450 BCE: Myron from the Eleutherae sculpted Discobolus