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Te, TM, Tem
Te, TM, Tem
Components
Microwave Network Components
Active Devices
Solid State Devices Tube based Devices
– MW BJTs ― Klystrons
– Hetero junction
BJTs(HBTs) ― Multi cavity Klystrons
– MW FETs ― Reflex Klystrons
– MW Tunnel diode ― Helix TWT
– Transferred Electron
Devices (TEDs) ― Coupled cavity TWT
– Gunn Effect Diodes ― High power and grid control
– LSA diodes TWT
– InP diodes ― Magnetron
– CdTe diodes
– Read Diode
― Cross Field Amplifier
– IMPATTS
– TRAPATTS
– BARRITS
Passive Devices
Dielectric based Ferrite based
– Waveguide Tees ― Circulators
– Magic Tees ― Isolators
– Hybrid rings ― Attenuators
– Waveguide ― Gyrators
corners, bends,
twists
― Directional
Couplers
― Hybrid couplers
S-parameter model at a glance
Port 1 Port 2
Microwave device
Vi1 Vi2
Input signal
Vr1 Vr2
reflected signal
Vt2 transmitted signal Vt1
Vt Vr
= =
Vi Vi
S-parameters
Vt 2
S11 =
Vr 1 S12 =
Vi1 Vi 2 Vr 2 =0
Vr 2 =0
Vt1 Vr 2
S 21 = S 22 =
Vi1 Vi 2 Vr 1 =0
Vr 1 =0
[ S ] = [ S ] ji or [ S ]T = [ S ],
ij
2. Unitary property
k k 4. Zero Property
S ij S *
ij = |S ij |2 = 1
i =1 i =1
The sum of (each term of
any column (row)
3. Phase shift property multiplied by the
complex conjugate of the
corresponding terms of
any column(row) is zero.
)
Power loss calculation
Waveguide Tees
Tee Junction
A waveguide or coaxial-line junction with three
independent ports
Two way
Transmission of E-plane tee
a)i/p-main arm
b)i/p-side arm
E-plane Tee(3)
If E-plane tee is perfectly matched at the junction, the
diagonal components of the S-matrix, S11, S22 and S33 are
zero because there will be no reflection.
When the waves are fed into the side arm (port 3), the
waves appearing at port1 and port2 of the collinear arm
will be in the opposite phase and in the same magnitude.
Therefore,
Thus,
E-plane Tee(8)
• If port 3 is perfectly matched S33=0
• Therefore S-matrix becomes
E plane Corner
H-plane corner
Waveguide Corners, Bends, and Twists
Bend
Continuous twist
Waveguide Corners, Bends, and Twists
These waveguide components are normally used to
change the direction of the guide through an
arbitrary angle.
In order to minimize reflections from the
discontinuities, it is desirable to have the mean
length L between continuities equal to an odd
number of quarter wavelengths.
i.e
Waveguide Corners, Bends, and Twists
If the mean length L is an odd number of quarter
wavelengths, the reflected waves from both ends
of the waveguide section are completely cancelled.
For the waveguide bend, the minimum radius of
curvature for a small reflection is given by
Power Splitter
Power Combiner
Power Dividers and Couplers
Two basic types of these circuits are:
Power Divider and Power Combiner.
1
P1 = P2 + P3 = P1 + P1 + =1
1 Vo2 1 Vo2 Z1
P2 = = P1 = =
2 Z2 2 Z1 Z2
1 Vo2 1 Vo2 Z1
P3 = = P1 = =
2 Z3 2 Z1 Z3
The Lossless T Junction
ATTENUATOR
CIRCULATOR
GYRATOR
Faraday Rotation
A Circularly polarized wave is made to pass through a
ferrite rod, which has been excited by an axial magnetic
field B, the axis of polarization gets tilted in clock wise
direction and the amount of tilt depends upon the strength
of the magnetic field and geometry of the ferrite rod
Circulator
A microwave circulator is a multiport device in which the power
is circulated from nth port to its (n+1)th port only in one
direction
Its S-matrix is
Faraday rotation Isolator
A faraday rotation isolator is a circular wave guide section
axially loaded with a ferrite rod of smaller diameter