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Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
CHM 171 Semester Test 1

Surname Memorandum Initials

Student Number Signature

Date: 01 April 2023 Examiners: Dr SA Nsibande

Time: 2.5 hrs Dr D Saad

Marks: 75
Pages: 11 Internal moderator: Dr D Dikobe

Section Question Marks Marker/Examiner

1 15
2 16
A
3 14
Subtotal A 45

B Subtotal B 30
TOTAL: 75

Instructions:
 All answers (calculations, sketches, and diagrams) must be given in black or blue ink.
 No correction ink allowed.
 All calculations must be shown in full.
 Information pages are attached on the last page.
 Only the information pages may be carefully removed.
 Use the back of the page if you need more space to answer a question. Clearly indicate this action in
your answer.
 You may use a calculator and the molecular model kit.
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SECTION A

Question 1

Give the answer to the following calculation with the correct number of significant
figures: [2]
1.1
−𝟒𝟒 −𝟑𝟑
(𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 )
=
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎

(2.46 × 10−4 − 1.18 × 10−3 ) (0.000246 − 0.00118)

= = −0.00004447619048 ≈ −0.0000445
21.0 21.0
3 s.f.

1.2 Complete the following table: [4]

Cation formula Anion formula Compound formula Name

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 4+ ½ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂4− ½ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂4 )4  Titanium(IV) perchlorate

𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 3+ ½ 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂32− ½ 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒2 (𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 )3 Iron(III) sulfite 

Silver has a density of 87.55 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔. What is the mass (in 𝑔𝑔) of 55.0 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 block of
[4]
1.3
pure silver?

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑑𝑑 × v
87.55 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 1 𝐿𝐿 453.59 𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 55.0𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 × � × 3 3
×� �� = 577.0539624 𝑔𝑔 ≈ 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 3.785 𝐿𝐿 10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Alternative (stepwise method):

1 𝐿𝐿
55.0 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 = 55.0 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 × � � = 0.0550 𝐿𝐿
103 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

1 𝐿𝐿 1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
55.0 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 = 55.0 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 × � 3 3
�×� � = 0.014531043 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3.785 𝐿𝐿

87.55 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
∴ 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = × 0.014531043 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 1.272192867 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

453.59 𝑔𝑔
1.272192867 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 1.272192867 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × � � = 577.0539624 𝑔𝑔 ≈ 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈
1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

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The element lead, 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷, consists of four naturally occurring isotopes with atomic masses
203.97302 𝑢𝑢, 205.97444 𝑢𝑢, 206.97587 𝑢𝑢 and 207.97663 𝑢𝑢. The percentage abundance
[5]
1.4 204
of the two lightest isotopes are: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1.40% and 206𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 24.1%.
Determine the percentage abundance of the other two isotopes.
1.40 24.1
� � × 203.97302 𝑢𝑢 + � � × 205.97444 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑥𝑥206.97587 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑦𝑦207.97663 𝑢𝑢 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
100 100

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 ∴ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 − 𝒚𝒚 

52.49546232 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑥𝑥206.97587 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑦𝑦207.97663 𝑢𝑢 = 207.20𝑢𝑢

(𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 − 𝒚𝒚)206.97587 𝑢𝑢 + 𝒚𝒚207.97663 𝑢𝑢 = 154.704577𝑢𝑢

154.1970232𝑢𝑢 − 𝒚𝒚206.97587 𝑢𝑢 + 𝒚𝒚207.97663 𝑢𝑢 = 154.704577𝑢𝑢

−𝒚𝒚206.97587 𝑢𝑢 + 𝒚𝒚207.97663 𝑢𝑢 = 0.50755385𝑢𝑢 

𝒚𝒚1.00076 𝑢𝑢 = 0.50755385𝑢𝑢

𝑦𝑦 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 0.2379
208 207
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 50.71%. 0.5 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 23.79%. 0.5
Question 2

(a) Calculate the wavelength (in 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) AND frequency (in 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) of electromagnetic radiation

2.1 required to further excite electrons in a hydrogen sample from 𝑛𝑛 = 2 to 𝑛𝑛 = 4. [5]

(b) Can this radiation be detected by the human eye?
(a)
ℎ𝑐𝑐 1 1
∆𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝜈𝜈 = = −𝑅𝑅ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑍𝑍 2 � 2 − 2 �
𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖

1 1 1 1 1
= −𝑅𝑅 � − � = −1.097 × 107 𝑚𝑚−1 ∙ (12 ) ∙ � − � = +𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝑚𝑚−1 
𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓2 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖2 42 22
or ∆𝐸𝐸 = +4.085930354 × 10−19 𝐽𝐽
+ve sign => Endothermic
1
∴ 𝜆𝜆 = = 4.861744151 × 10−7 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
2.056875 × 106 𝑚𝑚−1
ℎ𝑐𝑐
or 𝜆𝜆 = −4.085930354×10−19 𝐽𝐽
𝑐𝑐 2.998 × 108 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠 −1
𝜈𝜈 = = = 6.1665125 × 1014 𝑠𝑠 −1 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
𝜆𝜆 4.861744151 × 10−7 𝑚𝑚

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(b) Yes.  (Visible range 400 – 700 nm)

An electron is travelling at a speed of 9.68 × 107 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. What is the energy of this
2.2 [3]
electron in 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽?

ℎ 6.626 × 10−34 𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑠𝑠 −2 ∙ 𝑠𝑠

𝜆𝜆 = = = 4.508754851 × 10−13 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚v −31 7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 103 𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
9.109 × 10 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 9.68 × 10 .× � � × � 60 𝑠𝑠 �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

ℎ𝑐𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 × 2.998 × 108 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠 −1

𝐸𝐸 = = = 4.405816829 × 10−13 𝐽𝐽 ≈ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑱𝑱
𝜆𝜆 4.508754851 × 10−13 𝑚𝑚

2.3 Consider the Germanium, 𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 atom and answer the following questions.
a) Give the electron configuration in 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠- notation for the 𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 atom in its ground
[2]
state.
b) State if the atom is para- or diamagnetic. Give a reason for your answer [1]
c) Give a complete set of 4 quantum numbers for any two electrons in the highest
energy subshell. Draw the shape of the orbital(s) occupied by these two electrons [3]
on an appropriately labelled Cartesian coordinate axis.

(a)
Ge: 1𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑝6 3𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑝𝑝6 4𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑑𝑑10 4𝑝𝑝2  or 1𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑝6 3𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑝𝑝6 3𝑑𝑑10 4𝑠𝑠 2 4𝑝𝑝2
(b)
Paramagnetic – reason: there are unpaired electrons 
(c)
1
(electron 1): 𝑛𝑛 = 4, 𝑙𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 = −1, 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 = + 2 
1
(electron 2): 𝑛𝑛 = 4, 𝑙𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 = 0, 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 = + 2 

or
1
(electron 1/2): 𝑛𝑛 = 4, 𝑙𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 = +1, 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 = + 2 (any of these orbial shapes)

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Between the elements sulphur (𝑺𝑺) and phosphorus (𝑷𝑷), which would you expect to have a higher
2.4 [2]
first ionization energy? Justify your choice using valence shell orbital diagrams.

𝑷𝑷 has higher 1st ionization. 

Reason:
• It has more stable half-filed 𝑝𝑝-orbitals. ( may draw the energy diagrams showing the p-orbitals)
• e-e repulsions in S make it slightly easier to remove an electron (ionize) than P.
NB: this against the expected trend. (Remember exceptions to the trends!!).

Question 3

3.1 Consider 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 molecules and answer the following:

a) Draw 3D Lewis line structures of each molecule. Illustrate if these molecules are
[6]
polar or non-polar and indicate the bond angles.
b) For each molecule, name the Electron Pair Geometry (EPG). [1]
c) For each molecule, name the Molecular Geometry (MG). [1]

 

For each structure:

-0.5 if angles not shown
-0.5 if dipoles are not shown
-0.5 if resultant (R) or polarity is not indicated

• EPG = trigonal bipyramidal½

• EPG = tetrahedral½
• MG = See-saw½
• MG = trigonal pyramidal½

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3.2 Consider the nitrate anion 𝑵𝑵𝑶𝑶−

𝟑𝟑 .

a) Draw all possible resonance structures? [3]

a) Determine if there is a correct/dominant structure (if any) and explain why? Show
[3]
your working.

(a)

b) The three structures have equal chance of existing (1 mark), because they have similar
charge distribution (2 marks – must show charge distribution to get the full mark,
if charge distribution is not shown give half mark, 1 mark instead of 2).

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SECTION B
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer the following questions on this paper and then transfer your answer to the computer answer sheet.
2. Use only side 2 of the answer sheet.
3. Only one answer per question is allowed.
4. No marks are considered for unclear answers. It is your responsibility to ensure that the answer sheet is
readable by the optical mark reader. All instructions are provided on the answer sheet.
5. The allocation of marks per question may vary but is indicated for each question.

Question 1
Mark option H of Question 1 on your computer answer sheet. This is for control purposes only and
ensures that you use Side 2 of the answer sheet.

Question 2 [1]

The name of the compound with chemical formula 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐 is

(A) Chromium(I) perchlorate (B) Chromium(I) tetraoxy chloride (C) Chromium(I) chlorate

(D) Chromium(II) hypochlorite (E) Chromium(II) chlorite (F) Chromium(II) perchlorate

(G) Chromium(I) perchlorite (H) None of these

Question 3 [1]
Which one of the following statements is correct?
A pure substance may be separated by filtration or distillation into two or more
(A)
components.
(B) A heterogenous mixture is also known as a solution.

(C) The combination of a liquid and a solid always results in a heterogenous mixture.

(D) The composition is uniform throughout a homogenous mixture.

(E) A and C only.

(F) All of the above.

Question 4 [2]

What is the nuclide symbol of a neutral atom with 38 electrons and 50 neutrons?

88 50 88 88 226
(A)
12𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
(B)
38𝑉𝑉
(C) 38𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (D)
50𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
(E)
88𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
88 24
35𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 88𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
(F) (G)

Question 5 [1]

Which of the following atoms contains the least protons?

232 231 245 238 232

(A) 𝑇𝑇ℎ (B) 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (C) 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (D) 𝑈𝑈 (E) 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

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Question 6 [2]
What is the binding energy of an electron in a photosensitive metal (work function in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) if the
longest wavelength of light that can eject electrons from the metal is 299.0 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛?
(A) 279 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (B) 400. 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2.50 × 1019 ℎ𝑐𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 × 2.99 × 108 6.022 × 1023 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(C) 792 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (D) 𝐸𝐸 = = ×� �×� �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜆𝜆 299 × 10 −9 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000 𝐽𝐽
4.00 × 10−20
(E)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Question 7 [2]
A new element is found to consist of two isotopes, one with mass = 64.23 𝑢𝑢 (26.0%), and one with mass =
65.32 𝑢𝑢.
What is the atomic mass of this element?
(A) 65.3 𝑢𝑢 (B) 64.4 𝑢𝑢

(C) 64.9 𝑢𝑢 (D) 65.0 𝑢𝑢 [0.26 × 64.23 𝑢𝑢] + [(1 − 0.26) × 65.32 𝑢𝑢] = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒖𝒖
More information is
(E) 64.8 𝑢𝑢 (F)
needed

Question 8 [2]
Which of the following electron configurations corresponds to the ground state of an atom of a transition
element?
(A) 1𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑝6 3𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑝𝑝6 4𝑠𝑠 2 (B) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3

(C) 1𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑠𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑝6 3𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑝𝑝6 3𝑑𝑑1 4𝑠𝑠 2 (D) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

(E) 1s22s22p63s23p4 (F) None of these

Question 9 [2]
In the ground state of a neutral cobalt (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) atom there are _____ unpaired electrons and the atom is
_______________.
(A) 3, paramagnetic (B) 3, diamagnetic

(C) 2, diamagnetic (D) 5, paramagnetic

(E) 2, paramagnetic (F) 1, paramagnetic

Question 10 [2]

The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a subshell for which 𝑙𝑙 = 3 is

(A) 2 (B) 10 (C) 6 (D) 14

(E) 8 (F) 18 (G) 32

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Question 11 [2]
An element 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 electrons to form a cation with electron configuration [𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨]𝟑𝟑𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 .
Identify the cation.
(A) 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎2+ (B) 𝐾𝐾 +

(C) 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑔2+ (D) 𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 3+ Ga: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

(E) 𝐺𝐺𝑎𝑎3+ (F) 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛3+ Ga3+: [Ar] 3d10 4s0 4p0

(G) None of these

Question 12 [2]
Which of the following elements will have the largest difference between the second and third ionisation
energies?
(A) 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 (B) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Contenders:
(C) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (D) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 Na: [Ne] 3s1 – second and third in same level
Mg: [Ne] 3s2 – third electron closer to nucleus, n=2, strong Z*
(E) 𝐾𝐾 (F) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 K: [Ar]4s1 – second and third electrons in same level
(G) 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 (H) 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 Ca: [Ar] 4s2 – third electron closer to nucleus in n=3

Question 13 [2]

Ionization energy _________________________.

(A) decreases as you go down a group because the shielding effect increases.
(B) increases as you go down a group because the distance from the nucleus increases.
(C) decreases as you go down a group because there is increased attraction.
(D) increases as you go down a group because there is increased attraction.
(E) decreases as you go down a group because there are more electrons in the valence shell.
(F) icreases as you go down a group because there are more electrons in the valence shell.

Question 14 [2]
Which of the following 3D line structures is/are incorrect:
Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3 Structure 4
-
O O O O

S S C P
O Cl
O O O O Cl O
H

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑶𝑶−
𝟑𝟑 𝑺𝑺𝑶𝑶𝟑𝟑 𝑪𝑪𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 4 only

(E) 1 and 2 (F) 1 and 3 (G) 2 and 3 (H) 1, 2 and 3

(I) All

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Question 15 [2]

The bond angles in 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐+ are (where “<” and “>” mean slightly smaller or larger)

(A) = 120° (B) < 120°

(C) = 109.5° (D) < 109.5°

(E) > 109.5° (F) = 90°

(G) < 90° (H) = 120° & = 90°

(I) < 120° & < 90° (J) < 109.5° & < 120°

Question 16 [3]
Given the data below, what is the bond energy for the 𝐻𝐻 − 𝐶𝐶 bond (in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚), given the following
reaction for which the heat of reaction is −54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘:
𝑪𝑪𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 = 𝑪𝑪𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 + 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 → 𝑪𝑪𝑯𝑯𝟑𝟑 − 𝑪𝑪𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
Bond energies in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
C–C 346 H–F 565 F–F 155
C–Cl 327 H–Cl 428 F–Cl 249
C–F 485 C=C 602 Cl–Cl 240

(A) 411 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (B) 206 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

(C) 82.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (D) 137 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

(E) 757 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (F) 822 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∆𝑟𝑟 𝐻𝐻 = � ∆𝐻𝐻 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) − � ∆𝐻𝐻(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)

Let the 𝐻𝐻 − 𝐶𝐶 bond energy be 𝑥𝑥.

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

−54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = ��602 × 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚� + �485 × 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � + �428 × 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚� + 2𝑥𝑥�
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
− ��346 × 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � + �485 × 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚� + �327 × 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚� + 3𝑥𝑥�
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = [602 + (2 × 485) + 428 + 2𝑥𝑥] − [346 + (2 × 485) + 327 + 3𝑥𝑥]

−54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = [2000 + 2𝑥𝑥] − [1643 + 3𝑥𝑥]

−54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 357 − 𝑥𝑥

∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 411 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 −1

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Question 17 [2]

In molecules, as bond order increases between two given atoms,

(A) both bond length and bond energy increase.

(B) both bond length and bond energy decrease.
(C) bond length increases and bond energy is unchanged.
(D) bond length is unchanged and bond energy increases.
(E) bond length decreases and bond energy increases.
(F) it depends on the atoms that are bonded.

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THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 Key 74 Atomic number 2

H W Element symbol He
1.0079 183.85 Relative Atomic mass (u) 4.0026
2.1 1.7 Electronegativity
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9898 24.3050 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.82 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.905 131.29
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.084 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.20 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) 226.025 227.028 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (286) (289) (289) (293) (294) (294)
0.7 0.9

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.115 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.038 231.036 238.029 237.048 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)

Equations

𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 ℎ𝑣𝑣 = Φ + 𝐸𝐸𝐾𝐾

2
𝑍𝑍 1 1 ℎ
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 = −𝑅𝑅ℎ𝑐𝑐 ∆𝐸𝐸 = −𝑅𝑅ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑍𝑍 2 � − � 𝜆𝜆 =
𝑛𝑛2 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓2 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖2 𝑚𝑚v

Constants
ℎ = 6.626 × 10−34 𝐽𝐽∙𝑠𝑠 ℱ = 9.6485 × 104 𝐶𝐶∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1 or 𝐽𝐽∙𝑉𝑉 −1 ∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1 ∆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻 𝑜𝑜 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 6.01 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1
𝑅𝑅 = 1.097 × 107 𝑚𝑚−1 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 6.022 × 1023 ∆𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐻𝐻 𝑜𝑜 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 40.65 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1
𝑐𝑐 = 2.998 × 108 𝑚𝑚∙𝑠𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑐 (𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂(𝑙𝑙)) = 4.184 𝐽𝐽∙𝑔𝑔−1 ∙𝐾𝐾 −1 Gas constant, R:
𝑒𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐 (𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 (s)) = 2.06 𝐽𝐽∙𝑔𝑔−1 ∙𝐾𝐾 −1 = 8.3145 𝐽𝐽∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙−1 ∙𝐾𝐾 −1
𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 = 9.109 × 10−31 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐 (𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 (g)) = 1.92 𝐽𝐽∙𝑔𝑔−1 ∙𝐾𝐾 −1 = 8.3145 𝐿𝐿∙𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘∙𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙−1 ∙𝐾𝐾 −1

Conversion Factors
1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ = 2.54 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 12 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 16 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 453.59 𝑔𝑔
1 𝑢𝑢 = 1.661 × 10−24 𝑔𝑔
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1609.34 𝑚𝑚 1 𝑚𝑚 = 3.28084 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1 Å = 10−10 𝑚𝑚 1 𝑡𝑡 = 103 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽𝐽
1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 3.785 𝐿𝐿 0°𝐶𝐶 = 273.15 𝐾𝐾
1 𝐿𝐿 = 10−3 𝑚𝑚3 = 1 𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚3
1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 4.184 𝐽𝐽 1 𝐽𝐽 = 0.2390 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃∙𝑚𝑚3 = 1 𝑚𝑚2 ∙𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑠𝑠 −2 = 1 𝑉𝑉∙𝐶𝐶 = 1 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊∙1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1 𝐶𝐶 = 1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴∙1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 1.013 × 105 𝑁𝑁∙𝑚𝑚−2 = 1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 760 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 760 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ = 3.6 × 106 𝐽𝐽
1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1.000 × 105 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

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