COEXISTENCE OF DRONE AND TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS

AI-Based Energy-Efficient UAV-Assisted IoT

Data Collection with Integrated Trajectory
and Resource Optimization
Sami Ahmed Haider, Yousaf Bin Zikria, Sahil Garg, Shahzor Ahmad, Mohammad Mehedi Hassan, and Salman A. AlQahtani

Abstract (IoT) is a potentially revolutionary idea transform-

Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for
data collecting in remote places is advantageous
because of UAVs’ low cost and extended range
mobility. To facilitate the operation of time-sensi-
tive applications, the acquired data is processed
as geographically close to the end user as is prac-
tically possible. The suggested paradigm for ener-
gy-efficient UAV-assisted Internet of Things data
gathering integrates trajectory and resource optimi-
zation. The three essential features of the paradigm
are data collection, the optimal UAV trajectory, and
data scheduling. This work utilizes an innovative
data gathering technique and an optimal schedul-
ing paradigm that the authors explicitly devised for
intelligent farms. While gathering data, the sensors
are arranged in a manner which is entirely random
to produce the best clustering that can be generat-
ed based on multiple objectives such as distance,
latency, energy, trust, and quality of service (QoS).
The lion mated with cats optimization (LMCO) is
a novel hybrid optimization technique proposed
to discover an ideal cluster head. The lion algo-
rithm and the regular cat-mouse-based optimiza-
tion method are brought together in this model
to create the LMCO model. The UAV creates an
ideal straight line collision-free path for its trajectory
by utilizing the LMCO model and anticipated val-
ues for the received signal strength indicator. This
enables the UAV to collect data from all clusters
in the region that is being investigated. The data is
delivered by the UAV to the base station (BS) clos-
est to it. In the second step, the BS will choose the
cloud node that is the most easily accessible based
on the best possible combination of five factors:
power efficiency, response rate, availability, execu-
tion time, and QoS. After that, an existing model
is contrasted with the proposed model in terms
of energy consumption, distance traveled, latency,
and response time, among other metrics.
Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have garnered
significant interest [1, 2]. The Internet of Things
ing businesses, agriculture, and human well being
in general. Most IoT ambitions, including smart
cities, smart homes, and tactile Internet, are pro-
gressively becoming a reality. The proliferation of
IoT technology is pushing researchers to examine
many novel solutions, which will result in a rapid
expansion in IoT interconnections. By 2021, Erics-
son estimated that more than 15 billion IoT nodes
would be deployed to enable artificial intelligence
(AI)-based machine-to-machine connectivity
[2–5]. Due to their portability, versatility, and sta-
bility, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been
widely employed in various industries, including
surveillance systems, real-time surveillance, freight
delivery, and disaster relief. Due to the evolution
of enhanced mobile networks, UAVs can now be
smoothly connected with wireless transmission,
and UAV telecommunications has become a hot
research subject [6–9]. UAVs serve a multitude
of purposes in a range of environments. It can be
used as a mobile base station (BS) or a mobile
relay in densely populated urban areas to increase
communication range, connection, and depend-
ability. For observation, IoT networks spread mul-
tiple sensor nodes across a vast territory. Indeed,
artificial intelligence (AI)-based intelligent UAVs
can be used for data collection and dissemina-
tion by periodically altering their flight routes in
response to transmission requirements and sensor
node placements [10].
UAVs expand network coverage and improve
device connectivity, highlighting the most common
UAV data collection uses [3–5]. Clustering tech-
niques, combined with AI-based algorithms, col-
lect data from wireless sensor nodes to conserve
energy and reduce communication overhead [6,
11]. Proximity sensors are positioned in hard-to-
reach regions. Natural impediments like bushes,
little mountains, and unexpected slopes generate
channel interference in hilly areas and large farms.
Collecting information is challenging in these
conditions. However, deploying UAVs in certain
scenarios may help cut costs while increasing the

Sami Ahmed Haider is with the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China; Yousaf Bin Zikria (co-first author)
is with Yeungnam University, South Korea and Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Sahil Garg (corresponding author) is with
the Resilient Machine Learning Institute, Canada; Shahzor Ahmad is with National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan;
Digital Object Identifier: Mohammad Mehedi Hassan (corresponding author) and Salman A. AlQahtani are with the Research Chair of New Emerging
10.1109/MWC.001.2200105 Technologies and 5G Networks and Beyond, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

30 1536-1284/22/$25.00 © 2022 IEEE IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2022

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 Ref. Title
[1] Energy-Efficient Data Collection for UAV-Assisted IoT
Trajectory and Resource Optimization in OFDM-
[2]
Based UAV-Powered IoT Network
Joint 3-D Trajectory and Resource Optimization in
[4]
Multi-UAV-Enabled IoT Networks With WPT
Energy-Efficient Trajectory Optimization for UAV-
[5]
Assisted IoT Networks
TABLE 1. Literature review.
efficiency of data collection [7, 12]. Another signif-
icant challenge is attaining high throughput while
considering energy efficiency, channel condition,
and quality of service (QoS), particularly for IoT ter-
minals operating in discontinuous reception (DRX)
mode. At the start of each time period, IoT termi-
nals examine the header containing flow informa-
tion to decide whether the traffic is relevant. The
DRX functionality enables IoT devices to negotiate
data transmission phases and maintain a low-pow-
er state across several timeframes with excellent
dependability. This approach has the potential to
reduce energy use significantly. On the other hand,
this architecture makes downlink service optimiza-
tion impossible for the UAV [5].
Processing data in time-sensitive applications is a
considerable challenge. Due to a lack of connectiv-
ity, compatibility, information storage, scarce ener-
gy sources, delay, and computational resources,
data collection using UAVs is feasible for farms to
meet considerable obstacles significantly. The UAV
collects data and transmits it to the BS, offloaded
for analysis in conventional data collection meth-
ods. This cycle is repeated until all farmers have
been approached. This back-and-forth movement
further delays and consumes additional energy [8].
Additionally, AI-based agriculture systems require
rapid responses to offer farmers triggers. More-
over, collecting data by contacting each sensor in
the field incurs additional energy expenditures; as a
result, sensor network clustering methods are used
[9]. UAVs gather data by engaging directly with
sensors or obtaining data from cluster heads (CHs)
as they travel from sensor to sensor and cluster to
cluster. While gathering data directly from sensors
is straightforward, it requires more energy, dura-
tion, and distance traveled by the UAV than the
succeeding technique, which transmits data over
the CH. On the other hand, the second strategy is
inefficient because it results in a single point of fail-
ure, network congestion, and a bottleneck at the
CH. This issue can be addressed by a hybrid tech-
nique where CH establishes a secure link between
sensors and the UAV, and the UAV collects data
from sensors in a single optimal position [10].
The research aims to develop an energy-effi-
cient (EE) UAV data transmission system to inte-
grate trajectory and resource optimization in an
IoT environment:
• To develop a unique UAV-assisted IoT data
gathering system with unified trajectories and
optimal resources optimization through three
phases, that is, through three primary phases
of data collection, optimal UAV trajectory, and
data scheduling
• Multiple objectives including distance, delay,
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Technique Drawbacks
Dinkel Bach technique Not data-driven as well as learning-based techniques
Successive convex Unable to improve accurate trajectory recognition and best
programming allocation of resources
Did not take into consideration the real aerodynamic
Sequential convex
power consumption model or the non-orthogonal channel
approximation
environment
Dynamic spatial- Did not take into account multiuser resource allocation,
temporal configuration interference mitigation, and UAV-to-UAV communication
energy, trust, and a QoS-based innovative algo-
rithm has been suggested to pick the ideal CH
by dynamically and objectively altering the
objectives. Research has introduced a novel
hybrid optimization AI model for picking the
best CH among the existing ones. The pro-
posed hybrid AI optimization model is lion
mated with cats optimization (LMCO). This
LMCO model is designed conceptually by inte-
grating the standard cat-mouse optimization
algorithm (CMBO) [13] and lion algorithm (LA)
[14], respectively.
The article is organized as follows. The follow-
ing section briefly discusses the literature review.
We then present the proposed AI-enabled EE-UAV
trajectory data collection based on the location
and task scheduling of the UAV. Following that, we
discuss the proposed system model based on five
objectives. We then present simulation parameters
and results. Finally, we conclude the article and
suggest future research directions.
Literature Review
Many researchers have previously discussed the
conventional tactics for EE trajectory and resource
optimization and their constraints, given in Table
1. In [1], the author proposed an efficient infor-
mation gathering system for UAV-assisted IoT by
relying on a combined trajectory and resource
optimization strategy. To achieve this energy max-
imization goal, IoT broadcast energy and UAV
propulsion energy have been considered. Using
large system analysis and the Dinkel Bach (DB)
technique, the fundamental fractional optimi-
zation was simulated and renewed in the form
of subtraction. A block coordinate descending
architecture was employed to adapt the UAV tra-
jectory and IoT communication resources con-
tinuously. They failed to deploy data-driven and
learning-based strategies that boosted adaptability
and sustainability and were not economical. Ref-
erence [2] developed a trajectory and resource
optimization algorithm for an orthogonal frequen-
cy-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based UAV-pow-
ered network infrastructure. In the UAV-powered
network infrastructure, the OFDM technique was
applied. Additionally, two ground nodes (GNs)
were powered by two UAVs through downlink
wireless power transfer (WPT). The information
acquired by GNs was sent to the accompanying
UAVs via orthogonal subcarriers using the cap-
tured energy in the uplink, hence eliminating dis-
turbance. The UAVs’ trajectories and resource
allocation have been optimized to maximize
the combined average transmission rate of two
GNs while ensuring that each GN maintains
31

FIGURE 1. Architecture of the proposed model.
a minimum average transmission rate. Unfortu-
nately, the researchers could not improve the sig-
nificantly more accurate trajectory recognition
and the optimal resource allocation utilizing the
AI machine learning technique. The authors of
[4] developed a joint three-dimensional trajectory
and resource optimization method in multi-UAV-
enabled IoT networks with WPT. A sequential
convex approximation strategy was applied to
construct an efficient iterative technique. Unfortu-
nately, the trajectory identification did not consid-
er the accurate aerodynamic power consumption
model or the non-orthogonal channel environ-
ment. In [5], the authors designed a UAV route,
and the average data rate, total energy consump-
tion, and equitable coverage for IoT devices were
all considered. A dynamic spatial-temporal con-
figuration approach was employed for terminals
operating in the DRX mode. They could maximize
information exchange, EE, and adaptability while
minimizing charge fatigue. However, they did not
consider multiuser resource allocation, interfer-
ence reduction, or UAV-to-UAV communication.
ProbLem stAtement
The AI-based EE resource allocation combined
with trajectory detection remains a difficult
task. As a result, an intelligent integrated EE and
resource optimization strategy is required. The
machine learning algorithms enable more precise
trajectory detection by applying an optimization
strategy. Thus, this research offers a novel hybrid
optimization approach for effectively optimizing
the UAV’s integrated trajectory and resource allo-
cation in an IoT environment.
ProPosed enerGy-eFFIcIent uAv trAjectory
LocAtIon-bAsed dAtA coLLectIon And
tAsk scheduLInG
This research aims to design a unique UAV-assist-
ed IoT data collection system with integrated tra-
32
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jectory and resource optimization through three
primary phases: data collection, optimal UAV tra-
jectory, and data scheduling. The system architec-
ture is illustrated in Fig. 1, in which the system’s
primary components sensors, UAV, BS, and cloud
storage, communicate to form an entire system.
dAtA GAtherInG
Assume that there are N sensor nodes and that
these are randomly distributed over the required
region R. IoT devices are battery-powered and
lose energy when transmitting data over longer
distances, and as a result, they expire. Hence,
there is a significant delay in data transfer. The
clustering concept is introduced in this study to
make data collection more exact, continuous,
and EE. Indeed, clustering is the technique by
which nodes are grouped. Each cluster will have
a CH responsible for communication between
the nodes, the clusters, and the network’s CH.
The CH is responsible for all data communication.
It is pertinent to mention here that an IoT node
acts as a CH. As a result, choosing the optimal
node as the CH is critical. This research aims to
provide a multi-objective optimization approach
for selecting the most optimal CH. The optimal CH
selection procedure computes multiple objectives
for each node in the network, including distance,
delay, energy, trust, and QoS. The node with the
shortest distance from the BS, the shortest delay,
the lowest energy consumption, the highest trust,
and the highest QoS is chosen as the best CH.
When two or more nodes satisfy these criteria, the
most optimal one will be selected using the newly
proposed AI-based hybrid optimization model,
dubbed LMCO. This LMCO model combines the
well-known cat-mouse optimization algorithm and
the lion algorithm. The UAV transmits the data to
the nearest BS. The second phase involves the BS
determining the best available cloud node based
on five criteria: power efficiency, response rate,
availability, execution time, and QoS. Finally, the
predicted model is compared to existing models
regarding energy consumption, distance traveled,
latency, and response.
oPtImAL uAv trAjectory
The UAV provides an optimal route for data col-
lection from all clusters. While IoT devices may
record and transfer acquired data to a cloud serv-
er, this is time- and energy-intensive. As a result,
UAVs are deployed to collect data from the CHs
on a timely basis. The UAV is designed to glide in
a straight line. When these UAVs encounter an
impediment while traveling through a region, they
frequently collide with it. As a result, their efficien-
cy suffers, and the data they collect is erased. As a
result, the LMCO model is used to determine an
ideal straight line collision-free path based on the
minimal received signal strength indicator (RSSI)
values. The UAVs’ data is stored in the cloud serv-
er via the gateway.
oPtImAL resource scheduLInG
When a request is received from a cloud user,
control is transferred to the physical machine
(PM). M signifies the total number of users. Each
PM has a sizable number of virtual machines
(VMs). Each VM is accountable for completing
the assigned tasks. When many jobs are queued,
IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2022
 data processing takes a long time, so the response
cannot be obtained on time. As a result, this study
effort introduces a revolutionary task scheduling
paradigm. The five-fold objectives of VMs are
computed as power efficiency, response rate,
availability, execution time, and QoS. As a result,
the task will be loaded into a single VM. Selecting
the most appropriate one is critical when two or
more VMs are identified to maximize power effi-
ciency, response rate, availability, execution time,
and QoS. As a result, the LMCO model deter-
mines the ideal VM for performing the requested
job. Once the VM completes the task requested,
it responds to the PM, and the cloud user receives
a response within a short period.
Data Gathering Phase with Optimal CH Selection
Based on Multiple Objectives
A sensing region R is considered with the N count
of sensor nodes. The planned project’s significant
aspect is farmland. Additional equipment has
been utilized to gather data from fields for the
knowledge-aware decision making process. This
study assumes that the farmed region is flat or has
hilly regions. However, natural impediments like
trees and hills are present in a hilly setting. Reflec-
tions, refraction, and dispersion are all caused by
these obstacles. The connections hampered by
these impediments are ground-to-ground com-
munications between sensors, air-to-air, and
air-to-ground communication. Sensors and IoT
devices produce data, and the entire system is
predicated on that information. Stationary sensors
are designed and constructed around the farm-
land regions in this research. Furthermore, using a
global positioning system (GPS) sensor, the nodes
are also believed to be cognizant of their locations
[7]. The farm sensors are heterogeneous, meaning
devices differ based on computing power, memo-
ry, and energy usage. These sensors are dispersed
around the applicability arbitrarily. The haphazard
positioning contributes to the creation of a natural
smart farming ecosystem. IoT is responsible for col-
lecting information such as humidity, temperature,
PH level, rainfall, weed, and nutrition content from
the soil. Since they are battery-powered devices,
they tend to lose their energy while transmitting
longer-distance data. In the end, these IoTs expire,
and the data collection at that particular location
becomes complicated. Therefore, the clustering
concept is being introduced.
Clustering is a process of grouping devices or
sensors collectively. Clustering aids in gathering
data efficiently with the minimum possible inter-
actions inside a network [6] and spreading it for
further processing. Clustering significantly extends
the network’s life span. In clustering, each cluster
selects one node inside the cluster to serve as the
CH. The CH is also the conduit for communica-
tion between nodes in a network. In a dynamic
environment, when nodes depart or re-join the
cluster, the cluster is instrumental because each
node selects whether or not it should engage in
the cluster or be a CH. Dynamic cluster formation
occurs when CHs and cluster formation fluctu-
ate over time. In contrast, static cluster formation
occurs when clusters are generated and remain
the same across the network’s life span. Dynamic
clustering entails modifying the cluster formation
and CH selection at different periods. Even though
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the network’s dynamic nature necessitates constant The UAV provides an
cluster creation, there seems to be an economic optimal route for data
benefit. Since the CH is the primary game play- collection from all clus-
er, it should be selected optimally. Therefore, this
ters. While IoT devices
research selects the optimal CH based on multiple
objectives like distance, delay, energy, trust, and may record and trans-
QoS. When more nodes can act as CHs (i.e., the fer acquired data to
nodes satisfy the condition: lower distance with BS, a cloud server, this is
lowest delay, lower energy utilization, higher trust, time and energy-inten-
and higher QoS are selected for the best CH), the
sive. As a result, UAVs
optimal one is chosen among them with a new
hybrid optimization model referred as LMCO. are deployed to collect
data from the CHs on
Proposed System Model a timely basis.
A wireless channel is utilized to communicate
between sensors, the UAV, and the BS. At the
same time, a wired communication medium is
being used to interconnect the BS and the cloud
servers. Sensors with GPS sensors cluster collec-
tively, and in each cluster, there is an optimally
selected CH generated based on the multiple
objectives. The UAVs fly over the sensors, col-
lecting data and sending it to a nearby BS. The
BS translates the data into workloads in millions
of instructions per second (MIPS) and distributes
them to the cloud servers. The proposed system’s
data gathering and information scheduling phases
are divided into two parts. Initialization, optimal
path discovery, and collection are the three stages
of the data gathering process. Clusters are gen-
erated using a clustering technique in the initial-
ization stage, and CHs are found. The CHs are
chosen depending on the centrality of the nodes.
As a result, hovering over the CH allows UAVs
to collect data via CHs. The CH’s responsibili-
ty is decreased as a result, and the single point
of failure is minimized. In contrast to tradition-
al data gathering methods, the CH merely aids
in creating an ideal region where the UAV may
access all CHs from a single location. Information
is retrieved using CH in traditional data gather-
ing systems. For large-scale networks with a high
number of sensor nodes, collecting data via CH
is indeed not practical since it would lengthen
the data gathering time by increasing the distance
traveled by the UAV. Furthermore, it will improve
EE and therefore be more energy-efficient. More-
over, the UAVs send out a hello message that only
CH acknowledges to establish the CH’s location.
The method maintains tracking of the distance
between all CHs. The UAV begins gathering data
by flying to a CH location. Figure 2 shows the
deployment of communication between CH and
UAV for monitoring.
Optimal Resource Scheduling Based on
Five-Fold Objectives
The UAV offloads a list of workloads onto the
cloud. The cloud nodes are subject to the same
limitations in the cloud service. All cloud nodes
have a source of electricity and are static. They
are heterogeneous, with a wide range of storage
and compute capabilities. Each cloud node has its
accessibility, resource, and price.
On the other hand, when a request is acquired
from the cloud user, the control is transferred to
the PM. Many VMs are listed under each PM.
Each VM is responsible for performing the duties
assigned to it. When many activities are queued,
33
 highest QoS, the ideal one must be chosen. As a
result, the LMCO model determines the best VM
for fulfilling the requested job. Once the VM has
completed the desired work, it responds to PM,
and the cloud users receive their response on time.

oPtImAL tAsk scheduLInG bAsed on muLtIPLe objectIves

The primary purpose of optimal task scheduling is
to plan resources to maximize power efficiency and
availability, provide the best QoS, have the lowest
response rate, and take the least time to complete.
Power efficiency is the amount of power
used to process a single unit of received work-
load. The cloud node’s efficiency is a combina-
tion of power usage effectiveness and static and
dynamic power utilization. Divide uptime by the
total uptime and downtime to calculate a cloud
node’s availability. The cloud nodes periodical-
ly send beacons to the BS, which utilizes those
FIGURE 2. Communication between CH and UAV deployment for monitoring.
signals to calculate and update the availability of
each cloud node in the cloud table. To account
Parameter Values for the transmission delay between the BS and
the node, the response rate will be determined as
Network srea (farming area) 100  100 m2 a percentage of the workload amount and band-
width. The execution time is the time required to
Initial energy ENIn 0.5
process a user request. The LMCO model is used
Transmitter energy Etr 50 nJ/bit/m2 to determine the best work schedule.
Number of IoT nodes (N) 100 Lmco modeL
Population size N The LMCO model is developed by conceptually
amalgamating the CMBO and LA models. The
Chromosome length N CMBO model is inspired by cats’ hunting behav-
ior toward mice. In fact, the CMBO model is
Energy of free space model ENfr 10 pJ/b/m2
good for solving complex optimization problems
Data aggregation energy EDa 5 nJ/b/signal with lower convergence. The LA model solves the
complex engineering problems without getting
Energy of power amplifier Epower 0.0013 pJ/b/m2 trapped into local optima. Upon combining the
Count of rounds 500, 1000, 1500 and
LA and CMBO, the convergence speed of the
solutions increase, and at the same time, it can
Count of UAV 2000 acquire the global optima without getting trapped
into local optima. In the proposed model, the
Mobility (UAV) 1 CMBO model has been introduced within the
Base stations Dynamic LA, so it is referred to as the LMCO model. Since
LMCO plays a major role in this research work,
Initial altitude (UAV) 1 it takes the input as the count of nodes that can
act as CHs in the optimal CH selection phase.
Mobility (sensors) 20 m
The available next hop nodes with minimal RSSI
Packet size (data) Static values enter the UAV trajectory planning phase as
input. In addition, during the EE data scheduling,
Speed (UAV) 8 kB the input to LMCO is the count of available VMs
Cloud (computation) 25 m/s dedicated to performing certain specified tasks.
The five steps of the LMCO model are pride
TABLE 2. Simulation parameter values. generation, fertility evaluation, mating, lion oper-
ator, and termination. The territorial lion, its lion-
data processing takes a long time, so the response ess, and the nomad lion are all initiated during the
cannot be obtained on time. As a result, this pride generation stage within particular border
research article introduces a revolutionary task restrictions. During the fertility evaluation phase,
scheduling paradigm. The five-fold objectives for the lion and lioness get saturated by fitness value
VMs are computed, including power efficiency, and acquire a global or local ideal. The approach
response rate, availability, execution time, and is set up in such a way that it aids in rejecting local
QoS. As a result, the job will not be loaded into a optimal solutions. Crossover and mutation occur
single VM. When two or more VMs are discovered throughout the mating process to produce cubs.
as having the same goals of improved power effi- The cubs’ crossover and mutation are updated
ciency, lower response rate, maximum availability, using the CMBO model’s cat positional update
lowest execution time, and highest QoS, the ideal and mouse positional update. The solution space
one must be chosen. As a result, the job will not is broadened during the lion operator phase, result-
be loaded into a single VM. When two or more ing in the rejection of the local optimum. The
VMs are discovered as having the same goal of method is terminated if the number of generations
improved power efficiency, lower response rate, exceeds the maximum number of generations or
maximum availability, lowest execution time, and the error exceeds the threshold value.

34 IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2022

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 Simulation Results and Discussions Analysis of count of alive nodes

The projected model has been constructed with Approaches Mean Median
Standard
the parameters shown in Table 2. The proposed deviation
work is evaluated over the existing works in terms
LA 62.031 98 41.665
of count of CPU usage, energy consumption,
memory, delay, and packet delivery ratio. This CMBO 62.099 72.5 37.397
assessment was made between the proposed work
and existing works like LA, CMBO, hybrid ener- PSO 61.322 89 41.618
gy-efficient distributed (HEED), and EE-UAV [11]. HEED 62.158 93 41.634

Statistical Analysis on Count of Alive Nodes after LMCO 74.329 95 31.719

CH Selection Statistical analysis of normalized energy
The statistical analysis on the count of alive nodes Standard
after CH selection has been evaluated for 2000 Approaches Mean Median
deviation
rounds, and the recorded best values are recorded
in Table 2. The projected model has recorded the LA 0.18793 0.11432 0.1699
highest mean values regarding the count of alive
CMBO 0.19781 0.15755 0.17788
nodes on observing the recorded outcomes. The
mean value recorded by the projected model is PSO 0.19177 0.11544 0.16654
74.32, which is the highest value compared to the
existing models like LA = 62.031, CMBO = 62.099, HEED 0.18917 0.11682 0.16951
PSO = 61.332, and HEED = 62.158. These improve- LMCO 0.20491 0.12328 0.15578
ments are due to considering the multi-objective
hybrid optimization for optimal CH selection. Statistical analysis on separation distance between CHs

Statistical Analysis of Normalized Energy Measures LA CMBO LMCO

The statistical analysis of normalized energy after Best 266.79 141.24 133.33
CH selection-based data transmission was per-
formed for 2000 rounds, and the best results Worst 4117.6 9861 4423.9
are shown in Table 3. The suggested work’s best Mean 1850.2 2638.8 1481
mean value is 0.20491 (i.e., it consumes less ener-
gy). The result is better than current models such Median 1797 2562.2 1449.4
as LA, CMBO, PSO, and HEED. As a result of the
overall evaluation, it is evident that the suggested Standard
692.26 1234.7 564.6
model may be used to identify the best CH. deviation
TABLE 3. Statistical analysis dataset.
Statistical Analysis of Seperation Distance between CHs
The statistical analysis of the proposed model for
separation distance between CHs is shown in been established for resource optimization: data
Table 3. The projected model recorded the min- collection, ideal UAV trajectory, and data sched-
imum separation distance between CHs, which is uling. The IoT sensors are dispersed randomly
the most favorable. The mean separation distance during the data collection phase to create an
between CHs is 19.5, 43.8, 79.7, and 20.2 per- optimal clustering based on the stated objectives.
cent improved over the existing models like LA, The multiple objectives include distance, delay,
CMBO, PSO, and HEED, respectively. Thus, from energy, trust, and QoS. The ideal CH was chosen
the overall evaluation, it is clear that the proposed using a novel hybrid approach called lion mated
model can be utilized for optimal CH selection. cat optimization. This LMCO model was created
by combining CMBO and LA.
Residual Energy During Task Scheduling Future research includes employing an opti-
The residual energy acquired after task schedul- mized deep learning approach to identify the best
ing is shown in Fig. 3. Here, the projected model CH for a given situation. Furthermore, an ener-
is compared to existing models including LA, gy-efficient trajectory for UAVs will be developed.
CMBO, and HEED. This evaluation is accom- Thus, the amount of energy consumed during the
plished by varying the count of tasks. On analyzing data collection procedure will be reduced. Conse-
the outcomes, the projected model has consumed quently, the most efficient resource allocation will
the least energy value (therefore, the residual ener- be achieved using a newly developed and self-im-
gy is higher) for every variation in the count of proving optimization model.
nodes. At 250 tasks, the proposed model record-
ed the highest residual energy as 67 J, which is the Acknowledgment
highest compared to LOA = 60 J, CMBO = 58 J, The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scien-
and HEED = 50 J. The primary reason behind this tific Research at King Saud University for funding
improvement is the optimal scheduling of tasks this work through the Vice Deanship of Scientific
based on LMCO with five-fold objectives. Research Chairs: Research Chair of New Emerg-
ing Technologies and 5G Networks and Beyond.
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AddItIonAL reAdInG
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36
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bIoGrAPhIes
SAMI AHMED HAIDER is an assistant professor at the University
of Glasgow, currently placed at Glasgow College, Universi-
ty of Electronic Science and Technology of China), Cheng-
du. Previously, he was a senior lecturer at the University
of Worcester, United Kingdom, in the Department of Com-
puting for five years. He received his Ph.D. in information
science and communication engineering from Zhejiang Uni-
versity, Hangzhou, China. He has over 25 papers and one
project credit to his name.
Y OUSAF B IN Z IKRIA [SM’17] is with the Department of Infor-
mation and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam Univer-
sity, South Korea, and the Department of Computer Science
and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, UAE. He
has authored more than 100 scientific peer-reviewed journal
papers, magazine articles, conference papers, patents, and
book chapters. He has been listed in the world’s top 2 percent
of researchers for 2021 and 2022, published through Elsevier
by Stanford University.
SAHIL GARG (garg.sahil1990@gmail.com) is currently a research
associate at Resilient Machine Learning Institute (ReMI), Montre-
al, Canada. Prior to this, he worked as a postdoctoral research
fellow at ÉTS, Montreal, and a MITACS researcher at Ericsson,
Montreal. He has contributed much research in the areas of
machine learning, big data analytics, security and privacy, the
Internet of Things, and cloud computing. He has over 80 publi-
cations in highly ranked journals and conferences, including 60+
top-tier journal papers and 30+ respected conference articles.
He has been awarded the 2021 IEEE Systems Journal Best Paper
Award, the 2020 IEEE TCSC Award for Excellence in Scalable
Computing (Early Career Researcher), and the IEEE ICC best
paper award in 2018 at Kansas City, Missouri. He is currently
a Managing Editor of Springer’s Human-Centric Computing and
Information Sciences journal. He is also an Associate Editor of
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Elsevi-
er’s Applied Soft Computing, and Wiley’s International Journal
on Communication Systems. In addition, he also serves as the
Workshops and Symposia Officer for the IEEE ComSoc Emerg-
ing Technology Initiative on Aerial Communications.
S HAHZOR A HMAD , CEO Synapsify Systems, has a Ph.D. in
computer vision from the National University of Singapore, a
couple of stints in various R&D positions, and over a decade
of academic experience in Pakistan and Singapore. He brings
well-rounded experience in AI, machine and deep learning,
embedded firmware development, grant acquisition and admin-
istration, project management, and entrepreneurship. He has
previously acquired/raised and administered academic R&D
grants, industrial projects/funding worth over US$250,000, and
commercialized/delivered technology from these grants.
M EHEDI H ASSAN (mmhassan@ksu.edu.sa) received his Ph.D.
degree in computer engineering from Kyung Hee University,
Seoul, South Korea, in February 2011. He is currently a full
professor with the Information Systems Department, College
of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has authored and co-authored around
260+ publications including refereed IEEE/ACM/Springer/Elsevi-
er journals, conference papers, books, and book chapters. He is
the recipient of a number of awards, including the Distinguished
Research Award from the College of Computer and Information
Sciences, KSU 2020, thee Best Journal Paper Award from the
IEEE Systems Journal in 2018, and the Excellence in Research
Award from the College of Computer and Information Sciences,
KSU (2015 and 2016). He is listed as one of the top 2 percent
Scientists of the World in the Networking and Telecommunica-
tion field. His research interests include edge/cloud computing,
the Internet of Things, cyber security, artificial intelligence, body
sensor networks, and 5G networks.
S ALMAN A. A LQAHTANI (salmanq@ksu.edu.sa) is a full profes-
sor with the Department of Computer Engineering, College of
Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University. His
main research interests include radio resource management for
wireless and cellular networks (4G, 5G, IoT, Industry 4.0, LTE,
LTE-Advanced, femtocell, cognitive radio, and cyber sovereign-
ty) with a focus on call admission control, packet scheduling,
radio resource sharing, and quality of service guarantees for
data services.
IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2022