ALAMA, XANDER C.

BS COE 31

ACTIVITY 3
1. Identify three (3) families of Microcontroller and explain the ffg.: (8051, AVR,
Motorolla)
 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of
ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers. It consists of
are four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as
addressable as per the requirement.
 AVR is a microcontroller of the ATMEL family, used in Arduino. ARM is a
microprocessor. Most of the Arduino boards come with AVR controllers.
Recently Arduino due has been lunched which is based on ARM
processor. AVR is a modified Harvard architecture machine, where
program and data are stored in separate physical memory systems that
appear in different address spaces, but having the ability to read data
items from program memory using special instructions.

1.1 History

 A microcontroller was developed in 1971 by Intel Corporation in the

United States. That is the 4-bit microcontroller called i4004. It was
ordered by a Japanese company BUSICOM for calculators. Later, the
contract was changed and it was sold as a general-purpose
microcontroller with success. Development. One book credits TI engineer
Gary Boone and Michael with the successful creation of the first
microcontroller in 1971. The result of their work was the TMS 1000,
which became commercially available in 1974.

1.2 Types of microcontrollers

 ARM Microcontroller
 Analog Devices
 AVR Microcontroller
 MCS-51
 CISC Microprocessor
  PIC Microcontroller
 Harvard Architecture
 Intel
 Maxim Integrated
 Freescale Semiconductor
 Renesas
 Atmel
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer
 Espressif Systems

1.3 Famous applications of their microcontrollers

 ARM Cortex M microcontrollers include the development of smart light

systems, the development of wearable devices, and the development of
microcontrollers used in motor vehicles.
 Analog Devices ADC and DAC ICs are used in medical systems, scientific
instrumentation, wireless and wired communications, radar, industrial
process control, audio and video equipment, and other digital-processing-
based systems, where an accurate signal conversion is critical.
 AVR used in home automation, touch screen, automobiles, medical
devices, and defense.
 The 8051 MCUs are widely used in embedded systems, aeronautics,
space technology, transportation management systems, robotics,
communication, automotive and in many various fields.
 CISC used for low-end applications such as home automation devices,
security systems, etc.
 PIC microcontrollers are widely used in consumer electronics such as
televisions, DVD players, and gaming consoles. They are used to control
various functions of these devices, such as the display, sound, and
input/output devices.
 Harvard architecture is used primary for small embedded computers and
signal processing.
 Intel Corp. is the world's largest manufacturer of central processing units
and semiconductors. The company is best known for CPUs based on its
x86 architecture, which was created in the 1980s and has been
continuously modified, revised and modernized.
  Maxim's product portfolio includes power and battery management ICs,
sensors, analog ICs, interface ICs, communications solutions, digital ICs,
embedded security, and microcontrollers.
 These products include sensors, radio frequency semiconductors, power
management and other analog and mixed signal integrated circuits.
 The leading global provider of microcontrollers, Renesas combines our
expertise in embedded processing, analog, power and connectivity to
deliver complete semiconductor solutions.
 Atmel serves applications including consumer, communications, computer
networking, industrial, medical, automotive, aerospace and military. It
specializes in microcontroller and touch systems, especially for embedded
systems.
 RISC processors are used in smartphones, printers, tablets, devices that
do a specific set of repeatable activities.
 Used in home appliances, light bulbs, smart speakers, consumer
electronics and payment terminals.

1.4 Provide a detailed pin configuration of their microcontrollers

 ARM Microcontroller- Depending on the particular chip, ARM

microcontrollers are available in a variety of configurations. Power (VCC
and GND), GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output), analogue inputs,
communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C), timers/counters, interrupt
pins, and other components are examples of common pin applications.
 Analogue Devices - This company manufactures a variety of integrated
circuits, such as microprocessors and microcontrollers. Depending on the
particular product, pin configurations differ significantly. Power, ground,
analogue inputs and outputs, digital inputs and outputs, communication
interfaces, etc. are examples of pins.
 AVR microcontrollers - which are characterized by pins for power,
ground, GPIO, analog inputs, communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C),
timers/counters, interrupt pins, and other functions.
 MCS-51 - Featuring the well-known 8051 microcontroller, the MCS-51
family of microcontrollers offers a standard pin layout that provides
power, ground, GPIO, communication interfaces, timers/counters, and
other peripherals.
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Microprocessor - Intel's CISC
microprocessors, among others, include a wide range of pin layouts for
power, ground, data bus, address bus, control signals, clock input,
peripheral interfaces, and more.
  PIC Microcontroller - Microchip makes PIC microcontrollers, which
typically contain pins for analogue inputs, communication interfaces
(UART, SPI, I2C), power, ground, interrupt pins, timers/counters, and
other functions.
 Harvard Architecture - Microcontrollers based on the Harvard
architecture usually feature distinct buses for data and program memory.
While pin configurations for program memory (flash) and data memory
(RAM) may have different pins, overall pin layouts are similar to those of
other microcontrollers.
 Intel - Power, ground, data bus, address bus, control signals, clock input,
peripheral interfaces, and other pin layouts are all present in large
quantities in Intel microprocessors.
 Maxim Integrated - Maxim Integrated manufactures microcontrollers and
microprocessors among other integrated circuits. Depending on the
particular product, pin configurations differ significantly.
 Freescale Semiconductor - GPIO, power, ground, analog inputs,
communication interfaces, timers, counters, and other pins are
commonly found on Freescale microcontrollers.
 Renesas - Like other microcontrollers, Renesas microcontrollers contain
pin configurations for power, ground, GPIO, analog inputs,
communication interfaces, timers/counters, and other functions.
 Atmel - Atmel microcontrollers, which are now a part of Microchip,
normally contain pins for interrupts, timers/counters, analogue inputs,
power, ground, and communication interfaces (UART, SPI, and I2C).
 Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) - In comparison to CISC
processors, RISC microprocessors feature less complicated instruction
sets. Because of their simpler architecture, pin layouts may contain fewer
pins than those of other microprocessors.
 Espressif Systems - most famously the ESP8266 and ESP32 series. Power,
ground, GPIO, analogue inputs, communication interfaces (UART, SPI,
I2C), timers/counters, etc. are examples of pin configurations.

2. Explain the importance of each microcontroller and provide a simple application

project (Water level alarm, car garage system)
 To reduce power usage, they employ power-saving strategies including
clock gating and power gating. High processing power. Numerous
consumer goods, such as cellphones, game consoles, and digital cameras,
use ARM Cortex M4 microcontrollers.
 Analog signals are easier to process. Analog signals best suited for audio
and video transmission. Analog signals are much higher density, and can
 present more refined information. Analog signals use less bandwidth than
digital signals.
 AVR microcontroller is always to give a digital control of any system. Used
in home automation, touch screen, automobiles, medical devices and
defense.
 The 8051 microcontroller is commonly used in embedded systems, such
as home automation systems, security systems, and industrial control
systems. Its low cost, small size, and ease of programming make it an
ideal choice for these applications. Fuel theft alarm, Water level
controller-cum-motor protector and RF based multiple device control
 CISC has the capacity to perform multi-step operations or addressing
modes within one instruction set. It is the CPU design where one
instruction works several low-level acts.
 PIC microcontroller helps reduce the need for external components, such
resistors, capacitors, or transistors, and makes the PIC microcontroller
more compact and portable. Temperature monitoring system, LED dice,
and Emergency vehicle led light.
 The benefits of using Harvard architecture include increased security due
to separate memory spaces for data and instructions, faster processing as
a result of concurrent fetching of instructions and data, reduced chances
of buffer overflow attacks, and improved overall system performance due
to parallel operation of buses.
 Intel has a strong presence in the high-performance general purpose and
gaming pc market with its intel core line of CPU, whose high-end models
are among the fastest consumer CPU as well as its intel arc series of GPU
and sponsors the intel extreme masters, a series of international esports
tournaments.
 Maxim Integrated has the best technology in analog circuit design.
 Freescale Semiconductor is an essential component of electronic device
that enabling advances in communications, computing, healthcare,
military systems, transportation, clean energy, and countless other
applications.
 Renesas emphasizes the importance of promoting the cooperative
design of hardware and software, ang highlights that easy to develop,
easy to abstract and easy to scale.
 Atmel was flexible and highly integrated designed to optimize your
system control, connectivity and user interface management, all while
delivering low power and ease of use.
 RISC provides high performance per watt for battery operated devices
where energy efficiency is key as well as processor executes one action
per instruction by taking just one cycle to complete operation execution
time is optimized. Like tablets, smartphones and printers.
  Espressif provides a multinational, fabless, semiconductor company
focused on developing cutting edge, wireless communication, low
power chipsets.
3. Provide an idea about your future project in the subject using the AVR microcontroller
 My idea on creating future project in the subject using the AVR
microcontroller was called SSLS know for Smart Street Lighting System
that automatically regulated the light intensity based on sunset and
sunrise times, daily schedule, human presence, traffic and or weather
condition. Saving considerable energy and lowering the maintenance
costs.