Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential 1

Chapter
p 3
The Plasma Membrane

& Membrane Potential
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

Plasma Membrane
• Extremely thin layer of lipids and protein that
forms outer boundary of every cell.
• Controls movement of molecules between the

cell and its environment.
• Participates in joining cells to form tissues

and organs.
• Plays important role in the ability of a cell to

respond to changes in the cell s environment
cell’s
Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Plasma Membrane Structure
• Fluid lipid bilayer embedded with proteins
– Most abundant lipids are phospholipids
• Polar end of phospholipid is hydrophilic
• Nonpolar end of phospholipid is hydrophobic
• Also has small amount of carbohydrates

– On outer surface only
Ch l t l
• Cholesterol
– Tucked between phospholipid molecules
– Contributes to fluidity and stability of cell
membrane

• All cell membranes have the same lipid bilayer structure
-The bilayer consists of two sheets of phospholipid molecules oriented in
opposite
it directions
di ti
- The heads of the phospholipids face outward. They are attracted to the
watery environments inside and outside the cell.
- The hydrophobic phospholipid tails are sandwiched between the heads.

This minimizes their interactions with water.
bic tail
Hydrophob
One layer
of lipids
Lipid
p One layer
y
H
bilayer of lipids
Hydrophilic head
• Proteins
– Attached to or inserted within lipid bilayer
– Functions for membrane proteins
• Span membrane to form water-filled pathways, or channels
across lipid
li id bil
bilayer
• Serve as carrier molecules
• Serve
S as d
docking-marker
ki k acceptors
• Membrane-bound enzyme
• Receptor sites
• Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
• Proteins on surface are important in cells’ ability to
recognize “self” and in cell-to-cell interaction

Proteins
Adhesion proteins help one cell

adhere to another cell or to a protein
component of an extracelular matrix.

Proteins
Communication protein in the

plasma membrane of cell match up
with identical proteins in the plasma
membrane of an adjoining cell.
Together the proteins from a channel
th t connects
that t the
th cytoplasm
t l off the
th 2
cells and enables transmission of
signals between them (Gap junction)

Proteins
Receptor proteins embedded in

a membrane are docks for diverse
hormones and other signals. This is a
ribbon model for a receptor for
somatotropin or growth hormone.

Proteins
Recognition proteins are

identity tags by which cells recognize
nonself and self. They are
glycoproteins with sugar side chains
projecting above the membrane (red
blood cells)

Proteins
Passive transport protein are

channels that passively enable one or
more substances to cross a membrane.
Some are always open
open. Others have
molecular gates that close and open in
controlled ways.

Proteins
Active transport proteins are

also
l called
ll d ATP
ATPase pumps. E Energy
provided by ATP makes them actively
pump solutes across the membrane.
The blue ribbon model is of a
transporter that pumps calcium across
the membrane.

• Functions of lipid bilayer
– Forms basic structure of the membrane
– Hydrophilic interior serves as barrier to passage of
water soluble substances between ICF and ECF
– Responsible for fluidity of the membrane
• Membrane carbohydrates
– Serve as self-identity
self identity markers which enable cells to
identify and interact with one another
– Different cell types have different markers
– Carbohydrate-containing surface markers are also
i
involved
l d in
i tissue
ti growth
th

Animation: Selective permeability
Large molecules cannot diffuse across

the lipid bilayer
OK Hydrophobic molecules can

diffuse across the lipid bilayer
Charged
Ch d molecules
l l cannott diffuse
diff
across the lipid bilayer
OK
Cell-To-Cell Adhesions
• Adhesions bind groups of cells into tissues and
package
p g them into organs
g
• Once arranged, cells are held together by three
different means
– Extracellular matrix (ECM)
• Serves as biological
g “glue”
g
• Major types of protein fibers interwoven in matrix
– Collagen, elastin, fibronectin
– Cell adhesion molecules in cells’ plasma

membranes
– Specialized cell junctions

Specialized
p Cell Junctions
• Three types of specialized cell junctions
- Desmosomes
- Tight junctions (impermeable junctions)
- Gap junctions (communicating junctions)
Desmosomes
- Act like “spot
spot rivets
rivets” that anchor two
closely adjacent nontouching cells
- Most abundant in tissues that are
subject to considerable stretching
-The strongest cell-to-cell connections
- Make the cell spreading: skin, heart,
and the uterus).
- Reduce the change of tissue morphology
Specialized
p Cell Junctions

Specialized Cell Junctions
Tight junctions
• Firmly bond adjacent cells
together
• Seal off the passageway
between the two cells
• Found primarily in sheets of
epithelial tissue
• P
Preventt undesirable
d i bl lleaks
k
within epithelial sheets
Specialized Cell Junctions
Gap junctions
• Small connecting tunnels
formed by connexons
• Especially abundant in
cardiac and smooth muscle
• In nonmuscle tissues permit
unrestricted passage of
small nutrient molecules
between cells
• Also serve as method for
direct transfer of small
signaling molecules from
one cell to the next

Membrane Transport
p
• Cell membrane is selectively permeable
• Twpp properties
p p of particles
p influence whether
they can permeate cell membrane without
assistance
– Relative solubility of particle in lipid ( )
uncharged or nonpolar molecular
– Size of the particle (less than 0.8 nm in diameter)
• Unassisted membrane transport

– Diffusion (spread out)
– Osmosis
• Assisted membrane transport
– Carrier-mediated transport
– Facilitated transport
– Active transport
Membrane Transport
• Diffusion ( Simple passive Diffusion)
–UUnassisted
i t d membrane
b transport
t t
– Uniform spreading out of molecules due to
th i random
their d iintermingling
t i li
– Molecules move from area of high concentration
t area off low
to l transport
t t
– Process is crucial to survival of every
y cell
• Plays important role in
– Exchange
g of oxygen
yg and carbon dioxide between
blood and air in lungs
– Movement of substances across kidney tubules

Membrane Transport
p
Membrane Transport
p
Diffusion Through a Membrane

Membrane Transport
Factors affecting rate of diffusion collectively
make up Fick’s law of diffusion:
• Magnitude (or steepness) of the concentration
gradient ((CO2)
g
• Permeability of the membrane to the substance
• S
Surface
f area off the
th membrane
b across which
hi h
diffusion is taking place
• Molecular weight of the substance
• Distance through which diffusion takes place

Membrane Transport
• Osmosis
– Net
N t diff
diffusion
i off
water down its
own concentration
gradient
Membrane Transport
• Tonicity of a solution
– Determines whether cell remains
same size, swells, or shrinks when
a solution surrounds the cell
• Isotonic solution ( Cell remain
the same size)
• Hypotonic solution ( Cell swell)
• Hypertonic solution ( Cell shrinks)

Theriogenology. 2003 Feb;59(3-4):719-34.
Stage-specific effects of the osmolarity of a culture medium on
the development of parthenogenetic diploids in the pig.
Nguyen Van Thuan, Kure-bayashi S, Harayama H, Nagai T, Miyake M.
Department
D t t off Lif
Life S
Science,
i G
Graduate
d t S School
h l off S
Science
i and
dTTechnology,
h l K
Kobe
b UUniversity,
i it 1 1-1
1RRokkodai-cho
kk d i h N Nada-
d
ku, Hyogo, Kobe City 657-8501, Japan.
The change
Th h off osmolarity
l it off the
th culture
lt media
di after
ft the
th 4-cell
4 ll
stage increased the rate of expanded blastocyst formation in
porcine diploids
diploids. The optimal osmolarities of culture medium
for the first 48 h after El-St (before the 4-cell stage) were 290
and 280-320 mOsmol, and those for the later p period ((after
the 4-cell stage) were 256 and 220-270 mOsmol,
respectively.

Membrane Transport
Assisted membrane transport

• Carrier-mediated transport
– Accomplished
p byy membrane carrier flipping
pp g its
shape
– Can be active or passive
p
– Characteristics that determine the kind and
amount of material that can be transferred across
the membrane
• Specificity
• Saturation
• Competition

Membrane Transport
Types of assisted membrane transport

• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Vesicular transport

Membrane Transport
Membrane transport channels or carriers: Transmembrane proteins
Water-soluble substance.
Channels: Carrier
- No change shape -Change shape
- Transport for ions
ions. -Transport
T t ffor smallll polar
l
-Only ions fit through the narrow molecules (glucose and
channels can be transported. amino acids).
acids)
- Channels can be open or closed. - Carrier are always working.
- When open, channels are open - When open, carrier are
at both size of the membrane. open only one size.
- 5 million ions/second - 5000 particles/second

Membrane Transport
Carrier transport
• Substances move from a
higher concentration to a
lower concentration
• Requires
carrier
molecule
• Means by which ions,

glucose and amino acids
is transported into cells
by carriers.
carriers
(Passive transport)
Membrane Transport
Characteristics of Carrier transport
1. Specificity: Each carrier protein is specialized to transport a specific
substance or closely related chemical compounds.
- Cysteinuria disease (Inherited disease)
Defective cysteine
carrier in the kidney urine
Blood
membrane cysteine
Urinary stones
2. Saturation: There is a limit to the amount of substance a carrier can
transport across the membrane in a given time: transport maximum
(Tm).
Insulin
Membrane Transport
A ti transport
Active t t
• Moves a substance against its concentration gradient
• Requires a carrier molecule
• Primary active transport
– Requires direct use of ATP
• Secondary
S d active
ti transport
t t
– Driven by an ion concentration gradient
established by a primary active transport
system

Membrane Transport
Active Transport Carrier acts as an
enzyme (ATPase)
“Pumps”
(Na+, K+, H+, Ca+)
Dephosphorylation
Membrane Transport
Animation of Na+-K+ ATPase pump (Sodium go

out of cell and potassium go into the cell) found
in the plasma membrane of all cells.
A single nerve cell membrane contain 1 million
Na+-K+ ATPase pump and transporting about
200 millions ions/second)
1. Establishes Na+ and K+ concentration gradients to generate
electrical signals
g essential to nerve and muscle cells functioning
g
2. Maintaining osmolarity of cells (cell volume)
3. Serves as the energy
gy source for secondary
y active transport
p

Membrane Transport Secondary
y active transport
p
The carrier do not directly split ATP. Base on the movement of
Na+ into the cell down its concentration gradient drives the uphill
transport of other solute
solute.
Symport (cotransport) antiport (exchange)
ection
n
ection
me dire
Oppositte dire
The sam
O
T
Exchange Na+ glucose , Exchange Na+ and H+

amino acid in intestinal maintaining pH of cell
and kidney cells
Membrane Transport
E h
Exchange N
Na+
+ and
d glucose
l in
i intestinal
i t ti l cells
ll
Primary Active Secondary Active Transport

1 Transport
T t 2
SGLT uses Na+ concentration
Na+-K+
gradient simultaneously move 3 Facilitated Diffusion
ATPase pumps Glucose
Na+ downhill and g
glucose
i l move
passively
uphill from lumen into cell
downhill out of
cell into blood
Membrane Transport
• Vesicular transport
– Material is moved into or out of the cell wrapped
pp in
membrane
– Active method of membrane transport
– Two types of vesicular transport
• Endocytosis
y
– Process by which substances move into cell
– Pinocytosis – nonselective uptake of ECF
– Phagocytosis – selective uptake of multimolecular
particle
• Exocytosis
– Provides mechanism for secreting large polar molecules
– Enables cell to add specific
p components
p to membrane

Membrane Transport
• Plasma membrane of all living cells has a

membrane potential (polarized electrically)
• Separation
S ti off opposite
it charges
h across
plasma membrane
• Due to differences in concentration and
permeability of key ions

Summary:
Methods of membrane transport and their characteristics
Method of Substances Energy requirements Limit to
transport involved movement transport
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion through Nonpolar molecules of any Passive; molecules move Continues until
lipid bilayer size (O2, CO2, fatty acids) down concentration gradient gradients is
(from high to low concentration) abolished
abolished.
Diffusion through Specific small ions (Na+, Passive; ions move down Continues until
protein channel K+, Ca2+, Cl-) electro-chemical gradient dynamic equilibrium
(from high to low concentration) is established.
Osmosis Water only Passive; water moves down its Continues until
own concentration gradient concentration
(Hypo to hyper) difference is
Carrier-mediated abolished .
t
transport
t
Passive; molecules move Display a transport
Facilitated diffusion Specific polar down concentration gradient maximum (Tm);
molecules (Glucose)
(from high to low concentration) carrier can become
Primary
P i active
ti Specific
S ifi cations
ti with
ith A ti
Active; i
ions move against
i t saturated
transport carrier (Na+, K+, Ca2+, concentration gradient (from low (Tm); carrier can
H+) to high concentration), need ATP. become saturated
Secondary active Specific polar molecules Active; substance move against
Tm); coupled
t
transport
t and ions with coupled concentration gradient (from low
transport carrier (Glucose, to high concentration), need ATP transport carrier
amino acid (sympost) and in primary pump. can become
ions for antiport) saturated
Summary:
Methods of membrane transport and their characteristics
Method of Substances Energy requirements Limit to
transport involved movement transport
Vesicular
Transport
Endocytosis Poorly understood
Small volume of ECF, also Active
Pinocytosis important in membrane
recycling
Receptor- Specific large polar Active Need

N d bi
binding
di to
mediated molecular (Protein) specific receptor on
endocytosis membrane surface
Phagocytosis Multimolecular particles Active, Need binding to

(Bacteria & cellular debris) specific receptor on
membrane surface
Exocytosis Secretory
ypproduction
(hormon or enzymes)
Active,, increase in
cytosolic Ca2+ ,
Secretion triggered
gg
by specific neural or
hormonal stimuli.

Membrane Potential
• Nerve and muscle cells
– Excitable cells
– Have ability to produce rapid, transient
changes in their membrane potential when
e c ted
excited
• Resting membrane potential
– Constant
C t t membrane
b potential
t ti l presentt iin cells
ll
of nonexcitable tissues and those of excitable
ti
tissues when
h ththey are att restt

Membrane Potential
• Eff
Effect off sodium-potassium
di i pump on
membrane potential
– Makes only a small direct contribution to
membrane potential through its unequal
transport of positive ions

Membrane Potential ((polarized electrically)
y)
A separation of charges across the membrane is called a membrane
potential because separated charges have the potential to do work.
No potential has potential
A B C
Membrane
e b a e B has
as more
o e pote
potential
t a tthan
a Aa
and
d lass
ass pote
potential
t a tthen
e membrane
e ba eC

y)
Membrane potential is due to differences in the concentration and
permeability of key ions (Na+ and K+ pump)
- Unequal distribution of key ions between ICF and ECF
Concentration and permeability of ions responsible
for membrane potential in a resting nerve cell
A- : negative charge proteins (large) are found only ICF

Cell membrane have more channels open for K+ traffic than Na+
y)
Effect of the movement of potassium alone on membrane
potential: Equilibrium potential for K+

y)
Calculate of Nernst equation
EKK+ = 61 log 5 mM = -90

90 mV
61 Log Co 150 mM
Eion =
z Ci
Eion = equilibrium potential for ion in mV
61 = gas constant (R) and absolute temperate (T), and

an electrical constant known as Faraday (F) 61= RT/F
Z = the ion’s valence (Postassium and sodium = 1)
Co = Concentration of the ion outside the cell (mM)
C1 = Concentration of the ion inside the cell (mM)

y)
Effect of the movement of sodium alone on membrane
potential: Equilibrium potential for Na+
ENa+ = 61 log 150 mM= 61 mV

5 mM
Membrane Potential (polarized electrically)
Concurrent potassium and sodium effects on membrane potential

Membrane Potential (polarized electrically)
The membrane potential has two basic functions
- First, it allows a cell to function as a battery
- Second, in electrically excitable cells such as
neurons and muscle cells
cells, it is used for transmitting
signals between different parts of a cell.
Signals
Si l are generated
t d by
b openingi or closing
l i off ion
i
channels at one point in the membrane, producing a
local change in the membrane potential that causes
electric current to flow rapidly to other points in the
membrane.
Nerve iimpulses
N l
in nerve cells
This resulted in
Triggering
T i i contraction
i
in muscle
Focus Homeostasis
Nutrients
and O2
Membranes transport
Membranes potential
Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential Body activities


Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter

The Plasma Membrane

Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

• Controls movement of molecules between the

• Participates in joining cells to form tissues

• Plays important role in the ability of a cell to

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

• Also has small amount of carbohydrates

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

- The hydrophobic phospholipid tails are sandwiched between the heads.

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Adhesion proteins help one cell

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Communication protein in the

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Receptor proteins embedded in

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Recognition proteins are

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Passive transport protein are

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Active transport proteins are

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Large molecules cannot diffuse across

OK Hydrophobic molecules can

– Cell adhesion molecules in cells’ plasma

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

– Size of the particle (less than 0.8 nm in diameter)

• Unassisted membrane transport

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Diffusion Through a Membrane

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

• Hypertonic solution ( Cell shrinks)

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Nguyen Van Thuan, Kure-bayashi S, Harayama H, Nagai T, Miyake M.

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Assisted membrane transport

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Types of assisted membrane transport

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

• Means by which ions,

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Animation of Na+-K+ ATPase pump (Sodium go

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Exchange Na+ glucose , Exchange Na+ and H+

Primary Active Secondary Active Transport

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

• Plasma membrane of all living cells has a

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Receptor- Specific large polar Active Need

Phagocytosis Multimolecular particles Active, Need binding to

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

No potential has potential

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

A- : negative charge proteins (large) are found only ICF

Chapter 3 The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential