PD 12 FD

UNIT 12: Monitoring One’s Career
Development
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Lesson 1: My Goals
Jump Start 4
Learn about It! 5
Check Your Understanding 16
Explore Your World! 19
Lesson 2: Personal factors Influencing Career Choice
Jump Start 22
Learn about It! 23
Lesson 3: Career Preferences and Personality
Jump Start 39
Learn about It! 40
Real-world Challenge 55
My Reflection 57
Wrap Up 58
Answers to Check Your Understanding 60
Bibliography 70
Glossary 73
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Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
GRADE 11/12 | Personal Development
UNIT 12
Monitoring One’s Career Development

“Follow your dreams. Figure out where you’d like to be, what you would like to be doing
and then figure out what you need to do to get there.”
-Kennon Sheldon
This unit discusses how you will have the capability to shape your destiny by
effectively planning for the future. Your ability to carefully map out the steps
needed to craft your career is influenced by the recognition that a fulfilling career is
not achieved instantly. Rather, it is a combination of determination, sustained focus
and commitment to goals. An effective mapping out of career starts at the present
and is accomplished in the future.
Rina and Her Roadmap to the Future
Rina is at a loss. She is not sure about

the course she will take in college. She
loves art, but she is also interested in
other disciplines. She admires her
classmates who are sure of what they
want to be in the future. Rina is also
considering becoming a
businesswoman since her parents are
entrepreneurs. This thought is adding to
her confusion.
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The other day, while she and her best friend were eating lunch, they overheard a
conversation among a group of students who are already scouting for universities
or colleges where their preferred course was being offered. She also heard them
talk about possible scholarships that these schools offer and the student
organizations or clubs where they could apply for membership. Rina and her friend
gave each other a look that meant that both of them are still not sure of what
course they will pursue. To solve their problem, they approached their teacher and
asked for advice.
Choosing one’s potential career can be a daunting task. It is not unheard of to see a
teenager at a loss on the course that he/ she can take when he/she goes to college.
Erik Erikson believes that adolescents have yet to develop their identity at this stage
in life and this is reflected by many teenagers today. Their seemingly lack of a sense
of who they are and what they want to be in the future affects their choice of
career. However, once they are sure of their path, they put effort in achieving their
goals.
Aside from this uncertainty, the pressures that they get in trying to meet the
expectations of others and the practicality of choosing a particular course are both
influential in making their final decision. The question “To be or not to be?” is the
unofficial theme of career development among teens. This lesson addresses the
question of what a career is and how to go about in attaining one’s dream
profession.
Essential Questions
 What is a career?
 How does one choose a career for himself?
 What are the factors that affect the choice of career?
 What is the importance of life goals when planning a career?
 What are the types of goals?
 How does one know that his/her goals are achievable?
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Learning Targets
In this unit, you should be able to:
● explain that thorough understanding of the concepts of career and life
goals can help in planning his/her career ;
● identify the personal factors influencing career choices; and
● take a self-assessment tool to know his/her personality traits and other
personal factors in relation to his/her life goals.
Lesson 1: My Goals
More often than not, you have been asked at least once about what you want to be
in the future. The most common answers would be a doctor, an engineer, a
teacher, and even a soldier. Once you have reached adolescence, these answers
may either change or remain. “What is a career?” is a common question that needs
to be answered to help you in choosing the career path that suits you.
Jump Start
Materials: a piece of paper, pens
Instructions: On a piece of paper, write the word “career” at the middle and
encircle it. Then, think of three to four words that you associate with it. Write these
words around the circle. You can embellish your work by drawing designs or
attaching pictures. You are given a maximum of five minutes to complete the task.
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For example:
noble
career
Once the time limit is up, you need to share your answers why you chose the
particular set of words that you associated with the word “career”.
Learn about It!

Like Rina, you may still be not sure about the career path that you want to take. The
choice of an appropriate career is one of the many issues that an adolescent faces.
The choice of career is a prelude to entering the workforce. This will contribute to
the potential quality of life that you will have. This is a crucial decision since the
courses that you will choose will allow you to have opportunities that will pave the
way for you success and a satisfying way of life.
According to Sigelman and Rider, there are two factors that you consider when
choosing a career. These are:
1. Environmental factors. The available opportunities and the demands of the

market constitute this factor. The varying
trends in the environment, which includes
the natural changes in your surrounding
areas, technological discoveries and
advancement, and commercial demands,
make you more practical in choosing the
course that you will take.
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There are teenagers who do not only consider their interests alone when choosing
a course. Rather, they also look at the viability and the potential earning that they
will make once they graduate from college.
For example, the demand for nurses abroad prompted many students into taking
up Nursing with the hope of finding employment overseas. The same phenomenon
happened when the increasing sophistication of technology led to high demands
for people who specialize in Information Technology.
EXAMPLE
Far Eastern University, together with its partner universities, conducted a

study in 2015 about millennials in the hopes of shedding light on the
psyche of this unique generation. A total of 4,325 respondents from
different universities participated. One of the findings indicate that
majority of the respondents want to be entrepreneurs once they finish
college. This finding gives an insight that the trend is changing once again
and that the prevailing economic conditions have something to do with
this change of priorities. Young people nowadays are becoming more
interested in entrepreneurship unlike the previous generations who were
more interested in the helping profession like becoming a nurse or
training as a caregiver.
2. Personal factors. Young individuals

also take into consideration their own PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
strengths and limitations when
mapping out their career plans; their As an adolescent, what do you think
skills, socio-economic status, their are the factors that can contribute
personal values and physical and hinder to your choice of career?
capabilities are strong indicators of
what their potential career is.
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Career: Its Definition and Elements
A career was described by Santos as having a job that suits the skills, the goals, and
the personality traits that a person has. It could be a profession that the adolescent
has always aspired for or it can be a means of earning an income. Thus, it is
possible for an adolescent to pursue his lifelong ambition of becoming a lawyer
while it is also possible that an education student will shift to information
technology course because of the high salary it promises.
A Career Begins with a Plan
A successful career is built along several

components. These components are:
1. Life goals. Life goals play a key role in

determining the choice of career of an
adolescent. Nair defined them as conditions or
states that an individual wants to achieve, avoid
or sustain. Life goals are created in a conscious
manner, which means that they are easily
remembered by a person. They serve as
aspirations that prompt an individual to take
proper steps in achieving them one by one. The
attainment of life goals has a profound effect on
the health and happiness of a person; the successful completion of a goal
contributes to happiness while the failure to do so can lead to frustration.
2. Career planning. It entails the selection of appropriate steps necessary in

meeting specific career goals. The interests, skills and potential possessed by a
person are matched to the course that he or she would take. However, as Santos
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reiterated, factors like economic conditions, personal limitations, and other
external factors can affect the career path of a young individual.
3. Career development. According to Garcia-Cox, graduating with a bachelor’s

degree is not the ultimate goal of career development. It includes joining the
professional world, meeting the demands of the work, enhancing the skills, and
preparing for advancement or promotion. Hansen in 1976 defined career
development as a lifelong process dedicated to finding out and processing
information regarding one’s identity, the educational and occupational
opportunities and alternatives that are available, and also, the roles and lifestyles
that one can adapt.
REMEMBER ME!
Career planning entails the selection of appropriate steps necessary in

meeting specific goals. The interests, skills, and potential possessed by a
person are matched to the course that he or she would take.
Types of Goals
A goal is the instrument of motivation. Imagine them as the propellers of an

airplane. A plane will have a hard time taking flight if any of the propellers was
damaged. Just like in career planning, the absence of a good set of goals makes the
road to success rocky and crooked.
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There are many types of goals and this lesson will focus on two basic kinds:
1. Short-term goals. These goals do not

involve a long period of time to achieve.
The time allotment for this type can range
from several days to several months but
will not take more than a year. These goals
are very precise. They can also serve as the
stepping stones in achieving the long-term
goals.
For instance, a young girl is saving her

allowance so she can buy a new pair of shoes next month. In this case, her
immediate objective of buying a new pair of shoes the following month leads to her
short-term goal of saving a certain amount of money within a short period of time.
2. Long-term goals. Goals that take a

long period of time to accomplish
belong under this type. These goals
typically require more than twelve
months for completion and need
careful planning.
For example, Stacy is determined to

become a surgeon. She has started
planning out the pre-medicine course that she will take and the school where she
will enroll. In this case, Stacy is future-oriented. She is aware that her goal of
becoming a surgeon will take not just several months, but years of hard work. To
attain her objective, she must accomplish a series of small goals: to take a pre-
medicine course which should be related to medicine and study in the school that
can offer her the best training. Nevertheless, these two are not enough; she must
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maintain a good scholastic record and a get a
passing score in an aptitude test for medicine TIP!
to be able to apply in the best schools. The
last two can be added to her series of short- TYPES OF GOALS:
term goals that will eventually complement
her long-term goal. STG – Short-term Goals
 Goals usually set for a
Characteristics of Achievable Goals year or less.
LTG – Long-term Goals
Goals possess characteristics that play  Goals set for more
important roles in the success of any than a year.
endeavor. When mapping-out a plan, high-
quality goals can provide information that
would tell if the strategies or actions taken
are effective or not. Goal-setting is crucial because it can either inspire or motivate
an individual to pursue his plans, or it could frustrate him and push him to the edge
give up his dream if it is not laid out well. Consequently, revisions and adjustments
are made so the endeavor is accomplished.
When planning for a career, an adolescent can apply these characteristics of goals
so the chance of success is imminent. Collectively, these characteristics are known
as SMART and Michael Aamodt, a leading psychologist in the field of Industrial
Psychology, discussed each characteristic.
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Table 1. Characteristics of Goals
Characteristi Example
Description
cs of Goals
Instead of saying “I will do my
A goal is specific if it is detailed best with my studies”, it can be
and precise. A goal stated in a stated by answering the
Specific specific manner adds up to an question: “How will you do it?”
individual’s motivation because “To earn a good grade, I will
the objective is clear and definite. read my notes and lectures for
the day before going to sleep.”
A goal is measurable if it is “To make sure that I receive
quantifiable. This helps in high grades, I will earn at least
keeping track of the progress 85% on all my quizzes.”
Measurable
and determining if more effort or
resources are needed to achieve
the desired goal.
A goal is attainable if it is based “I still have five days before
on realistic expectations. When our final exam in Personal
setting goals, the level of Development. I am aiming for
difficulty must be high, but they a grade of at least 90% so I will
should also be attainable. When start reviewing today.”
Attainable
goals are too difficult that they
become impossible to achieve,
individuals tend to lose their
commitment to the goal and give
up altogether.
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“I want to improve my public
A goal is relevant if it has a direct speaking skills so I will recite
Relevant relationship with the expected more in class and join contests
outcome. that will make me speak in
front of an audience.”
A goal is time-bound if it is within “I will finish submitting my
the confines of a specific time requirements on Friday so I
frame. This helps in avoiding can start researching on the
procrastination and develops a best schools to enroll in
Time-bound
sense of urgency in finishing college.
tasks. The more tasks achieved,
the greater the sense of
accomplishment.
Career Development Theories
Several theories have been proposed to explain the nature and importance of
career development. Each of them offers a
point-of-view that can guide students when TIP!
mapping out their respective career plans:
To remember the
1. The Trait Factor Theory. Frank Parson and Characteristics of Goals, be
E.G. Williamson are vocation experts who SMART!
created an assumption that is still one of the  S – pecific
bases of counseling and psychological tests  M – easurable
that focus on aptitude. In the said theory,  A – ttainable
factors like individual skills, interests, sets of  R – elevant
values, and even traits are studied and  T – ime-bound
matched to a particular job or profession.
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This theory rests on the premise that people whose skills and talents match their
jobs or professions are expected to perform and excel in their chosen fields. This
echoes what Confucius said a long time ago, “Choose a job you like and you will
never have to work a day in your life.” A concrete example of this theory is Lea
Salonga who at a young age has shown an exceptional talent in singing and acting.
She was a theater actress and singer way before joining the highly successful “Miss
Saigon”. Her stint as the lead actress in this play earned her multiple accolades and
gave her plenty of opportunities here and abroad. She has made a history of being
the first Filipina to win a Tony Award in 1991.
2. Theory of Self-Efficacy. Albert Bandura, a well-known psychologist, posed that

the degree of one’s conviction about his or her skills and talents can influence his
way of thinking. He introduced the term self-efficacy, which is described as the
belief and acceptance of one’s ability to create a plan. It involves performing or
carrying-out a series of strategies and action to achieve desired results.
EXAMPLE
Imagine that you are a student who excels in Mathematics. When your
parents suggested that you can take a course in Engineering, Statistics, or
Accountancy, you readily agree because you are fascinated with
Mathematics. The belief that you can handle either of these courses due to
your number skills is your self-efficacy.
3. Life-Span/Life-Space Theory. Developed by Donald Super, this theory

emphasizes that people are always in constant change. It recognizes the factors
that affect people as they undergo through different life stages playing different
roles.
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The significant principles in this theory include:
a. the assumption that people have skills and potentials that they develop
along their life-span. These abilities make them handle different jobs or
occupations.
b. that self-concept directly affects their choice of career and their job
satisfaction. People prefer professions in which they can express who they
are and further develop their identities.
c. that career development occurs along these stages: Growth, Exploration,
Establishment, Maintenance and Disengagement.
EXAMPLE
Vera Wang is a highly successful international bridal wear designer.

She was a figure skater who competed in her teens. When she graduated
from college, she worked at Vogue magazine and became its senior
fashion editor for 15 years. She transferred to Ralph Lauren to work as a
design director for its accessories line. The lack of bridal wear available in
the market prompted her to start sketching her own designs and soon
enough she opened her own boutique. At present, her clothes are worn
by socialites and famous celebrities from across the world.
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4. Theory of Career Choice. John Holland stressed that a career is a product of the
interaction between the individual and the environment. People gravitate towards
others who share similarities with them. This is apparent even with the choice of
profession. Individuals like to work with people who are like them. They look for
jobs or workplace environments in which they can express their values and
attitudes.
Table 2. Holland’s Six Personality Types

Personality
Description
Type
They usually like the outdoors and prefer the use of their hands
Realistic
when working like building or crafting things.
They like meeting and influencing people. They enjoy public
Enterprising speaking and managing people.
They like to discover ideas and do experiments. They are the
Investigative
problem solvers.
They like working with people and helping them. Their main
Social
consideration is ensuring the well-being of others.
They enjoy following procedures. They enjoy activities that are
Conventional
data-driven.
They like performing. They thrive self-expression through music,
Artistic
art or drama.
Holland also reiterated that a person will usually have several of these
characteristics. However, they do not manifest in the same degree. It is normal for
people to have dominant types. This is one reason why students are confused
about the course they would like to take. Having two or three dominant
characteristics lead to a number of interests like having natural talent for cooking
but at the same time is interested in becoming a professional ballerina. This can be
downright confusing to any adolescent.
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Choosing one’s career is both an exciting and an anxious experience for any
adolescent. Proper guidance in assessing one’s skills, interests and potential is
needed to ensure that the young person chooses the course that suits his or her
preferences and resources. Setting up achievable goals is the key to accomplishing
the task of achieving one’s favored profession. It eliminates confusion and allows
for a careful and realistic evaluation of the capabilities of any student.
Check Your Understanding

A. Read each statement carefully. Supply the correct words to complete the
statement.
1. Objectives that are achieved after a long period of time are called
_____________.
2. This lifelong process called ____________ is dedicated to finding out and

processing information regarding one’s identity, the educational and
occupational opportunities and alternatives available, and also, the roles and
lifestyles that one can adapt.
3. The concept of _____________ is the belief and acceptance of one’s ability to

create a plan. It involves performing or carrying out a series of strategies and
actions to achieve desired results.
4. Ren suffered a setback. She resigned from her teaching job due to family
problems. Since she has an experience as a call center agent, she reapplied for
the said position. This is an example of _______________ Theory.
5. Sam is thinking about the course that he will take in college. Since there is a
growth in the tourism industry, he decided to take Hotel and Restaurant
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Management so he can someday put up a restaurant that caters to tourists.
Sam was influenced by ____________ factors when he made the decision.
B. Application. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. In what way does setting up goals affect how adolescents plan for their
careers? Please give at least 3 effects of goal setting in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is career development considered as a life-long process?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. There is a saying that “Rome was not built overnight.” How does this apply to
career development?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
C. Synthesis, Analysis and Application. Read each situation carefully and answer
the questions for each item.
1. Jenny is a very sociable girl. She likes going out with her friends. This affected
her studies and she became worried because she has a plan of applying as an
exchange student. If you were Jenny, what are the three goals that you would
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make so that you can handle your school work better? Please make your goals
SMART.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Choose two theories discussed in this lesson. How would you compare and
contrast the pair of theories you have selected?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bing belongs to a middle-class family. Her mother is a fulltime housewife

while her father is an OFW who suddenly lost his job and had to go back to the
Philippines. Because of the financial constraints, she and her younger sister
were forced to transfer to a public school. Bing has always wanted to enter a
law school because she wants to be a corporate lawyer someday, but she also
knows that their current situation is preventing her from doing so. Left with no
choice, she is planning on giving up her dream and enrolling in a course that is
not too expensive. Do you agree with her plan? How can you help her decide?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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Explore Your World!
Task 1: Interview with an IDOL
Materials: recorder, paper, pen
Instructions:
Look for an individual who achieved his/her dream profession. Interview him/her
and find out the steps that he/she took in order to achieve the lifelong dream.
Summarize your answers and include the background of the interviewee, his/her
profession, and the process that it took to get to where he/she is now. Include the
challenges faced while studying for the course.
Criteria for Scoring Points

Clarity of is 3
Presence of relevant details 3
Creativity and uniqueness of the presentation 2
Grammatically correct sentences 2
Total 10
Task 2: Two Brains are Better than One
Materials: paper, pen
Instructions:
Find a partner whose dream job is similar to yours. Create a road map (or a list) of
short-term goals and long-term goals that would help the two of you achieve your
dream job. Present your output to the class.
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Clarity of ideas 3
Total 10
Task 3: Survey Says
Materials: recorder, paper, pen
Instructions:
Form a group with a maximum of four members. Conduct a survey among 50
junior and senior high schools students (combined) about their prospective
course/career. Identify the course they are planning to take and the factors that
influence their choice. Present your findings using graphs or tables. Share your
output to the class.

Clarity of ideas 3
Total 10
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Ryan Cayabyab or Raymundo Cayabyab is a renowned Filipino
composer. He has composed enduring original Filipino songs and
remains a pillar in OPM. In his younger years, he initially enrolled in the
course Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. While studying,
he worked as an accompanist at the Chorale Ensemble of the
Development Bank of the Philippines. His talent in playing the piano
was noticed by Senator Salvador Laurel and gave the young Cayabyab a
scholarship. This scholarship allowed him to enter the College of Music
at the University of the Philippines. He then finished the Bachelor of
Music degree with Composition as his major.
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Lesson 2: Personal Factors
Influencing Career Choices
You are unique. Your life experiences, physical make-up, perception, attitudes,
values, cultural backgrounds and morals add up to your colorful identity.
Nevertheless, the effects of these factors are not always constant. Yourself is
constantly evolving and you develop a new understanding of yourself every time.
This new understanding can either be assimilated or discarded, depending on the
individual. After which, another experience comes along and the cycle continues.
Jump Start
Materials: a piece of paper, pens
Instructions: Find a partner who is not a close friend. In a span of five minutes, tell
your partner three to four things that they do not know about you. You can write
these things on a piece of paper so you can remember them. Once you are done, it
is now the turn of your partner to do the same.
Once the five-minute time allotment is up, volunteer to share to the class the things
that you have discovered about your partner and share how you felt about knowing
these things. Once you are done, your partner will also share things that he or she
did not know about you together with his or her insights.
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After the activity, answer the following questions:
 Was it easy telling someone unknown things about you?
 Did they act surprised upon hearing these things? Why or why not?
 Based on their reaction, did you learn something new about yourself?
 Do you think these things can affect your choice of career?
Learn about It!

Choosing a career is not just about going to college. Most of the time, there are
many considerations to think about before you can finally enroll in your preferred,
and sometimes not-so-preferred, course. In Lesson 1, the theories discussed the
need to match the personal characteristics of individuals with their potential
profession to ensure a satisfying career development. Let us try to explore more
about these personal characteristics. Below are some of the personal factors that
play significant roles in your career path:
I. Personality
Personality as defined by Gazzingan

PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
et. al is the unique combination of
emotions, thought processes and How well do you know yourself?
patterns, and even the actions that Do you have enough knowledge to list
people display across different your strengths and weaknesses
situations over time. It is more than instantly or do you need time to
just having a certain appearance, identify the traits that best describe
mind and disposition. Personality is you?
the totality of an individual; it makes
him or her distinct from other people
who also have their own brand of identity.
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Traits make up a personality, but what is a trait?
Let us differentiate two things: trait and state. A trait is defined as a constant and
stable or consistent characteristic behavior tendency. When you are describing the
consistent characteristics of a person, you are actually talking about the person’s
traits. A state, however, is the opposite. It is not permanent. Therefore, it is not
stable. A state is defined as a brief manifestation of a behavior. For instance, when
you are sad because you lost a billiard game, this is considered as a state. On the
other hand, being sad most of the time is a trait. Traits and states are considered as
descriptions, not explanations, of certain behaviors.
REMEMBER ME!
Personality - the unique combination of emotions, thought processes

and patterns, and even the actions that people display across different
situations over time.
Trait - a constant and stable or consistent characteristic behavior
tendency.
State – a brief manifestation of a behavior .
A. Sources of Personality Traits
1. Biological Factors
Most of your traits are caused by the combination of genes you have inherited from
your parents. This was evidenced by numerous studies involving identical
(monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins. To distinguish, twins are monozygotic
if they came from one zygote which makes them identical genetically. For fraternal
twins, they came from two distinct zygotes. This does not make them identical but
more like ordinary siblings. Studies have shown that due to the genetic similarities
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between siblings (twins or not), they share common traits that are manifested
whether they were brought up together or not.
One study about adopted children have also pointed out that there are traits
inherited from their biological parents that were manifested although they were
raised differently by their adopted parents. This is supported by several other
studies that showed correlation between the traits of the parents and their
children. Now, to eliminate confusion about the word “correlation”, it simply means
relationship.
EXAMPLE
In one study, researchers were able to determine that the extraversion

(behavior wherein one enjoys the company of other people instead of
being alone) of parents are moderately correlated with their own children
but barely with their adopted children. In addition, biologically related
siblings share similarities with each other but not with their adopted
siblings.
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Neurophysiological factors also play important roles. The brain and body chemicals,
particularly the neurotransmitters and hormones, contribute to your behavior.
These biological aspects control your behavior, which includes emotions and
thoughts. Studies about the influence of the brain to your behavior have shown
that areas with increased brain activity can influence the manifestation of traits
while too much or too little amounts of neurotransmitters (like dopamine and
serotonin) influence your emotions and behavior.
2. Environmental or Social Factors
It is not just the biological factors that play dominant roles in the formation of
personality, social or environmental factors also affect its development. Generally,
there are two types of cultures—the collectivist and individualist—that contribute to
personality.
In a collectivist culture, which Asian

nations have, the emphasis is on the
group membership and interdependence.
They identify themselves based on their
groups like religion, families, schools, and
the like. In a collectivist culture, their
group membership is an extension of
themselves. So it is not surprising to see
people in Asian countries consider the
opinions of their family members when
making decisions. This can include the
career choice of an individual.
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Individualist cultures value autonomy. The
people in this type of culture place emphasis on
the independence or a person. They assert
themselves and are appreciated for their ability
to take care of themselves and think creatively.
Decisions are mostly made without much
influence from external factors. Western
countries are known to have this type of culture.
With the combined forces of biological and social factors affecting personality, it is
no wonder why there are families with the same, if not identical, nature of work.
Children from these families inherited the traits of their parents and were also
brought up in the same manner that their parents were raised. These factors,
whether known or not, played a hand in their choice of career. However, it should
also be remembered that there are families who value the individuality of their
children by letting them decide for themselves what they want to be in the future.
B. Well-Known Personality Theories That Can Help in Choosing One’s Career
Let us take a look at some well-known theories that discuss and explore the
dimensions of personality.
1. Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung is a well-known psychologist who created the theory Analytical Psychology
to explain the nature of personality. Although the theory will not be discussed in
detail, it is worth noting that embedded in this particular theory is the psychological
types which are composed of two divisions: the attitudes and functions. These also
play a role in making career decisions.
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An attitude is defined by Jung as the
tendency to react and act in a certain path.
The two basic attitudes are either
TIP!
extraversion or introversion. Introversion
means that one’s energy is turned inwards, 2 Basic Attitudes:
making it subjective. This simply means
that an individual with an introvert attitude INtroversion – remember the
word INside (an individual
will find satisfaction in the inner world of
find’s meaning in thoughts,
thoughts, ideas, fantasies, feelings and
ideas, etc.)
other intuitive processes. He thinks more
about how the world affects him. On the Extroversion – remember the
other hand, extraversion means energy is word EXternal (an individual
turned outwards, making it objective. A finds meaning in his
person with an extrovert attitude finds interactions with the outside
world).
meaning in the outer world of things,
interactions with other people,
accomplishments and how he can make an impact on the world. In Jung’s theory,
all people possess both of these attitudes.
EXAMPLE
Here are some combinations of Attitudes and Functions:
 Extraverted thinking individuals depend on concrete thoughts; they
perceive things in an objective and precise manner like mathematicians,
accountants, scientists, and engineers.
 Introverted thinking people also rely on facts but they put forth their own
interpretations. They use creativity when interpreting events like
philosophers in their perception of different phenomena and inventors
with their unusual but useful gadgets and tools.
28
These two attitudes can be combined with four functions of the mind to create
different kinds of personality. Functions work on how you absorb information and
how you process each of this information. There are four basic functions.
The Four Functions:

1. Sensing – the mind’s ability to notify people the existence of things because of
the use of the senses.
2. Thinking – the function that tells how people make decisions and provide
meaning.
3. Feeling – this allows people to know the worth or significance of an idea or
object.
4. Intuiting – the function that lets people know about things or situations without
actively using the senses.
2. The Five-Factor Theory
As compared to Jung’s Analytical Psychology, the Five-Factor Theory is considered

as a young theory. This is born out of recent numerous studies in which the results
categorized personality traits under five general types.
EXAMPLE
Jung’s theory has been criticized as very simplistic, which implies that at
present, your attitudes and functions will not limit you to specific kinds of
jobs. But for purposes of providing an example, a combination of attitude
and function may lead you to a certain kind of job.
Extrovert Sensing: Jobs that require just stating facts like a wine taster, editor
Introvert Sensing: Jobs that require giving meaning on things in the
environment based on internal reflection like an artist or musician
29
Table 1. The Traits in the Five-Factor Theory
Types Description
It is the extent of how creative a person is. It also

Openness to characterizes people who are always willing to seek new
Experience adventures or experiences. Artists are best examples
because of their creativity.
It is the extent of how an individual focuses on the
attainment of goals. People with a high degree of this
Conscientiousness trait are disciplined in how they approach their goals.
Successful professionals often show a high level of this
trait.
This is the extent of how a person enjoys being with
other people. People under this category get energy in
Extraversion
the presence of others. People in sales and public
relations usually have high levels of this trait.
It is the extent of how tolerant a person is. It also
characterizes easygoing, friendly people. This trait,
although appealing, is not always needed in all situations
Agreeableness
at work. Being disagreeable can also be useful. For
instance, a police officer must not be agreeable when
apprehending a known criminal.
It is the extent of how people handle their emotions
Neuroticism or
when faced with demands and stress. People who are
Emotional Stability
generally emotionally stable can excel in any occupation.
30
EXAMPLE
Will.i.am or William James Adams in real life is the founding member of the
Black Eyed Peas, a Grammy award winner and an activist. He is not limited to
performing though. His openness to experience paved the way for him to try
out new things like creating camera accessories and other devices aside
from producing records, becoming a shareholder in Beats Electronics and
even acting. Negative reactions do not deter him as he is always out to try
new and novel things.
II. Motivation
TIP!
Success is an alluring thought to anyone. It
It’s easier to remember the
serves as an impetus to do more or adapt
Five-Factor Theory once you
methodologies that would help them meet
think of an OCEAN:
their goals. Motivation is defined as the
O– penness to experience.
force that pushes people to find or act in
C – onscientiousness.
ways that would make them achieve their
E – xtraversion.
goals.
A – greeableness.
N–euroticism or emotional
Types of Motivation stability.
a. Intrinsic motivation is influenced by

internal or intangible incentives like job satisfaction, happiness, or contentment.
b. Extrinsic motivation is influenced by external factors like earning a huge
amount of money, buying an expensive car, or even simple pleasures like receiving
a high grade.
Motivation gives a person a sense of direction. In the case of career planning, being
motivated pushes the individual to use his or her energy in seeking out activities
and manifesting behavior that would make his or her dream a reality.
31
III. Perceptions about the Ideal Job
Your idea of your ideal career helps you choose a profession that suits you.
Perceptions are usually formed based on what you read, hear or experience, or
even from what influential people in your life may have experienced. The
impressions that are formed about the best job that would provide for your needs
and would make you motivated to go to work every day adds to your career
planning.
IV. Self-Perception
Self-perception. Is also known as self-concept. It is the belief that an individual

makes about himself. This encompasses the person’s views about his overall
capabilities including his competence, his physical appearance, and his unique
qualities and other attributes. Life experiences play a major role in the formation of
a self-concept. The interaction of an individual with different life situations or
challenges and the outcomes of these events dictate how a person would view
himself. If a person always triumphs in his or her endeavors, a positive self-concept
is produced while constant defeat can result in having a negative self-perception
and low self-esteem.
Nevertheless, as time progresses and the individual gains more wisdom as he or

she goes through various life stages, self-concept becomes subject to changes as
well. For instance, a girl who sees herself as a mediocre or average swimmer can
change her self-perception about her abilities once she sees that she is able to
swim at a faster speed. In terms of career planning, a potential job is missed
because of the lack of self-confidence in pursuing it.
In a nutshell, the choice of career is not just about choosing what an individual
thinks is suited to him or her. There are other factors that will help in making the
proper career choice for an individual. The personality traits that a person has are
32
good determinants about the type of job in which an individual can excel. These
traits are influenced by both biological and social factors.
Motivation is also instrumental in fulfilling his lifelong dreams. A person is

motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically. His choice of career is also reflected
by how he perceives an ideal job should be. To a young person, an ideal career can
provide a decent way of living and a reason to wake up every morning and go to
work. The self-concept of a person is also a factor to consider. Although it changes
as time progresses, positive and negative outcomes of his life experiences create a
low or high self-esteem that contribute to his self-esteem or the lack thereof. This
affects his chances of choosing a job that is suitable based on his confidence to go
for it or not.

A. Read each statement carefully. Supply the correct words to complete the
statement.
1. A _______ is a brief manifestation of behavior.
2. An important factor in career development is ___________ which is defined as

the unique combination of emotions, thought processes and patterns, and even
the actions that people display across different situations and time.
3. Twins that came from a single zygote are called ___________.
4. In a ______________ culture, the stress is on group membership and

interdependence with each other.
33
5. The energy of an individual is turned inwards in __________.
B. Application. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. How do extrinsic and intrinsic motivations affect the drive of a person? Give a
situation that shows these two factors as proof of your argument.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. They say that the Philippines has a collectivist culture. Please give five situations
that show our collectivist culture.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between extraversion and introversion? Do you consider

yourself as introvert or extrovert? Please explain your answers.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
C. Synthesis, Analysis and Application. Read each situation carefully and answer
the questions for each item.
1. Jane encountered an irate customer who is complaining about the service of their
catering company. As a manager, how should Jane handle the situation? Please use
the Five-Factor Theory as basis of your answer.
34
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Thomas likes to play basketball. He is aiming for a scholarship that allows him to
be a member of the basketball varsity team. Unfortunately, he sustained an injury
in the hamstring, making him miss the tryouts and lose his chance of earning a
scholarship. If you were Thomas, how would you sustain your level of motivation?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is conscientiousness an important factor in ensuring success? Think of a

person who shows this quality and explain how this person is considered as a
conscientious person.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
35
Explore Your World!
Task 1: Me, Myself, and I
Materials: paper bag (with no design), crayons, pens and other decorative
materials
Instructions:
Think of the paper bag as yourself. Decorate it in such a way that it will show your
traits. You can paste pictures, draw objects and other designs to your paper bag to
symbolize these traits. Once you are done, share to the class why you decorated
the paper bag in such a way.

Clarity of ideas 3
Grammatically correct sentences and confidence during 2
presentation
Total 10
Task 2: Who? Me?
Instructions:
Pick your closest friend as your partner. Go to a quiet area to do this activity. Take
turns in telling the qualities that you like about each other. Take note of what you
think will help your partner succeed, as well the feelings and insights you gained
from this activity. Write them down in an essay.
36
Clarity of ideas 3
Total 10
Task 3: SuperPro
Instructions:
Form a group with a maximum of four members. Talk about the qualities of a
successful professional ora “SuperPro.” You can use the traits discussed in this
lesson or add your set of qualities. Draw your SuperPro complete with the costume
and accessories or “weapons”. Share your output to the class.

Clarity of ideas 3
Grammatically correct sentences and 2
confidence
Total 10
37
The Baticulons, a seemingly ordinary Filipino family, was featured on Philstar
Global in 2013. Their claim to fame rests on the fact that the brood of five all
graduated as valedictorians. The youngest of the brood was inspired to
accomplish the same feat as all her older siblings have done. She studied
hard and at the end of her high school year, she gave the valedictory address
to her batch. This is an example of how biological and environmental factors
work together to create the unique identities of individuals.
38
Lesson 3: Career Preferences and
Personality
An important factor in choosing your career is the combination of traits that you
have. There are numerous ways on how you can determine your personality traits.
However, how exactly can you match your career choice with your characteristics?
This lesson focuses on how assessment tools can help you identify your unique
qualities and traits. These help in aiding you in choosing the proper career for you.
Jump Start
Materials: a piece of paper, pens, masking tape
Instructions:
You need to put a piece of paper on your back. You will be given five minutes to
roam around the classroom and write a positive trait on the sheet attached to the
back of your classmates. These traits must be actually exhibited by your classmates.
You can sing any native song while doing this activity like “Leron Leron Sinta” or any
other song while going around the room to make the activity fun.
Afterwards, you may look at the qualities written on the paper and get feedback if
you agree with all the traits written by your classmates. You can also share your
insights and feelings about the activity.
39
Learn about It!
“Know thyself” is a maxim or saying that was inscribed on the Temple of Delphi, one
of the most important ancient sanctuaries in Greece. It is a motto that encourages
man to understand his nature and live according to this nature. This maxim has
survived the ages and is still a fundamental counsel on how a person can learn to
adjust and adapt to his/her environment. The knowledge of one’s self makes a
person aware of his/her strengths and limitations. It helps in making decisions that
are sound and necessary if he/she wants to have a satisfying life.
The Importance of Assessment
When you were still a child, you are PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
not expected to have full
understanding of your personality. Are you ready to find out more about
But it is a different story when it yourself? How do you feel when you
comes to adolescents. At this stage, receive a positive or a negative
you must have knowledge of your feedback about yourself?
nature, eccentricities, and other
qualities that make you unique. The life goals that you make, including your
potential career, are your extensions. They are reflections of who or what you are.
Recall the discussion about traits and assessment in Lesson 2. There is an

underlying difference between a trait and a state. While a trait is enduring, a state is
not. It is assumed that these two concepts are major considerations when
measuring a sample behavior.
40
Measuring the Self: the Use of Psychological Tests
The advances in the field of Psychology have produced assessment tools that
measure the different dimensions of human behavior. Levels of intelligence,
personality traits, reflex actions, degree of aggression and even emotional states
are just some of the variables that can be measured. In this lesson, you will
describe some assessment tools.
Psychological Assessment
The American Psychological

Association defines personality
assessment as “the administration,
scoring, and interpretation of
empirically supported measures of
personality traits.”
Assessment has several purposes

wherein one involves the accurate
prediction of the behavior in
different settings or situations, like
in educational and organizational
settings.
Psychometrics
It is a field in the study of human behavior that deals primarily with the creation of
measurements for behavior or psychological tests. It relies on theories to explain
different psychological concepts. These theories are used as guides in the actual
development of a test. The behavioral dimensions to be measured can include
knowledge, personality traits, attitudes, and abilities. The main concern of
psychometrics is to find the individual differences among people.
41
REMEMBER ME!
The American Psychological Association defines personality assessment as

“the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported
measures of personality traits. Its main objective is the prediction of
behavior in different settings or situations.
Psychological Tests
Anastasi defined psychological tests as standardized instruments used to

measure samples of behavior (or different dimensions of behavior). These tests are
standardized because specific and uniform instructions are given which means that
the procedures do not change. Also, psychological tests were tested to different
groups of respondents in different areas or places so that a convincing comparison
between the examinee and the previous respondents can be made.
Significance of Psychological Tests
Psychological tests have many uses. In the educational setting, they provide
information about the impact of teaching methodologies - whether they are
adequate or if they can still be improved. The specific people who handle and
administer psychological tests are the school psychologists, guidance counselors
and psychometricians.
In business and organizational settings, psychological tests are used for the
purposes of recruitment or the process of choosing the job candidates to be hired,
advancement or the process of promoting individual employees, and evaluation
of the overall status of the recruitment division of the company and the employees.
42
EXAMPLE
Mr. Castro is in need of a teacher to handle high school students. He

instructed the recruitment department to look for applicants or candidates.
The recruitment officer thought of the qualities that suits a teacher: with
good scholastic performance, patient, resourceful, and confident. She has
three applicants for the job and she will choose the best candidate in terms
of the interview and tests results for the qualities she is looking for. The best
candidate will be hired.
REMEMBER ME!
Psychological tests are used in different areas like educational settings to

measure the effectiveness of the teaching methodologies and in business
and organizational settings like recruitment, promotion, and evaluation.
There are different types of tests that you can take to assess your qualities.
43
Table 1. Types of Psychological Tests
Types of
Psychological
Description
Tests According
to:
1. Aptitude tests measure the behavior in the cognitive
domain which includes the intellectual and other
information processing areas of behavior. It measures
the potential of the examinee in different specific
A. Traits Tested subject areas like Mathematics, Arts, Language, Science,
or Abstract Thinking.
2. Personality tests measure the non-cognitive factors

of behavior like traits or temperaments.
1. Computerized or online tests make use of a
personal computer and the Internet to be answered.
B. Method of
Administration 2. Paper-and-pencil tests are commonly administered
tests that make use of pens, pencil, questionnaires, and
answer sheets.
C. Number of 1. Individual tests are given for a single person.
Examinees That
Will Take the 2. Group tests can be answered by two or more people
Test simultaneously.
1. Speed tests are given with a specific time allotment.
D. Duration of
the Test 2. Power tests require no specific time limit to
complete.
44
Self-Assessment
Now that you know why assessment is

important, it is time to know how you can
TIP!
assess yourself. The process of choosing an
appropriate career is part of one’s life
To remember the types of
goals. To reach this goal, imagine a flight of
test, say A Person Can
stairs that you have to climb in order to
Participate in Gracious, Sweet,
reach the top. Your interests may
Pleasing Actions
represent the bottom part of the stairs. The
succeeding steps symbolize the process of
 Aptitude tests.
how a career is developed.
 P – ersonality tests.
 C –omputerized or online
tests.
 P – aper-and-pencil tests.
 I – ndividual tests.
 G – roup tests.
 S – peed tests.
 P – ower tests.
To help you go to the next step, a self-assessment can be done to give you an idea
about your personality and cognitive traits that are necessary for your chosen
career.
Psychology Today is an online magazine that deals with the many issues concerning
human behavior. Part of their website is an online test measuring the Big-Five
Personality test which was taken up in Lesson 2. Taking the test can give you a clue
about the dominant personality trait you have based on this theory. Follow the link
given: https://www.psychologytoday.com/tests/personality/big-five-personality-test.
45
Aside from the Big-Five Personality test, the website 16 Personalities also measures
the personality traits of a person. This is the link to the test:
https://www.16personalities.com/
EXAMPLE
Your Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is measured by intelligence tests. The IQ-test is a

website that measures the IQ level of an individual. Try this link to have an idea
about how high your IQ is: http://www.iq-test.cc/
The properties of the online tests are not entirely considered high-quality, based on
the standards of professional test makers. Some of the tests you find online are
uploaded on the net because of the need for revisions and improvements, or they
are too outdated that their usefulness has been eclipsed by newer generations of
psychological tests.
Tests that are considered valid by experts are used in school settings,
organizational/business settings, and clinical settings.
EXAMPLE
The Department of Education’s National Achievement Test (NAT) is given to

students to measure their academic ability in five subjects: English,
Mathematics, Science, HeKaSi or Araling Panlipunan, and Filipino. The results of
NAT reflect the efficiency of the teaching methodologies and the student’s
potential and depth of understanding in the subjects mentioned.
46
The Interview and the Counseling
Session
A part of the services of the guidance

office is helping students map-out their
future career. This is usually done
before the end of the school year for
senior high school students. This
prepares them about the nature of
their prospective careers, the course to
take, and the expectations that they should have regarding their choice of careers.
The Guidance Office also provides testing services to students. This means that
students are tested using valid and reliable psychological tests.
Setting-up Goals and Career Planning
Every career begins with a plan. Determining your prospective profession takes
several steps. An adolescent can begin career planning by setting up short-term
and long-term goals:
 Determine the activities that the adolescent enjoys. In doing so, the skills that
are usually shown while doing these activities can also be determined.
 Once he/she is aware of these activities and the skills, the adolescent must
identify the kind of quality of living that he/she wants to achieve after
graduating from college. He or she can consult his/her family and friends for
insights.
47
 After identifying the quality of life, the young person can now consider the jobs
or profession that complements his/her ideal quality of life and other
preferences. Researching about the pros and cons of the professions like
salaries, work hours, and job expectations are also relevant things to consider.
Reading the newspaper articles and books, watching significant television
programs, and surfing the internet can be done to have a thorough
understanding of what each profession requires. Interviewing professionals is
also a valuable help.
 Find out his/her strengths and weaknesses by visiting the school’s counselor
for a session regarding job placement or taking up a simple online self-
assessment test/s. The guidance office can help the student by giving
psychological tests, giving suggestions about the universities where the student
can enroll and also listing down the requirements for college application. Last
but not the least, discussing his qualities and how they match with the
profession in mind is one of the most important services that the counselor
gives.
 Practice or develop significant abilities/skills that are needed in the

workplace like communication skills, punctuality, cooperation, risk-taking,
problem-solving, analytical skills, proficiency, planning and organization. These
workplace attitudes and skills are mandatory in all professions and must be
cultivated even at a young age. Remember, practice makes perfect.
 Once the specific course is determined, it is now time to make the next step
which is the enrolment in the desired course. Once college begins, maintain a
48
good set of grades and join school organizations that foster development or
enhancement of the strengths that the student has.
Career planning can be a daunting task. However, one must just remember that
the establishment of goals and the commitment in pursuing these goals are the key
ingredients in attaining the dream profession aspired, and enjoying a high quality
of living as well.
The student can use this table to represent his detailed actions.
Career Planning Timetable
Goal/Plan Steps Time Frame

1. Identify my interests List down the things I One to two months of
and skills like doing and the skills I observation
use in accomplishing
these activities
49
A. Read each statement carefully. Identify the words/concept to complete the
statement.
1. The tests known as ____________ are used to measure the non-cognitive factors
like traits and temperaments.
2. If a test is given a specific time limit to complete, it is known as a ____________.
3. If the test measures the potential of the examinee for a certain area,
_______________ is the kind of test to be given.
4. _____________ is the process of choosing job candidates to be hired.
5. The field that deals with the creation of human behavior that deals primarily
with the creation of measurements of behavior is known as _____________.
B. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. Why are psychological tests significant in different settings?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can the guidance office help a student in making career decisions?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
50
3. How can a self-assessment tool help a young person in choosing his/her career?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
C. Synthesis, Analysis and Application. Read each situation carefully and answer the
questions for each item.
1. What would result if a student was not properly guided in making career
decisions?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Aside from taking up self-assessment tools, what are the other ways of getting
information about your prospective course and whether it fits to your life goals?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate the following terms: psychological assessment, psychometrics and

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
51
Explore Your World!
Task 1: Letter Writing to the Stars
Instructions:
Think of a person who is practicing your prospective career. Write a letter to this
person. Write why you chose this profession and how he/she inspired you to
pursue your dreams. Include your goals and the plan you have in order to achieve
the career path you plan to choose.

Clarity of ideas 3
Inspiring content 2
confidence during presentation
Total 10
Task 2: Plan A versus Plan B
Instructions:
Find a partner. Then, you will be presented with a problem. You will be asked the
question, “How can a student reach his/her dream career? If you were this student
how would you plan for this profession? Write your plan.” Each pair will work
individually at first and then you will compare your answers to find out in what
52
areas you are the same and different. You can share your conclusions to the class.

Clarity of ideas 3
Confidence level 2
Total 10
Task 3: Career Personality Profile
Instructions:
Your class will be divided into several groups with a maximum of four members
each. The task for each group is to provide a list of personal traits and skills that
the given career demands. You can do a simple research about these professions.
The group must be able to defend/explain your answers in front of the class.
These are the jobs that can be assigned to each group:

Statistician Social Worker
Intelligence Agent Film Producer
Athletic Coach Speech Pathologist
Financial Planner
53
Clarity of ideas 3
Presence of relevant and accurate details 3
confidence during the presentation
Total 10
The Balance is a website that helps professionals in improving their skills in

the workplace. It has listed down twelve top qualities that employers look
for:
 Work ethics
 Problem-solving skills
 Communication and social skills
 Flexibility
 Time management
 Project management
 Technological know-how and computer literacy
 Self-confidence
 Research-oriented
 Open-mindedness to feedbacks
 Team player
 Positivity
54
Real-world Challenge
Build a Town
Materials: any available materials that you have
Individual roles:
Leader - the member who will facilitate the activity

Secretary – the member who will write down the insights of the group
Artist – the member who will take care of how to make the output presentable
Reporter – the member who will share the output and the insight of the group to
the class.
Instructions:
 This is a group activity wherein the objective is to build a town in less than an
hour.
 Form groups with a maximum of four people each.
 The members will brainstorm and assign roles to each member.
 Once you have identified the roles, you will be given an hour to construct a
small town. The group will decide among themselves who will be the members
of the town, their roles, the systems in place, the logistics/design of the town,
the rules to be followed, etc.
 The materials are the objects that you have for that day, you are not allowed to
buy new materials but you can borrow from people outside of the class. You
are encouraged to create short-term goals so your plan will be easier to
execute.
 The group must be able to write down your insights/explanations regarding
your decisions in town-building.
 Your insights will be a collective effort since each of you will give your views that
55
will be summarized later. It is important that you share how the group worked
together and the difficulties you faced while doing the activity. You must also
explain the qualities that each member possesses that made the group assign
someone as the leader, secretary, artist, and reporter. You must use the
lessons that you have learned in justifying your answers like creating goals or
applying theories. Lastly, think of traits to symbolize your group and the reason
for this choice.
 Give an allowance of 25-30 minutes for the construction and the writing of the
insight. Afterwards, the reporter for each group will present your output and
the insights you wrote.
Criteria for Scoring Score

Relevance of the insights 3
Impact of the output (the town and the 3
sharing)
Clarity of ideas presented 3
Ability to apply previous lessons in 3
accomplishing the task
Use of grammatically correct sentences and 3
confidence
Total 15
56
My Reflection
Write two paragraphs that would explain the insights you have gained while
learning this unit. What self-discoveries have you learned and how did you feel
about them. Give a specific situation in which the lessons learned can be applied in
your life.
57
Wrap Up
This unit discussed the following main points in order to aid the student in planning
and developing his/her career:
 Create a set of life goals composed of short-term and long-term goals. Make
each goal attainable by making them SMART, which means they should be
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound.
 Environmental and personal factors must also be considered before deciding on

a career. Find the available opportunities for the target career and whether or
not personal factors like personal values, skills, and attitudes can hinder the
attainment of the prospective career.
 There are theories that explain the process of career development like Trait
Factor Theory, Theory of Self-Efficacy, Life-Span/Life-Space Theory, and Career
Choice Theory. They all discuss the importance of matching the skills, interests,
potentials, traits and other relevant qualities of an individual to the chosen
profession.
 Know the person’s traits, including the attitudes and the dominant
characteristics of that person, so that the career choice will be a profession that
the person can find fulfillment in. Self-concept is also a significant factor when
choosing the area of interest. A favorable self-concept produces self-confidence
and high level of self-worth.
 A thorough understanding of the strengths and weaknesses is made possible by

self-assessment tools and other forms of information gathering.
58
 Maintain the level of motivation by remembering the rewards that will be
reaped. Take note of the incentives that can be gained from the process, which
are in the form of favorable feelings and material rewards of the dream
profession.
Fig. 1. The Flowchart of Career Planning
59
Answers to Check Your Understanding
Lesson 1: My Goals
Part A
1. long-term goals
2. career development
3. self-efficacy
4. Life-Span/Life-Space Theory
5. environmental factors
Part B
1. The creation of goals makes people more motivated. When planning for their
career, students can create achievable goals (short-term or long-term) that can
make them look at the specific strategies or actions they have to take, see if
these strategies or actions are effective or not, and form conclusions as to how
they can adjust or change their course of action in order to achieve their desired
results. Each set of goals they create will require students to plan actions that
are specific, attainable and time-bound. The accomplishment of these goals
makes their long-term plan easier to do.
2. Career development is a lifelong process. It does not end with a college

graduation; rather it is just the beginning. A successful career takes time. The
job experience that they acquire, the trainings and other forms of further
learning that will make them updated will enhance or add up to their skills.
These will make them more prepared for any form of advancement or
promotion.
60
3. “Rome was not built overnight” is related to career development. It is a saying
that implies that any successful endeavor will take time to develop. It will take
hard work, careful planning, determination, and commitment before it
becomes successful.
Part C
1. SMART goals that Jenny can take:

Make time for her review which she can do by setting up a definite schedule
every week in which all she will do is to go over her notes. This can be one to
two hours every night or two-three hours every weekend so she can refresh her
memory about the lessons. She can also make it a point to limit going out with
her friends by just seeing them once a week or every Friday or Saturday
afternoon. She can also limit her social media use so she can avoid seeing
selfies of her friends when they go out for fun. This can make her feel less
envious and focus more on her studies.
2. Any combination of theories is possible, since all those mentioned look at the
potentials and skills of the individual and how they can be matched to their
chosen profession. The difference lies on how specific factors can affect their
career choice. The Life-Span/Life Space Theory is an example of a theory that
does not only recognize the match between the skills and career but it also
recognizes that maintaining a career is built along several stages. In the case of
Theory of Career Choice, it also looks at the skills and potential of a person;
however, it stresses the presence of dominant characteristics that can provide
multiple interests for a person.
3. The answer to this question depends on the point of view of the person
being consulted. If he or she supports Bing’s idea of taking up a course that is
not too expensive, he or she has to give encouragement that even if Bing
cannot take up this course, she can still take one that is not too expensive but
61
will still give her a chance to enter into law school. This means that the course
that Bing will take must in a way be considered as a pre-law course. It can also
be suggested that she can choose a course she is also comfortable with like
taking up one which is in line with her other interests. For instance, if Bing also
likes to cook or write essays therefore she can take HRM or Journalism. For
those who believe that she really must take Law because that is her dream job,
provide specific steps on how she can support herself. They can suggest that
she can take up an extra job like selling goods or even entering the BPO (call
center) industry and work part time. She can also apply for available
scholarships or student loans. She can also work on her savings and be more
practical when purchasing personal things.
62
Lesson 2: Personal Factors Influencing Career Choices

Part A.
1. State
2. Personality
3. Monozygotic
4. Collectivist
5. Introversion
Part B.
1. How do extrinsic and intrinsic motivations affect the motivation of a person?

Give a situation that shows these two factors complementing each other as proof
of your argument.
These two factors actually work together to propel or encourage the person to
pursue his plans. Intrinsic motivation is at work when an individual feels satisfied
with the result of his plan, He does not need a physical manifestationof his
success. The extrinsic factor is shown if there is a material proof of the endeavor
like a reward.
The student is free to choose any example as long as it shows both the extrinsic
and intrinsic motivation like a student working hard to attain a certain grade. Once
he sees that he was able to get the grade, his extrinsic motivation is satisfied. When
he feels a sense of satisfaction about the results, his intrinsic motivation is satisfied.
63
2. They say that the Philippines has a collectivist culture. Please give five situations
that show our collectivist culture.
The examples that the student would list down must show proof that he identifies
with his group and the interdependence of the members.
Sample situations can include:
 A young adult consulting the family about his or her decision to go abroad
and is asking for their permission or their advice about the plan.
 A person being proud of being Tagalog or Visayan promotes their values,

customs and way of living.
 A child showing good behavior to give honor to the family.
 The family members of a family are helping each other prepare for the
wedding of one of their members by cooking or cleaning the house where
the reception will take place.
3. What is the difference between extraversion and introversion? Do you consider

yourself as an introvert or extrovert based on Jung’s personality type? Please
explain your answers.
Introversion is the psychic energy turned inwards making it subjective while

extraversion is psychic energy turned outwards making it objective. If the student is
an introvert he is comfortable with his own company and does not need the
company of others to be happy. He is engrossed in the inner world.
64
If the student is an extrovert he is at ease with the crowd. He likes being with other
people and seem to derive energy by being with others. He is sociable and can
easily befriend other people.
Part C.
1. Jane encountered an irate customer who is complaining about the service of their
catering company. As a manager, how should Jane handle the situation? Please use
the Five-Factor Theory as basis of your answer.
The answer to this question must reflect a person who can handle stressful
situations by remaining calm and focusing on the issue. It must also show an
attitude of understanding about the emotions of the customer and finding
solutions to problems. Jane can show dedication by apologizing for the inadequacy
of their services in order to pacify the feelings of the customer who paid for the
service. There should be self-control to stop herself from engaging in a heated
argument with the customer. She can also show the willingness to solve the
problem by offering solutions to the complaints of the customer.
2. Thomas likes to play basketball. He is aiming for a scholarship that goes with being
a member of the basketball varsity team. Unfortunately, he sustained an injury in
the hamstring making him miss out on the tryouts and losing his chances of
earning a scholarship. If you were Thomas, how would you sustain your level of
motivation?
The answer must show positivity and determination. The student must indicate that
he or she can still find ways to earn a scholarship if he has good grades. If he
performs at an average level in his studies, he can find other schools that offer
scholarships to athletes. He can also wait for the injury to heal and apply for the
scholarship when he is given permission by the doctor to play.
65
If he decides to scout for another school, he must also take care of himself and
consult the doctor regularly or follow the instructions given so he can regain his
ability to play well. Thomas can deal with his disappointment by talking to
significant individuals in his life like family members and friends so he can get
emotional support.
3. Why is conscientiousness an important factor in ensuring success? Think of a

person who shows this quality and explain how this person is considered as a
conscientious person.
Conscientiousness is the hallmark of success. Being conscientious means practicing

dedication and discipline. A person who has this trait is dedicated to his craft. He is
willing to learn new things and explore new experiences that would make him a
better individual. He is not only dedicated but also disciplined in such a way that the
best practices in a certain profession are observed and followed. This allows for
more productivity and recognition that leads to job satisfaction.
The student is free to cite any individual whom he thinks is successful in his chosen
endeavor. Take note that the person he chooses need not to be a graduate of a 4-
year course, the student can choose an ordinary worker but this person must show
dedication to the craft no matter what the profession/job is.
66
Lesson 3: Career Preferences and Personality
Part A.
1. Personality tests
2. Speed tests
3. Aptitude tests
4. Recruitment
5. Psychometrics
Part B.
1. Why are psychological tests significant in different settings?
Psychological tests are useful in different areas like the educational settings and
business and organizational settings. They can give information about the success
or failure of the teaching methodologies and the level of understanding that the
student has about different subjects. In business and organizational settings,
psychological tests are used in choosing the applicants who will handle different
positions in the company, when and if they will be promoted and the evaluation of
the recruitment department and performance of employees.
2. How can the guidance office help a student in making career decisions?
The guidance office can administer psychological tests among students to find out
their aptitude, level of intelligence, personality traits, and interests. It can provide
feedback about how the student can choose the best course for him, explain the
expectations of the course and the job, and encourage students for a counseling
67
session about their target career, share information about where they can enroll,
and give the requirements of these prospective institutions.
3. How can a self-assessment tool help a young person in choosing his/her career?
Self-assessment tools guide a young individual about the choices he/she will make
when choosing a career. The strengths, weaknesses, skills, and interests are
determined by psychological tests and other assessment instruments, like
interviews. Once the personality traits, skills, and interests are identified, a student
can analyze whether these findings are suited to the course he/she is planning to
take. Self-assessment tools can also help in creating goals that are in direct
relationship with the results of the psychological tests and interviews. For example:
a student deciding to take up Mass Communication because the essays written,
grades in English, and results in the assessment all reflect the interest and potential
of the student in writing.
Part C
1. What would result if a student was not properly guided in making career
decisions?
A student who was not aware of his potentials and qualities, can settle for a course
or career that would not make him reach his goals and satisfy his wants and needs.
He can develop a negative attitude about a job which was not really his original
choice in the first place. Although many people still find satisfaction in the
profession they ended up with, the joy of doing something a person loves may not
be attained by this individual.
2. Aside from taking up self-assessment tools, what are the other ways of getting
information about your prospective course and whether it fits your life goals?
68
Aside from taking up assessment tools, I can read or do a research about the career
that I am aiming for. Reading articles about the pros and cons of the career can
help me be informed. I can talk to my neighbors or relatives who are practicing the
profession or surf the Internet for relevant information. I can also talk to my
teachers and other significant school officials like our guidance counselor and ask
for their wise counsel. I can seek the advice of my parents and close friends about
this matter and find their opinion or advice if the career meets my personality,
wants, and needs.
3. Differentiate the following terms: psychological assessment, psychometrics and

Psychological assessment is the process of administering, scoring and interpreting

assessment tools. Psychometrics is the field that makes these assessment tools.
Psychological tests are the products of psychometrics; they are the specific tools
that are used to measure the samples of behavior.
69
Bibliography
Aamodt, Michael. Industrial/Organizational Psychology:An Applied Approach 6 Ed.
th
California:Wadsworth, 2010.
Biography. Vera Wang. https://www.biography.com/people/vera-wang-9542398
Biography.Will.i.am. https://www.biography.com/people/will-i-am-21317151
Canadian Career Development Foundation. Big Picture View of Career Development

Theory. http://www.ccdf.ca/ccdf/NewCoach/english/ccoache/e4a_bp_theory.htm
Carandang, M.L., Ventura, E., Parr, R.A. and Carandang, C.F. Personal Development.
Mandaluyong:Anvil, 2016.
CareersNZ. Holland’s Theory. https://www.careers.govt.nz/resources/career-

practice/career-theory-models/hollands-theory/
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Diamond, Stephen A. “Essential Secrets of Psychotherapy: Jung's Typology,

Eudaemonology, and the Elusive Art of Happiness.”
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evil-deeds/201205/essential-secrets-
psychotherapy-jungs-typology-eudaemonology-and-the-elusive
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https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/performing-arts-2/66667/filipinos-tony-awards-
a1125-20160613
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Famous Filipino. Ryan Cayabyab.
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Garcia-Cox, Maria Gina. Personal Development. Pasay: JFS, 2016.
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72
Glossary
Agreeableness. It is the extent of how tolerant a person is. It also characterizes

easygoing people.
Aptitude tests. They measure the behavior in the cognitive domain which includes
the intellectual aspect and other information processing areas of behavior.
Attitude. This is defined by Jung as the tendency to react and act in a certain path.
Career development. It is a lifelong process dedicated to finding out and processing

information regarding one’s identity, the educational and occupational opportunities
and alternatives that are available, and also, the roles and lifestyles that one can
adapt.
Career planning. It entails the selection of appropriate steps necessary in meeting

specific career goals.
Collectivist culture. It emphasizes group membership and interdependence among

its members.
Computerized or online tests. These are tests that make use of a desktop and the
Internet.
Conscientiousness. It is the extent of how an individual focuses on the attainment

of goals.
73
Environmental factors. These are the available opportunities and the demands of
the market in terms of career planning.
Extraversion. It means the psychic energy is turned outwards making it objective.

This is the extent of how a person enjoys being with other people.
Extrinsic motivation. It is the type of motivation that is influenced by external

factors like earning a huge amount of money.
Functions. This is defined how people absorb information and how they process
each of the information they receive.
Group test. This is a type of test in which two or more people can take the test
simultaneously.
Individual test. It is the type of test that is given to a single person.
Individualist culture. It is a type of culture that places emphasis on the

assertiveness, independence, and the creativity of a person instead of his/her
membership to a group.
Intrinsic motivation. It is a type of motivation influenced by internal or intangible

incentives like feelings of satisfaction and contentment.
Introversion. It means that the psychic energy is turned inwards making it

subjective. It is the extent of how people enjoy being alone.
Life-Span/Life-Space Theory. This theory stresses that career development occurs

along these stages: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance and
Disengagement.
74
Long-term goals. These are goals that take a long period of time to accomplish.
They typically require more than twelve months for completion and careful planning.
Motivation. It is defined as the force that pushes people to find or act in ways that
would make them achieve their goals.
Neuroticism or Emotional Stability. It is the extent of how people handle their

emotions when faced with demands and stress.
Openness to Experience. It is the extent of how creative a person is. It also

characterizes people who are always willing to seek new adventures or experiences.
Paper-and-pencil test. This is a test that makes use of pens, pencil, questionnaires,
and answer sheets.
Personal factors. These are the strengths and limitations of an individual when
mapping out career plans. Skills, socio-economic status, personal values and
physical capabilities are also included.
Personality test. It is a test that measures the non-cognitive factors of behavior like
traits or temperaments.
Personality. It is the unique combination of emotions, thought processes and

patterns, and even the actions that people display across different situations over
time.
Power test. It is a test in which there is no specific time limit given to complete the
test.
Psychological Assessment. It is defined as the administration, scoring, and

interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits.
75
Psychological test. It is a standardized instrument used to measure samples of
behavior.
Psychometrics. It is a field in the study of human behavior that deals primarily with
the creation of measurements for behavior or psychological tests.
Self-Concept. It is the belief that an individual makes about himself.
Self-efficacy. It is described as the belief and acceptance of one’s ability to create a

plan. It involves performing or carrying out a series of strategies and action to
achieve desired results.
Short-term goals. These goals do not involve a long period of time to achieve. The
time allotment for this type can range from several days to several months but will
not take more than a year.
Speed test. It a type of test which is given with a specific time allotment to finish.
State. It is a brief manifestation of a behavior.
The Five-Factor Theory. A theory that categorizes personality traits into five general
types.
The Trait Factor Theory. This theory includes factors like individual skills, interests,
sets of values, and even traits that are studied and matched to a particular job or
profession.
Theory of Career Choice. This theory stresses that a career is a product of the
interaction between the individual and the environment. People gravitate towards
others who share similarities with them.
76
Trait. It is described as a constant, stable, or consistent characteristic behavior
tendency.
77

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UNIT 12: Monitoring One’s Career

Monitoring One’s Career Development

Rina and Her Roadmap to the Future

Rina is at a loss. She is not sure about

Learn about It!

1. Environmental factors. The available opportunities and the demands of the

Far Eastern University, together with its partner universities, conducted a

2. Personal factors. Young individuals

A Career Begins with a Plan

A successful career is built along several

1. Life goals. Life goals play a key role in

2. Career planning. It entails the selection of appropriate steps necessary in

3. Career development. According to Garcia-Cox, graduating with a bachelor’s

Career planning entails the selection of appropriate steps necessary in

A goal is the instrument of motivation. Imagine them as the propellers of an

1. Short-term goals. These goals do not

For instance, a young girl is saving her

2. Long-term goals. Goals that take a

For example, Stacy is determined to

Career Development Theories

2. Theory of Self-Efficacy. Albert Bandura, a well-known psychologist, posed that

3. Life-Span/Life-Space Theory. Developed by Donald Super, this theory

Vera Wang is a highly successful international bridal wear designer.

Table 2. Holland’s Six Personality Types

Check Your Understanding

2. This lifelong process called ____________ is dedicated to finding out and

3. The concept of _____________ is the belief and acceptance of one’s ability to

B. Application. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.

2. Why is career development considered as a life-long process?

3. Bing belongs to a middle-class family. Her mother is a fulltime housewife

Materials: recorder, paper, pen

Criteria for Scoring Points

Task 2: Two Brains are Better than One

Materials: paper, pen

Task 3: Survey Says

Materials: recorder, paper, pen

Criteria for Scoring Points

Learn about It!

Personality as defined by Gazzingan

Personality - the unique combination of emotions, thought processes

A. Sources of Personality Traits

In one study, researchers were able to determine that the extraversion

2. Environmental or Social Factors

In a collectivist culture, which Asian

B. Well-Known Personality Theories That Can Help in Choosing One’s Career

1. Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology

The Four Functions:

2. The Five-Factor Theory

As compared to Jung’s Analytical Psychology, the Five-Factor Theory is considered

It is the extent of how creative a person is. It also

a. Intrinsic motivation is influenced by

Self-perception. Is also known as self-concept. It is the belief that an individual

Nevertheless, as time progresses and the individual gains more wisdom as he or

Motivation is also instrumental in fulfilling his lifelong dreams. A person is

Check Your Understanding

1. A _______ is a brief manifestation of behavior.

2. An important factor in career development is ___________ which is defined as

3. Twins that came from a single zygote are called ___________.

4. In a ______________ culture, the stress is on group membership and

B. Application. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.

3. What is the difference between extraversion and introversion? Do you consider

3. Why is conscientiousness an important factor in ensuring success? Think of a

Criteria for Scoring Points

Materials: paper, pen