Chemical Formulae and Equations Teacher's

Chapter 6
Chemical
Formulae and
Equations
Chemistry Matters
for GCE ‘O’ Level
1 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
Lesson 6.2
(single period)

Chapter 6: Chemical Formulae and Equations
• 6.1 What Are Chemical Formulae?
• 6.2 How Are Chemical Formulae Constructed?
• 6.3 What Are Chemical Equations and How Do We Balance Them?

6.2 How Are Chemical Formulae Constructed?
Learning Outcome(s)
• Describe the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of
atoms present and vice versa.
• Deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges of the ions and vice
versa.

Capture Interest

Activity! Textbook
Page 110
• Plastic toy bricks usually come in a few fixed sizes.

• They have a fixed number of studs.
• How does this relate to atoms?

Construct
Understanding

6.2 How Are Chemical Formulae Constructed? Textbook
Page 110
Valency
• The valency of an element can be referred to as the number of electrons that
must be lost, gained or shared in order for that element to obtain a stable,
noble gas electronic configuration.
• The valency of an ion is its charge without the sign.

Page 111
Valences From Group Numbers

• Valences of elements follow a predictable pattern across the periodic table.

Page 111
Valences From Roman Numerals

• Transition metals can form more than one stable ion and so they have variable
valences.
• Their valences are indicated using Roman numerals in brackets.

Page 111
Valences From Roman Numerals

• Even though zinc and silver are in the transition metal block, they form only
one common ion each.
• Hence, they have fixed valences.
Please also refer to your 2023 Sec 2 Holiday Homework Notes on Valency of Stable Ions and
Formula of Compounds in google drive.
Page 112
Valences of Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic ions are made up of more than one atom covalently bonded together.
• Polyatomic ions carry overall charges, and their overall valences is the charge on
the ions.

Page 112
Deducing Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

• We can “cross-multiply” the valences of the chemical species in a compound to
deduce its chemical formula.
Calcium Chloride Ca 2+ Cl-

Ca1Cl2
(metal non-metal)

CaCl2
Chemical Formulae of Common Cations
Cations
Formula
(positive ions)
Lithium ion Li+
Sodium ion Na+ Group 1 metal ions
Potassium ion K+ Single positive charge
Magnesium ion Mg2+ Group 2 metal ions
Calcium ion Ca2+ Double positive charge
Aluminium ion Al3+
Group 13 metal ions
Triple positive charge
Please also refer to your 2023 Sec 2 Holiday Homework slides on Formation of Ions in
14
google drive.
Chemical Formulae of Common Cations
Cations
Formula
(positive ions)
Iron(II) ion Fe2+ Transition metal ions
Iron(III) ion Fe3+ Positive charge follow
Copper(II) ion Cu2+ the roman numeral in
Lead(II) ion Pb2+ brackets
Zinc Zn2+
Memorise !
Silver Ag+
Transition metals are metals found between Group 2

and 13 of the Periodic Table.
15
Chemical Formulae of Common Anions
Anions
Formula
(negative ions)
Fluoride ion F-
Group 17 non-metal ions
Chloride ion Cl-
Single negative charge
Bromide ion Br-
Iodide ion I-
Oxide ion O2- Group 16 non-metal ions
Sulfide ion S2- Double negative charge
Nitride ion N3- Group 15 non-metal ions
Triple negative charge
16
Chemical Formulae of Common Polyatomic Ions
Ions Formula
Hydroxide ion OH-
Nitrate ion NO3-
Carbonate ion CO32-
Sulfate ion SO42-
Phosphate ion PO43-
Ammonium ion NH4+
17
Checkpoint
Write the chemical formula of:
Magnesium sulfide Aluminium oxide
18
Answers
Write the chemical formula of:
Magnesium sulfide Aluminium oxide

Mg 2+
S2- Al 3+
O 2-
Mg2 S2 Al2 O3
Mg S Al2 O3
19
Page 113
Deducing Charges on Ions From Chemical Formulae

• To deduce the charge on an ion, we must find the charges of the individual ions
in the compound.

Let’s Practise 6.2 Textbook
Page 114
CaCl2
Ag3PO4
Fe2(SO4)3
4+

Review Rules For Naming of Covalent Substances

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTZnJc8EPUU
General Rules For Naming Covalent Substances

General Rules For Naming Covalent Substances

Checkpoint
• Write the chemical formula of ▪ Phosphorus trifluoride:

these covalent gases:
▪ Nitrogen dioxide:
▪ Water vapour:
25
Answer
Write the chemical formula of these

Phosphorus trifluoride:
covalent gases:
PF3
Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
Water vapour: H2O

Checkpoint
• Name the following ▪ CO:

substances:
▪ SO2:
▪ NCl3:
27
Answer
Name the following substances:
CO: carbon monoxide
SO2: sulfur dioxide
NCl3: nitrogen trichloride

Summary
29
Worksheet
Let’s go through the learning gaps

Summary of Lesson 6.2
• The valency of an element can be referred to as the number of electrons that
must be lost, gained or shared in order for that element to obtain a stable,
noble gas electronic configuration.
• The valency of an ion is its charge without the sign.
• We can “cross-multiply” the valences of the chemical species in a compound to
deduce its chemical formula.
• To deduce the charge on an ion, we must find the charges of the individual ions
in the compound.

Lesson 6.1A
(single period)


6.1 What Are Chemical Formulae?
Learning Outcome(s)
• State chemical symbols of elements and formulae of compounds

Capture Interest

Chemistry Connect Textbook
Page 105
What are chemical formulae and equations?

Instructions and Recipes Textbook
Page 105
• Have you ever assembled a piece of furniture or cooked a dish?
• “Recipe” to show the ratio of elements that are combined in one unit of a
substance.
• A chemical formula shows the expected ratio of elements in a compound.
• A chemical equation shows the expected ratio of products and reactants.

Construct
Understanding

6.1 What Are Chemical Formulae? Textbook
Page 106
CO2
H2O

Page 106
Carbon Dioxide and Water

Page 107
Chemical Formulae
• A chemical formula is like a recipe that shows the ratio of elements that are
combined in one unit of a substance.
• It is made up of:
• chemical symbol(s) that indicate the element(s) present; and
• subscript(s) indicating the number of atoms of each element present.
• The chemical formulae of carbon dioxide and water are CO2 and H2O
respectively.
• CO2 shows that there are one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms present
• H2O shows that there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
present
Note: the subscripts always belongs to the element just before itself

Page 107
Carbon Dioxide and Water

Page 107
Chemical Formulae of Elements

Monoatomic Elements
• Monoatomic elements are elements that exist as uncombined atoms.
• They are made up of only one atom.
• They are generally unreactive as they have full valence shells of electrons.

Page 108

Diatomic Molecules
• Diatomic molecules are molecules that exist as two chemically combined atoms.
• Name of Element Chemical Formula
Hydrogen H2
Oxygen O2
Nitrogen N2
Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2

Common Covalent compounds
Name of substance No of atoms present Formula
Methane 1 C; 4H CH4
Water 2H; 1O H2O
Ammonia 1N; 3H NH3
Hydrogen Chloride 1H; 1Cl HCl
Hydrogen Sulfide 2H; 1S H2S

Page 108

Polyatomic Molecules
• Polyatomic molecules are molecules that exist as three or more chemically
combined atoms.

Page 108
Chemical Formulae of Compounds

• Compounds are made up of atoms of elements that are chemically combined.
• Compounds have fixed formulae.

Page 109
Chemical Formulae of Compounds

• The subscript "2" denotes that there are two nitrate ions in one unit of
calcium nitrate.
• Thus, there are a total of six oxygen atoms, two nitrogen atoms and
one calcium atom.

Interpreting Coefficients and Subscripts
Try drawing particles representing the following
Number of oxygen atoms in
the following substances
Fe2O3 ………………………….
FeO …………………
3O2 2O3
2Fe3O4 ………………………….
3Fe(OH)2 …………………………
Na2O SnO2

Interpreting Coefficients and Subscripts
50 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSlqA8nedGQ

Consolidate
Learning

Textbook
Page 109
1 Ca 1C 3O
1 Al 3O 3H
3 Fe 2P 8O
12 C 14 H 3O

• A chemical formula is made up of:
• chemical symbol(s) that indicate the element(s) present; and
• subscript(s) indicating the number of atoms of each element present.
• Substances can exist as monoatomic elements, diatomic molecules and
polyatomic molecules.

Lesson 6.3
(double period)


6.3 What Are Chemical Equations and How Do
We Balance Them?
Learning Outcome(s)
• Interpret chemical equations with state symbols.
• Construct chemical and ionic equations, with state symbols.

Construct
Understanding

6.3 What Are Chemical Equations and How Do Textbook
Page 114
We Balance Them?
Word Equations
• The chemical names of the reactants and products are used.
• The reactant(s) is/are placed on the left-hand side of the equation.
• The product(s) is/are placed on the right-hand side of the equation.
This was learnt
in lower sec

Page 115
We Balance Them?
Chemical Equations
• Balanced chemical equations represent the ratio and states of the reactants
and products.

Page 116
We Balance Them?
Chemical Equations Recall “Conservation
• Every atom on the left-hand side of the arrow of Mass” learnt in
must appear on the right-hand side of the arrow. lower sec
• The atoms may be bonded to different atoms.
Step 1: Write down the chemical formulae of the reactants

and products to get the chemical equation.
H2 + O2 H2O

Page 116
We Balance Them?
Balancing Chemical Equations
Step 2: Check the number of atoms of each element in the formulae on both sides
of the equation. If the equation is not balanced, proceed to step 3.
H2 + O2 H2O
Left-hand Right-hand
side Atoms side
2 H 2
2 O 1
Page 116
We Balance Them?
Step 3a: To balance the number of oxygen atoms, put a ‘2’ in front of H2O. This means
that two molecules of water are formed.
Left- Right-
H2 + O2 2H2O hand Atoms hand
side side
2 H 4
2 O 2
The equation is still not balanced because there are four hydrogen atoms
on the right-hand side and only two on the left-hand side.

Page 116
We Balance Them?
Step 3b: To balance the equation, we need to put a ‘2’ in front of H2.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Left-hand Right-hand
side Atoms side
4 H 4
2 O 2
Page 116
We Balance Them?
Step 4: Add the state symbols to indicate the physical state of each reactant and
product.
State Symbol
Solid (s)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g) Use this if substance in liquid or molten state
Aqueous (aq)
Aqueous means dissolved in water

65 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qquOFYOpdl0&t=2s
Balance the Balanced

following
Write the atoms in when
correct sequence if No. of
Add numerals Add state
chemical possible: atoms in
(coefficients) symbols
formulae Metal reactants
in front of the
for Non- metals (when
chemical =
reactants (C, N, S, instructed)
formula
and etc…) No. of
products. Oxygen atoms in
Hydrogen products
You cannot change (subscripts in) its chemical formulae.
66
Page 116
• Let’s balance chemical equations!

Check point
Balance the following equations

1. ____ C + _____ H2 → _____CH4
2. _____ Al2O3 → _____ Al + ____ O2

Answers
Balance the following equations

1. ____ C + ___2__ H2 → _____CH4
1. ___2__ Al2O3 → __4__ Al + _3_ O2

Textbook
Page 117
Worked Example 6C
Check your understanding by
trying out the question(s).

Textbook
Page 117

Page 119
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-chemical-
equations/latest/balancing-chemical-equations_all.html
Textbook
Page 119

Answers Textbook
Page 119

Textbook
Page 119

• There are three types of chemical equations:
1. Word Equations
2. Chemical Equations
3. Ionic Equations
• Reactant(s) is/are placed on the left-hand side of the equation.
• Product(s) is/are placed on the right-hand side of the equation.
• Spectator ions are removed from ionic equations.

Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: iceberg ©️ Orla | 123rf.com, ice cube – ID 109248355 ©️ Kozpho | Dreamstime.com, pollution ©️ Engineer studio | Shutterstock.com, chimney smoke ©️ Ankor Light | Shutterstock.com
• Slide 6: pouring chemicals into a conical flask ©️ Alex Kondratiev | unsplash.com
• Slide 7: assembly of cabinet drawer ©️ Athena | pexels.com, book of recipes ©️ S O C I A L . C U T| unsplash.com
• Slide 25: tablet ©️ Daniel Korpai | unsplash.com
• Slide 29: blocks background ©️ Chee Siong Teh | iStock.com, coloured blocks ©️ karidesign| 123rf.com

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Chapter 6

2 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

3 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

4 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

5 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• Plastic toy bricks usually come in a few fixed sizes.

6 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

7 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

8 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Valences From Group Numbers

9 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Valences From Roman Numerals

10 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Valences From Roman Numerals

Valences of Polyatomic Ions

12 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Deducing Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

Calcium Chloride Ca 2+ Cl-

13 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Transition metals are metals found between Group 2

Magnesium sulfide Aluminium oxide

Write the chemical formula of:

Magnesium sulfide Aluminium oxide

Deducing Charges on Ions From Chemical Formulae

20 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

21 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

22 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

23 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

24 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• Write the chemical formula of ▪ Phosphorus trifluoride:

Write the chemical formula of these

Nitrogen dioxide: NO2

Water vapour: H2O

• Name the following ▪ CO:

SO2: sulfur dioxide

NCl3: nitrogen trichloride

30 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

31 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

32 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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35 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

What are chemical formulae and equations?

36 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

• Have you ever assembled a piece of furniture or cooked a dish?

37 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

38 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

39 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Carbon Dioxide and Water

40 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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Carbon Dioxide and Water

42 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Chemical Formulae of Elements

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Chemical Formulae of Elements

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45 ©️ 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

2. ___ Al2O3 → _ Al + __ O2

1. _2 Al2O3 → 4 Al + _3_ O2