FAULT CURRENT MITIGATION BY SFCL ON THREE PHASE MICRO

GRID SYSTEMS WITH NOVEL FAULT DETECTION SCHEME

A
DISSERTATION PART –II
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD
OF
DEGREE OF MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

SUBMITTED BY
NEERAJ SINGH
ENROLMENT NO – 0192EE19MT15

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

PROF. DEVENDRA SHARMA

(Associate Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

& SCIENCE, BHOPAL
SESSION: 2021-2022

I
 TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TEACHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE BHOPAL MP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled “Fault Current
Mitigation by SFCL on Three Phase Micro Grid Systems With Novel Fault
Detection Scheme” being submitted by Neeraj Singh (Roll No. 0192EE19MT15) for partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of “Master of Technology in Power System”
discipline to “Rajiv Gandhi Praudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)” during the
academic year 2020-2021 is a record of bonafide piece of work, carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance in the “Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering”,
Technocrats Institute of Technology & Science, Bhopal (M.P.)

Guided By: Approved By:

Prof. Devendra Sharma Prof. Devendra Sharma
(Professor) (Professor & Head)
Department of EX Department of EX
TIT& Science Bhopal TIT& Science Bhopal

Forwarded By:

Dr. Vikas Gupta

(Director)
TIT & Science Bhopal

II
 TECHNOCRAT INSTITUTE OF TEACHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE BHOPAL MP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The dissertation entitled “Fault Current Mitigation by SFCL on Three Phase Micro
Grid Systems with Novel Fault Detection Scheme” being Submitted By “Neeraj
Singh” (Roll No. 0192EE19MT15) Has been examined by us and is hereby approved for the
award of degree “Master of Technology in Power System”, for which it has been submitted. It
is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any
statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approve the dissertation
only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

Date: Date:

III
 TECHNOCRAT INSTITUTE OF TEACHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE BHOPAL MP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

I Neeraj Singh, a student of Master of Technology in Power System discipline, session: 2020-
2021, Technocrats Institute of Technology & Science-Bhopal (M.P.), hereby declare that the
work presented in this dissertation “Fault Current Mitigation by SFCL on Three

Phase Micro Grid Systems with Novel Fault Detection Scheme” is the outcome of
my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this work has been
carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any
patented work and has not been submitted to any other university or anywhere else for the
award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Supervisor (Neeraj Singh)

0192EE19MT15

Director

4
 प्रपत्र
( एम. टेक. छात्रों
हेतु )

मै नीरज स आत्मज श्री दयानिंद स आयु 25 वर् निवासी प्रप्रयदर्षिी नगर उतैली
हिं हिं
जजला- सतिा, मध्य प्रदेर् का होकर र्पथ पूवषक कहता हूूँ कक

 यह कक मै एम. टेक. के प्रवर्य पावर ससस्टम सत्र 2019 काउं के

ससलगं श्रेणी अन्य.प्रपछड़ा वगष से संथा मे प्रवेर् सलया था । माध्यम
से
 मै यह घोर्ड़ा करता हूूँ कक इस पाठ्य क्रम की थीससस का सम्पूणष सोध कायष
मेरे द्वारा स्वयं ककया गया है और मेरा स्वयं का है ।

 मै ददिांक 20/08/2019 से नियसमत छात्र के रूप मे स्िातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम मे

अध्ययिरत था
।
 मै यह घोर्णा करता हूूँ कक इस पाठ्यक्रम कक अवधध मे ककसी भी अन्य निजी
संस्थाि
/ औद्योधगक समूह /ककसी भी कायाषलय मे त िह ं था ।
कायरष

छात्र के
हस्ताक्षर

(गाइड एवम संचालक / प्राचार्य द्वारा सत्र्ापित ककर्ा जार्े )

मै सत्याप्रपत करता हूं कक छात्र का िाम अिुक्रमांक 0192EE19MT15

िीरज स हिं के
दवारा उपरोक्तािुसार भर गई जािकार प्रमाणणत एवम सह है ।

5
 गाइड के हस्ताक्षर संचालक/प्राचार्/िदनाम
सील सहहत

ददिांक

स्थाि – भोपाल संस्था का िाम –

ट . आई. ट . एस. भोपाल

संस्था कोड -0192

6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this project work could not have been possible without continued guidance
and efforts of several mentors. I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude towards all of
them. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to my thesis
supervisor Prof. Devendra Sharma, Assistant Professor Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering Technocrats Institute of Technology and Science Bhopal for
rendering me constant support, guidance and kind cooperation throughout my research work.

I would like to present sincere thanks to Prof. Devendra Sharma, Head of the
Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Technocrats Institute of Technology and
Science for his coordination and regularly motivating me for timely completion of the work.

I would like to extend gratitude towards Dr. Vikas Gupta Director. Technocrats Institute of
Technology and Science. Bhopal and Prof. Devendra Sharma Technocrats Institute of
Technology and Science Bhopal for their kind cooperation and rendering me all possible
facilities.

I am also thankful to all other faculty members, supporting staff, colleagues, who helped me
directly or indirectly throughout my dissertation work.

I express thankfulness to my family and friends without whose moral support it wouldn’t have
been possible for me to complete this work.

Last but not the least I am thankful to the Almighty for helping me and giving me strength to
complete my work.

NEEARAJ SINGH

(0192EE19MT15)

7
 ABSTRACT

Due to the advancement of the distribution system, superconducting fault current limiters are
increasingly being used in land-based power systems. To reduce this current, some
researchers are looking at upgrading expensive current limiting equipment, as well as several
fault current limiting tools have been introduced. The need for smart electrical systems with
minimal technical loss and environmental impact is driving interest in Distributed
Generations (DGs), which may provide a number of additional benefits such as reduced
transmission and distribution system resources, increased reliability, and improved power
quality, among others. In three-phase microgrid systems, this research provides a unique fault
detection technique. It's done by looking for damping oscillations in the transient voltage
magnitude that occur when a problem develops. The theoretical research and extensive
simulations show that the maximum magnitude of a transient signal recorded by a sensor as
well as the distance between the sensor and the fault location has an approximated linear
connection. Researchers developed an algorithm capable of finding the fault in single-phase
micro grids depending on the discovered relationship, micro grid structure, as well as sensor
position information. The test system has been upgraded to include an SFCL (Super
Conducting Fault Current Limiter) for reducing fault currents during transmission line faults.
The recommended fault location method has been built and validated using MATLAB
Simulink software, and also the results are illustrated on a micro grid with various fault
locations.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT 2
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 7-16
BACKGROUND 7
MICROGRID 7
THREE PHASE MICROGRID TOPOLOGY 9
DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR 11
Role and Integration of DGs in the Power Systems 12
Fault current limiters 12
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter 13
Overview of dissertation 15
Objectives of the Dissertation 15
Layout of the Dissertation 15
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 17-31
CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 32-43
MICROGRID 32
Microgrid Loads 34
Stability, Control and Communication Strategies for Microgrid 34
Microgrid Control Strategy 35
FAULTS 38
Types of Faults 38
Effects of Faults 39
Causes of faults 39
Faults in DC Microgrid 40
Fault types 41
INTEGRATION OF A RESISTIVE SFCL IN AN ELECTRICAL 42
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 44-49
FCL 44
Applications of FCL at Microgrid 44
SFCL 45
Resistive Type SFCL 46
Inductive Type SFCL 47

VIII
 A Hybrid SFCL 47
Applications of SFCL in Power System 48
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50-56
Simulation Design 50
Result analysis 50
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 57-58
Conclusion 57
Future Scope 58
REFERENCES 59-62
PUBLICATION 63

VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: A typical Microgrid Layout 7

Figure 1.2: Micro-grid power system 8
Figure 1.3: Hybrid AC/DC Three Phase Microgrid for PV 9
Figure 1.5: T-B-J characteristics of superconductor material 13
Figure 3.1: Microgrid architecture 32
Figure 3.2: Centralized hierarchical control of microgrids 35
Figure 3.3: Forecasted microgrid application market in 2022 36
Figure 3.5: Single Line to Ground Fault 39
Figure 3.6: Line to Line Fault 40
Figure 3.7: Power system structure 40
Figure 3.11: Diagram of a typical electrical distribution system 42
Figure 4.1: Resistive type SFCL 45
Figure 4.2: Inductive type SFCL 46
Figure 4.3: Hybrid SFCL 47
Figure 4.4: Possible locations of SFCLs in a Power Network 47
Figure 5.1: Test system Simulink modelling with SFCL 49
Figure 5.2: Bus voltages during fault on first transmission line without SFCL 50
Figure 5.3: Bus currents during fault on first transmission line without SFCL 50
Figure 5.5: Bus voltages during fault on first transmission line with SFCL 51
Figure 5.6: Bus currents during fault on first transmission line with SFCL 52
Figure 5.7: Test system with fault connected at Bus 1 with SFCL 53
Figure 5.8: Fault current at Bus 1 without SFCL during fault condition 53
Figure 5.9: Voltages of all buses during fault at Bus 1 without SFCL 54
Figure 5.10: Fault current magnitude during fault at bus 1 with SFCL 54
Figure 5.11: Bus voltages during fault at bus 1 with SFCL 55

1
0
 ABBREVIATIONS

Switched-Mode Power Supply SMPS

Variable Source Controller VSC

Distributed Generations DG

Fault Current Limiters FCL

Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter SFCL

Photovoltaic PV