HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

METEOROLOGY
- Field of science that studies the processes in the Earth's atmosphere that affect
weather and climate and its effects on the earth's surface, oceans and life in
general.

HYDRO-METEOROLOGY
- Refers to the study of atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the hydrologic cycle
with emphasis on the interrelationship between them

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

WEATHER CLIMATE

Short term state of the atmosphere Long term state of the weather

Can change within a minute or an hour Over many years in one specific place

Affected by climate system, latitude and Affected by temperature, air pressure and
altitude moisture, etc

Studied by meteorologist Studied by climatologist

.
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER:
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Temperature
- Cloud Formation
- Humidity
- Wind
- Precipitation

ELEMENTS DEFINITION INSTRUMENTS

Temperature Degree of hotness or coldness Thermometer

Movement of air from high to low Wind vane [Direction]

Wind
pressure area Anemometer [Speed]

Precipitation Water that falls from atmosphere to

Rain Gauge
Rainfall surface

Force exerted on earth’s surface

Atmospheric Pressure Barometer
due to air

Hygrometer
Relative Humidity Amount of water vapor in the air
Sling Psychrometer

Clouds Evaporated water vapor in air Ceilometer

Wind Vane Anemometer Rain Gauge Sling Psychrometer

Hygrometer Barometer Thermometer

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
- Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature.

How does the geographical location of the Philippines make it prone

to typhoons and thunderstorms?

Located along Pacific Typhoon Seasonal shift of the Inter-Tropical

Belt, the Philippines is visited by Convergence Zone (ITCZ) drastically
an average of 20 typhoons affects rainfall in the Philippines,
(tropical cyclones) every year. resulting in the wet and dry seasons.

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
- TYPHOON - is a low-pressure area, or a wide and violent tropical cyclone.
- FLOOD - is characterized as superfluous water that swamps normally dry land
and properties.
- LA NIÑA - represents periods of under-average sea surface temperatures across
the Equatorial Pacific in the east-central.
- STORM SURGE - is an abnormal rise in sea level during tropical cyclones or
"bagyo".
- THUNDERSTORM - is a local storm created by cumulonimbus clouds and are
often accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong wind gusts,
heavy rain and occasionally hail and/or tornadoes.
- EL NIÑO - refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked
to a regular warming of sea surface temperatures around the Equatorial Pacific
region and east-center.
- FLASH FLOODS - is often caused by heavy rainfall in a short time span, typically
less than 6 hours.
- TORNADO - is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the
surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a
cumulus cloud.

How are typhoons, cyclones, and hurricanes related?

- Geographical area where they form and happen.
HOW ARE “TROPICAL CYCLONES” FORMED?

Warm air rises

When winds
creating an area of
As air continues As the air continues exceed 75 mph, the
low pressure over
to rise, a tropical to rise, a tropical tropical storm
the ocean where
depression forms storm forms. becomes a tropical
the air then rises
(40 mph) (40 - 75 mph) cyclone
and cools forming
(75+ mph)
thunderstorm
(38 mph)

PARTS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE

WIND
PARTS DESCRIPTION SPEED

Central region of clear skies, warm

Eye temperatures, and low atmospheric Calm
pressure.

Rings of tall thunderstorms with winds

Eye Wall are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and > 118 kph
deep convective clouds.

Area of rainfall where all the clouds

63 - 117
Rainbands and precipitation are stretched out in a
spiral fashion into the center. kph
HOW ARE CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES SIMILAR?

CYCLONES ANTICYCLONES

Low Pressure High

Warm Air (Humid & Wet) Cool Air (Dry)

Less Dense Air More Dense
Rises Sinks

Strong Light
CCW (Northern hemisphere) Winds CW (Northern hemisphere)
CW (Southern hemisphere) CCW (Southern hemisphere)

Cloudy Sky Clear

Lousy Happy
Weather
Rainy Sunny

Stable Atmosphere Unstable

TOOLS USED IN HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

Geostationary Synoptic Weather

Doppler Radar Weather Balloon
satellite Chart

It lifts a small It displays various

It sends pulses of
instrument through meteorological
EM waves into It can collect visible
the atmosphere to features with
the atmosphere to satellite imagery as
measure wind, various symbols
find precipitation quickly as every
temperature, across a particular
and determine its thirty seconds.
humidity, and area at particular
intensity.
pressure. time.

WHAT IS A WEATHER FORECAST?

- A scientific estimate of future weather conditions (the state of the atmosphere at a
given time expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables which
differ from place to place).
- In the Philippines, the most significant parameters are cloudiness, rainfall and
wind.
- An average of 19 typhoons enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) per
year, about half make a landfall in the country.
HOW IS A WEATHER FORECAST MADE?
STEP 1: Observation
- Surface observations are made at least every three hours over land and sea.
- Upper air stations around the world also make observations at least every twelve
hours.
- A numerical weather prediction is fed to the computer which analyzes them as
programmed and makes a time integration of physical equations.

STEP 2: Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

- SWeather observations which are condensed into coded figures, symbols and
numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile machine or telephone
to designated collection centers for further transmission to the central forecasting
station.

STEP 3: Observation
- Coded messages are decoded and each set of observations is plotted in symbols
or numbers on weather charts over the respective areas or regions.

STEP 4: Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data
- SURFACE (MSL) CHART: The data are analyzed isobarically. This means the
same atmospheric pressure at different places is inter-connected with a line taking
into consideration the direction of the wind.
- UPPER AIR CHARTS: The weather map is analyzed using streamline analysis
where lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of the wind.
- NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT: The weather maps
are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones,
troughs, etc. are located.
- MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted cross-section data, rainfall, and 24-hour
pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves,
rainfall distribution, and atmospheric pressure behavior

STEP 5: Formulation of the Forecast

- After the analysis of all available meteorological information/data has been
completed, the preparation of forecasts follows.
- The first and one of the preliminary steps is the determination as accurately as the
data permits. analyzes them as programmed and makes a time integration of
physical equations
LOCATION OF PAR:
- Western North Pacific
- Coordinates: - 115°E, 5°N
- 115°E, 15°N
- 120°E, 21°N
- 120°E, 25°N
- 135°E, 25°N
- 135°E, 5°N
- Once a typhoon enters PAR, a 5-day forecast track is issued by PAGASA every 6
hours at 5:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 5:00 PM, and 11:00 PM.

ITCZ
- Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
- A belt of low pressure that circles the Earth
near the equator.
- Zone where trade winds from the northern and
southern hemispheres converges
- Determines the patterns of rainfall in the
tropics.

What is the Tail End of the Cold Front ?

- A front boundary of 2 air masses, which is found in a middle latitude.
- Interaction of cold air – the northeast monsoon or hanging amihan – and warm air
or the easterlies coming from the Pacific Ocean.
- Results in thunderstorms with too much rainfall and cloudiness over the affected
area.

MONSOON:
- A consistent wind pattern generated by a large
weather system that lasts for a period of months and
affects a large area of the planet.
- In the Philippines, there are two monsoons:
- Amihan (northeast)
- Habagat (southwest)
CATEGORIES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

Tropical Severe
Tropical Storm Typhoon Super Typhoon
Depression Tropical Storm

TCWS 1 TCWS 2 TCWS 3 TCWS 4 TCWS 5

Less than More than

62 - 88 km/h 89 - 117 km/h 118 - 184 km/h
62 km/h 185 km/h

WIND IMPACT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

Tropical Severe
Tropical Storm Typhoon Super Typhoon
Depression Tropical Storm

No damage to Light to Moderate to Heavy to Very heavy to

very light moderate heavy very heavy widespread
damage damage damage damage damage

WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE IS A TROPICAL CYCLONE?

Tropical Severe
Tropical Storm Typhoon Super Typhoon
Depression Tropical Storm

● Check the ● Stock up on ● Evacuate ● Stay in safe ● Stay in safe

stability of food, water from low-lying houses or houses or
your home and batteries areas evacuation evacuation
and reinforce for radios and ● Get updated centers centers
it flashlights on the latest ● Cancel ● Cancel
● Tune in to the ● Stay inside a weather travels and travels and
radio for concrete bulletin outdoor outdoor
weather news structure ● Stay in safe activities activities
● Monitor ● Make sure and sturdy ● Keep listening
PAGASA’s mobile houses to news about
latest Severe phones are ● Stay away the typhoon
Weather fully charged from coasts
Bulletin and river
banks
PAGASA PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL SYSTEM

Tropical Severe
Tropical Storm Typhoon Super Typhoon
Depression Tropical Storm

Signal No. 1 Signal No. 2 Signal No. 3 Signal No. 4 Signal No. 5

● 30 to 60 kph ● 61 to 120 ● 121 to 170 ● 171 to 184 ● More than

of wind kph of wind kph of wind kph of wind 184 kph of
within 36 within 24 within 18 within 12 wind within
hours. hours. hours. hours. 12 hours
● Storm surge ● Storm surge ● Storm surge
is possible is possible in of 2 to 3
at coastal this third meters is
areas. warning possible at
signal. coastal
areas.

GUIDELINES FOR AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF CLASSES

Signal No. 1 No classes in Kindergarten

Signal No. 2 No classes in Kindergarten, Elementary, and High School

Signal No. 3 No classes in Kindergarten, Elementary, and High School,

and College (including Graduate School)

IMPORTANCE OF TYPHOON:
- Regulates the earth's heat and maintains the heat balance so that human beings
can live and work in peace and contentment.
- Replenishes the groundwater and superficial water.
- Increases fishing production by turning the river upside down, rolls up the
nutrients at the bottom of the river and sea, increases bait, attracts fish to gather
near the water surface, and naturally increases catches.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HAZARDS OF TYPHOON

 - Strong Wind – sustained surface wind moving at a speed of 63 to 87 km/h,
known as gale.
- Heavy Rains – steady high amounts of precipitation in a short period of time
(greater than or equal to 50 mm in a 24 hour period).
- Floods – overflow of water onto normally dry land.
- Storm Surge – rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones (typhoons).

TYPES OF FLOODS

Fluvial Flood Pluvial Flood Coastal Flood

● River or Riverine Flood ● Flash and Surface ● Tidal Flood

● Inundation of Water Flood
surrounding banks, ● Rapid and intense
shores and adjacent flooding of low-lying
land over an extended areas within a short
period of time period of time
● Caused by overflowing ● Caused by the release
river, lake or stream that of water in areas with
exceeds its water steep terrain, urban
capacity areas with poor
drainage, or in regions
where the soil is already
saturated
● Inundation of land areas
along the coast of a sea,
ocean, or other large
body of open water
● Caused by intense
windstorm, high tide,
storm surge, and
tsunamis

PAGASA RAINFALL WARNING SIGNAL SYSTEM

STORM SURGE:
- Daluyong ng Bagyo
- Abnormal rise of water above the predicted astronomical tides generated by a
storm (deviation from normal tide levels)
- The water level due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide
(height above a vertical or tidal datum) is known as Storm Tide

STORM SURGE COLOR-CODED WARNING SYSTEM:

THUNDERSTORM
- an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence
of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder.

SPINNING WEATHER PHENOMENA

TORNADO WATER SPOUT DUST DEVIL

● Buhawi ● Ipo-ipo ● Miniature tornado that

● Whirlwind or Twister ● Tornado that forms over occurs during clear
● Vortex of violently an open body of water. weather strong enough
rotating winds that to whip dust, leaves,
extends from a and litter into the air
● thunderstorm to the
ground
EL NIÑO
- ENSO: El Niño-Southern Oscillation
- Recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the
central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
- Ranging from about 3 to 7 years and lasts 12 to 18 months.
- Surface waters across the tropical Pacific Ocean warm or cool from 1°C to 3°C,
compared to normal.
- 3 phases: El Niño (warm), Neutral Phase, and La Niña (cold)

DIFFERENCE OF EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

EL NIÑO LA NIÑA

● Warming of central-east Pacific waters ● Cooling of Pacific waters

● Trade winds weaken and change
direction
● Reduced rainfall and potential drought
● Occurs every 2 -7 years
● Potential for crop failure and food
shortages
● Reduced upwelling decreases
phytoplankton
● Alters airflows above the ocean due to
heat redistribution
● Trade winds stronger than usual
● Increased rainfall and potential for
flooding
● Occurs every 3 – 5 years
● Enhanced crop growth
● Increased upwelling brings nutrient
rich water
● Pushes jet streams northwards due to
Pacific cold waters

WHO DECLARES IF THERE IS EL NIÑO?

- World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- is the United Nations system's authoritative voice on the state and
behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the land and
oceans, the weather and climate it produces and the resulting distribution
of water resources.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- is a scientific and regulatory agency in charge of forecasting weather,
monitoring oceanic and atmospheric conditions, charting the seas,
conducting deep sea exploration, and managing fishing and protection of
marine mammals and endangered species in the U.S.