DTM20223 - TOURISM

DTM20223 -TRANSPORTATION
TOURISM 20/9/2022
TRANSPORTATIONTUTORIAL
TUTORIAL (12/3/2024) (12/3/2024)

PASSENGER
TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES
CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER OUTLINE

3.1 - Demonstrate understanding of the air passenger

services in the tourism industry.
3.2 - Demonstrate understanding about the road passenger
transportation services.
3.3 - Demonstrate understanding the rail passenger
transportation services.
3.4 - Demonstrate understanding the sea/water passenger
transportation services.

-Airlines is public commercial air transportation services

airline as a passenger transportation
for example,AIR ASIA,FIRE FLY,MAS,BATIK AIR
service -Provide the services (at a price) of transporting passengers,
 Airlines, the most important element and the most visible player in the aviation cargo and baggage
sector, are involved in the commercial transport services for the public.
-Play a key role in domestic transportation
 It’s now one of the largest industries in the world, serving billions of customers
annually. Approximately 3.7 billion passengers used the services of commercial
airlines in 2016.
-Expand networks through a "hub and spoke system"
 An airline’s basic function is to provide the service (at a price) of transporting
passengers, cargo and baggage from one point to another.
 In the case of passenger transportation, the services of airlines are not just on -Code sharing agreements
international routes; they also play a key role in domestic transportation,
particularly in large countries.
 Airlines expand networks through a “hub and spoke system”, “code sharing
agreements” and alliances. Having broader networks is an advantage for airlines as
-Broader networks,customers can depend on one
customers can depend on one airline to travel to more cities. airline to travel to more cities

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-Began in the 18th century with the development of the hot

AIR TRANSPORTATION HISTORY
air balloon
 Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the hot air
balloon, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through
buoyancy.
-The construction of the first powered airplane was in the
 Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with early 1900s
the controlled gliding flying of Otto Lilienthal in 1896.
 Then a large step in significance came with the construction of the first
powered airplane by the Wright brothers in the early 1900s.
 Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the
introduction of the jet which permitted a major form of transport throughout
-Aviation has been technologically revolutionized at since that
the world. time

TYPES OF AIRLINE
SCHEDULED AIRLINES
 Scheduled airlines are bound to fly on specific routes at pre-set times on a
regular basis ,daily or weekly.
 A published schedule is the basis for operating services regularly between the
departing airports and the final ports as per the itinerary.
 The general public can travel on these, as they are open to direct booking by
members of the public and scheduled airlines may operate within a country or
internationally.
 Some of the scheduled airlines operate both domestic and international
services and cargo transportation is also done by scheduled airlines.
 The scheduled air transport sector is the most significant among the whole
airport industry.

TYPES OF AIRLINE
MAJOR AIRLINES
 Major airlines are also called trunk airlines, and concentrate on long-haul
routes.
 They operate services between major cities inside and outside the country
and usually these airlines use larger planes with seat capacities of more than
130.
 Lufthansa, British Airways, Emirates and American Airlines are examples of
major airlines.A published schedule is the basis for operating services
regularly between the departing airports and the final ports as per the
itinerary.

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TYPES OF AIRLINE
REGIONAL AIRLINES
 These are also certified airlines which provide regular services for scheduled
passengers or cargo.
 They usually provide service between smaller cities and also connect these
small communities with major airports.
 Regional carriers may use small aircraft for operating short-haul routes and
they are also called commuter airlines in some regions.

TYPES OF AIRLINE
COMMUTER AIRLINES
 These can be considered smaller versions of regional airlines, which typically
fly routes of 400 miles or less.
 These constitute the smaller airline services, acting as feeders for the major
airlines.
 They operate from smaller airports to major cities (and vice versa), between
smaller cities and hubs, and from outlying communities to the associated hub
airports to connect with other scheduled airlines.

TYPES OF AIRLINE
NATIONAL AIRLINES
 National airlines usually operate services within the boundaries of a country,
though they may fly on international routes as well. These include airlines
between major and regional carriers.
 They provide air connectivity between areas of lesser density and also
between smaller population centres and major airports.

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TYPES OF AIRLINE -envolved significantly towards the end of the

twentieth century
LOW-COST CARRIERS (LCCS)/LOW-COST AIRLINES (LCAS)
 This type was an addition to the airline sector that evolved significantly
towards the end of the twentieth century.
-called "no frills" air lines and have low fares
 They are also called ‘no frills’ airlines, and have low fares. They operate
point-to-point services, and usually on short-haul routes.
 They don’t offer some of the in-flight services, such as food and beverages (at
least not as part of the ticket price). Usually they use a single type of aircraft
-operate point-to-point service,usually on short haul routes
and employ fewer people.
-don't offer food and beverages
-use a single type of aircraft and employ fewer people

-offer a full basket of services to passengers

TYPES OF AIRLINE
(meals,beverages,lounges,entertainment)
FULL-SERVICE CARRIERS (FSCS)
 FSCs are also called full-service airlines (FSAs) as well as legacy airlines.
 They offer a full basket of services to passengers. Services include meals,
beverages, lounges, entertainment, etc.
-employ more people and cover larger geographical areas
 They employ more people and corvers larger geographical areas due to their due to their 'hub and spoke' agreements with smaller
‘hub and spoke’ agreements with smaller airlines. Different types of aircraft
are also used. airlines
-use different types of aircraft

TYPES OF AIRLINE
FULL-SERVICE CARRIERS (FSCS)
 FSCs are also called full-service airlines (FSAs) as well as legacy airlines.
 They offer a full basket of services to passengers. Services include meals,
beverages, lounges, entertainment, etc.
 They employ more people and corvers larger geographical areas due to their
‘hub and spoke’ agreements with smaller airlines. Different types of aircraft
are also used.

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-the global trade organization of air transportation ,founded

International Air Transport Association
in 1945 in havana,cuba
(IATA)
 IATA is the global trade organization of the air transport industry and was founded in 1945
in Havana, Cuba. At that time, the organization had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly
-allows airlines to operate under clearly difined rules
in Europe and North America.

 The organization allows airlines to operate under clearly defined rules; it simplifies the
travel and shipping processes for consumers; serves as an intermediary between airlines
and passengers via neutrally applied agency service standards and centralized financial
-consisting of 290 airlines,reprensenting 117
systems and provides training and consulting for anyone within the industry. countries,carrying approxiamately 82% of total available seat
Consisting of 290 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, the IATA's

member airlines account for carrying approximately 82% of total available seat miles air miles air traffic
traffic.

 IATA has been described as a cartel since, in addition to setting technical standards for
-described as a cartel since, in addition to stting technical
airline, IATA also organized tariff conferences that served as a forum for price fixing.
standards for airlines

-also organized tariff conferences that served as a forum for

price fixing

-important infrastructer for air transport

AIRPORT FUNCTIONS
-where airlines can take-off and landing
Basic infrastructure needed for air transport


 The location where airlines can undertake flight series

-an employment provider
 Interface between land mode and air mode of transport
 A point of national and international connectivity
-where for cargo landing and its loading and unloading
 A transport hub
 A facilitator for economic development -a point for regional and international connectivity
 A basic infrastructure for international trade
 A facilitator for regional and local development
 An employment provider (direct and indirect)
 A location for cargo handling and its loading and unloading

SPECIAL RENTAL AIR TRANSPORTATION

SERVICES

BALLOONING

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BALLOONING -traced back to 18th century when two brothers,joseph and

 Ballooning can be traced back to the 18th century when the brothers Joseph and etienne montgolfier concluded that hot air was lighter that air
Etienne Montgolfier concluded that hot air was lighter than air.
 A small paper bag filled with hot air and smoke rising to the ceiling inspired the
invention of hot-air balloons.
 The Montgolfier brothers ‘constructed a balloon of linen-lined paper with a -a ballon ride is often viewed as a special event,and is a
circumference of 100 feet and released it on June 5, 1783. The balloon covered a
distance of two miles, rising up to 6000 feet, and remained in the air for eight popular form of present of prize as incentive prize to the
minutes.
 However, it was not until the 1950s that ballooning experienced a revival when ‘the
employees
US Navy contracted with the General Mills Company to develop a small hot air
balloon for military purposes. The Navy never used the balloon, but the project
created the basis for the modern hot air balloon’.
 A balloon ride is often viewed as a special event, and is a popular form of present
or prize, as incentive prize to the employees, for example.

AIRSHIPS

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-first constructed in 1872 by the german engineer Paul

AIRSHIPS Haenlein
-in 1920s,air ships were refurbished in order to improve
 The German engineer Paul Haenlein constructed passenger transportation
the first airship with an internal combustion
engine in 1872.
 Peaking in summer 1900 when the German
Ferdinand von Zeppelin flew his airship at
approximately 20 miles an hour. His flying
machine called Zeppelin.
 Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, airships were
refurbished in order to improve passenger
transportation: sleeper-cabs, lavatories,
kitchens, dining rooms and other facilities
were built to accommodate up to 50
passengers.

GLIDING

-most exciting aerial adventures

GLIDING
-the pilot must have license for the operation of one of
 When it comes to aerial adventures, gliding is
these aircraft and in most cases authorization for landing
probably the most exciting, and includes
sailplanes, motor gliders, seaplanes,
either on airfields or waterbodies is required
microlights, paragliders, hang-gliders and
gyroplanes.
-generally considered a recreational activity
 Pilots must have a license for the operation of
one of these aircraft and in most cases
authorization for landing either on airfields or
waterbodies is required (Gross, 2011). -not generally viewed as a form of passenger transportation
 The sport of gliding is generally considered a
recreational activity and is not generally
viewed as a form of passenger transportation.

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SPACE TRANSPORTATION

SPACE TRANSPORTATION
- not only include flight to space,but terrestrial and virtual
space tourism
 Space tourism not only includes flights into space, but also terrestrial and virtual space
tourism (refer figure 3.3).
 The first space visitor was the Saudi Arabian Sultan Salman bin Abdulaziz al Saud flew
aboard the STS- 51-G in 1985, followed by the Japanese journalist Toyohiro Akiyama in
1990 who gave a live report from the Russian space station MIR, and the Briton Helen
- the hype for orbital space tourism began in 2001
Sharman who funded her own trip to visit the MIR station in 1991.
 The hype for orbital space tourism began in 2001 with Dennis Tito (a crew member of
the ISS EP-1), the first official space tourist, spent nearly eight days in orbit during a
visiting mission to the International Space Station. Followed by other six (6) space
tourists:
i. Mark Shuttleworth (2002),
ii. Greg Olsen (2005),
iii. Anousheh Ansaria (2006),
iv. Charles Simony (2007 and 2009),
v. Guy Laliberte (2009), and
vi. Richard Garriott (2008).

-play significant role in tourism and recreational activities

ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
SERVICE -passenger car is important especially in domestic tourism
 Ground transport operations play significant role in tourism and recreational
activities. -use by tourist to move between local destinations
 Passenger car is important especially in domestic tourism.
 Once tourist arrive at destination, they require the service of ground
transportation to move between local destinations. -are the attractions in tourism as either an experience or
 Some ground transportation are the attractions in tourism as either an
experience or recreational purposes.
recreational purposes
 Two broad types of transport under ground mode that are involved in tourism
which are:
 A) Personal Transport
 B) Supplied Transport

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-include motor vehicle,off-road,motorized 'quaf' vehicle.and

ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
pedal powered-bicycles
SERVICE
PERSONAL TRANSPORT
 Include motor vehicle (tourist activities as means of transport), off-road, -some of personal transportion is associated with
motorized ‘quad’ vehicle (four wheel) and pedal powered-bicycles
 Some of the personal transport is associated with recreational pursuit.
recreational persuit
 Act as a focus of the experience.
 Transport that is personally owned or rented for personal use for tourism.
-act as a focus of the experience
-is personally owned or rented for personal use for tourism

-related to package tours(using coaches or busses),rail travel

ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
(intra and inter-regional and local transport provisions
SERVICE
SUPPLIED TRANSPORT
 Transport that relating to: -public or character services that tourist has to use to
 Package tours-for examples using coaches or busses. experienced tourism
 Rail travel – including for intra and inter-regional and local transport
provisions.
 Public or charter services that tourists has to use to experience tourism.

Passenger cars

 There are many definitions of passengers car.

“ A road motor vehicle for the carriage of passengers and comprising not
more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat”
The European Commission's Directorate-General for Transport and Mobility (2012)

 Include vans designed and used primarily for transport of passengers,

ambulances and motor homes.
 Excluded are light goods road vehicles, as well as motor coaches or buses and
mini-buses/mini-coaches.

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-first automobile goes back to 1886

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MARKET (ROAD TRANSPORTATION) -german gottible daimer built a faster four wheeled car with
 First automobile goes back to 1886, when Karl Benz drove his first car through the high speed motor running on gasoline
streets of Manheim, Germany, two-seated three-wheeler with a petrol-driven
internal combustion engine.
 German Gottlieb Daimler built a faster four wheeled car with a high-speed motor
running on gasoline.
 US car maker Henry Ford was the first to produce the automobile in mass
quantities in 1908 (Berger, 2001).
-car rental industry is closely tied to Ford's introduction of
 The birth of the car rental industry is closely tied to Ford’s introduction of the
assembly line production of hi Model T Ford (Bod, 2008).
the assembly line producon of hi model T Ford and heyday
 Rental car business first had its heyday in Germany after the First World War, in germany after the WW1
once there was positives economic development and the golden Twenties started.
 The number of American tourist willingly to discover the country by automobile
increase, resulting in a higher demand rental cars.

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