NAME; FABIAN OSIR

REG NUMBER; PS32/00154/21

COURSE; BSC. LABORATORY SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL; KISII UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS
UNIT; CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
UNIT CODE; BSLT 317
PHONE NUMBER; 0795172798
LEC: MD CAROLINE BINSARI
EMAIL; FABIANSOIR321@GMAIL.COM

TOPIC:POPULATION GENETICS AND MUTATION

(a)POPULATION GENETICS

Introduction
 Population genetics is the study of the frequencies of alleles in populations and
how they change over time or space.
 Three important effects that exert an influence on allele frequencies at a genetic
locus are

(i) Selection- (sometimes called Darwinian selection) refers to changes in allele

frequencies due to the effects of the gene on its host. Examples would be effects
lowering or increasing the death rate of individuals carrying the gene, or lowering
or increasing the number of its surviving offspring.

(ii) Mutation - A gene undergoes mutation if it physically changes to another

allele, as a result of an accident in replication during conception or some other
cause.

(iii) Genetic drift - is the result of probabilistic effects due to Mendelism or to the
chance effects of mating and survival in a small population.
  Population genetics is also important in ecology and evolution, since changes in
allele frequencies may be associated with migration or natural selection.

(b). MUTATION

 Mutation is an error of replication between a gene in an offspring and the corresponding

parental gene, which could be due to either a change occurring at conception or else a
change in a germ cell while being carried by the parent.
 The frequency distribution can be calculated as
{pn+1 | pn = p} ≈ B2N,f(p)/ 2N

REFERENCES
 Beatty, John (1986). "The Synthesis and the Synthetic Theory". Integrating Scientific
Disciplines. Science and Philosophy. Vol. 2. Springer Netherlands. pp. 125–135.
doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9435-1_7. ISBN 9789024733422.
 Mayr, Ernst; Provine, William B., eds. (1998). The Evolutionary synthesis : perspectives
on the unification of biology ([New ed]. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press. pp. 295–298. ISBN 9780674272262.
 Provine, W. B. (1988). "Progress in evolution and meaning in life". Evolutionary
progress. University of Chicago Press. pp. 49–79.
 Provine, William B. (1978). "The role of mathematical population geneticists in the
evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s". Studies of the History of Biology. 2:
167–192
 Jason Russel, "Genetics"