SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS)

- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are diseases spread

from person to person during sexual activities (vaginal, anal,
oral).
- It is also referred to as sexually transmitted infections
(STIs). STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and
parasites.

Examples:
Chlamydia
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
HIV
HPV
Pubic lice
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
PREVENTION OF STDS
Abstinence
Vaccination
Reduce Number of Sex Partners
Mutual Monogamy
Use Condoms

DETECTION OF STDS
If symptoms exist, they might consist of:
Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina Sores or
warts on the genital area
Painful or frequent urination (peeing)
Itching and redness in the genital area
Blisters or sores in or around the mouth
Abnormal vaginal odor
Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding
Abdominal pain
Fever
10.1 - HUMAN BODY REGULATION
Hormones
are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the
blood, which carries them to organs and tissues to exert
their functions. These signals tell your body what to do and
when to do it. Hormones are essential for life and your health.
Hormones are produced by the glands of the endocrine
system. Together with the nervous system, the endocrine
system functions to keep all parts of the body running
smoothly.
Hormones are secreted from the endocrine glands in the
body. The glands are ductless, so hormones are secreted
directly into the blood stream rather than by way of ducts.

Gland
an organ whose cells secrete materials to be brought to the
different regions of the body, sometimes via cubelike
structures called ‘ducts’. The glands found in the human body
are ‘Endocrine glands’

SOME OF THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLAND IN THE

BODY INCLUDE:
(during pregnancy)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland Adrenal gland
Hypothalamus Pancreas
Thymus Ovaries
Thyroid and Placenta
Parathyroid glands Testes

Endocrine glands are collection of ductless glands that

secrete hormones directly into either the bloodstream or
the fluid around the cells (extracellular fluid).

In addition , several other organs contain cells of tissues

that secrete hormones. This includes the brain, stomach,
small intestine, kidney, liver, and heart.
 10.2 - HOW DO HORMONES WORK

Each hormone that a particular endocrine gland

produces or secretes contains instruction that are
specific to certain cell type; they bind to and are
enacted by specific cells called target cells.
If the cells in our body respond to any hormone, it
will cause uncoordinated processes and activities
among the organs of the body.

RECEPTORS
are chemical structures, composed of protein,
that receive and transduce signals that may
be integrated into biological systems.

HORMONES
are chemical messengers that regulate
activities in tissues and organs.

The relationship between a hormone and a

receptor of a target cell—be it on the cell
membrane or cytoplasm—is similar to that of a
lock and key.
Once it recognizes its target cell, a hormone's
shape (key) matches and binds to a particular
receptor (lock) on its target cells. The hormone
then sends the message that signals the cell to
change its activity.
 10.3 - Hormone Regulation
Our body produces more than 40 kinds of hormones that
are regulated to prevent internal imbalances or worse, body
malformations such as goiter or gigantism.
The body has several means of regulating its hormone
levels. For instance, nerve impulses can increase or
decrease the secretion of some hormones.
In many cases, the production of hormones is maintained or
regulated through feedback mechanisms. Feedback
mechanisms detect and adjust the amount of hormones
circulating in the blood or the amount of other chemicals
produced by an initial hormone action.
If an increased hormone secretion is enhanced to produce
even more hormones, the regulation is called positive
feedback. This mechanism increases the deviation of the
hormone level from the normal as needed by the body in a
certain situation. An example of positive feedback is during
childbirth. More hormones are released to stimulate the
contraction of the uterus, which enables the mother to
release the baby.
The production of hormones may also be regulated through
a negative feedback mechanism that counteracts the
production of more hormones. A negative feedback
mechanism decreases the deviation of the hormone level
from the normal value.
For example, high levels of a hormone inhibit the production
of more hormones or low levels of a hormone stimulate the
production of that hormone.
A negative feedback mechanism can be compared to
driving a car. If the driver finds the car too fast, he/she
releases the gas pedal; and if he/she finds the car too slow,
he/she presses on the pedal to accelerate the car.

example of
negative
feedback

The liver plays a vital role in the feedback mechanism by removing

hormones from the blood and breaking them down after they have
fulfilled their purpose.
 10.4- Major Endocrine Glands in the body
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is composed of glands that
secrete different types of hormones that affect almost
every cell, organ, and function of our body. It is essential
in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as
well as reproductive processes and mood.

How does your endocrine system function?

Endocrine glands secrete chemicals known as hormones into the
bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body. When a
hormone in the blood reaches the target organ, it produces a
notable effect. The endocrine system sends signals all over the
body, much like the nervous system, but unlike the instant
responses activated by the nervous system, the effects can take
a few hours or even weeks.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Its located in your brain and control
your endocrine system. it uses
information from your nervous system
to determine when to tell other glands
to produce hormones. It controls your
mood, hunger and thirst, sleep
patterns etc.
PITUITARY GLAND
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a pea sized gland found
in the center of the skull, right behind the bridge of the nose
and below the hypothalamus of the brain. The
hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland
through nerve impulses and hormones. It influences other
glands, control growth reproduction, and metabolism
The pituitary gland plays a very important role in the
endocrine system since it releases many hormones that
control other endocrine glands. It is made of two lobes , the
anterior and posterior glands, each secreting different
hormones.
 10.4- Major Endocrine Glands in the body
THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland is located just
under the larynx or voice box. It
secretes three hormones:
triiodothy ronine, thyroxine and
calcitonin. It also help in
maintaining heart rate, blood
pressure, muscle tone, and
reproduction function.
PARATHYROID GLAND
The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands embedded in the
surface of the thyroid. These glands release the parathyroid
hormone which, along with calcitonin, regulates blood
calcium levels in the body in an antagonistic manner since
they have opposite effects.
THYMUS GLAND
The thymus is a tiny gland in the
lymphatic system that produces
and trains particular white
blood cells known as T- cells. T-
cells aid your immune system in
combating disease and
infection. The majority of your T-
cells are produced by your
thymus gland prior to birth. The
rest are produced during
childhood, and by puberty, you 'll
have all of the T-cells you 'll ever
need.

ADRENALS
The word adrenal mean “ above
kidney ”. Each adrenal gland is
located atop each of your
kidneys. The adrenal glands are
made up of two parts: the inner
adrenal medulla and the outer
adrenal cortex.

The inner adrenal medulla is the central region of the adrenal

glands that secretes hormones such as adrenaline and
noradrenaline in response to stress, playing a crucial role in
the body’s "fight or flight’’ response.
The outer adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal
glands responsible for producing steroid hormones, including
cortisol and aldosterone, which play key roles in metabolism,
immune response,and electrolyte balance.
PANCREAS
The pancreas is also an endocrine organ. It produces two
type of hormones: insulin and glucagon. Insulin produced
by the beta cells of the pancreas, insulin plays a crucial
role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting the
uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Glucagon secreted
by the alpha cells of the pancreas, glucagon raises blood
sugar levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored
glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream.
GONADS
Human reproductive organs, collectively called gonads,
consist of ovaries in females and testes in males. These
organs produce sex hormones crucial for developing
secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence. The
testes generate androgens, with testosterone being the
most significant, influencing the development of facial
hair, body mass, deep voice, and sperm production.
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, controlling
breast development, menstruation, and fertility. Additional
female reproductive structures, like the placenta and
uterus, release hormones during pregnancy and
childbirth.
PINEAL GLAND
The pineal gland, the tiniest gland,
regulates the body ' s rhythm and
secretes the melatonin hormone. It is
also known as the third eye because,
like your other two eyes, it lets in light
and darkness. It delivers messages that
cause someone to feel fatigued, sleepy,
awake, and alert.
 10.5 - Prevention, Detection, and
Treatment of Diseases of the Endocrine
System
When there is lack of hormones in the body or too much
is secreted, abnormalities in the endocrine glands can
disrupt or cause changes in the body’s normal
functioning. Some of these problems may be cured but
others may require lifelong treatment.

DWARFISM
Pituitary dwarfism is
characterized by the body's
insufficient production of
growth hormones which
leads to slower growth.
Children with this disorder
may still have normal
intelligence and capabilities.
This pituitary gland
dysfunction may be
hereditary or acquired after
birth.
Acquired pituitary dwarfism can be
caused by:
Brain tumor
Head trauma
Diseases of the pituitary gland or
hypothalamus
Radiation therapy for certain cancers
Through an autoimmune condition known as
lymphocytic hypophysitis
Patients are treated with a synthetic growth hormone
given before the child's growth plates are fused together.
With early detection and management, children with this
malfunction can also reach a normal height.
While dwarfism can present some challenges, many
people with this condition lead healthy and fulfilling lives.
It's important to treat individuals with dwarfism with
respect and kindness, just like any other person.
DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders
in which a person's blood glucose level is high due
to either inadequate insulin production or inability
of body cells to respond to insulin, or both. People
with diabetes experience frequent urination, as
well as excessive thirst and hunger.
THREE TYPES OF DIABETES:
TYPE 1 DIABETES
The body does not produce insulin. People with this
disorder will need to take insulin injections throughout
their lifetime, submit themselves for regular blood
tests, and follow a prescribed diet.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
The body produces minimal insulin or the body’s cells
do not react to insulin. It is a progressive disease.
About 90 percent of diabetes cases are of this type.
Overweight and obese individuals are at a higher risk
of acquiring this type of diabetes. Diet, exercise, and
taking antidiabetic tablets can control the progression.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
This affects pregnant women. Due to hormonal
changes
during pregnancy, a pregnant woman's cells are less
responsive to insulin. During this time, the pancreas
cannot keep up with the insulin demand so the mother
experiences high glucose levels in her blood. Untreated
or poorly controlled gestational diabetes could affect
the unborn baby.
All forms of diabetes are treatable. With the right
management and combination of exercise, diet, and
weight control, people with diabetes can manage this
disorder. However, if left untreated, diabetes could lead
to complications such as heart problems,
hypertension, eye complications, foot infections and
ulcers, stroke, and slow-healing wounds.
THYROID DISORDERS
Thyroid problems are associated with the abnormal
production of thyroid hormones due to either excessive
or insufficient secretion of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
This condition happens when your thyroid gland makes
more thyroid hormones than your body needs. Patients
experience tremors, nervousness, fatigue, intolerance for
heat, concentration problems, increases sweating, eye
changes (exophthalmos), or increased bowel
movement.
Graves ' disease, named after Irish physician Robert
James Graves who fully described the disorder, is the
most common form of hyperthyroidism. Treatment can
be done through medication, radioactive iodine, or
surgery.
This condition happens when your thyroid gland does
not make enough thyroid hormones Symptoms of this
include goiter, fatigue, poor concentration, dry skin,
constipation, unusually cold feeling, depression, and
prolonged menstruation in women.