Lesson 1

GRAPH OF
POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
FOUR CASES OF THE LEADING COEFFICIENT TEST

Given a polynomial function

in standard form,
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

The table at the right shows

the behavior of the graph of
polynomial function in
standard form.
DEGREE End-tails of the graph
ODD OPPOSITE Directions
EVEN SAME Directions
DEGREE End-tails of the graph
ODD OPPOSITE Directions
Sign of Leading Coefficient
Left Right
Positive Falls Rises

Negative Left
Rises Falls
Right
DEGREE
End-tails of the graph
EVEN SAME Directions
Sign of Leading Coefficient
Left Right
Positive Rises Rises

Negative Left Falls Falls

Right
 Characteristic Sign of the Leading End-behavior of the
Function Factored Form of Degree Coefficient graph
(Odd/Even) (Positive/Negative) Left Tail Right Tail

1) 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) Odd Positive Falls Rises

No. of Turning Points
(𝒏 − 𝟏)

2
 Characteristic Sign of the Leading End-behavior of the
Function Factored Form of Degree Coefficient graph
(Odd/Even) (Positive/Negative) Left Tail Right Tail

2) 𝑷 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 −𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐) Odd Negative Rises Falls

No. of Turning Points

(𝒏 − 𝟏)

2
 Characteristic Sign of the Leading End-behavior of the
Function Factored Form of Degree Coefficient graph
(Odd/Even) (Positive/Negative) Left Tail Right Tail

3) 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟓) Even Positive Rises Rises

No. of Turning Points

(𝒏 − 𝟏)

1
 Characteristic Sign of the Leading End-behavior of the
graph
Function Factored Form of Degree
(Odd/Even)
Coefficient
(Positive/Negative) Left Tail Right Tail

4) 𝑷 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟏

Even Negative Falls Falls
−𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)
No. of Turning Points
(𝒏 − 𝟏)

3
 LESSON 2
REVIEW OF THE
PARTS OF A
CIRCLE
 INTERCEPTED
ARC
An arc that lies in
the interior of a
central or inscribed D
angle and has
endpoints on the A
angle ෢ is the intercepted arc of
𝐶𝐵
∠𝐶𝐷𝐵 and ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵

14
 LESSON 3
CENTRAL ANGLE, INSCRIBED
ANGLE, AND THEIR
INTERCEPTED ARCS
 A
෢
𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴𝐵
60o

C 60o ෢ = 60𝑜 ,
𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝐴𝐵
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 60𝑜
B
 A
1
෢
𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴𝐵
60o
2
30o
C ෢ = 60𝑜 ,
𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝐴𝐵
D
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 30𝑜
B
 LESSON 4
ARC LENGTH,
AREA OF A SECTOR, &
AREA OF A SEGMENT
Example

1. Length of arc AB
𝜃2𝜋𝑟 50𝑜 ∙ 2 (2)(3.14)(20 𝑐𝑚)
𝑠= 𝑜
=
360 360𝑜
200𝑜 (62.8 𝑐𝑚) 12 560 𝑐𝑚
= 𝑜
=
360 360

𝒔 ≈ 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Example

2. Area of the sector

𝑠𝑟 (34.89 𝑐𝑚)(20 𝑐𝑚)
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
2 2
697.8 𝑐𝑚2
=
2
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ≈ 𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Example

3. Area of segment AB
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
= 348.9 𝑐𝑚2 − 196.96 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≈ 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐

LESSON 5-A
LESSON 5-B
LESSON 6
TANGENTS AND
SECANTS OF A
CIRCLE
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THEOREMS ON
TANGENT LINE
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 THEOREMS ON
ANGLES
FORMED BY
TANGENTS & SECANTS
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110

M
Q
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 E

C 1 B
2
A

D
M J N

L
K
 C

A D E
 THEOREMS ON
SECANT SEGMENTS,
TANGENT SEGMENTS,
AND EXTERNAL SECANT
SEGMENTS
 16 𝑫𝑭 ∙ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝑬𝑭 ∙ 𝑩𝑭
C
x 𝟏𝟔 ∙ 𝒙 = (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟖) ∙ 𝟖
D
F
𝟏𝟔𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖 ∙ 𝟖
A 8
B
𝟏𝟔𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒
10 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
Find the length of the
E unknown segment (x)
𝒙 = 𝟗 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Find the length of the C 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐
unknown segment (x)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
4
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟔 =𝟎
B
x 𝒙−𝟐=𝟎 𝒙+𝟔=𝟎
A
𝒙=𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟔
3 1 E
D
𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑨𝑪 ∙ 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑬 ∙ 𝑨𝑫
𝒙 + 𝟒 ∙ 𝒙 = (𝟑 + 𝟏) ∙ 𝟑
Find the length of the (𝑼𝑽)𝟐 = 𝑼𝒀 ∙ 𝑼𝑿
unknown segment (x)
V 𝒙𝟐 = (𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔) ∙ 𝟗
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟗
x
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
U 9 16 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
X
Y
 B (𝑩𝑪)𝟐 = 𝑬𝑪 ∙ 𝑫𝑪
10
C 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝒙
x 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙
A D
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
25 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
E Find the length of the
unknown segment (x)
If two secant lines intersect E
inside the circle, the product of C
the lengths of segments formed
inside the circle are equal.
F

D
B
 O B A

3
I
S
4 x
C 6
S

x
6 N

N K

𝑪𝑺 ∙ 𝑺𝑰 = 𝑶𝑺 ∙ 𝑺𝑵 𝑩𝑺 ∙ 𝑺𝑵 = 𝑨𝑺 ∙ 𝑺𝑲
𝟔∙𝟒=𝟑∙𝒙 𝟏𝟐 ∙ 𝟑 = 𝒙 ∙ 𝟔
𝟐𝟒 = 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟔𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝟔 𝟔 𝒙 = 𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
LESSON 7
SOLVING PROBLEMS
ON CIRCLE
WORD PROBLEM 1
There are two pathways from the main entrance where
visitors can choose to walk going to the circular garden. The
pathways are both tangent to the garden whose center is 40
meters away from the main entrance. If the area of the
garden is about 706.5 m2, how long is each pathway?
PROCEDURE
Use the GRESA METHOD

G-iven
R-equired
E-quation
S-olution
A-nswer
WORD PROBLEM 1
GIVEN (Identify the given details. Place them on the illustration)

REQUIRED (Determine what do you need to find)

r d
Main
Entrance
WORD PROBLEM 1
EQUATION (You can use to find the unknown quantities)

𝐴= 𝜋𝑟 2 Area of a Circle to find r

𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 Pythagorean Theorem
to find u
WORD PROBLEM 1
SOLUTION (Complete computation in finding the unknown)
ANSWER (Value of the unknown)
a2 b2 c2
WORD PROBLEM 1

Pathway

Main
Entrance

Pathway
WORD PROBLEM 2
Each central angle formed by consecutive spokes of a
Ferris wheel measures 15°. What is the seating capacity if
two seats are anchored to each spoke in the Ferris wheel?

15o
WORD PROBLEM 3
There are circular gardens having paths in the shape of a
regular star pentagon like the one shown in the figure.

a. Determine the measure of an arc

intercepted by an inscribed angle formed
when the vertices of the star are connected.

b. What is the measure of an inscribed

angle in a garden with a five-pointed star?
WORD PROBLEM 4
Mr. Celso designed an arch made of bent iron for the top of
a school’s main entrance as shown in the figure below.
Each of the 12 segments between the two concentric
semicircles are 0.8 meter long. Suppose the diameter of the
inner semicircle is 4 meters, what is the total length of the
bent iron used to make this arch?
WORD PROBLEM 5
In a circular board, an elastic band is tied to different points
of the circle namely points S and E. The band is then
stretched to a certain point outside the circle forming
secants SY and EY. If SY= 15cm, TY= 6cm, and LY= 7cm,
what is the length of secant EY? Refer to the figure below.
 LESSON 8
The Distance Formula
What is the distance
between the 2 points?
(-2,6)

(5,3)

How could
you find the
distance?
 The Distance Formula

◼ The distance between any two

points with coordinates (x1,y1)
and (x2,y2) is given by the
following formula:

d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
 Example 1
◼ Find the distance between the points
with coordinates (3,5) and (6,4).
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

d = (6 − 3)2 + (4 − 5) 2 d = 10
d = (3) 2 + (−1) 2 𝑑  3.16 units
d = 9 +1
 Example 2
◼ Determine if triangle A(-3,4)
ABC with vertices
B(5,2)
A(-3,4), B(5,2) and
C(-1,-5) is an isosceles
triangle.
(Hint: An isosceles triangle
must have at least 2 sides
of equal length.) C(-1,-5)
 Solution:
AB = (5 − −3) 2 + (2 − 4) 2 A(-3,4)
B(5,2)
= (8) 2 + (−2) 2
= 64+4 = 68

BC = (−1 − 5) 2 + (−5 − 2) 2
= (−6)2 + (−7) 2
= 36+49 = 85 C(-1,-5)
AC = (−1 − −3) 2 + (−5 − 4) 2
BC and AC have the same
= (2) 2 + (−9) 2 length so triangle ABC is
Isosceles.
= 4+81 = 85
LESSON 9
EQUATION
OF A
CIRCLE
FORMS OF EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
Example

(0,0)
5 units
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
Example

(3,2)
5 units
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
Example

(-4,4)
6 units
(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
Example

(0,3)
3 units
𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟗
Example

(-1,0)
4 units
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
 TRANSFORMING THE EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
STANDARD FORM  GENERAL FORM
2 2
(𝑥 + 1) +(𝑦 + 2) = 7
Expand the expression
2 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + (𝑦 +4𝑦 + 4) = 7
Equate the expression to zero
2 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 4 − 7 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
Simplify 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
 TRANSFORMING THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
GENERAL FORM  STANDARD FORM
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Transpose the constant term to the other side of the equal sign
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐 2
2
Group the terms with the same variables =𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 2
(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙) + (𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚) = 𝟐 4
2
=𝟒
Apply completing the squares 2
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟒
 TRANSFORMING THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
GENERAL FORM  STANDARD FORM
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Continuation:

𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟒
Factor each perfect square trinomial as square of binomial then simplify the
other side
2 2
(𝑥 + 1) +(𝑦 + 2) = 7