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Prachand NEET (2024)

Excretory Products and their Elimination NEET
Revision Practice Sheet

Single Correct Type Questions (1 to 20) (3) Afferent Efferent Bowman's Proximal
1. Brush border epithelium is characteristic of: arteriole arteriole capsule convoluted
(1) Bowman’s capsule. tubule
(2) collecting duct. (4) Afferent Efferent Bowman's Distal
(3) proximal convoluted tubule. arteriole arteriole capsule convoluted
(4) All of these tubule

2. Which structure of human excretory system is 5. Which part of the nephron helps in the conditional
unpaired? reabsorption of sodium ions?
(1) Kidney (2) Urinary bladder (1) DCT
(3) Urethra (4) Both (2) & (3) (2) PCT, Henle's loop
(3) DCT, Henle's loop
3. Uricotelic mode of excreting nitrogenous wastes is (4) Collecting duct
found in:
(1) insects and amphibians. 6. On an average, how much urea is excreted out per day
(2) reptiles and birds. by an adult human?
(3) birds and annelids. (1) 25 – 30 gm
(4) amphibians and reptiles. (2) 15 – 20 gm
(3) 35 – 40 gm
4. The given figure represents the malpighian body. (4) 40 – 45 gm
Identify the labeled parts A to D and select the
correct option. 7. Which one of the following is a vasodilator?
(1) ANF
(2) ADH
(3) Angiotensin-II
(4) Aldosterone

8. Micturition is:
(1) removal of fecal matter.
(2) removal of sweat.
A B C D (3) removal of urea.
(1) Efferent Afferent Bowman's Proximal (4) removal of urine.
arteriole arteriole capsule convoluted
9. Which of the following pairs is incorrect?
tubule
(1) Uricotelic - Birds
(2) Afferent Efferent Renal Proximal
(2) Ureotelic - Land snails
arteriole arteriole corpuscle convoluted
(3) Ammonotelic - Bony fishes
tubule
(4) Ureotelic - Mammals
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10. Diameter of the renal afferent arteriole is: 17. Vasa recta is minute vessel of:
(1) same as that of efferent arteriole. (1) afferent arteriole.
(2) smaller than that of efferent arteriole. (2) loop of Henle.
(3) larger than that of efferent arteriole. (3) peritubular capillaries network.
(4) same as that of renal artery. (4) collecting tubule.

11. Kidneys are reddish brown, bean-shaped structures 18. Concentration gradient in cortex is _______, which
situated between the levels of _______thoracic and goes to______ in medulla.
_____ lumbar vertebrae. This gradient is mainly caused by _____ and _____.
(1) 11th; 1st (2) 12th; 3rd (1) 500mOsmolL-1 ,1100mOsmolL-1 , Na+ and
th
(3) 10 ; 2 nd
(4) 12th; 5th water.
(2) 200mOsmolL-1 ,1200mOsmolL-1 , K+ and
12. Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic ammonia.
and fluid volume regulation in: (3) 300mOsmolL-1 ,1200mOsmolL-1 , NaCl and
(1) Earthworm (2) Prawn urea.
(4) 500mOsmolL-1 ,1100mOsmolL-1 , NaCl and
(3) Cockroach (4) Amphioxus
water.
13. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
19. Under normal conditions, the urine does not contain
(1) The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a
glucose because:
few conical masses called medullary pyramids
(1) the normal blood sugar is fructose
projecting into calyces.
(2) glucose of blood is not filtered in the glomerulus
(2) Inside the kidney, the cortical region extends in (3) glucose in glomerular filtrate is completely
between the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis. reabsorbed in the uriniferous tubules
(3) Glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule is (4) glucose in glomerular filtrate is converted into
called as renal corpuscle. glycogen.
(4) Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule
(PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the 20. Which one of the following is found in blood not in
nephron are situated in the cortical region of glomerulus filtrate?
kidney. (1) Urea
(2) Glucose
14. Select the correct set of organisms that excrete same (3) Amino acids
type of nitrogenous waste. (4) Globulin
(1) Bony fishes and birds
(2) Land snails and reptiles Assertion & Reason Type Questions (21 to 25)
(3) Marine fishes and bony fishes 21. Assertion(A): Most aquatic animals are
(4) Aquatic amphibians and insects ammonotelic.
Reason(R): Ammonia is the most toxic form and
15. Dialysing fluid have the same composition as that of: requires large amount of water for its elimination.
(1) plasma except nitrogenous wastes. (1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
(2) blood except clotting factors. and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
(3) lymph except proteins. Assertion (A).
(4) plasma + electrolytes + heparin. (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
16. What will happen if the stretch receptors of the Assertion (A).
urinary bladder wall are totally removed? (3) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is
(1) No voluntary control over micturition. incorrect.
(2) There will be no change in micturition. (4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
(3) Urine will collect in urethra. correct.
(4) Amount of urine formed will increase.
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22. Assertion(A): The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
a significant role in producing a concentrated urine. and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Reason (R): The counter current arrangement of Assertion (A).
Henle’s loop and vasa recta helps in urine (3) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is
concentration. incorrect.
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct (4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of correct.
Assertion (A).
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct 25. Assertion(A): Terrestrial animals usually excrete out
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of urea or uric acid.
Assertion (A). Reason(R): Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the
(3) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like
incorrect. urea and uric acid for conservation of water.
(4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is (1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
correct. and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
23. Assertion(A): Osmoreceptors in the body are (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
volume and ionic concentration. Assertion (A).
Reason(R):An excessive loss of fluid from the body (3) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is
can activate these receptors which stimulate the incorrect.
hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
or vasopressin from the adenohypophysis. ADH correct.
facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the
tubule, thereby preventing diuresis. Match the column Type Questions (26 to 30)
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
26. Match List-I with List-II to find out the correct
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
option.
Assertion (A).
List- I List-II
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
A. PCT I. Functions in Na+ & K+
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
balance in blood
Assertion (A).
B. Descending II. Permeable to NaCl but
(3) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is
limb of loop impermeable to water
incorrect.
of Henle
(4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
C. Ascending III. Permeable to water but
correct.
loop of not to salt
Henle
24. Assertion(A): ANF mechanism, acts as a check on
the renin angiotensin mechanism. D. DCT IV. Lined by simple
Reason(R): A decrease in the blood flow to atria of cuboidal brush border
the heart can cause release of ANF, which causes epithelium
constriction of blood vessels. A B C D
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct (1) I II III IV
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (2) I III II IV
Assertion (A). (3) IV III II I
(4) II III I IV
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27. Match List-I with List-II to find out the correct 29. Match List-I with List-II to find out the correct
option. option.

List – I List – II List– I List– II

A. ADH I Produced and released
A. Column of I. Glomerulus along by specialized cells in
Bertini with Bowman’s the kidneys called
capsule juxtaglomerular cells
B. Bowman’s II. Tuft of capillaries B. Aldosterone II Produced by the
capsule hypothalamus and
released by the posterior
C. Renal III. Extension of cortex pituitary gland
corpuscle between medullary C. ANF III Produced by the adrenal
pyramids glands, specifically
D. Glomerulus IV. Double walled cup the adrenal cortex
like structure D. Renin IV Synthesized and released
by cells in the
A B C D atria of the heart
(1) III IV I II
(2) II III IV I A B C D
(1) II III IV I
(3) III II I IV (2) III II I IV
(4) IV III II I (3) IV III II I
(4) II IV I III
28. Match List-I with List-II to find out the correct
option. 30. Match List-I with List-II to find out the correct
option.
List – I List – II
A. It helps to maintain the I. CD List– I List – II
pH and ionic balance A. Sweat I Vitamins and drugs
of the body fluid. B. Bile II Urea and lactic acid
B. Conditional II. PCT C. Sebum III CO2 and water
reabsorption of Na+
and water. D. Lungs IV Sterols and waxes
C. Large amount of water III. Henle’s A B C D
could be reabsorbed loop (1) I II III IV
from this region to (2) I IV III II
produce concentrated
urine. (3) II I IV III
D. It plays an important IV. DCT (4) III I IV II
role in maintenance of
high osmolarity of
medullary interstitial
fluid.
A B C D
(1) II III IV I
(2) III II I IV
(3) IV III II I
(4) II IV I III
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Answer Key
1. (3) 16. (1)
2. (4) 17. (3)
3. (2) 18. (3)
4. (3) 19. (3)
5. (1) 20. (4)
6. (1) 21. (1)
7. (1) 22. (1)
8. (4) 23. (3)
9. (2) 24. (3)
10. (3) 25. (1)
11. (2) 26. (3)
12. (4) 27. (1)
13. (2) 28. (4)
14. (2) 29. (1)
15. (1) 30. (3)
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Hints and Solutions

1. (3)
NCERT Page no. - 209
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): PCT is lined by
simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which
increases the surface area for reabsorption.
The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called
podocytes are arranged in an intricate manner so as to
leave some minute spaces called filtration slits or slit
pores. Blood is filtered so finely through these
membranes, that almost all the constituents of the
plasma except the proteins pass onto the lumen of the
Bowman’s capsule. 5. (1)
Collecting duct is lined by cuboidal and columnar NCERT Page no.- 209
epithelium and at intervals, these cuboidal cells are Distal convoluted tubule-
ciliated. Conditional reabsorption of Na+
and water takes place in this segment and it is also
capable of reabsorbing
2. (4)
HCO3 – and selective secretion of hydrogen ions ,
NCERT Page no. - 206
potassium ions and
In humans, the excretory system consists of a pair of NH3 to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium
kidneys, one pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a balance in blood.
urethra.
6. (1)
3. (2) NCERT Page no.-213
NCERT Page no.-205 An adult human excretes, on an average, 1 to 1.5
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete litres of urine per day. The urine formed is a light
nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet yellow coloured watery fluid which is slightly acidic
or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called (pH-6.0) and has a characterestic odour. On an
uricotelic animals. average, 25-30 gm of urea is excreted out per day.
Insects are ammonotelic and amphibians are ureotelic
7. (1)
animals.
NCERT Page no.-212
Birds are uricotelic and annelids are ammonotelic
ANF (Atrial natriuretic factor): An increase in blood
animals. flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of
Amphibians are ammonotelic and reptiles are Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF). ANF can cause
uricotelic animals. vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby
decrease the blood pressure.
4. (3) ADH affect the kidney function by its constrictory
NCERT Page no.-208 effects on blood vessels.
In the given figure: Angiotensin II, being a powerful vasoconstrictor,
A is afferent arteriole. increases the glomerular blood pressure and thereby
B is efferent arteriole. GFR. Angiotensin II also activates the adrenal cortex
C is Bowman’s capsule. to release Aldosterone. Aldosterone causes
D is proximal convoluted tubule. reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of
the tubule. This also leads to an increase in blood
pressure and GFR.

8. (4)
NCERT Page no.-212, 213
Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to
the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary
signal is given by the central nervous system
(CNS).This signal is initiated by the stretching of the
urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine. In
response, the stretch receptors on the walls of the
bladder send signals to the CNS. The CNS passes on
motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth
muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation
of the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine.
The process of release of urine is called micturition.
9. (2)
NCERT Page no.-205
The incorrect pair is ureotelic - land snails.
Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine
fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic
animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is
converted into urea in the liver of these animals and
released into the blood which is filtered and excreted
out by the kidneys. Some amount of urea may be
retained in the kidney matrix of some of these
animals to maintain a desired osmolarity.
10. (3)
NCERT Page no.-207
Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the
afferent arteriole – a fine branch of renal artery.
Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an
efferent arteriole. Afferent arteriole has larger
diameter than that of efferent arteriole.
11. (2)
NCERT Page no.-206
Kidneys are reddish brown, bean shaped structures
situated between the levels of last thoracic and third
lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the
abdominal cavity. Each kidney of an adult human
measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3
cm in thickness with an average weight of 120- 170
g.
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12. (4)
NCERT Page no.-206
Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory
structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g.,
Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the
cephalochordate – Amphioxus. Protonephridia are
primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume
regulation, i.e., osmoregulation.
13. (2)
NCERT Page no.-206
The cortex extends in between the medullary
pyramids as renal columns are called Columns of
Bertini and not renal pelvis.Towards the centre of the
inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called
hilum through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves
enter. Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped
space called the renal pelvis with projections called
calyces.
14. (2)
NCERT Page no.- 205
Bony fishes are ammonotelic animals , they excrete
ammonia and birds are uricotelic animals , they
excrete uric acid.
Land snails and reptiles are uricotelic animals and
excrete uric acid.
Marine fishes are ureotelic animals , they excrete urea
while bony fishes are ammonotelic animals and
excrete ammonia.
Aquatic amphibians are ammonotelic animals , they
excrete ammonia while insects are uricotelic and
excrete uric acid.
15. (1)
NCERT Page no.-213, 214
Dialysing unit contains a coiled cellophane tube
surrounded by a fluid (dialysing fluid) having the
same composition as that of plasma except the
nitrogenous wastes.As nitrogenous wastes are absent
in the dialysing fluid, these substances freely move
out, thereby clearing the blood. The cleared blood is
pumped back to the body through a vein after adding
anti-heparin to it.

16. (1)
NCERT Page no.-212, 213
If the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are
totally removed, then their will be no voluntary
control over micturition.
Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to
the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary
signal is given by the central nervous system (CNS).
This signal is initiated by the stretching of the urinary
bladder as it gets filled with urine. In response, the
stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder send
signals to the CNS. The CNS passes on motor
messages to initiate the contraction of smooth
muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation
of the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine.
The process of release of urine is called micturition
and the neural mechanisms causing it is called the
micturition reflex.
17. (3)
NCERT Page no.- 208
Vasa recta is a minute vessel of peritubular capillaries
network , runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming
‘U’ shape.
18. (3)
NCERT Page no.-211
The counter current in them help in maintaining an
increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary
interstitium, i.e., from 300 mOsmolL–1 in the cortex
to about 1200 mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla. This
gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and urea.
19. (3)
NCERT Page no.-209
The urine under normal conditions does not contain
glucose because glucose in glomerular filtrate is
completely reabsorbed in the uriniferous tubules i.e.
nearly all of the essential nutrients, and 70-80 per
cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by
proximal convoluted segments of uriniferous tubules.
Substances like glucose, amino acids, etc are
completely reabsorbed by PCT under normal
conditions.
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20. (4)
NCERT Page no.- 208
Globulin is a plasma protein produced and secreted
by liver. Blood is filtered so finely through the
membranes , that almost all the constituents of the
plasma except the proteins pass onto the lumen of the
Bowman’s capsule. So, except globulin filtrate has
glucose, amino acids and urea.
21. (1)
NCERT Page no.-205
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion(A).
Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of
nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.
Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large
amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric
acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a
minimum loss of water.
The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism.
Many bony fishes, ammonotelic aquatic amphibians
and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature.
Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally
excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through
gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do
not play any significant role in its removal. Terrestrial
adaptation necessitated the production of lesser toxic
nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for
conservation of water.
22. (1)
NCERT Page no.-210, 211
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion(A).
Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated
urine. The Henle’s loop and vasa recta plays a
significant role in this. The flow of filtrate in the two
limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and
thus forms a counter current. The flow of blood
through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a counter
current pattern. The proximity between the Henle’s
loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in
them help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity
towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from
300 mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about 1200
mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla.

23. (3)
NCERT Page no.-212
Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.
Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes
in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic
concentration. An excessive loss of fluid from the
body can activate these receptors which stimulate the
hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis. ADH
facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the
tubule, thereby preventing diuresis. An increase in
body fluid volume can switch off the osmoreceptors
and suppress the ADH release to complete the
feedback. ADH can also affect the kidney function by
its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes
an increase in blood pressure. An increase in blood
pressure can increase the glomerular blood flow and
thereby the GFR.
24. (3)
NCERT Page no.-212
Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.
An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can
cause the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF).
ANF can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood
vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure.
ANF mechanism, therefore, acts as a check on the
renin-angiotensin mechanism.
25. (1)
NCERT Page no.-205
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the production of
lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid
for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial
amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea
and are called ureotelic animals. Ammonia produced
by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of
these animals and released into the blood which is
filtered and excreted out by the kidneys. Some
amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix
of some of these animals to maintain a desired
osmolarity. Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects
excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of
pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are
called uricotelic animals.
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26. (3)
NCERT Page no.-209,210
PCT is lined by simple cuboidal brush border
epithelium which increases the surface area for
reabsorption. Nearly all of the essential nutrients, and
70-80 per cent of electrolytes and water are
reabsorbed by this segment.
The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable
to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. This
concentrates the filtrate as it moves down.
The ascending limb od loop of Henle is impermeable
to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively
or passively.
DCT helps in maintaining the pH and sodium-
potassium balance in blood.
27. (1)
NCERT Page no.- 207
Extension of cortex between medullary pyramids as
renal columns is called as column of Bertini.
The renal tubule opens with a double walled cup like
structure called as Bowman’s capsule, which
encloses the glomerulus.
Glomerulus along with Bowman’s capsule is called
as malpighian body or renal corpuscle.
Glomerulus is tuft of capillaries formed by afferent
and efferent arterioles.
28. (4)
NCERT Page no.-209,210
PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of
the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen
ions and ammonia into the filtrate and by absorption
of HCO3 – from it.
DCT - Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water
takes place in this segment.
Collecting tubule: This long duct extends from the
cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla.
Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from
this region to produce a concentrated urine.
Henle’s loop: This region plays a significant role in
the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary
interstitial fluid.

29. (1)
NCERT Page no.-212
ADH- produced by the hypothalamus and released by
the posterior pituitary gland.ADH facilitates water
reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule, thereby
preventing diuresis.
Aldosterone-produced by the adrenal glands,
specifically the adrenal cortex.Aldosterone causes
reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of
the tubule.
ANF-synthesized and released by cells in the
atria of the heart.ANF can cause vasodilation
(dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the
blood pressure.
Renin-. A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular
blood pressure/GFR can activate the JG cells to
release renin which converts angiotensinogen in
blood to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II.
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30. (3)
NCERT Page no.-213
Sweat produced by the sweat glands is a watery fluid
containing NaCl, small amounts of urea, lactic acid,
etc.
Liver, the largest gland in our body, secretes bile-
containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin,
cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and
drugs. Most of these substances ultimately pass out
alongwith digestive wastes.
Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like
sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum. This
secretion provides a protective oily covering for the
skin.
Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2
(approximately 200mL/ minute) and also significant
quantities of water every day.