Matasek-Matura Bez Problemu

MATURA
BEZ PROBLEMU
Zadania ułatwiające przygotowanie

do egzaminu pisemnego
ISBN 978-83-60238-18-9
WSTĘP
MATURA BEZ PROBLEMU to książka ćwiczeniowa adresowana do uczniów szkół

średnich, liceów oraz techników, przygotowujących się do egzaminu maturalnego
pisemnego na poziomie podstawowym oraz zaawansowanym. Oprócz maturzystów
z książki mogą z powodzeniem skorzystać osoby, których dążeniem jest utrwalenie
materiału gramatyczno-leksykalnego na wysokim poziomie zaawansowania.
Atutem niniejszej pozycji jest niezwykle obszerny zakres praktycznych zadań

odzwierciedlających te, z jakimi maturzysta będzie musiał poradzić sobie podczas
egzaminu. Zadania zostały skonstruowane tak, aby umożliwić uczniowi zapoznanie
się z charakterystyką poszczególnych ćwiczeń, wyrobienie określonych nawyków
językowych oraz opanowanie materiału o jak najszerszym wymaganym zakresie.
Zadania pogrupowane zostały zgodnie z typologią formularza egzaminacyjnego

i koncentrują się na opanowaniu umiejętności czytania dłuższych tekstów
ze zrozumieniem oraz utrwaleniu zdolności rozpoznawania i stosowania struktur
gramatyczno-leksykalnych. Wśród wspomnianych struktur uczeń odnajdzie zadania
sprawdzające znajomość słownictwa, takie jak test luk sterowanych, test luk
otwartych, słowotwórstwo oraz szereg ćwiczeń wzmacniających znajomość
wyrażeń przyimkowych, czasowników złożonych, kolokacji, zwrotów i idiomów.
Zadania odnoszące się do form gramatycznych powinny ułatwić zrozumienie zasad

transformacji zdań - parafrazy, dzięki którym uczeń nabywa swobody stylistycznej
oraz umiejętność wyrażenia myśli na kilka sposobów. Ćwiczenia translacyjne
pomogą w utrwaleniu pojęć gramatycznych i leksykalnych oraz w nabyciu płynności
w ‘przenoszeniu’ myśli z języka polskiego na angielski.
Zapraszamy do rozwiązywania zadań i życzymy powodzenia na egzaminie.
-3-
SPIS TREŚCI
Zadania tekstowe 7
Rozpoznawanie struktur gramatyczno-leksykalnych 55

Test luk sterowanych 56
Stosowanie struktur gramatyczno-leksykalnych 85

Słowotwórstwo 106
Transformacje - parafraza 124
Test luk otwartych 149
Tłumaczenie zdań na język angielski 158
KLUCZ Odpowiedzi do zadań 181
-5-
MATURA
Zadania tekstowe
Rozumienie tekstu czytanego
Zadanie sprawdzające umiejętność rozumienia czytanego tekstu stanowi część
egzaminu pisemnego na poziomie podstawowym oraz zaawansowanym. Teksty
stosowane w ćwiczeniach przyjmują różne formy. Mogą to być teksty literackie,
publicystyczne, historyczne lub informacyjne. Zwykle charakteryzują się one
bogatą treścią leksykalną, stylistyczną oraz merytoryczną. Celem takich zadań
jest określenie stopnia zaawansowania oraz zdolności rozumienia treści pisanej,
rozpoznania struktur gramatycznych oraz wykorzystania informacji zawartej
w artykule.
Zadania tekstowe mają formę zamkniętą: prawda/fałsz, wielokrotny wybór

oraz przyporządkowanie. W naszych zadaniach uczeń odnajdzie praktyczne
ćwiczenia przygotowujące do rozwiązywania zadań powyższego typu. Różnią się
one nieco formą od typowych zadań egzaminacyjnych, ponieważ zostały tak
skonstruowane, aby zapoznać ucznia z formą określonego zadania,
a jednocześnie ułatwić skupienie uwagi na wyborze poprawnej odpowiedzi.
-7-
TEKST 1 Przeczytaj tekst. Po każdym akapicie zdecyduj, czy zdania podane
poniżej wyrażają prawdę - ‘true’, czy fałsz - ‘false’.
There is a spark of innovation in all of us. It is one of those things about being human. We all
have bright ideas some time or another finding something new or how to do things better.
There are those who have enough determination to carry their idea through right to the end.
However, all innovators, as we call them, experience successes and failures along the way.
1. Most innovators achieve great successes.
Take the example of Branco Bobic - famous for inventing a device for putting out oil wells after
the Gulf War. Branco has lost his home, business and life savings when he failed to attract
manufacturers attention. He has learned the hard way just as many others have.
2. Branco Bobic became a millionaire after selling his

invention to oil producers.
Trevor Boylis, for instance, invented the clockwork radio which he designed for use in Africa
where batteries are expensive or simply hard to obtain. No producers had agreed to buy his
patent until his appearance on TV.
3. Investors only bought Trevor Boylis’ clockwork radio

when he showed it on television.
Iris Whyte has designed a plastic potty which is equipped with a moisture-activated device that
speaks to an infant being toilet-trained. This novelty is supposed to help teach the child. So far,
Iris has not been successful in selling her innovative idea.
4. Iris Whyte has designed an innovative product for

little children who still cannot use the toilet.
Another serious inventor, Joshua Silver, has had an idea for cheap, comfortable spectacles for
poor people in developing countries. Although his invention might contribute to a considerable
improvement in the quality of life for billions of people, there is nobody willing to put the
device into production. So, he still manufactures his spectacles himself in his garage.
5. Joshua Silver’s invention has helped billions of poor

people with eyesight problems.
All these individuals have had to learn what persistence and patience mean. Even if they have
not quite made it, they are convinced success is not far away.
-8-
There are several characteristics that shopping addiction shares with other types of
addiction. As with other addictions, shopping addicts typically become preoccupied with
spending and devote a lot of time and money to the activity.
1. Many kinds of addictions are like addiction to

shopping.
Actual cash spending is important to the process of shopping addiction while window
shopping does not constitute an addiction.
2. The money that a shopping addict spends does

not matter in the process of compulsive shopping.
Shopping addiction is highly ritualized and follows a typically addictive pattern of

thinking about shopping, planning shopping trips, and the shopping act itself, often
described as pleasurable, ecstatic even, and as providing relief from negative feelings.
Finally, the shopper often crashes with feelings of disappointment, particularly with him
or herself.
3. A shopping addict does not achieve much

pleasure from going on a shopping spree.
Compulsive shoppers use shopping as a way of escaping negative feelings, such as

depression, anxiety, boredom, self-critical thoughts, and anger. Unfortunately, the escape
is short-lived. The purchases are often considered useless, and compulsive shoppers will
then begin to plan the next spending spree.
4. For many addicts shopping considers a long-term

solution to their mental problems.
Most addicts shop alone, although some shop with others who enjoy it as it may lead to
embarrassment to shop with people who don’t share this type of enthusiasm for
shopping.
5. Most shopping addicts avoid going shopping

with people who are not so keen on shopping.
-9-
According to recent data about 21 percent of adult smokers used e-cigarettes in 2015,
which is more than double the rate in 2016.
1. In 2016 twice as many smokers used e-cigarettes as in the previous

year.
E-cigarettes are battery-powered cartridges filled with a nicotine liquid that, when
heated, creates an inhalable mist. Little is known about the long-term health effects of
the products. Yet, complaints of injury linked to e-cigarettes from burns and nicotine
toxicity to respiratory and cardiovascular problems have jumped over the past year as
the devices become more popular.
2. Although the side-effects of the use of e-cigarettes are still unknown more
and more users express their satisfaction with them.
The complaints from the public included trouble breathing, headache, sore throat
cough, dizziness, nose bleeds, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems and allergic
reactions such as itchiness and swelling of the lips. However, the health problems were
not necessarily caused by e-cigarettes. Some evidence suggests that e-cigarette use
may lead to dropping the smoking habit, but definitive data are not available.
3. Officials are sure that certain side-effects of e-cigarettes may discourage

people from smoking at all.
Still, the findings from the preliminary studies have become tough evidence in the
campaign around the devices, which allow users to inhale nicotine without the
damaging tar produced by conventional cigarettes. Public health officials claim that
the devices may encourage nonsmokers, particularly young people, to try conventional
cigarettes whereas e-cigarette advocates have argued that they simply provide a safer
alternative for smokers.
4. Young people may want to pick up smoking traditional cigarettes after

trying the e-cigarettes.
- 10 -
Immunizations can save a child’s life. Because of advances in medical science, children can be
protected against more diseases than ever before. Some diseases that once injured or killed
thousands of children, have been eliminated completely and others are close to extinction –
mainly due to safe and effective vaccines.
1. Progress in vaccination has helped eradicate illnesses which were

once impossible to cure.
One example of the great impact that vaccines can have is the elimination of polio. In many
countries, polio was once most-feared disease, causing death and paralysis, but today, thanks to
vaccination, there are no more reports of polio in civilized countries.
2. In some developed countries cases of polio can still be dangerous

and cause death to patients who are not vaccinated.
Vaccination is very safe and effective. Vaccines are only given to children after a long and
careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals. Vaccines will involve some
discomfort and may cause pain, redness, or tenderness at the site of injection but this is minimal
compared to the pain, discomfort, and trauma of the diseases these vaccines prevent.
3. Certain discomforts and side-effects of a vaccination procedure

may be more acute than the results of a disease.
Serious side effects following vaccination, such as severe allergic reaction, are very rare. The
disease prevention benefits of getting vaccines are much greater than the possible side effects
for almost all children. It is important that children who are able to get vaccinated are fully
immunized. This not only protects whole families, but also helps prevent the spread of diseases
to other family members or friends.
4. Vaccination gives protection against diseases not only to vaccinated

children, but also to other society members.
Some diseases that can be prevented by vaccination result in prolonged disabilities and can take
a financial toll because of lost time at work, medical bills or long-term disability care. In result,
getting vaccinated against these diseases is a good investment and usually covered by insurance.
5. As an effect of vaccination, some patients may develop disabilities

that require a lot of money to be cured.
- 11 -
Many teens enjoy keeping in touch with their friends on social networking sites like Facebook
and Twitter, but researchers say that using such sites to excess can be unhealthy and has even
been linked to depression.
1. Researchers are sure that spending too much time on Facebook or Twitter
can be the direct cause of depression in many users.
A new report describes a phenomenon known as Facebook depression in which children and
teenagers spend an exaggerated amount of time on social networking sites, and then develop
symptoms of depression. The phenomenon is not common, and most children benefit from the
site because they are able to maintain ties with friends and feel a connection with their society.
2. Facebook depression does not occur very often as most users know how
to take a proper advantage of the site.
But heavy use of Facebook, as well as other risks of the online world can have serious effects, so
it's critical for parents to stay involved in their children's lives. As kids have increasingly open
lines of communication with their peers online, it is extremely important that parents maintain
control over their kids so they can have a sense of what is going on in their social lives, both
online and offline.
3. It is parents’ role to supervise the activities that their children get involved
in while on the Internet.
Relationships with friends become critical in adolescent years. While Facebook allows teens to
engage with friends, that interaction could also turn to envy. Kids become very competitive and
want to be chosen. Facebook allows adolescents to see their friends' successes, as well as the
number of friendships those friends have, which sets up a jealousy thing where kids might feel
worse because their friends seem to have a better time and more attractive life than they do.
4. Facebook opens a good opportunity for teenagers to compete about their

achievements and the competition makes their contacts easier.
For the most part, depression and loneliness are associated with those extremely heavy users of
the Internet who let the amount of time they spend online interfere with their offline connections.
One way to potentially prevent children from entering this type of depression is to make sure they
engage in a variety of activities. Kids who have a balanced life, who do schoolwork and after-
school activities, who are in teams or clubs, have a lower chance of becoming depressed.
5. Children who spend too much time on offline activities are as likely to
develop depression as extreme Internet users.
- 12 -
In times past, and in times of food shortage, farmers grew crops that they knew performed well on
their soil, and which gave them good prices. Nowadays, the first part of the food chain, agriculture,
is governed by the end user of the food chain - the consumer. Retailers compete for market share
offering a good variety of food products at attractive prices to numerous customers.
1. In modern times the influence of customers on the prices of products is

greater than in the past.
In earlier times, people grew much of their own food, producing sufficient for their own and their
family's needs. These days, people rely increasingly on others to grow and process food. This has
led to the development of the food industry, the largest industry in the world.
2. The growth of the food industry has been stimulated by rising demand on
food from the people who cannot produce it for themselves.
In the United Kingdom, for example, the food and drink sector has an annual value of 80 billion
pounds. In many developed countries, food processing accounts for some 10 to 15 per cent of all
manufactured products. With increasing prosperity and standards of living in many developed
countries, people devote a lower percentage of their total income to purchasing food.
3. In a number of prosperous countries the more people earn, the more they
spend on food.
A hundred years ago, when British consumers lived, on average, for about 50 years, half of their
income was spent on food. Now, with our higher standard of living, life expectancy exceeds 70
years, and only 20 per cent of household income is spent on food purchases. An increasing amount
of foods being bought are manufactured or prepared.
4. These days people live longer than a century ago because they tend to
spend more money on good food products.
Less well-off people, aware of the essential energy provided by food, spend a higher proportion of
their scarce income on food. People with higher incomes, on the other hand, may see food more in
terms of enjoyment and look for greater quality, with regard to product ingredients, and greater
variety, sometimes alternating between dieting and overeating.
5. Wealthier consumers are less likely to consider food merely as a source

of energy.
- 13 -
Standing in a modern supermarket and observing people doing shopping, it may appear
unbelievable that anyone today could have a deficiency of vitamins and minerals. But
appearances can be dangerously misleading.
1. The amount and kinds of food that people buy and consume these days
does not stand for their intake of vitamins and minerals.
Consider, for instance, that about 25 percent of all the calories we average modern
people consume come from added sugar, which contains nothing but calories. We may
safely cross out one-fourth of our diet as a potential source of vitamins and minerals.
2. Only a quarter part of the modern day diet consists of products that
provide people with the necessary elements.
If we exclude those who never drink at all, those remaining take in, on average, some 20
to 25 percent of all calories from alcohol. Alcoholic beverages contain at best only traces
of vitamins and minerals. So between the sugar and the alcohol, an average person is
now getting approximately half of their daily calorie quota from sources that are hardly
nutritious.
3. Only about a half of food products that people consume provide them
with beneficial nutrients.
Even more calories in a typical modern diet come from processed fats, cooking fats,
salad oils as well as oils added to baked goods. Such fats which contain only minimum
amount of vitamins may constitute another 15 to 30 percent of daily calories.
4. A variety of oils and fats added to food products make a substantial and
healthy component as well as a required source of calorie.
Ironically, the same food technology that has given us the opportunity to eat like kings
has also made it possible for us to waste two-thirds of our daily diets on food that could
not keep a mouse alive. Still, most of us know that vitamins and minerals play an
increasingly important role in how we feel and perform.
5. A major part of food products that people consume these days do not
represent a reliable source of a nutritious diet.
- 14 -
Evolution has a sense of humor. Given enough time and enough mutation, competition, selection,
pressure and hybridization the forces of nature can turn a lizard into a Chicken From Hell.
Scientists have just discovered a freakish, birdlike species of dinosaur - 3 metres long, over 200
kilo, with a beak, no teeth, a bony crest on top of its head, murderous claws, strong fighter arms, tall
legs, a thin tail and feathers sprouting all over the body. Officially, it’s a member of a group of
dinosaurs called oviraptorosaurs, unofficially nicknamed the Chicken From Hell.
1. According to scientists the new type of dinosaur that they have discovered
is really strange and cannot be compared to any dinosaur found before.
This dino-bird is not literally a chicken, or even a bird. It’s definitely a dinosaur, and it lived at the
end of the Cretaceous period, from about 68 million to 66 million years ago. ‘It would look like
a really absurd, stretched-out chicken and it would have been a cross between a chicken and a lizard,’
say the paleontologists who excavated the fossils.
2. The paleontologists were surprised to discover a dinosaur that would have

looked like two species combined together.
The fossils of three specimens of the new dinosaur were found in a sedimentary rock layer known as
the Hell Creek in North and South Dakota. The formation inspired the nickname. But there’s also
the matter of appearance: It’s a disturbing beast. It looks like it could stomp you, rip you to pieces or
simply peck you to death.
3. The nickname of the Chicken From Hell derives from the scary body
features of the new dinosaur.
It’s a big animal, the biggest oviraptorosaur species found in North America. The creature brings to
mind a huge flightless bird, such as an ostrich or emu. The weird crest on its head, which resembles
half a dinner plate turned vertically, looks like that of a cassowary. The new dinosaur is loaded with
biological accessories and adaptations, as if evolution had been inspired by a Swiss Army knife.
4. Scientist have figured out that the new dinosaur would have been a fierce
creature that attacked its prey from air.
In The Origin of Species Charles Darwin wrote of the ’grandeur of natural selection, through
which endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved’ — but he
never saw this animal from a nightmare.
- 15 -
Conventional antibiotics are overprescribed and overconsumed. Doctors carelessly prescribe

antibiotics for viral infections, which is useless since antibiotics are only effective for breaking up
bacterial infections. To make matters worse, over-prescription and over-consumption make future
infections harder to fight, since antibiotics reduce the good bacteria in the intestines.
1. Patients who are regularly treated with antibiotics are less predisposed to
suffer from infections in future.
As this disturbing trend continues, scientists are rediscovering the reasons why raw honey is one of
the best natural antibiotics around to this day. The unique property of honey lies in its ability to
fight infection on multiple levels, making it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance.
2. More and more types of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, including

the substances contained in raw honey.
A 2013 report sounds the alarm, reporting that over 2 million people contract antibiotic-resistant
infections each year. Conventional antibiotics are making users sicker in the long run, more
vulnerable and more prone to infection.
3. Overdoses of conventional antibiotics weaken patients immunity and they

are likely to be laid down with infections more often.
Honey uses a combination of weapons, including polyphenols, hydrogen peroxide and an osmotic
effect. Honey is practically an all-round fighter, using multiple methods to kill bacteria. One of
those is its osmosis effect. This effect comes from honey's high-sugar concentration. In this
process, water is drawn from the bacteria cells, leaving the pathogens no option but to dehydrate
and die off.
4. The osmosis effect kills bacteria by means of feeding them with too much
water.
Honey possesses properties that stop the formation of biofilms. These are bacteria communities
which contain diseases. Honey stops the bacteria from communicating and spreading. Without
this communication mode, the bacteria cannot release the toxins that cause disease.
5. Bacteria stop producing toxins if their ways of communication within their

colonies are prevented by honey.
Honey is so powerful for destroying bacteria that it should be the first method of treatment when
treating a bacterial illness. Doctors should prescribe honey first, since it attacks bacteria from
multiple angles. Prescribed antibiotics should be the alternative therapy or the last resort.
- 16 -
The game of solving difficult puzzles has always filled people with the feeling of a profound
excitement. No wonder, then, that the fascination of treasure hunting has invariably been
associated with the possibility of realizing the most improbable dreams.
1. There are people for whom seeking for artefacts of historical value is
an occupation that gives a lot of pleasure and a sense of adventure.
According to what psychologists claim, there is a little boy in every treasure hunter. Yet,
the chase of hidden valuables has recently become a serious venture with amateur and
professional seekers equipped with highly sophisticated devices like metal detectors, radars,
sonars or underwater cameras.
2. Different kinds of quipment are used by treasure hunters depending on

whether they are amateur or professional seekers.
What raises the adrenaline level in these treasure-obsessed fanatics are legends, myths, old
maps and other variety of clues promising immeasurable fortunes buried beneath the earth's
surface or drowned in the ancient galleys. For many treasure hunters the struggle of hint
searching is even more stimulating than digging out a treasure trove composed of golden or
silver objects, jewellery and other priceless artefacts.
3. Most treasure hunters achieve the greatest level of satisfaction only after
finding a great number of valuables.
The job is, however, extremely strenuous as even the most puzzling clues must be thoroughly
analysed. Failures and misinterpretations are not rare, either. Yet, even the most unlikely clue
or the smallest find is enough to reinforce the hunter's self-confidence and passion.
4. Lack of clues, mysteries that cannot be solved or failed searches usually

cause disappointment and discourage hunters from further search.
Indeed, the delight in treasure finding doesn't always depend on acquiring tremendous
amounts of valuables. Whatever is detected, be it a rusty sundial or a marble statue, brings
fulfilment and reward after a long and exhausting search.
5. Even finds of minor value can be a profound gratification to treasure

seekers, though most of them aim at discovering something unique.
- 17 -
TEKST 11 Przeczytaj tekst, z którego usunięto zdania. Wybierz takie, które
w najbardziej logiczny sposób uzupełnią kontekst artykułu.
The knowledge and eloquence that people gain through travelling is usually perceived as the
best fulfilment in life. ............ (1)
Most beginner travellers find it hard to cope with hardships of their first-time
experience and they tend to give up before even reaching their destination.
It is the inquisitive human nature that impels people to seek thrilling experiences
and to set out on an exploration trip.
Those who travel frequently and to diverse places benefit from establishing new relationships
and acquiring a better knowledge about other cultures and lifestyles. However, there is a grain
of truth in the assumption that people are prone to cherishing cliches and unfounded
prejudices about other nations and their characteristics. ............ (2)
Sometimes, it is only the first-hand encounter that can help change the approach
towards the so-called 'inferior communities'.
Although most travellers hope to make friends abroad and make a positive
impression, they usually commit blunders that prevent friendly relations.
This direct contact with a different civilization enables travellers to drop their baseless
assumptions and get acquainted with the real concept of life in all four corners of the globe.
Beyond question, travelling facilitates friendship and makes it easier for many individuals to
acknowledge the true value of different traditions and customs.
Discomforts of travelling alone can also put a considerable strain on the tourist.
Yet, it does not always mean enjoyment.
............ (3) It may also involve coming close with the atrocities of real existence as well as
becoming aware of the challenges and hardships that other people have to struggle with.
Hence, a true voyage is the one with a good deal of experience to reminisce about, ............ (4)
very often combined with exposure to abhorrent sights and incredible ordeals.
as long as the traveller copes with the difficulties that occur along the way.
The learning to be complete, thus, requires an ability to observe and analyse the surroundings,
both their glamour and brutality. ............ (5)
And it is the passion for experiencing something new, more thrilling and more
educative that pushes the traveller toward yet another venture.
The local residents, driven by poverty, may even want to take advantage of
travellers visiting their local sites.
- 18 -
Many people associate doing physical exercise with a painful torturing of the body.
............ (1)
Physical exercise may not give as required an effect as other forms of active
relaxation.
There's usually something we come up with that is of bigger importance than
putting one's muscles through their paces.
Unless we are forced to go in for a physical training, we are inclined to treat it as something
of a lower priority than staying in front of the TV set, spending time in a pub sipping
alcoholic beverages or consuming excessive quantities of fattening confectionery in a cafe.
............ (2)
And experts are terrified with the fact that consumption of unhealthy and
high-calorie snacks has been increasing.
We need to be considerably motivated to take up a body workout and build our
physical fitness.
What usually repels individuals from committing themselves to strenuous exercise is the
fear of fatigue, discomfort or even the inhibitions of being outdone by true fitness zealots.
However, getting fit is fully a matter of common sense. ............ (3)
Different forms of exercise may be of great benefit to the human body increasing
its strength, flexibility and endurance.
In most cases preferences result from the patterns of behaviour that were
established during childhood years.
When supported by a nutritious diet, much better performance of the heart and the lungs
improves the blood circulation. ............ (4)
Disfunctions of the cardiovascular system among professional sportsmen are not

as rare as one may think, though.
This, in turn, makes an individual more resistant to stressful situations as well as
more immune to infections and diseases.
In the first place, self-discipline that is requisite for proceeding with such physical effort
ought to be attained to ensure that the intention of becoming healthier and more vigorous
isn't suppressed by any trivial obstacles. ............ (5)
And not for one moment ought one to forget that desired and satisfying effects
will only come in time.
Ultimately, dissatisfaction with one’s figure or physical condition is known to
account for depression and low self-esteem.
- 19 -
It's a piece of advice yogis have given for thousands of years: take a deep breath and relax.
Watch the tension melt from your muscles and all your worries vanish. Somehow we all
know that relaxation is good for us.
A comprehensive scientific study has showed that deep relaxation changes our
bodies on a genetic level.
Insight into human genetic code may reveal the long ways of development of
the man’s immune system.
............... (1). It has been discovered that in long-term practitioners of relaxation methods
such as yoga and meditation, far more disease-fighting genes were active, compared to
those who practised no form of relaxation. In particular, genes that protect us from
disorders such as pain, infertility, high blood pressure and even rheumatoid arthritis were
switched on. The changes were induced by what is called the relaxation effect, ................ (2)
no matter what its true influence upon human health may be.
a phenomenon that could be just as powerful as any medical drug but without
the side effects.
The research has revealed that genes can switch on, just as easily as they switch off.
The scientists asked the control group to start practising relaxation methods every day,
and after only two months, their bodies began to change. The genes that help fight
inflammation, kill diseased cells and protect the body from cancer all began to switch on.
................ (3)
Surprisingly, though, many of the patients were not determined enough to

carry it out to the end.
More encouraging still, the benefits of the relaxation effect were found to increase
with regular practice.
The more people practised relaxation methods such as meditation or deep breathing, the
greater their chances of remaining free of arthritis and joint pain with stronger immunity,
healthier hormone levels and lower blood pressure. ................ (4)
The research has showed how a person's state of mind affects the body on
a physical and genetic level.
Definitely, the side-effects have blurred the positive image of the study results,
which, in turn, has discouraged the researchers.
- 20 -
It might also explain why relaxation induced by meditation or repetitive mantras is
considered to be a powerful remedy in traditions such as Ayurveda in India or Tibetan
medicine.
But just how can relaxation have such wide-ranging and powerful effects? Research has
described the negative effects of stress on the body. Linked to the release of the stress-
hormones adrenalin and cortisol, stress raises the heart rate and blood pressure, weakens
immunity and lowers fertility. ................ (5)
Stress-relieving physical exercises do not guarantee a long-lasting effect

or protection from disease.
By contrast, the state of relaxation is linked to higher levels of feel-good
chemicals such as serotonin.
Indeed, studies show that relaxation has virtually the opposite effect, lowering heart rate,
boosting immunity and enabling the body to thrive.
- 21 -
Dogs have been called man's best friend, and a new brain-imaging study of dogs indicates one reason
why: there are striking similarities in how dogs and humans and, perhaps, a number of other mammals
process voice and emotion.
Dogs, like humans, may have brain systems that function similarly in that they are devoted to
understanding and processing vocal sounds and are also sensitive to the emotional content of voices.
Depending on the dog race obedience to orders can be trained easily or not.
These features have not previously been described in dogs or any species.
............... (1). The new findings offer an intriguing neurobiological glimpse into the richness of our
particular corner of the animal kingdom.
People and dogs last shared a common ancestor more than 100 million years ago. So, if it is true that
a voice-attuned region could be found in dogs’s brains, the feature probably runs deeply in shared
biology between the two species. ............... (2)
It is also highly probable that dogs share this function with other mammals.
Wolves, being dogs’ immediate ancestors were once among most widely distributed
mammals.
In order to specify the possibility, researchers trained six golden retrievers and five border collies to lay
completely still inside a scanner in order to collect scans of their brains. The scans are able to measure
blood flow, which is widely believed to be a good indicator of neural activity. ............... (3)
It is estimated roughly that domestication of dogs occurred around 30,000 years ago.
The training process took months, but the dogs retained the knowledge for many months.
Inside the scanner, each of the 11 dogs, and a comparison group of 22 men and women, listened to
nearly 200 recordings of dog and human sounds: whining and crying, laughing and barking. ............... (4)
The capacity of the brain was measured on the basis of muscle activity.
As expected, human voice-processing areas responded most to human voices.
In dogs, corresponding brain regions responded to the sounds of dogs. In both species, the activity in
these regions changed in similar ways in response to the emotional tone of a vocalization - whining
versus playful barking in dogs, for instance, or crying versus laughing human voices.
To anyone who has had a dog as a companion and friend, those results might seem to be somewhat
predictable. But watching the process evolve in dogs' brains underscores it. Researchers found that
responses were not the same between species.
- 22 -
In the dogs, vocal processing regions of the brain responded to non-vocal sounds as well. But in
humans, they were only triggered by voice, ............... (5)
... which may have its origins in the trace of human social evolution.
... despite being the proof of divergent paths of development.
Regardless of the similarities, what differs between dogs and humans is much more extensive. Still, the
regions identified in the study have deep evolutionary roots. And though canines might have developed
their responses independently of humans, ............... (6)
... influence of wolves genetic code upon the development of dogs’ senses might have
been negligible
... it's much more likely that they were already present in the common ancestor tens of
millions of years ago.
One more question that researchers have yet to answer is what exactly dogs hear when humans speak.
The current study did not address that, but scientists have noted that there have been previous
observations of common patterns in human and canine vocalizations.
Regardless of a dog’s race, the sounds it produces convey a clear message to those who
can understand their meaning.
When dogs signal positive emotions their barking is in short bursts, like human laughter.
............... (7). Barks are deeper and longer whenever they are upset. There are these acoustic rules that
represent emotional information which seem to be common to many species.
- 23 -
Extreme dieting is a consequence of dieting improperly and pushing the limits of your body well
beyond its capabilities. All diets usually begin the same way. ............... (1)
Various dieting plans are now being dismissed by specialists as potentially harmful.
A person has noticed and been bothered for quite some time by their weight gain.
Finally, it gets to be too much, and one decides to lose some pounds by going on a diet.
The unhealthy way of dieting is extreme dieting, which can also be called crash dieting or, in really
extreme cases, all-out fasting. ............... (2)
The advantages of burning fat by means of regular physical effort cannot be

underestimated.
Dieting in an uncontrollable way is not something to try, as it has numerous dangers
associated with it.
People who suffer psychologically from body image issues and feel the need to lose a lot of weight
quickly are the ones to usually try extreme dieting. ............... (3)
The maximum limiting of calorie intake is typically the main tenet of every drastic
dieting plan.
Obesity can also ruin a person’s life by exposing one to ridicule and lack of
acceptance on the part of the leaner members of a society.
Because of their severity, extreme diets are almost the same thing as starvation, differing only slightly.
Due to this hazardous approach, even people who go on extreme diets do so with the understanding
that it should only be a very short-term commitment. ............... (4)
Ironically, people who go on an extreme diet with the belief that they can lose weight
quickly are in for a shock because extreme diets have the opposite effect.
Eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia, are not rare among dieting people
and are known to have a devastating impact on the body.
Extreme diets cause a slowing down of your body's metabolic rate. In result, more weight is gained
after the extreme diet is ended. The consequences of extreme dieting may be grave, as they all involve
debilitating effects on the body. In acute cases, they may even pose a threat to life. ............... (5)
Excessive amounts of food are usually consumed by those who suffer from binge eating
disorder.
Both physical and mental degradation are the case with extreme calorie reduction.
The bodily harm may include fatigue, hunger pangs, gallbladder diseases, atrophy of the muscles,
dehydration and malnutrition that may lead to death. On the mental side, consequences are depression,
and vulnerability to more eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia.
- 24 -
Like many human beliefs, the fear of Friday the 13th isn't exactly grounded in scientific logic.
............. (1)
Yet, many people’s perception of happiness is focused on their luck in games and
gambling.
But the really strange thing is that most of the people who believe the day is unlucky
offer no explanation at all, logical or illogical.
As with most superstitions, people fear Friday the 13th for its own sake, without any need for
background information. ............. (2)
However, the superstition does have its deep, understandable roots and the origins
help explain why the belief is so widespread today.
Besides, the philosophy cannot be traced back to any reliable sources.
The fear of Friday the 13th stems from two separate fears - the fear of the number 13 and the fear
of Fridays. .............. (3)
Historically, the names of days were associated with natural phenomena or

religious events.
Both have deep roots in Western culture, most notably in Christian theology.
Thirteen is significant to Christians because it is the number of people who were present at the
Last Supper - Jesus and his 12 apostles. Judas, the apostle who betrayed Jesus, was the 13th
member of the party to arrive. Christians have traditionally been wary of Fridays because Jesus
was crucified on a Friday and that the Great Flood began on a Friday. .............. (4)
The Christian perspective on Friday and 13 is the most relevant today, but it's only
one part of the Friday the 13th tradition.
The day of Jesus’s crucifixion was definitely the most dramatic in his followers’ lives
and changed their perception of the surrounding reality.
Some trace the infamy of the number 13 back to middle ages. On a Friday the 13th in 1306, King
Philip of France arrested the revered Knights Templar and began torturing them, marking the
occasion as a day of evil. These events gave rise to other grim interpretations. .............. (5).
As a matter of fact, the king’s misfortune was yet to fall upon himself and his
monarchy.
Both Friday and the number 13 were once associated with capital punishment.
In Britain, for instance, Friday was the conventional day for public hangings and there were
supposedly 13 steps leading up to the noose.
- 25 -
The mythic belief in dolphins as supernatural creatures has been reinforced across the ages
from the first written records of encounters with these animals. .............. (1)
Strong belief in extraterrestrial powers shaped ancient peoples’ minds.
In ancient times, dolphins were closely linked with gods.
Delphinus was a favourite messenger of Poseidon, who repaid him for his loyalty by placing
an image of a dolphin in the stars. Aristotle was the first to recognise that dolphins are
mammals.
The perception of dolphins as lifesavers is connected with beliefs that they possess
special powers.
Dolphins’ natural skills and qualities place them among the most intelligent
creatures and the quickest learners.
.............. (2) The ancient Celts attributed healing abilities to dolphins, as did the Norse.
Throughout time, people as far apart as Brazil and Fiji have traded in dolphin and whale body
parts for medicinal and totemic purposes.
Despite being attributed with supernatural features, there has been a number of
well-substantiated modern reports of dolphins coming to the aid of humans.
On a number of occasions dophins have been observed as they broke up

sharks attacks by means of cooperative team defence.
.............. (3) In 2007, for example, a pod of bottlenose dolphins saved the surfer Todd Endris,
who had been attacked by a great white shark off Monterey, by forming a protective ring
around him.
The intelligence and sophistication of dolphins is not just mythological. Decades of scientific
research has confirmed that they possess large and highly elaborate brains, demonstrable
self-awareness, complex societies, even cultural traditions.
Nevertheless, dolphins should always be perceived as wild creatures capable

of an attack when in danger.
For the last decade dolphin therapy has been largely publicised by the media, who
reported several successful case stories.
.............. (4) The aim of the treatment is to increase sensory activities. Programmes take
place in a pool with captive or semi-captive dolphins and therapists who assist the children
who are asked to swim, touch, feed or pat the animals. Therapists work on specific areas such
as speech, behaviours and motor skills.
- 26 -
Dolphin therapy is not a cure but it can help alleviate certain symptoms associated with
children conditions by enhancing their healing process. Samples of blood were analysed
before and after the therapy, and results showed that after swimming with dolphins there is
a change of hormones, endorphins and enzymes. .............. (5)
Children’s love of dolphins is not unrequited. The mammals, too, seem to treat
children in a special friendly manner.
It’s clear that encounters with dolphins evoke a deep emotional response and
trigger the release of deep feelings and emotions.
It is believed that children are more responsive to the therapy because they play in a pleasant
environment, they are motivated to complete the tasks, they are happy and therefore they
pay greater attention to the therapists' work.
For others, the healing principle is similar to that of sound therapy: rhythm and vibrational
sound facilitate an altered mood. .............. (6)
Thus, swimming with dolphins can create physiological cell and tissue change in
the body.
Before they can play the role of therapists’ assistants dolphins undergo a special
training.
Dolphins have a natural sonar they use to emit ultrasound waves to localise things and to
communicate. This process is called echolocation. Sounds emitted by dolphins are so intense
that that they can create holes in the molecular structure of fluids and soft tissues. It is
believed that dolphins' signal frequencies can have a profound effect on the human brain by
modifying the brainwave activity and influencing the mood in a positive way.
- 27 -
The glitz, the glamour, the hairdos, the diamond-studded dresses. Who wouldn't want this?
Girls wouldn't mind playing Snow White or Miss Universe for a day, for sure. ............. (1)
Children are, after all, immature and juvenile and imitation becomes their favorite option.
The games of hide-and-seek and ‘Simon says’ are amongst the most preferable
with children at a young age.
The little ones are attracted to their favorite music and movie stars, and right from a tender age,
when books are all that should hold their attention, they're dreaming of becoming the next movie,
music or fashion icon on the silver screen.
But what pushes them to do so? ............. (2)
Of course, mass communication sources like television, Internet, and radio are the
hunters to which children fall as an easy prey.
It is obvious that children are prone to their peers influence and that negative patterns
are typically the ones that catch their attention.
Beauty contests or the pageants and reality shows based on beauty attract the unskilled and unripe
brains of the little ones, and soon, they make up their mind to pursue the line. But who could tell
those immature minds that beauty lies within, and not in the appearance?
There is no doubt the influence of beauty contests over young children can be harmful, and more
than that, disastrous as they grow up. While children are in the process of developing their minds
with increasing age, the more they are exposed to the media glamour, the easier it is for their minds
to corrupt. ............. (3)
It is parents themselves that frequently force children to take part in activities that help
realize their own childhood hopes and dreams that never came true.
The little ones become recklessly determined that the ultimate key to success lies in
dressing up and behaving like a Hollywood star.
With the feeling of narcissism comes resentment towards others, hatred towards the ones less able,
and an ever-increasing dissatisfaction towards oneself.
Aggression among schoolchildren often stems from social or racial inequalities, when
some children tend to expose their domination.
Children tend to believe that beauty lies solely in their appearance, leaving no room
for inner beauty.
............. (4) They start comparing themselves physically with others, and this causes irritation,
jealousy and dissatisfaction when expected results are not achieved. Highly influenced by what they
see when they observe their favorite stars performing on television, they try to imitate their habits,
- 28 -
stunts and workout techniques. They demand their parents to change their appearance and spend
recklessly on the health drinks, slim-fast pills, cosmetics and even plastic surgery which they know
their idols are using. ............. (5)
Little do they know how harmfully all these things can affect their delicate skin,
health, and gentle minds.
A typical household expenditure on children’s needs makes a major part of all

spendings that loving parents have to earn for.
They spend most of their time in front of mirrors as they get obsessed with good looks. They start
losing interest in studies, and put too much emphasis on appearance rather than inner beauty, which
ultimately sends a wrong message to the youthful minds.
It seems all these negatives leave little space for the positive aspects. While a taste of failure in
beauty contests can leave a child devastated, even a simple win or recognition stays with them for
a long time. ............. (6)
Too much of a good thing can also be misleading, especially for children who do not
quite understand where money for their fancies really comes from.
For those who want to get into this field of career, beauty contests lay the foundation,
and children learn what's ahead for them in the rat race.
For some children, winning a beauty contest can be their ambition, or the only source to achieve
success. Watching beauty contest winners and successful people on television and in magazines
helps build self-confidence in young children, and awakens in them the determination and desire to
get successful like them.
Some beauty contests emphasize less on the glamor quality, and more on the ability of a child to
present himself or herself. ............. (7)
This instills confidence within them, and helps them improve with every show they
participate in.
The higher the expectations, the greater the suffering and disappointment in case of
a failure.
A little praise, false hopes, and a slight push could drive the little ones far away from the peaceful
real world to the sphere of imaginary successes while they should build a secure future for
themselves with a clean mind. ............. (8)
Anything that can overshadow the education of a child isn't worth a go at all.
No matter the risks, children should be taught to be a tough fighers.
Yet, children often become unaware victims to the risks and dangers that this world of glamour
entails, by taking steps which are improper for them at their age.
It's the duty of parents to instill the feeling of being competitive within their kids, and it doesn't
matter who wins, the real victory lies in gaining the life experience.
- 29 -
Plant medicines have been the most widely used medications in the world for centuries.
Physical evidence of use of herbal remedies goes back some 60,000 years to a burial site at
Shanidar Cave in Iraq, in which a Neanderthal man was uncovered in 1960. ................ (1)
The man had suffered from a number of diseases to which there was no cure at the
time of his life.
He had been buried with eight species of plants, seven of which are still used for
medicinal purposes today.
Generations of skilled herbal practitioners, researchers and scholars have refined and tested
the vast science of herbology, producing thousands of plant-based remedies that are safe and
effective. The term "herbs" refers to plants or parts of them, including grasses, flowers,
berries, seeds, leaves, nuts, stems, stalks and roots, ................ (2)
which are widely used for their therapeutic and health-enhancing properties.
the qualities of which were valued by healers in the past, but are of little use today.
The proper and judicious use of plants is often successful in the treatment of illness when
other more conventional medicines and methods fail. ................ (3)
Researchers are on their way toward working out new, more effective methods of
treatment of numerous diseases.
Herbs demonstrate great flexibility for the treatment of a broad variety of health
needs.
Medicines of plants can be used to stimulate the brain, ease pain, aid digestion, open
congested sinuses, help mend broken bones, and a thousand other purposes.
An estimated eighty percent of the Third world's populations employ herbs as their primary
medicines.
Apart from being widely ignored and dismissed as ineffective by conventional

doctors
While drugstore shelves in developed regions are stocked mostly with synthetic
remedies
................ (4), in other parts of the world the situation is quite different. For millions of
people worldwide, natural plant-based remedies constitute the basic treatement for both
acute and chronic health problems, from treating common colds to controlling blood
pressure and cholesterol.
- 30 -
Until the late 60's, many of the larger pharmaceutical companies offered a broad variety of
plant-based drugs in tablet, liquid and ointment forms. ................ (5)
Currently, drugs contain either plant-derived materials, or synthesized materials

from agents originally derived from plants.
The present-day medicine is largely based on a non-holistic approach toward
man’s well-being.
Plant medicines are far and away safer, gentler and better for human health than synthetic
drugs. ................ (6)
This is so because human beings have co-evolved with plants over the past few
million years.
But our herbivorous nature, at some point of development, was overshadowed by
carnivorous tendencies.
We eat plants, drink their juices and consume them in a thousand forms. Ingredients in
plants, from carbohydrates, fats and protein to vitamins and minerals, are part of our body
composition and chemistry. ................ (7)
Some compounds perform the same functions in plants as in the human body.
The role of staple foods cannot be overestimated, though.
Natural antioxidant phenols in plants, for example, protect plant cells from oxidation, and
often perform similar function in humans.
Antioxidants are widely used in dietary supplements and have been investigated
for the prevention of diseases such as cancer.
Synthetic drugs are alien to the chemistry of the human body, as they are not
consistent with the careful crafting of evolution.
................ (8). Acting in the body as irritants and toxins, they upset the balance of whole
systems, producing side effects that can be even lethal. By contrast, the regular and
judicious use of herbs to protect and promote health and as medicines to help treat
common ailments is an enlightened approach to personal well-being.
- 31 -
Two factors led to the end of samurai: the urbanization of Japan, and the end of isolationism.
As more and more Japanese moved to the cities, there were fewer farmers producing the rice needed
to feed the growing population. .............. (1)
Under the feudal structure that was arising in Japan, the samurai owed military service
and loyalty to the emperor.
The life of luxury enjoyed by the shoguns and many lords - called daimyos - started to
wear away at the economic system.
Many Japanese, including lower class samurai, grew dissatisfied with the shogunate because of the
worsening economic conditions.
Then, in 1853, the U.S. ships sailed into Edo Bay. Commodore Matthew Perry had arrived to deliver
a message from American president Millard Fillmore to the emperor, who still existed as a figurehead,
.............. (2)
even though the shoguns really ruled the country.
still the samurai required loyalty and work from the peasants who served them.
Fillmore wanted to open Japan ports for American ships and to establish trade relations with Japan.
Perry delivered his message and left telling the Japanese he would return after a few months.
After Perry's vist opinions in Japan were split. Some wanted to deny the American offer, maintain
isolationism, and stay with their ancient traditions. .............. (3)
The many samurai would conduct warfare against each other, which caused disruption to
the society.
Others, however, realized that Japan could never stand up to the better technology of
the westerners.
They proposed opening up Japan to learn everything they could from the Americans, ending
isolationism and becoming a world power. Ultimately, the shogunate decided to open Japanese ports
for American resupply, and later to trade. The emperor refused to agree to the treaty. .............. (4)
Because he was just a figurehead, the shogunate went ahead with the treaty anyway.
Consequently, the shogun required the various samurai to spend money lavishly on
armed forces in order to remain in a high state of readiness for battle.
Several groups of rebellious samurai who refused to accept any changes, supported the emperor and
began a civil war against the shogun. Surprisingly, they overthrew the shogun, .............. (5)
thus ending the Tokugawa period and restoring the emperor to power.
furthermore, there arose a bitter dispute over succession to the throne within the
imperial family.
- 32 -
The samurai took positions of leadership, controlling the government from behind the new emperor,
a young boy called Meiji.
The power of the daimyos was taken away as the government seized their land. With no one to pay
the many samurai, the government decided to offer them bonds based on their rank. .............. (6)
Rich farmers appeared who switched from rice to high-profit commercial crops and
engaged in local money-lending, trade, and small-scale manufacturing.
As they received fixed revenues from the government, their upkeep was a tremendous
financial burden for the whole nation
- there were about 2 million samurais at the time. The Meiji government started a slow process to
progressively abolish this social class. Most of their salaries were diminished or cancelled, and the
ones that remained had to convert them into government bonds. .............. (7)
This affected low and high-ranking samurai differently, but had the same result.
However, the shogun wished to free his government from the influence of bureaucracy.
Each class either used the bond to invest in land or start a business, or realized they didn't have
enough income to support themselves, and returned to the land as farmers or to the cities as workers.
The samurai no longer had an important role to play in Japan.
Finally, in 1876, the emperor banned samurai from wearing their swords, .............. (8)
as opposed to destroying the power of the warriors.
which led to the creation of a drafted standing army.
The final bell had tolled for the samurai - they no longer existed. Though there were some rebellions
as samurai in outlying provinces resisted, all the samurai eventually adopted new roles in Japanese
society, as their nation moved into the Industrial Age.
- 33 -
TEKST 21 Przeczytaj fragment tekstu, a następnie wybierz poprawną
odpowiedź lub odpowiedzi do każdego z pytań.
Being assertive involves standing up for our personal rights and expressing our thoughts, feelings and beliefs
directly, honestly and spontaneously in a way that is respectful of the rights of other people. An assertive
person evaluates a situation, decides how to act, and responds without undue anxiety or guilt. They respect
themselves and other people and take responsibility for their actions and decisions. They are aware of what
they want and ask for it in an open and direct manner. If refused, they feel appropriately disappointed but
they do not suffer a blow to their self-esteem.
21.1 It is typical of an assertive person to
speak of their needs and beliefs in a convincing and determined way.

show anger and irritation if one’s views are confronted unfavourably.
exercise their freedom of speech without causing harm or abuse toward other people.
Assertive behaviour is based on the belief that the person has the same rights, responsibilities and personal
self-worth as other people. Assertive rights are those rights and expectations that any human being has by
virtue of their existence. The important thing to remember is that everybody has these rights. Its all too easy
for us to forget that we have these rights and that makes it even more difficult to stand up and fight for
them. The more aware we are of the rights we have, the more confident we will be about working towards
them.
21.2 People should always be aware of the fact that
their personal values have little influence on the skill of being assertive.
they are unconditionally empowered to exercise their human rights.
self-assurance to a great extent depends on their knowledge of their rights.
Being assertive is not just about dealing with the negative and problematic aspects of our lives. It is also
about being able to acknowledge our strengths and to recognize when we have done something well. It is
also about improving our self-esteem and our self-confidence. Respecting and valuing ourselves, having
self-esteem, is one of the corner-stones of assertiveness. Our experiences can lead us to have a diminished
level of self-respect which is further diminished by our tendency to compare ourselves with others,
attempting to live up to their expectations, and negating our own strengths.
21.3 Assertive are the people who
do not pay much attention to the strong and weak points of their personality.
do not let themselves be downgraded by negative self-evaluation through other
people’s higher values
always make a point of reaching the standards set by other people.
However, each one of us is unique. Each one of us is different, but equal. Our most helpful option is to
accept ourselves for what we are as individuals in our own rights and not in comparison to others. Having
strong self-esteem is not believing that we are perfect, but simply accepting ourselves for who we are.
One way of improving our self-esteem is to learn to accept our positive aspects, to acknowledge these with
others by accepting compliments. Asking people to identify negative and positive aspects of themselves
usually results in a long list of negatives with maybe a few positive points.
- 34 -
Our lack of self-confidence and self-esteem inhibits our ability to identify our strengths. When we make or
acknowledge a positive comment about ourselves we invariably follow it up with a negative remark: "Yes,
I am a good player, but I should be, I've been playing for years". It is all too easy to reject compliments if our
self-esteem is low and we believe that we don't deserve them.
21.4 People with low self-respect
tend to deny themselves the right to being praised for their achievements.
are advised to boost their ego by believing that they are the best.
are usually unable to recognize and make use of their strong points.
However, rejecting compliments simply feeds into the already poor view we have of ourselves. Learning to
accept compliments comfortably can take some practice, but as we become more used to it we will find that
it has a positive effect on how we view ourselves. We very soon begin to feel good about ourselves. Listen
to what people tell you about yourself, and give them the benefit of the doubt. They may be right, but then
you can still make your own judgement about it and do what you decide.
21.5 People having trouble with self-acceptance
should be more open for compliments as they may help identify false friends.
reject compliments because they only make them feel more depressed.
may often be unaware of the fact that acceptance of compliments can exert a postive
impact on their perception of themselves.
High self-esteem is not always about standing up for our rights, sometimes it can be about saying that we like
something, someone, or something that someone has done for us. Having learned to accept compliments
and become aware of the positive effect they have on us, we can move on to giving them to other people.
In doing so we need to be assertive stating our feelings or opinions in a clear and straightforward manner.
There is no better way of improving our relationships with other people.
21.6 A positively assertive person
never attaches great importance to what other people may think of him or her.
can express objective judgements about other people and their achievements.
does not only seek realization of his or her own needs.
Another way of improving our self-esteem is to start taking risks by starting to do things that we don't do
because of our lack of assertiveness. Our level of self-esteem is affected by our everyday activities; the more
risks we take, the more our self-esteem increases. One should start by taking small risks and gradually work
towards taking the big chances in life.
- 35 -
The concept of being resurrected from the dead is not a new one. The quest for human
immortality has been demonstrated in many ways: resurrection, heaven, re-incarnation,
mummification. Humans have a natural tendency, using a rational mind, to want to be
immortal as exemplified by rituals and religious concepts.
22.1 Rituals like mummification and beliefs in eternal life prove that
the idea of immortality does not have any logical explanation.
in many societies the perception of eternal life has been different.
humans have for ages relied on the concept of life after death as being possible.
The desire to be immortal is an extension of self-preservation, which humans as well as

animals have been equipped with. When we are placed in critical situations, our body
responds chemically with the ‘fight or flight’ adrenalin rush, and we choose one in an
unconscious response to preserve our lives. We take medication so that we may be
healthier or to treat a disease and many people stop smoking hoping that it will add
a few years to their lives. As we advance in medicine and technology there are more
options available to extend our lives.
22.2 When in danger people

automatically choose to protect their life because they are so programmed by nature.
make choices that radically change their approach toward life.
start acting in a way that is close to animals’ instinctive reactions.
As early as the sixteenth century small organisms were known to be revived after being
frozen. Robert Boyle, an English scientist, reported successfully reanimated frogs and
fish that had been frozen. In 1965 a cat's brain was removed from its body, filled with
glycerol and frozen for six months. After the brain had been brought back up to room
temperature, it demonstrated brain activity. In 1967 the first man to be successfully
placed in cryonic suspension was James Bedford a psychology professor, who died of
cancer at the age of 73. Since that time more cryonics companies have been developed
and over 100 people are now in the state of cryonic suspension with about a thousand
more who are currently signed up for cryo suspension at the time of their death.
22.3 The companies that offer cryonic suspension

base their activity and experience on experiments that were first carried out
on animals.
are now facing bankruptcy because of loss of interest in their services.
have already ‘frozen’ about one thousand ‘patients’ alltogether.
- 36 -
No one has been revived yet. For one to be revived would require to repair what killed
the person: a disease, the effects of aging as well as the freezing damage. A person who
signs up for cryonic suspension has the hope that future advanced technologies will be
able to bring them back to life. For the most part, the emerging science of nanotechnology
is a good candidate. With such an advanced technology that could reanimate a cryonic
‘client’, there is also the consideration that they could live for an indefinite amount of
time, in a youthful state.
22.4 The clients who have signed up for cryo suspension

may never be revived unless technological progress helps remove many complex
obstacles.
first need to undergo advanced medical treatment to make sure their bodies are
free of any disease before ‘freezing’.
hope that modern technologies will solve and eliminate the problem of ageing.
Medical ethics presupposes that it is good to provide good health and with that, as much
life as possible. This is what cryonics wishes to provide as well, and yet mainstream
medicine often concludes cryonics is a trickery. Cryonicists provide honest information
for the prospective ‘patient’, so that they may choose if they are willing to take the
chance. If cryonic suspension does not work, then there is nothing lost and the dead will
simply continue to remain dead. If it does work and those who sign up are willing to take
the risk, they ultimately have everything to gain.
22.5 Although ‘patients’ are well informed of the risks and benefits of being ‘frozen’
the cryonic companies guarantee a successful revival in future.
the practice of cryonic suspension is not considered to be a serious method
of ‘treatment’ by traditional scientists.
their dead bodies may remain in the state of suspension for ever.
The vision of the reanimated cryonics patient is a symbol of hope for what the world
may one day become, a world without disease. Perhaps one day humans will reawake
from death and make a giant leap for all of humanity in the process. With continued
research in understanding of the brain along with future technological advances, the best
outcome would be the return of the cryonic patient's memories and self.
22.6 Cryonics could be considered a successful venture if

cryonicists not only succeeded in reviving their ‘patients’ but also in restoring
their complete awareness.
all the dead people were brought back to existence one day.
revived ‘patients’ lived much longer than people live these days on average.
- 37 -
A small island off the fog-shrouded coast of Nova Scotia may conceal the world's greatest treasure,
that of the order of the Knights Templar. Missing since the fourteenth century, the treasure of the
Templars is reputed to contain massive amounts of gold and silver bullion, the crown jewels of
royal European families, religious artifacts sacred to both Judaism and Christianity and documents
that may be as provocative now as when they were buried.
23.1 It is believed that the tresure of the Knights Templar

was hidden on a small island by one of the royal families from Europe.
includes evidence that might stir up controversies.
might have never been so great and valuable as it is assumed.
While the debate remains unresolved, the indisputable truth is that someone with a great deal of
knowledge and engineering expertise went through a lot of trouble to conceal something. And that
they finished their complex project at least before 1795. The carbon dating process pushes the
dates back as early as 1390 and as late as the 1660s.
23.2 The people who hid the treasure

probably did not manage to keep the place of concealment secret.
were unaware of what exactly they were hiding on the island.
must have had great technical skills and experience.
Around the year 1118, the nine men that made up the original Knights Templar returned to France
from Jerusalem. Ostensibly their mission had been to make safe the roads for Christian pilgrims
visiting the Holy Land, a seemingly overwhelming task for a handful of men. The real purpose might
have been completely different. The early knights stationed themselves in the stables of Solomon's
Temple and basically conducted a treasure hunt. When they returned, they received a heroes
welcome and were the subject of St. Bernard's attention.
23.3 The founders of the Knights Templar

might have been involved in activities other than protection of pilgrims.
are supposed to have had a knowledge of valuables hidden in Jerusalem.
were held in high esteem by their compatriots.
Bernard of Clairvaux preached so powerfully on behalf of the Christian warriors that he built the
tiny group into an order, rivalling his own Cistercians. The difference was that the Knights Templar
were warrior monks, pledged to the church and their order, answering to no earthly power
otherwise. Young men from wealthy families of Europe flocked to join the order, swearing their
inheritance. Nobles donated land and estates. Soon the Templars grew into Europe's first bank.
- 38 -
23.4 The monks who belonged to the Knights Templar
were devoted Christians and rejected any form of violence.
originated mainly from low social classes.
did not swear obedience to any monarchs or rulers.
Ironically, Templars’ success would contribute to the order's downfall. Nobles became envious of
the wealth and power of the order, but it was not until the Crusading armies lost Jerusalem and the
Templars surrendered the last Christian outpost that anyone would challenge the order. And then
the challenge was so great the order would fail.
23.5 The collapse of the Knights Templar order

was the direct result of the jealousy that their influences caused among
European aristocrats.
ultimately led to Crusaders’ fighting againts each other.
did not occure till the Templars lost all their possessions in the Holy Land.
The debt of King Philip of France to the Templars was great, in terms of both the money they had
lent the king and in saving his life from the mobs of Paris. There was, however, no mutual
admiration between the borrower and the lender. Philip’s hostility to the order induced him to
mount false charges against the Templars and to bring in the Roman Pope. In one fateful day, Friday,
October 13, 1307 the armies of France would attack Templar headquarters and arrest hundreds of
knights. They were tortured until they confessed to any charges made up by their torturers. These
included devil worship, spitting on the Cross and worshipping an idol. Many died during torture,
others were burnt at the stake.
23.6 Philip, the King of France

considered the Templars and the Pope his deadly enemies.
had a debt of gratitude to pay to the Templars.
devised a plot to do away with the Templars in order to avoid having to pay off
his debts.
While the goal of defeating the order had succeeded, the real goal of King Philip had failed. Before
that fateful October day, the Paris Temple, the headquarters of the world's only bank, had been
tipped off. The treasures had been loaded on wagon trains and carried overland to the port of La
Rochelle. There the wealth of the order was placed aboard Templar ships. The Templar fleet then
simply vanished into thin air.
- 39 -
One of the key factors in the growing popularity of tea in England had to do with Thomas
Garraway. He owned a coffeehouse known as Garraway's where he served tea as a drink
with medicinal qualities. Since his coffee house was also a center for trade and business,
he sold tea in bulk as well as by the cup. Coffee houses were hubs of business and trade
news, and patronized entirely by men. This was a big step for tea being sold in coffee houses
and not just at the drugstore.
24.1 In the coffeehouse established by Thomas Garraway

tea was served mainly to men with health problems.
people met to exchange current information of great importance.
one could drink only one cup of tea a day.
Seeing coffeehouses as centers of trade and business, men would go there to do business or
to meet others or to read the newspaper. And, of course, they drank lots of tea. Coffee
houses were very active places for political discussions among the men. Yet, King Charles II
perceived a threat from these coffee houses that permitted men to assemble and discuss
politics. He ordered that all coffee houses be closed right away. His decision was widely
criticized by the people of England and so Charles II had to change his mind, allowing the
coffee houses to reopen.
24.2 King Charles II

did not approve of the meetings that took place in the coffeehouses.
actively participated in the trade and business discussions in the
coffeehouses.
was responsive to his countrymen’s opinions.
Meanwhile the king’s wife, Catherine, had been introduced to tea. Catherine used tea as
a beverage at her court events where it was considered more a beverage than a medicine.
She served tea in her literary circles and this promoted tea to the point where it could be
seen for sale in the markets. By then, tea was a regular trade item and no longer a specialty.
24.3 Thanks to Catherine

tea replaced coffee at meetings at the Royal court.
tea was no longer perceived as a luxury product.
tea became easily available to wider circles of the English society.
With an increasing demand for tea, a trade routine was established between China and
England and it became possible for tea prices to become stable. Meanwhile, coffee
became more difficult to import consistently and prices were not stable. Merchants in
England were much more in favor of promoting tea because of its accessibility. Not only was
- 40 -
tea a stable commodity, but tea leaves could be used again for additional cups of tea or by
the lower classes. Tea was more expensive per pound, but a smaller quantity was needed to
make tea than the amount needed for coffee. Reusing tea leaves was far more acceptable
than reusing those coffee grounds.
24.4 Popularity of tea was growing

due to decreasing availability of coffee.
because of the economical aspect of its use.
despite arising trade conflicts between England and China.
Much later, it became more patriotic to drink tea than coffee since by the early 19th
century, British colonies of Java, India and Sri Lanka were growing tea for use in Britain.
And coffee came from Arabia, which did not have the same links to Great Britain as the tea
producers in India, Java, and Sri Lanka, being colonies at that point. There were difficulties
with getting Chinese tea for a while during this period because of tensions between China
and Britain which resulted in trade restrictions. With increasing tensions between Britain
and China, trade was restricted in 1831 when China allowed foreign merchants to use only
the Canton port.
24.5 By the early 19th century Chinese tea

lost its popularity among English patriots who preferred tea from
other regions.
was also imported by producers from Java, India and Sri Lanka.
could no longer be delivered to England in satisfying quantities.
It wasn't the resumption of trade alone that made more and more tea available. It was the
Clipper ships, with their astounding speed that cut the time in half for transport of tea from
China to the areas of the west. Tea could be received in half the time. That enabled tea prices
to come down. A greater supply of tea pushed the prices down to where the working classes
could afford to buy and enjoy it.
24.6 A greater availability of tea on European market

was possible thanks to progress in seafaring technologies.
enabled people from all circles of society to try its taste.
exerted a great influence on the amount of money people spent on it.
- 41 -
People surround themselves with a ‘bubble’ of personal space that they claim as their own, and
they tend to become stressed when other people invade their ‘bubble’. Our personal space protects
us from interference and helps us feel comfortable when we communicate with other people.
How far we prefer to be from others depends on who they are and the environment we are in. The
people who we interact with tend to have the same preferences as us so we may not usually notice
that we carefully maintain the same physical distance from each other during an interaction.
However, we may feel odd or uncomfortable if someone else ‘breaks the rules’ by being too close
or too far away.
25.1 People tend to maintain a distance from other people

because it helps avoid the discomfort of having one’s privacy disturbed.
the range of which is determined by their relationship and circumstances.
without being aware that they are also approached with reserve of the same kind.
The nature of the social situation determines the proximity people maintain to others. People try to
maintain a balance between being uncomfortably close to and awkwardly distant from the people
with whom they are interacting. Friends typically stand closer to each other than acquaintances,
people who are attracted to each other stand closer than those who are not and those that wish to
appear friendly tend to choose smaller interpersonal distances.
25.2 The extent of distance that interacting people maintain

does not matter in the case of those who know each other very well.
reflects a person’s attitude toward his or her interlocutor.
may cause emotional discomforts if it is too big or too small.
There is some variation in how rigidly social distance is applied. We may allow ‘nearstrangers, such
as doctors, dentists and hairdressers, into our intimate distance zone as physical contact is
a necessary part of our interactions with them. People may be prepared to modify their response to
the proximity of others when the physical environment prevents them from maintaining preferred
social distance, as when travelling in a lift or on a crowded train.
25.3 If there is no possibility of maintaining the appropriate distance, people

usually adjust their attitude to the conditions thy are in.
try to avoid interactions at all costs.
keep it as remote as possible.
In addition, there are considerable cultural and individual differences in what is considered
appropriate social distance. Failure to maintain appropriate social distance results in psychological
discomfort for the person who feels their space has been invaded. The source of this discomfort is
increased autonomic irritation, which can result in the experience of anxiety.
- 42 -
Men and women define and use their personal space differently, although there is considerable
variation between and within cultures. It has been found that two men interacting prefer greater
social distance than two women, who in turn prefer a greater distance than a male-female interaction.
Still, it might be expected that people in a romantic relationship will tend to sit closer to each
other, regardless of their sexual orientation. Trends in gender and personal space are not clearly
recognizable except when other factors, such as ethnicity, age and relationship are accounted for.
25.4 People may usually accept a closer social distance

if they are of mixed sexes.
even though their relationship is not emotional.
when they are a loving couple of the same sex.
As with many aspects of social behaviour, there are distinct differences between cultures in what is
considered an appropriate distance for conducting different types of social exchanges. These
differences become noticeable when members of different cultural groups interact. Similar
differences can be observed between people from different cultural regions. For instance, North
Americans and Northern Europeans prefer the largest interpersonal differences while Southern
Europeans tend to stand closer. The closest conversational distances are found between people from
Arab and Latin American backgrounds. Such differences have important consequences, especially in
a world where contact between members of different cultures is frequent, for example in business.
25.5 Which of the pairs is/are more likely to get along in business?
Northern Europeans and North Americans
Southern Europeans and Latin Americans
Arabs and Southern Europeans
A North American typically prefers social distance of more than one meter whereas a Pakistani
would typically stand closer to a conversational partner. As each attempts to shift to a comfortable
distance, the Pakistani ends up feeling that the American is distant and unfriendly whilst the
American feels that the Pakistani is overfamiliar. Such perceptions could have consequences for the
outcome of their business discussions and examples like this highlight the need for sensitivity
towards the expectations of other cultures.
25.6 Both a North American and a Pakistani

may fail in business relations unless they suit their social distance to the
range accepted by people they interact with.
should become aware of the background and customs of their foreign business
partners.
usually find it hard to do business with nations that present different expectations
in the field of social proximity.
- 43 -
TEKST 26 Przeczytaj fragment tekstu, a następnie wybierz odpowiedni tytuł
dla każdego akapitu.
A. Living the life of a gladiator.

26.1 B. Life and death on the Roman arena.
Ancient Roman gladiatorial combat was famed for its brutality and spectacle, with man and
beast alike fighting for glory, freedom and, ultimately, survival. Throughout the Roman Empire,
gladiatorial combat was one of the most watched and celebrated forms of popular
entertainment. Men, women and animals shed each other’s blood in a fierce arena where,
more often than not, there were only ever two basic choices: to kill or be killed.
A. From religious rituals to official feasts.

26.2 B. Glorification of the victorious emperor.
Roman gladiatorial combat emerged in the 3rd century BC in Campania, southern Italy, as part
of funeral practices, with combat-simulated or not – put on as part of commemorations. It quickly
evolved, growing in both stature and lavishness with increasingly large celebrations. By the 1st
century it peaked with the adoption of gladiatorial combat into state-held games – extravagant,
month-long celebrations put on for victories, coronations and religious dates. This upscaling in
the size of the events led to the creation of dedicated gladiatorial schools, where slaves,
convicts and prisoners were forced to fight.
A. The way of a gladaitor.

26.3 B. Slavery in ancient Rome.
The gladiator schools were run by a school head who would acquire potential gladiators, then
house and train them over a series of months or even years. The school would then either lease
or sell gladiators to the state or private families. Nobles often invested in them and were
encouraged to as it was seen as an acceptable business for the upper classes. Interestingly,
while it was deemed proper for the aristocracy to own gladiators, the heads of gladiatorial
schools were perceived as lowly members of society, with most referred to as nothing more
than common slavers.
A. The origins of the gladius - a gladiator’s sword.

26.4 B. Variety for the show.
Gladiator training was equally complex. Far from each person solely being trained to fight with
a simple sword and shield, in fact individuals were categorized into a number of gladiatorial
types, each differing in arms, apparel, armour, accessories and technique. Indeed, records show
that there were over 20 different kinds of gladiator, ranging from retiarius net fighters, through
- 44 -
to cestus fist-fighters and on to dimachaerus dual-weapon fighters, among many others.
Importantly, specific gladiators were paired against others of their same class, or those from
one that complemented them, the latter designed to provide greater entertainment.
A. Mastery of the arena construction.

26.5 B. Scenarios for the bloodthirsty crowd.
Upon arriving at an arena, gladiators were stored in cells near to or under the playing field.
Here they could prepare for their upcoming match, select their weapons at an armoury, and
then be transported via a walkway or elevator to the arena proper. Matches varied in
complexity, ranging from straight gladiator-on-gladiator bouts, which could end in death for
the loser if so decreed by the crowd or emperor, gladiator-on-animal fights, or historically
inspired team fights, where groups of gladiators would attack each other as a part of war or
battle re-enactment.
A. More than a slave slaughter.

26.6 B. The weight of the emperor’s thumb.
Importantly though, gladiatorial games did not simply involve gladiators fighting one another.
On the contrary, a vast array of events and activities were held within the arena, ranging from
animal hunts to musical recitals, theatrical plays to straight-out executions, announcements
and raids into the arena by the emperor himself.
- 45 -
Body language refers to the nonverbal signals that we use to communicate. These nonverbal signals
make up a huge part of daily communication. From our facial expressions to our body movements,
the things we don't say can still convey volumes of information. Body language is thought to account
for between 50 to 70 percent of all communication.
A. Sincerity painted on the face

27.1 B. Putting on a brave face.
Just a single facial expression can convey a definite message that is easy to decipher. A smile can
indicate approval or happiness, while a frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness. In some cases,
facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a particular situation. While you may say that
you are feeling fine, the look on your face may tell people otherwise. Examples of emotions that can
be expressed via facial expressions include happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear or
confusion. Facial expressions are also among the most universal forms of body language. The ones
used to convey fear, anger, sadness, and happiness are similar throughout the world.
A. The eyes that speak volumes.

27.2 B. The good of having eyes in the back of your head.
The eyes are frequently referred to as the ‘windows to the soul’ since they are capable of revealing
a great deal about what a person is feeling or thinking. As you get engaged in a conversation with
another person, taking note of eye movements is a natural and important part of the communication
process. Some common things you may note is whether people are making direct eye contact or
averting their gaze, how much they are blinking, or if their pupils are dilated. When a person looks
directly into your eyes during a conversion, it indicates that they are interested and paying attention.
However, prolonged eye contact can feel threatening. On the other hand, breaking eye contact and
frequently looking away may indicate that the person is distracted, uncomfortable, or trying to
conceal his or her real feelings.
A. Who pays lip service to whom?

27.3 B. Mouthful of genuineness.
Mouth expressions and movements can also be essential in reading body language. For example,
chewing on the bottom lip may indicate that the individual is experiencing worry, fear or insecurity.
Smiling is perhaps one of the greatest body language signals, but smiles can also be interpreted in
many ways. A smile may be genuine or it may be used to express false happiness or even cynicism.
- 46 -
A. How rude can you be with your gesticulation?
27.4 B. Can your signs betray your origin?
Gestures can be some of the most direct and obvious body language signals. Waving, pointing, and
using the fingers to indicate numerical amounts are very common and easy to understand gestures.
Some gestures may be cultural. Giving a thumbs-up or a peace sign might have a completely different
meaning in various cultures. A clenched fist can indicate anger or solidarity. Thumbs up and thumbs
down are often used as gestures of approval and disapproval. The ‘Perfect’ gesture, made by
touching together the thumb and index finger in a circle while extending the other three fingers can
be used to mean okay. In some parts of Europe, however, the same signal is used to imply you are
nothing. In some South American countries, the symbol is actually a vulgar gesture.
A. Mistakes that can cost you an arm and a leg.

27.5 B. Decoding the limbs.
The arms and legs can also be useful in conveying nonverbal information. Crossing the arms can
indicate defensiveness. Crossing legs away from another person may indicate dislike or discomfort
with that individual. Other subtle signals such as expanding the arms widely may be an attempt to
seem larger or more commanding, while keeping the arms close to the body may be an effort to
minimize oneself or withdraw from attention. Rapidly tapping fingers or fidgeting can be a sign that
a person is bored, impatient or frustrated. Crossed legs can indicate that a person is feeling closed
off or in need of privacy.
A. Strike a pose and make yourself clear.

27.6 B. Keeping up the appearances.
How we hold our bodies can also serve as an important part of body language. The term posture
refers to how we hold our bodies as well as overall physical form of an individual. Posture can convey
a load of information about how a person is feeling as well as hints about personality characteristics,
such as whether a person is confident, open or submissive. Sitting up straight may indicate that
a person is focused and paying attention to what's going on. Sitting with the body hunched forward,
on the other hand, can imply that the person is bored or indifferent.
- 47 -
The presence of paper money in a wallet seems obvious and exchanging it for any goods
and services is taken for granted these days. But the banknote has had its share of ups
and downs. It owes its current strong standing to having won the war against gold. But
how did a piece of paper come to carve out such a spectacular career for itself?
A. A discovery that made life lighter.

28.1 B. The riches of the Great Emperor.
The reason why people invented money can be easily summed up in a single word:
weight. It all began in China where coin had holes in them and were strung together.
The rich had strings of money so heavy they could hardly carry them. They eventually
took to depositing their coins against receipts. These notes, issued in the name of the
owner, constituted the world’s first paper money. In the 13th century Europe was first
acquainted with an enthusiastic report on this peculiar kind of money from Marco Polo
who devoted an entire chapter of his book to explaining why ‘The Great Chan does have
more wealth than enyone else in the world’. Still, Europe treated this revelation as an
amusing ethnographic curiosity.
A. The atrocities of the Swedish invasion over Poland.

28.2 B. Inventiveness born of a costly war.
It was not until the 17th century that Europe began to see the virtues of paper money.
Swedish territorial expansion over Poland, no matter how successful it was, in fact
depleted the coffers back in Stockholm. Sweden was in financial ruin. The government
decided to deal with its shortfall of gold and silver by issuing coins of readily accessible
copper. The problem was that in those days the face value of a coin had to reflect its
intrinsic value, so copper coins were way too large for money bags. The looked like
huge trays and weighed up to 20 kg. And once again weight became the mother of
invention. The Swedish National Bank served as a depository and the receipts that it
issued transformed into paper money. Banknotes were initially used as substitutes for
large denomination coins. The number of zeros, however, soon became too big to handle.
A. The failure of the French banking system.

28.3 B The greed that inspired a genius.
It was John Law, Scottish economist and gambler, who first exploited the fact that
banknotes need not be fully backed by precious metal. When paper money was in its
infancy, it depended on the weight of the coins it backed, but its later career took a much
- 48 -
more speculative turn. France’s first banknotes were bonds issued by John Law’s
Mississipi Company and were covered by the fabulous gold deposits in America. When
the news broke that there were more bonds issued than there was gold to pay them, Paris
exploded and Law barely escaped public lynching. Yet, the logic of the machinery that he
set in motion was unstoppable.
A. Losing the life savings.

28.4 B When the two fell apart.
Replacement of real money with symbolic gold soon resulted in there being less gold in
treasuries than there was paper money in circulation. Paper money began to drift further
away from gold and, in the period between the two world wars, the two became separated
for ever. This is how the world’s first hyperinflation came about. Soon in many countries
paper money became worthless and was nothing but heaps of rubbish swept off the
streets. After years of struggle to fix the price of gold, US President Nixon finally
announced that money would no longer be convertible for gold. The link was broken once
and for all.
A. Advance shared by people and their money.

28.5 B The uncertain future of banknotes.
Banknotes not tied to gold have one major advantage - size does not have to reflect value.
Countries can easily issue notes the size of a postage stamp or a notebook page. And the
face value can also be related to the image of someone or something important printed on
the banknote, take for instance the images of the Polish kings from Mieszko I to Sigismund
the Old. However, money is also subject to the process of evolution. Once, gold and silver
were replaced with cheaper copper. These in turn were ousted by paper which is now
feeling the icy winds of the plastic cards and virtual money. And although bank accounts
still function as deposits, large numbers of zeros are only seen now on computer screens.
- 49 -
Never before have there been so many people living far away from their native countries.
Poor living conditions, violence and armed conflicts, environmental problems, a lack of
economic perspectives and the growing gap between rich and poor countries: all these
factors play their part. Global mobility and the new media likewise have a great influence on
current migration trends.
A. Immigrants pose a threat to native communities.

29.1 B. Movement of nations greater than ever.
Since man has been on earth, ethnic groups have again and again travelled to other regions
in the world hoping to find a better basis for existence there. In recent centuries wars have
repeatedly triggered mass displacements of refugees. In recent decades global migration has
reached a hitherto unknown level. Surveys conducted by international organizations have
concluded that currently over 175 million people are living far away from their native
countries. 19,2 million people are considered to be "refugees" or "displaced persons".
A. Diversities that generate the urge to migrate.

29.2 B. Why the poor outnumber the rich.
The term ‘migrant’ denotes a person living outside his or her native country. Many leave
their homes because there are not enough fertile pastures and arable land, food, water, work
or other fundamental requirements. The consequences of environmental catastrophes, such
as drought or floods, can also force thousands to leave their native countries. Today roughly
two thirds of the world’s population live in economically poor countries. The growing gap
between rich and poor is the most significant driving force for global migration. In 1960 the
income of the richest fifth of the world’s population was on average 30 times higher than the
poorest fifth. By the year 1990 it was already 60 times higher.
A. Obstacles to industrial development.

29.3 B. Economic stagnation behind the increasing birth rate.
The enormous rate of population growth and the poor perspectives for economic
development in some regions give rise to a tremendous migratory pressure. Third World and
former Soviet Union countries lack capital and know-how. In some countries, debts absorb
a major part of the economic power. Falling raw material prices as well as the customs
barriers and import restrictions imposed by the industrialized countries prevent the advance
of viable export industries. Unstable economic policy, a lack of legal stability and widespread
- 50 -
corruption discourage investors and concerns from locating their long-term industrial
projects in such countries.
A. Organizations obliged to protect the human rights.

29.4 B. Victims of violence and abuse.
The term ‘refugee’ is used to describe people who are persecuted on account of their race,
religion, ethnic group or political conviction. Persons whose freedom or lives are threatened
in this sense have a right to protection by foreign countries on the basis of international
conventions. ‘Displaced persons’ are not fleeing from individual persecution but from
escalating violence threatening large parts of the population in a certain region or country.
A. Unwelcome visitors that stir up hostility.

29.5 B. Refugee camps as of a hotbed of rebellions and epidemics.
Those affected by such conflicts mostly flee in large numbers to safe regions in
their native land or in a neighbouring country. In order to prevent unrest, hunger,
disease and other problems, they are frequently accommodated in refugee camps.
The reception and care of large influxes of refugees severely undermine the
resources of the states concerned. Refugee camps with tens of thousands of
strangers often arouse feelings of insecurity in the host country’s population. This
can lead to political instability in the country concerned, provoking new conflicts.
A. The world without borders.

29.6 B. The need to control and limit global immigration.
Tourism, television and the Internet all enhance the attractiveness of migration. They make
the poorest aware of the wealth of the rich. The growth of air travel facilitates journeys to
far-away industrialized countries. So far only a fraction of those willing to consider migration
have actually been able to travel to their preferred destination on other continents. But this
could soon change since successful emigrants transfer a considerable share of their income
to their relatives at home. As a result, more and more people can afford to travel to distant
countries. Asylum seekers prefer countries where many of their fellow-countrymen already
live. In simple terms this means: migration generates further migration.
- 51 -
Geronimo was born of the Bedonkohe Apache tribe in No-doyohn Canon in June 1829 in Arizona.
The fourth in a family of four boys and four girls, he was called Goyathlay - One Who Yawns. In
1846, when he was seventeen, he was admitted to the Council of the Warriors, which allowed
him to marry. Soon, he received permission and married a woman named Alope. The couple had
three children.
A. A slaughter that was never to have occurred.

30.1 B. From friendship to murder.
In the mid 1850s, the tribe, who was at peace with the Mexican towns and neighboring Indian
tribes, travelled into Old Mexico where they would trade. Camping outside a Mexican town they
called Kas-ki-yeh, they stayed for several days. Leaving a few warriors to guard the camp, the rest
of the men went into town to trade. When they were returning from town, they met several
women and children who told them that Mexican troops had attacked their camp. They returned
to camp to find their guard warriors killed, and their horses, supplies and arms gone. Even worse,
many of their women and children had been killed as well. Among those that lay dead were
Goyathlay’s wife, mother, and three children.
A. Unbridled fury.
30.2 B. Bloody conquest.
It was the slaughter of his family that turned him from a peaceful Indian into a bold warrior. As
a result, he hated all Mexicans for the rest of his life. Soon, he joined a fierce band of Apache
known as Chiricahua and with them took part in numerous raids in northern Mexico and across
the border into U.S. territory which are now known as the states of New Mexico and Arizona. It
was those Mexican adversaries that gave him the nickname of "Geronimo", the Spanish version of
the name "Jerome".
A. The doomed destiny of the Apaches.

30.3 B. The moving spirit of a rebellion.
Geronimo fought against both Mexicans and white settlers as they began to colonize much of the
Apache homelands. In 1876 the U.S. government attempted to move the Chiricahua from their
traditional home to the San Carlos Reservation, a barren wasteland in east-central Arizona,
described as "Hell's Forty Acres." Deprived of traditional tribal rights, short on rations and
homesick they revolted. Spurred by Geronimo, hundreds of Apaches left the reservation and fled
to Mexico, soon resuming their war against the whites.
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A. The merciless white men.
30.4 B. A narrow escape from the edge.
Geronimo and his followers began ten years of raids against white settlements, alternating with
periods of peaceful farming on the San Carlos reservation. In 1882, General George Crook
conducted a campaign against the Apache. Geronimo surrendered in January 1884, but, spurred
by rumors of impending trials and hangings, took flight from the San Carlos Reservation on May
17, 1885, accompanied by 35 warriors, and 109 other men, women and children.
A. The concluding stage of the lifelong campaign.

30.5 B. A defied ultimatum.
Five months and 1,600 miles later Geronimo was tracked to his camp in Mexico's Sonora
Mountains. Exhausted, and hopelessly outnumbered, Geronimo surrendered on March 27, 1886
at Canon de Los Embudos in Sonora, Mexico. His band consisted of a handful of warriors, women
and children. At a conference on September 3, 1886, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona, General Miles
induced Geronimo to surrender once again, promising him that, after an indefinite exile in Florida,
he and his followers would be permitted to return to Arizona.
A. Unfulfilled promise of a revenge.

30.6 B. A savage warrior tamed into an enchanting celebrity.
The promise was never kept. Geronimo and his fellow prisoners were shipped by boxcars to
Florida for imprisonment and put to hard labour. It was May 1887 before he saw his family.
As years passed, stories of Geronimo's ferocity made him into a legend that fascinated non-Indians
and Indians alike. As a result, he appeared at numerous fairs, selling souvenirs and photographs of
himself. In 1905 he was quite the sensation when he appeared in President Theodore Roosevelt's
inaugural parade. Geronimo dictated his memoirs, published in 1906 as Geronimo's Story of His
Life. Never having seen his homeland of Arizona again, Geronimo died of pneumonia on February
17, 1909 and was buried in the Apache cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
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MATURA
Rozpoznawanie struktur
gramatyczno-leksykalnych
Test luk sterowanych
Test luk sterowanych stanowi część egzaminu pisemnego na poziomie
rozszerzonym. Test sprawdza umiejętność rozpoznawania struktur gramatyczno-
leksykalnych. Zadanie polega na wybraniu jednej odpowiedzi, która w sposób
logiczny i poprawny gramatycznie uzupełni treść całego zdania lub wypowiedzi.
Najczęściej sprawdzanymi formami w zadaniach tego typu są kolokacje, czyli
związki frazeologiczne, rozmaite zwroty, idiomy, wyrażenia przyimkowe,
elementy gramatyczne i leksykalne. Zadania mają formę pojedynczych zdań
oraz dłuższych tekstów, w których należy uzupełnić/wybrać poprawny brakujący
element.
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ZADANIE 1 Przeczytaj przykłady. Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź a, b, c lub d,
aby otrzymać logiczne i poprawne gramatycznie zdanie.
1. It doesn't make much …………………… to send a message in a bottle.

a) right b) sense c) well d) reason
2. It's not …………………… asking Peter's advice. He knows nothing.
a) use b) advantage c) point d) worth
3. Mr Roth was the first to …………………… for the vacant position.
a) apply b) enquire c) order d) demand
4. Uncle Ross is a …………………… smoker. He smokes two packets a day.
a) habitual b) continual c) frequent d) permanent
5. Last night, the poor woman …………………… birth to her eighth child.
a) made b) delivered c) gave d) took
6. Once you leave, who's going to be in …………………… of the Public Relations
department?
a) power b) charge c) rule d) responsibility
7. As a child I was always …………………… for what my younger brother had done.
a) complained b) disapproved c) faulted d) blamed
8. It's biting cold outside. We'd …………………… you to stay and play at home.
a) rather b) better c) prefer d) more
9. I didn't switch off my mobile phone just in …………………… I was looked for by
my boss.
a) case b) way c) occurrence d) event
10. This marvellous mountainous landscape …………………… me of the village I
grew up in.
a) memorises b) reminds c) resembles d) remembers
11. As …………………… as I know, this marble statue is not genuine.
a) wide b) long c) far d) near
12. It's the only map we have. …………………… that you don't lose it.
a) Think b) Mind c) Bother d) Regard
13. I didn't see the whole occurrence. I just managed to catch a ……………..…… of it.
a) glimpse b) look c) sight d) view
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14. Does it make a big …………………… if I pay you in dollars instead of pounds?
a) variation b) contrast c) opposition d) difference
15. Take Dorothy's advice. She's got a lot of …………………… sense.
a) common b) real c) popular d) wide
16. I suggested ………………………. to this letter as soon as possible.
a) Mark to reply b) to Mark replying
c) that Mark reply d) replying by Mark
17. By next Sunday, our children ………………………. at the camp for ten days.
a) will have been staying b) will be staying
c) will have been stayed d) will stay
18. We'd rather ………………………. the wire. It may be live.
a) that you don't touch b) you shouldn't touch
c) you not to touch d) you didn't touch
19. The boy cried because he ………………………. to play with the other children.
a) hadn't been allowed b) hadn't been allowing
c) hadn't allowed d) hadn't to allow
20. All of the candidates ………………………. their physical strength.
a) were making display b) made to display
c) were made to display d) were made display
21. Neither she nor he ………………………. the police what had really happened.
a) did tell b) told
c) did not tell d) were told
22. Look at the sky. It's ………………………. soon.
a) unlikely that will rain b) unlikely to rain
c) unlikely raining d) likely not to rain
23. Susan is always so extravagant. She ………………………. a celebrity.
a) behaves to be b) behaves as if she were
c) behaves that she is d) behaves being
24. Would you mind ………………………. at your drawings for a while?
a) me to let the students to look b) that I will let the students look
c) my letting the students look d) to me letting the students look
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25. Unless ………………………. us the whole truth, we won't let her go.
a) she tells b) does she not tell
c) does she tell d) she doesn't tell
26. Close the windows please. This horrible noise is …………………… me crazy.
a) riding b) running c) moving d) driving
27. Hadn't you …………………… wait for the final decision before you change
your mind?
a) rather b) better c) more d) still
28. We'd like all of you to ………………... what you've just heard into consideration.
a) take b) lay c) think d) bring
29. Brian says he is …………………… of dealing with this difficult task successfully.
a) able b) clever c) capable d) skillful
30. We have asked our teacher to ………………... writing the test until next week.
a) postpone b) abandon c) prevent d) hinder
31. An investigation was …………………… after the confidential files had been
smuggled out of the country.
a) fired b) burst c) ejected d) launched
32. In …………………… of torrential rains, several villages were completely under
water.
a) reason b) outcome c) result d) cause
33. We'd ………………… our children not to take part in this exhausting excursion.
a) prefer b) favour c) rather d) like
34. Ms Higgins usually writes business letters on her boss's …………………… .
a) authority b) name c) behalf d) reference
35. It …………………… me that you are satisfied with your new occupation.
a) enjoys b) pleases c) contents d) appreciates
36. Let's take torches. They may come in …………………… when we go down the
cave.
a) usage b) helpful c) advantage d) handy
37. Cindy is much more intelligent in …………………… with her older sisters.
a) comparison b) likelihood c) opposition d) similarity
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38. David is in charge here. It's …………………… to him whether we will stop at
this point or make another movement.
a) on b) up c) down d) about
39. The charges have …………………… doubt on the minister's credibility.
a) dropped b) thrown c) cast d) launched
40. Like his grandfather and his father, Thomas hopes to ………………… a success
in medical research.
a) reach b) capture c) achieve d) acquire
41. Let's invite all our schoolmates to the party, ………………….. we?
a) do b) shall c) don't d) will
42. It was nice of Tom ………………….. us about the changes in the schedule.
a) has informed b) informing c) to have informed d) having informed
43. Mr Grant says he doesn't mind ………………….. his snow shovel.
a) our borrowing b) us borrow c) to our borrowing d) to borrow us
44. If only I had known about your problems, I ………………….. there to help you.
a) could be b) was to be c) might be d) would have been
45. ………………….. of us volunteered to rake the fallen leaves.
a) Nobody b) None c) No d) Not anybody
46. Somebody scratched his car with a stone, ………………….. made him furious.
a) which b) that c) so d) what
47. This book was ………………….. interesting that I couldn't stop reading it.
a) such an b) so c) such d) so an
48. Don't go out until you ………………….. cleaning all the rooms in the house.
a) have finished b) will finish c) have been finishing d) finished
49. Somebody has suggested that the canteen ………………….. .
a) were subsidized b) be subsidized c) subsidizes d) to be subsidized
50. We'd rather you ………………….. anybody what you have heard from us.
a) didn't tell b) not to tell c) not telling d) haven't told
51. This skyscraper is known ………………….. since the eighties.
a) to be building b) having been built c) to have been built d) to build
52. Your photos won't be good unless ………………….. more light in the room.
a) to be b) there is c) it will be d) isn't
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53. James Watts, ………………….. , isn't so strong in fact.
a) who you are afraid of b) of that you afraid
c) whom you are afraid d) that you afraid of are
54. What's the point of ………………….. by an engineer? I can do the repairs myself.
a) removing the faults b) having removed the faults
c) being removed the faults d) having the faults removed
55. Under no circumstances ………………….. open the door to strangers.
a) must you not b) you may not
c) shouldn't you d) are you allowed to
56. Mr Turner is known to have a(n) ………………… for cigars.
a) favour b) approval c) fondness d) affection
57. …………………….. to torrential rains, the next round of the golf tournament has
been postponed.
a) Due b) Because c) Resulting d) Subject
58. This handwriting is ………………… . I can't read what it says.
a) eligible b) illiterate c) illegible d) liable
59. Had it ever ………………… to you that you might have been under observation?
a) realized b) occurred c) imagined d) assumed
60. The policemen wear bullet-proof jackets for ………………… of being shot.
a) safety b) danger c) case d) fear
61. In the reporters' opinion, the Russian fighter doesn't ………………… a chance of
beating the American champion.
a) stand b) go c) sit d) lie
62. The accused man says he is eager to ………………… his case in court.
a) refer b) talk c) state d) speak
63. Thanks for your dropping the ………………… . Without it, I would have failed the
test.
a) hint b) suggestion c) tip d) advice
64. Unfortunately, there's no ………………… to the museum on Mondays.
a) acceptance b) allowance c) availability d) admission
65. You will catch a cold if you keep walking with your jacket ………………… .
a) unlocked b) unfit c) undone d) undertaken
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66. It's pointless to ask Fiona for help. She's rather ………………… to our problems.
a) indifferent b) unconcerned c) disaffected d) irrelevant
67. We've devised a provisional plan of action and so it is ……………… to changes.
a) potential b) subject c) possible d) liable
68. The ultimate ………………… of his operation was easy to predict. He never
makes good decisions.
a) outline b) outbreak c) outcome d) output
69. I've missed a few weeks from school. I'm afraid I won't be able to ………………
up on everything.
a) run b) catch c) seize d) hold
70. Will you ………………… a hand with the renovation work on Saturday?
a) lend b) provide c) contribute d) borrow
71. Hadn't …………… immediate rescue action, the injured driver would have died.
a) there been John's b) it been for John's
c) John been to an d) been there John's
72. The police ………………… the stolen jewels, but their action was a failure.
a) was having to recover b) were to be recovering
c) were to have recovered d) was to have been recovered
73. Tom's rather inexperienced and therefore we ……………………the task alone.
a) don't want him to do b) want him not to do
c) want him to not do d) do not want that he do
74. Is the exhibition of fossils worth …………………….. ?
a) being taken the children to b) to take the children to
c) to take the children to it d) taking the children to
75. It wasn't until last week …………………….. pregnant.
a) that we learnt Marcy was b) did we learn that Marcy was
c) for us to learn that Marcy is d) we didn't learn that Marcy was
76. Rather than …………………….. by a professional plumber.
a) repairing the leak myself I would do it
b) repair the leak myself I would have it done
c) to repair the leak myself I would do it
d) having repaired the leak myself I would have done it
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77. The leader says Alan …………………….. well in the group.
a) doesn't hardly seem doing b) hardly seems to be doing
c) seems hard to have been doing d) seems hardly that he is doing
78. Joe is so boring. He does nothing …………………….. silly jokes about blondes.
a) than telling b) only telling
c) except to tell d) but tell
79. She is used to …………………….. and that's why she's so conceited.
a) being looked up to b) be looking up to her
c) being looking up to d) her looking up to
80. He's certain to have done it, but is he …………………….. ?
a) the only blaming one b) only the one for blame
c) the only one to blame d) the only one who blames
81. Listen carefully so you may …………………….. correct conclusions.
a) draw b) resolve c) decide d) conclude
82. The argument I had with Rick …………………….. me feel bad.
a) caused b) did c) led d) made
83. Look what you've done to your little sister. You should be …………………… of
yourself.
a) sorry b) embarrassed c) humiliated d) ashamed
84. I read newspapers everyday to …………………… abreast of the global politics.
a) have b) keep c) stand d) hold
85. Emergency exits are to be used in the …………………….. of a fire.
a) occurrence b) point c) matter d) event
86. We're very ………………… to our old house. We wouldn't like to live anywhere
else.
a) fond b) related c) attached d) fixed
87. We always unite and work together whenever serious problems …………………
a) arise b) devise c) approach d) encounter
88. You can't expect to win the competition. Your drawings are ……………………
near as professional as the other painters' ones.
a) never b) nothing c) nowhere d) nobody
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89. The bank director has been arrested on …………………… of fraud allegations.
a) reason b) suspicion c) account d) means
90. Raul and I …………………….. responsibility for the project. That's why we
cooperate so closely.
a) combine b) divide c) share d) associate
91. Before meeting the President, you have to make a(n) …………………….. .
a) engagement b) appointment c) reservation d) booking
92. Monica and Mandy are identical twins. Only their parents can ……………………
them apart.
a) speak b) tell c) say d) talk
93. All of the accused have been …………………….. guilty of the robbery.
a) found b) decided c) revealed d) appeared
94. You may use our facilities freely. They are all at your …………………….. .
a) disposition b) dispossession c) display d) disposal
95. We were on the ………………… of going out when Adam phoned and told us
the party had been cancelled.
a) point b) spot c) moment d) time
96. Suddenly, Sarah became a famous person. But after some time she started to
hate it as she …………………….. followed by paparazzi all the time.
a) used not to be b) wasn't used to being
c) did not use to being d) wasn't used to be
97. Not only …………………… the yard but we were also reprimanded strongly by
the headmaster.
a) he made us to clean b) he made us cleaning
c) were we made to clean d) we were made to clean
98. The room upstairs ………………... by Friday but they didn't even start the job.
a) was having to wallpaper b) has had to be wallpapered
c) was to have been wallpapered d) was to wallpaper
99. Despite …………………… penalties for delays, the manufacturer has made no
improvement in methods of shipment for months.
a) having to pay b) of their having to pay
c) to have to pay d) they have to pay
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100. Andrew Hamilton, …………………… , was the first professional racer to have
won three championship titles in a row.
a) of that you remind me of b) who you remind me of
c) whom you remind me d) that you remind to me of
101. Michael …………………….. the carpet. It had already been beaten by Chris.
a) needn't to have beaten b) didn't need beating
c) needed not to beat d) needn't have beaten
102. Unpredictable …………………….. , Jack can also act in a very rational way.
a) though he may seem to be b) he seems to may be
c) does he seem to be d) as may he seem to be
103. The more make-up she puts on, …………………….. .
a) she looks less attractive b) less attractive does she look
c) the less attractive she looks d) the less she looks attractive
104. The older boy admitted …………………….. him his pocket money.
a) making the younger one give b) to have made the younger one to give
c) to make the younger one give d) having made the younger one giving
105. …………………….. return home so quickly, we'd have seen the rest of the
performance.
a) If we didn't have to b) Not having had to
c) Had we not to d) Hadn't we had to
106. It's been announced that the officer will …………….. trial for leaking secret
data to the enemy's intelligence.
a) walk b) sit c) run d) stand
107. When the game …………….. to an end, hundreds of fans ran into the pitch.
a) reached b) came c) arrived d) entered
108. The Frenchman is going to make …………….. at climbing Ben Nevis, which is
1,343 metres high.
a) an attempt b) a trial c) a probation d) a test
109. I don't like Brian’s company too much. He's a …………….. bore to me.
a) cracking b) crashing c) crawling d) crushing
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110. The responsibility that he has to …………….. is tremendous. That's why he's
paid so much.
a) shoulder b) hand c) arm d) chest
111. It's unreasonable to estimate someone on the …………….. of just one opinion.
a) background b) base c) basis d) basement
112. The passengers were asked to put on life belts for the ……………of their safety.
a) risk b) sake c) care d) point
113. More people would buy in your shop if you …………... more importance to the
quality of service.
a) connected b) linked c) related d) attached
114. A great number of scientists and nature lovers have …………….. against
performing experiments on animals.
a) refused b) disagreed c) protested d) opposed
115. At first, I said I wouldn't like to be a freelancer, but on second …………….. it
appeared to me it wasn't a bad idea.
a) thoughts b) mind c) feeling d) views
116. The film star firmly objected to ………………… during the press conference.
a) be photographed b) being photographed
c) being photographing d) photograph her
117. As we considered …………………….. we decided to hire it without even
negotiating the monthly rent with the landlord.
a) the room being spacious sufficiently b) that the room be enough spacious
c) the room to be sufficiently spacious d) enough spacious the room to be
118. After ………………… by their father three times, the children finally stopped
being unruly.
a) reprimanding them b) having been reprimanded
c) they were being reprimanded d) they had reprimanded
119. Not till the plane landed, …………………….. .
a) did I feel safe b) I didn't feel safe
c) I felt unsafe d) didn't I feel safely
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120. We'd rather …………………….. these heavy suitcases by yourself.
a) you not to lift b) did you not lift
c) you shouldn't lift d) you didn't lift
121. It was wrong of Michael …………………….. by a professional mechanic.
a) not to have had the engine repaired b) having not to repair the engine
c) to haven't had the engine repaired d) not repairing the engine
122. How about …………………….. with us?
a) we let the children to party b) to let the children partying
c) letting the children party d) let the children party
123. The political crisis in the Middle East …………………… into a military conflict
gradually.
a) reports to turn b) is reporting as turning
c) is being reported to being turning d) is reported to be turning
124. The higher you climb, …………………….. in the air.
a) there is less oxygen b) the less oxygen there is
c) is there the less oxygen d) less oxygen is there
125. Isn't it about time …………………….. to provide for yourself?
a) you got accustomed to having b) that you should get accustomed to have
c) for you to accustom to have d) your getting accustomed to having
126. Because they couldn't …………… to wait any more, the protesters undertook
more radical steps.
a) hold b) bear c) suit d) run
127. The new technologies are said to be …………… more environment-friendly than
the ones that most factories in the country use.
a) far b) wide c) deep d) long
128. Mandy has ……...…… with children. That's why she makes a perfect baby-sitter.
a) a method b) an approach c) a manner d) a way
129. I've heard this name several times. It's quite …………… to me.
a) familiar b) accustomed c) knowledgeable d) famous
130. Let's make an order. We're running …………… of our medical supplies.
a) small b) tiny c) short d) low
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131. If his condition gets worse, our dog will have to be …………… in a vet surgery.
a) cured b) healed c) restored d) treated
132. Some students say that professor Norton is a monster. But as a matter of
…………… he is just very demanding.
a) truth b) fact c) reality d) honesty
133. We'd rather Michael stayed in our department. He's …………… great use to us.
a) to b) of c) with d) at
134. The new play by Oliver Woods is going to be …………… by the National Theatre.
a) fulfilled b) displayed c) exhibited d) staged
135. By staying in the area without inoculation you …………… the risk of contracting
an infectious disease like malaria.
a) go b) walk c) run d) stand
136. Rather than …………………….. I would do it myself.
a) having the job to be done by someone b) to have done the job by someone
c) have the job done by someone d) I have to do the job by someone
137. It was odd that the family …………………….. in such a ruin for so long.
a) should have been living b) are to have lived
c) would live d) will have been living
138. …………………….. on, he would have to express his consent.
a) If he was to operate b) Were he to be operated
c) If were he operated d) If he was operating
139. After ………………… his guilt openly by the party leaders, the politician was
advised to step down.
a) he had made to admit b) him making to admit
c) he made admitting d) having been made to admit
140. I said I didn't feel up to …………………, but my boss wouldn't listen to me.
a) complete so a hard task b) have completed such difficult task
c) completing so difficult a task d) complete such a difficult task
141. …………………….. your expertise , I don't agree with your theory.
a) As much do I respect b) Much though I respect
c) Although much I respect d) So much as I respect
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142. …………………….. was the best thing that could happen to me.
a) Having awarded me the prize b) Being awarded to the prize
c) Being awarding the prize d) To have been awarded the prize
143. On no account …………………….. the secret code to anyone.
a) are you allowed to reveal b) you allow to reveal
c) you allowed revealing d) you are allowed to have revealed
144. It's no good …………………….. ; he's not experienced enough.
a) entrusting Paul with the mission b) entrust to Paul the mission
c) to entrust the mission with Paul d) entrusting Paul to the mission
145. Your signing the contract means …………………….. in charge of the whole
branch.
a) your being put b) that you be put
c) to put you d) you putting
146. It's said that the violent demonstrations ……………………… a serious danger
to peace talks in the Middle East.
a) stand b) pose c) display d) act
147. The composer who wrote the symphony will also ……………………… the
orchestra at the opening concert.
a) head b) dispose c) command d) conduct
148. Although they have the same surnames, Christopher and Simon are not
……………………… to each other.
a) familiarized b) associated c) connected d) related
149. You don't need you to explain the problem to me. I know it …………………… .
a) backwards b) upwards c) downwards d) forwards
150. Time and again, I like to ……………………… myself in a little bit of gambling
even though I hardly ever win.
a) indulge b) allow c) permit d) submit
151. Many people have died because of an acute ……………………… of food and
medicines in the poorest regions of Africa.
a) shortfall b) shortage c) shortcoming d) shortcut
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152. Don't be afraid to …………………… your mind whenever you have something
important to say.
a) express b) speak c) tell d) pronounce
153. My grandfather used to say that hard work is the …………………… to achieving
a success in life.
a) recipe b) puzzle c) prospect d) key
154. 'We should …………………… at scoring a goal in the first half of the match.'
the coach explained.
a) try b) aim c) seek d) aspire
155. You know how much …………………… we place in you, son. Don't let us down.
a) dependence b) confidence c) anticipation d) credibility
156. Hadn't it been for the hint Michael dropped, we wouldn't have known what
professor Speck really .............................. to.
a) implied b) meant c) concerned d) referred
157. Apologize to your sister .............................. you'll be made to stay in your room
alone for the whole day, Jim.
a) or else b) nevertheless c) regardless d) as with
158. .............................. to the election, all the candidates clearly defined the goals and
objectives that they were going to accomplish.
a) Beforehand b) Advance c) Forward d) Prior
159. The detective was just going to let the man go freely when it ..............................
on him it was the criminal he had been tracking down for so long.
a) rose b) realized c) dawned d) appeared
160. It's really hard to .............................. between these two photos. They are so
similar.
a) distinguish b) separate c) disconnect d) differ
161. .............................. the brakes or we'll crash into the car in front of us!
a) Set off b) Put on c) Let in d) Bring up
162. For my .............................., I'm not interested in the prize. I just want to have
a good fun at the regatta.
a) side b) point c) outlook d) part
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163. These new regulations are quite absurd. They .............................. many private
garages from making regular profit.
a) restrict b) prevent c) abstain d) withhold
164. The rock band played their greatest hits at their fans' .............................. .
a) demand b) request c) enquiry d) order
165. Because we live within easy .............................. of the city centre, we don't have to
travel to school by bus.
a) range b) distance c) access d) reach
166. Howard ……………………… to do with the financial affair.
a) seems not to have had something b) doesn't seem to have nothing
c) seemed to haven't had anything d) didn't seem to have had anything
167. The more I read the instructions, ……………………… .
a) the less I knew what I was to do b) I knew less what I was to do
c) little did I know what I to do was d) I didn't know what I was to do
168. Hardly ever ……………………… during the war.
a) was there enough food to get by b) there was food enough to get by
c) was enough food to get by d) to get by was there enough food
169. After some time, the secretary got accustomed to ………………… after hours.
a) be made to stay longer b) being made to stay longer
c) being made stay longer d) having been made staying longer
170. No matter ……………………… , Betty wouldn't listen to him.
a) how hardly did Tom try to explain b) as how hard Tom tried explaining
c) if Tom tried to explain hardly d) how hard Tom tried to explain
171. ……………………… , we'd have got stuck in the cave for ever.
a) Hadn't it been for the man's help b) There hadn't been the man's help
c) If had there not been the man's help d) The man hadn't been for help
172. Products …………………… our clients ought not to be on offer any longer.
a) of which quality fails to satisfy b) whose quality fails to satisfy
c) the quality of which fails satisfying d) that quality fails to satisfying
173. The coach insisted ……………………… .
a) us to resume training hardly b) to resume to train hard by us
c) that we resumed to train hard d) on our resuming training hard
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174. I remember ……………………… again.
a) your promising never to smoke b) you to promise to never smoke
c) that you promised never smoking d) you promise to not ever smoke
175. The Chairman wasn't satisfied with the new solutions. ……………………… .
a) Nor weren’t they approved of by the other members of the Council
b) Neither didn't another members of the Council approve of them
c) The others members of the Council didn't approve of them, either
d) Neither they were approved by the other members of the Council
176. Let's bury the …………………… . It's no good arguing all the time.
a) axe b) saw c) hatchet d) knife
177. Stop pulling …………………… over my eyes. Tell me the truth.
a) wool b) cotton c) suede d) threads
178. You're just …………………… hairs. The case isn't worth discussing at all.
a) cutting b) splitting c) pulling d) trimming
179. Once the secret code was deciphered, the allies were able to cook their enemy's
…………………… .
a) duck b) goose c) turkey d) chicken
180. Jim found it really hard to …………………himself together after Susan left him.
a) push b) find c) pull d) grow
181. I promise to deal with your case later. Now, I have other ……………… to fry.
a) fish b) meat c) eggs d) vegetables
182. It was hard to make head or ……………… of what the man was talking about.
a) neck b) back c) nose d) tail
183. You're barking up the wrong …………………… . It’s Gary’s fault, not Ben’s.
a) tree b) wind c) bush d) branch
184. The situation is difficult but we have to take the ………………… by the horns.
a) goat b) deer c) moose d) bull
185. Ron lost the case in court but he did keep a stiff upper …………………… .
a) lid b) ear c) lip d) brow
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ZADANIE 2 Przeczytaj fragment artykułu. Wybierz właściwe słowa, aby
otrzymać logiczny i poprawny gramatycznie tekst.
People who suffer/hurt (1) psychologically from body image issues and feel the need to lose
a lot of weight quickly are the ones to usually try extreme dieting. The main tenet of extreme
dieting is the severe limiting of calorie outcome/intake (2). Because of the severity of the
limiting, extreme diets are almost the same thing like/as (3) starvation, differing only slightly.
Resulting/Due (4) to this perilous approach, even people who go on extreme diets do so with
the understanding that it should only be at the most/best (5) a very short-term commitment.
Ironically, people who go on an extreme diet with the faith/belief (6) that they can lose weight
quickly are in to/for (7) a shock because extreme diets have the opposite effect. Extreme diets
cause a slowing down of your body's metabolic rate. What results/occurs (8) from that is that
more weight is gained after the extreme diet is ended.
On September 19, 1991, one of the most extraordinary discoveries of our century took/had (1)
place in Austria’s Otzal Alps, when two hikers discovered an ice mummy preserved by freezing
/having frozen (2). The analysis of samples of organic tissues has performed/determined (3)
that the Ice Man lived between 3350 and 3100 B.C. The Ice Man died approximately 5200 years
ago. With/At (4) death he was between 40 and 50 and suffered from a number of medical
conditions. He turned/adjusted (5) into a mummy accidentally almost immediately by the
freezing weather conditions that transformed him into the Ice Man. The Ice Man's possessions
have given scientists a better outlook/insight (6) into life during the Neolithic Age in Europe.
Perhaps the most valuable possession, referring/according (7) to many scientists, was his
“medicine kit,” containing/involving (8) a lump of a birch fungus used as a laxative and as
a natural antibiotic.
Enjoyment is what drinking wine is all about. However, the more you know, as/the (1) easier it
becomes to select the right wines for you or your guests. Wine is basically grape juice to that/
which (2) yeast has been added causing it to ferment and produce alcohol. Alcohol is
flavourless, so there must be something more to/in (3) wine than this. Many of the secrets of
wine lie/stand (4) within the grape. Its pulp is a sugar solution which contains the things that
give a wine its fruity flavour. In a dry wine, most of grape's sugar has been converted/replaced
into (5) alcohol. In a sweet one, more sugar is left. This can be felt on the edge/tip (6) of the
tongue. The pulp also contains acidity which gives the wine ''crispness'' that makes the lips/
mouth (7) water. The skin contains flavour and tannin which gives a wine firmness. White
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grapes have their skins removed before fermentation so tannin is only really found in red wines.
The fact that the skins of black grapes are left on while/during (8) the wine is fermented gives
red wine its colour.
The reason people age and die is not that death delivers/serves (1) any biological purpose. In
past times, for example in the Stone Age, when life spans/lengths (2) were so much shorter,
human genes did not evolve to keep people alive for ever. When life was brutal and short,
people were more probably/likely (3) to die in their prime because of an infection or a deadly
accident. There was no point/usage (4) in constructing bodies that might last indefinitely.
Consequently, biologically speaking, people still live with bodies that were designed for the
Stone Age rather if/than (5) the 21st century. This simple fact reveals/perceives (6) the
universal truth about the ageing process. As we live our lives, all kinds of things begin to go
wrong/failed (7) within the cells of our bodies. We have billions of cells, in fact, so it takes
a long time for the damage to harm/spoil (8) us seriously. However, within a longer period of
time, we are unable to undergo/overcome (9) it. The fibres of protein that make our skin and
artery walls elastic are subject/object (10) to changes that lead to loss of that vital
flexibility.
Earthquakes are amongst the most destructive natural/native (1) disasters. They usually
smash/strike (2) without any warning and result/effect (3) in a great fatality/loss (4) of life
and an enormous demolition of buildings. Additionally, they may cause devastating landslides
or create gigantic tidal waves which are collosal walls of water smashing into seashores with
such force that they are capable/potential (5) of destroying coastal cities. However, the vast
majority of fatalities and serious injuries bring/come (6) about when buildings capsize/
collapse (7). Most frequently, the earthquake lasts/passes (8) 30 to 60 seconds, so usually
there is no time to avert/refrain (9) the mortal outcome once the shaking starts. The savage
forces of an earthquake trigger up/off (10) a complex chain reaction in the building's structure
when it is shaken, lifted, pushed or pulled.
Regardless/Despite (1) its dominance on toy shelves the world over in the modern day, the
Lego phenomenon had humble beginnings. Danish carpenter Ole Kirk Christiansen came up
/took off with (2) the name Lego - from the phrase ‘leg godt’, standing/holding for (3) ‘play
well’ - in 1934 but at that time the original range included simple wooden toys rather than
plastic bricks. Soon plastic toys began to gain land/ground (4), and in 1947 Ole and his son
came/found across (5) samples of some ‘self-locking building bricks’ by a company called
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Kiddicraft. They liked what they saw and were inspired to improve/invent (6) on the design. The
result featured the famous round studs that signify a Lego brick today. It wasn’t when/until (7)
1954 that the ‘Lego bricks’ name came into being/living (8), and despite low initial sales the
company believed in their product and continued to push forward. Christiansen’s son, Gotfried,
made an important breakthrough/breakaway (9) in the late ‘50s, adding hollow tubes to the
underside of the bricks to further aid the locking mechanism. By the ‘60s, the Lego Group left
wooden toys behind altogether to concentrate on evolving/expanding (10) their plastic brick
empire.
Zoos, opposite/contrary (1) to what many people believe, often cause/result (2) great
suffering and stress to the captive animals. Animals in zoos are caged for life and deprived from
/of (3) the opportunity to develop and fulfil the full range of their needs. They lose control
over their lives and the environment they live in. Social animals are often forced/abused (4) to
live in the misery of solitary confinement hence/whereas (5) animals that would prefer to live/
living (6) alone are often kept in close contact with others. Animals such as elephants, tigers or
lions, which normally travel great distances over a short period of time in search/chase (7) of
food, spend their days bored and alone or with no more than a handful of others of their
brand/species (8). The daily routine in zoos is repetitive and monotonous. Many animals
grow/develop (9) stereotypic symptoms, such/like (10) as pacing back and forth, rocking,
swaying from side to side, continually licking or biting bars and self mutilation.
In the world of plants, some are used for sacred and ceremonial means/purposes (1) to explore
the spirit world. The use of these plants derives with/from (2) native cultures, whose members
have traditionally sought access at/to (3) the divine realms through consumption of the plants
and their preparation. The use of these plants opposes/differs (4) from contemporary religious
practices in a key way. For while religious prayer and rituals are engaged to satisfy god or gods,
the use of sacred plants is meant/objected (5) to provide the participant with the divine
experience. In extra/addition (6), the sacred plants are also used for healing. True healing
puts into order the body, mind and spirit with the past, present and future. Such integration is
possible by various means/capacities (7), including the ceremonial use of the sacred plants.
Throughout history these plants have been employed to heal faults/disorders (8) of body, mind
and spirit, and today a whole new emerging body of study is examining the healing properties
of some of these plants. Many may be critical of/to (9) the notion of a spirit world, and may
assert/insist (10) on viewing the activity of the sacred plants merely in chemical terms.
However, those who have never sat up all night in a peyote ceremony, or have never drunk
ayahuasca with a trained shaman, will never know what actually they speculate about.
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9
The money that some professional sportsmen earn shouldn't impress anyone when you take
into reason/consideration (1) the fact that only a few of them manage to succeed/attain (2)
immortality and everlasting fame. And once they reach their prime/superlative (3) and display
their talent at/on (4) their best, they are fully conscious that their brilliant careers won't
remain/last (5) for ever. They live under a constant pressure of being outdone/outgrown (6)
and replaced by someone who is younger, faster and more talented. For that reason, objectives
like retirement benefits and pensions are of/for (7) great concern to all professional athletes.
Some of the retired competitors go as far as to organize strikes and rallies to claim/voice (8)
their protest against any policy unresponsive to their demands. At the same time the younger
professionals seek more upgrading solutions as more and more of them connect/attach (9)
a proper significance to receiving a solid education, even at university level. Such an approach
should help them find interesting and well-paid jobs once/promptly (10) their sports career
is over.
10
Movies and books have romanticized the idea of classic pirates, but modern pirates are
anything but/else (1) romantic. In 2013, nearly 350 ships were the victims of pirate attacks.
Most of these attacks take spot/place (2) off the coast of Indonesia, Somalia and Bangladesh.
The most common targets/goals (3) for modern pirates are cargo ships, tankers and container
ships. The ships are most sensitive/vulnerable (4) when they're berthed or anchored. Modern
pirates use some of the same tactics as Golden Age pirates. They often attack ships from astern
at night, using grappling hooks and ropes or hooks on poles to board/invade (5) the ship before
anyone urges/raises (6) the alarm. But modern pirates aren't always after/for (7) a ship's cargo,
since selling large amounts of goods orders/requires (8) access to markets that will accept
them. Instead, pirates take the crew's personal valuables, electronic items and other supplies.
As with Golden Age pirates, modern pirates are heavily armed. They use guns, knives, grenades
and rocket launchers. Pirates also take advantage/usage (9) of current technology, monitoring
communications between ships and ports to determine/decide (10) the best targets and plans
of attack. Unlike Golden Age pirates, who often spent their lives at/on (11) sea, modern pirates
typically operate from shore. The few who aspire/pursue (12) a career in piracy rather than
attacking a few random ships must seek access to markets to sell their plunder.
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ZADANIE 3 Przeczytaj fragment artykułu. Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź a, b,
c lub d, aby otrzymać logiczny i poprawny gramatycznie tekst.
Tekst 1
Before penicillin - the world's first mass-produced antibiotic drug - millions of people died
each year ..........(1) infected wounds and contagious bacterial diseases like scarlet fever.
In World War II, bottles of penicillin saved countless lives in battlefield hospitals. Today, we
still ..........(2) heavily on antibiotics to ..........(3) everything from common ear infections to
potentially deadly bacterial ..........(4). Yes, mankind ..........(5) a tremendous debt to
Dr. Alexander Fleming and his marvelous mistake. Mistake? Absolutely. Scottish-born
Dr. Fleming was in his lab in 1928 researching the flu virus when he noticed that one of his
bacteria cultures was infected ..........(6) a fungus. Most scientists would have ..........(7) rid
of the spoiled petri dish in the trash, but not Fleming. Six years earlier, he had discovered
the mild antibiotic properties of human tears when one of his own dripped into a bacterial
sample by ..........(8). Upon closer inspection, Fleming noticed a clear ring around the fungus,
indicating that it was toxic to the staphylococcus bacteria in the dish. Fleming carefully
isolated the mold, ..........(9) was of the genus Penicillium, and named his new wonder drug
penicillin. Fleming was ..........(10) the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1945.
1. a) with b) from c) by d) to
2. a) believe b) confide c) trust d) rely
3. a) treat b) heal c) mend d) restore
4. a) outcomes b) outbreaks c) outfits d) outcries
5. a) owes b) inherits c) donates d) lends
6. a) for b) in c) with d) of
7. a) made b) got c) taken d) thrown
8. a) fault b) misfortune c) accident d) fate
9. a) that b) which c) whom d) whose
10. a) awarded b) delivered c) provided d) contributed
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Tekst 2
If any group of people .......... (1) for the term "a lost tribe" it is the Sentinelese. Like other
Andaman island natives, they have managed to live for thousands of years near one of the
most ancient sea routes while ..........(2) any influence from outside civilizations. Andaman
islanders respond with intense hostility at any ..........(3) of outside contact, hurling arrows
and stones at any unlucky visitor ..........(4) their shores.
Early Arab and Persian documents report that Andaman islands were ..........(5) by cannibals,
which was an exaggeration probably ..........(6) from the ferocity of attacks with which these
travelers were greeted. Later Indian and European explorers steered ..........(7) off these
islands to avoid the hostile inhabitants. Things began to change during British colonial rule in
India and Burma. One by one, local tribes slowly ..........(8) away with their isolation, the
latest being the Jarawa, who ..........(9) the first peaceful contact with the Indian government
only in 1997.
The Sentinelese, the inhabitants of a small North Sentinel island, are the only enduring tribe
in the Andaman chain to ..........(10) their isolation. The current policy of the Indian
government is to leave the islanders ..........(11) and access to North Sentinel island is strictly
..........(12) .
1. a) volunteers b) suits c) qualifies d) entitles
2. a) refraining b) avoiding c) evading d) preventing
3. a) attempt b) trial c) probation d) reach
4. a) arriving b) appearing c) aiming d) approaching
5. a) dwelled b) inhabited c) resided d) stayed
6. a) referring b) inventing c) originating d) inspiring
7. a) far b) clear c) away d) free
8. a) did b) broke c) ran d) made
9. a) managed b) created c) fixed d) established
10. a) maintain b) insist c) approve d) remain
11. a) lonely b) apart c) alone d) spare
12. a) illegal b) forbidden c) criminal d) unlawful
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Tekst 3
Man's greed for gold has always .......... (1) to some of the most outrageous and barbaric
events in history. Superiority, power and wealth have been .......... (2) with gold for ages.
The most expensive jewels sparkle in gold settings in many monarchs' trappings of power.
Memorable achievements have been .......... (3) with gold in the past just .......... (4)
accomplished sportsmen are honoured .......... (5) gold medals for their performance
nowadays. The unstoppable desire for gold .......... (6) its climax in the 16th century. Gold and
jewels became the reason .......... (7) atrocities that accompanied numerous conquests and
exploration expeditions. The Spanish .......... (8) of the Inca empire was sparked by news that
the Incas were in .......... (9) of huge riches and artefacts made of pure gold.
Long before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in South America in 1532, the Inca society
had .......... (10) high level of development and civilization. The territories of the empire
.......... (11) from present-day Ecuador to central Chile. From Cuzco, the capital city, the Incas
were able to control a population of about 12 million people. Communications were
.......... (12) on a system of relay runners who .......... (13) news from place to place. And what
most interested the greedy conquistadors was the Incas' .......... (14) in metalwork.
1. a) caused b) provoked c) led d) fulfilled
2. a) similar b) associated c) considered d) reached
3. a) presented b) gifted c) approved d) rewarded
4. a) as b) but c) like d) not
5. a) with b) at c) to d) on
6. a) reached b) achieved c) originated d) found
7. a) with b) by c) for d) to
8. a) campaign b) conquest c) battle d) siege
9. a) possession b) own c) hold d) having
10. a) entertained b) relieved c) amused d) enjoyed
11. a) overlooked b) extended c) located d) attained
12. a) dependent b) grounded c) reliable d) derived
13. a) transported b) evolved c) spread d) moved
14. a) expertise b) knowledge c) capacity d) wisdom
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Tekst 4
The Spanish conquistadors were .......... (1) of the fact that gold had no monetary .......... (2)
for the Incas. Gold was .......... (3) to be a divine material and was referred to as 'the sweat
of the Sun'. As a part of their cult and beliefs, the Incas sacrificed both gold and animals to
their gods. No .......... (4) then, that to the Spanish invaders the Incas population .......... (5)
an obsolete and primitive society involved .......... (6) savage practices and devotion to
imaginary gods. On the .......... (7) of converting the unrefined Inca population into
Catholicism, the Spanish conquerors .......... (8) to oppressing the Incas and looting their
riches. They destroyed numerous golden ornaments by melting them down and then
shipping gold ingots to Spain. Together with the invaluable gold artifacts, the Spanish
.......... (9) on to root out all other achievements of the Inca culture. Within a few decades,
the Inca population and their culture almost .......... (10) to exist. Gold stolen by the
Spanish conquistadors rested in their monarch's coffers and was .......... (11) into symbols
of Christianity in Catholic churches across Spain. However, not all gold that the Incas
possessed went to Spain. Ruminahui, an Inca General, .......... (12) to escape the greedy
Spanish taking with him a huge load of gold artefacts. He vanished somewhere in the
mountains of Ecuador and hid his native riches so well that nobody has succeeded
.......... (13) discovering the treasure trove .......... (14) this day.
1. a) unconscious b) unaware c) unknown d) uneducated
2. a) treasure b) price c) cost d) value
3. a) considered b) perceived c) viewed d) regarded
4. a) mystery b) surprise c) shock d) wonder
5. a) constituted b) recognized c) associated d) related
6. a) to b) at c) in d) with
7. a) reason b) pretext c) point d) cause
8. a) hit b) got c) took d) set
9. a) ran b) went c) put d) let
10. a) ceased b) terminated c) died d) aborted
11. a) reformed b) transferred c) performed d) converted
12. a) coped b) achieved c) managed d) fulfilled
13. a) at b) in c) for d) with
14. a) by b) through c) into d) on
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Tekst 5
A study of ancient coral reefs has ..........(1) that the weather phenomenon known as El Nino
was most intense during the 20th century. El Nino, which has been present for the past
130,000 years, is an atmospheric phenomenon ..........(2) in the Pacific Ocean. It is known to
..........(3) to climatic disturbances along the western coast of Peru and Ecuador ..........(4)
account of exceptionally warm ocean conditions it ..........(5).
El Nino, which ..........(6) for 'the child' referring to the infant Jesus Christ, appears in the
regions every December around Christmas. Every three to seven years, El Nino ..........(7) to
be really severe and intense. The disturbances strike when the warm ocean currents
..........(8) in a reversal in the normal weather conditions of the eastern and western Pacific.
El Nino is responsible for changes in the wind pattern, temperature of the air and the sea
surface, which in turn culminate ..........(9) heavy rainfalls in South America as well as
droughts in India and southern Africa. It is now said that El Nino can influence the climate of
more than half the Earth. It is also ..........(10) for recent droughts and floods in Australia.
Researchers claim that El Nino's activity was never as acute as during the last hundred years.
Its intensity has been on the ..........(11) since ice ages. The popular view is that El Nino's
intense impact may be ..........(12) to global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases.
Although there is no sufficient evidence to ..........(13) the assumption, it is common
..........(14) that a great many global changes have ..........(15) about in climate ever since the
temperature on the planet started to rise.
1. a) appeared b) explored c) perceived d) revealed

2. a) ocurring b) originating c) presenting d) displaying
3. a) share b) contribute c) provide d) influence
4. a) for b) on c) to d) by
5. a) comes round b) fits in c) brings about d) drives at
6. a) stands b) points c) lies d) makes
7. a) comes b) exists c) happens d) passes
8. a) cause b) provoke c) create d) result
9. a) with b) in c) at d) for
10. a) accused b) guilty c) charged d) blamed
11. a) increase b) growth c) spread d) advance
12. a) united b) related c) affected d) engaged
13. a) take after b) back up c) turn out d) keep down
14. a) judgement b) reason c) knowledge d) mind
15. a) brought b) stood c) looked d) come
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Tekst 6
We all feel a bit blue once in a ..........(1), perhaps after a loss or setback during an illness,
or when we are ..........(2) a lot of stress. Such moods are normal and they ..........(3) with
time. But sometimes those feelings do not go away. ..........(4) , they become a stubborn
sorrow that can ..........(5) for weeks or even months, or comes and goes for no clear
..........(6). A real nightmare begins when the feeling of blue ..........(7) deep depression.
Millions of people suffer ..........(8) depression all over the world. It can occur at any age,
though it ..........(9) to be more common at certain life stages, such as late teen years and old
age. Depression is much more ..........(10) in women than in men. People who are depressed
have a hard ..........(11) enjoying life or feeling pleasure. They may have problems with work,
relationships or even with ..........(12) the simple tasks of daily living. A severely depressed
person may think ..........(13) suicide. Such depression is not a sign of weakness, laziness or
..........(14) of willpower - it is a serious disease that needs to be ..........(15) .
The good news is that most people find that depression goes away after successful
treatment. And even if it does not, most patients learn to manage their depression.
1. a) moment b) while c) time d) period
2. a) on b) with c) under d) at
3. a) pass b) lose c) miss d) leave
4. a) Besides b) Regardless c) Instead d) Hence
5. a) last b) exceed c) stand d) insist
6. a) sense b) grounds c) basis d) reason
7. a) goes over b) stands up to c) turns into d) comes across
8. a) on b) from c) with d) in
9. a) tends b) exists c) arises d) undergoes
10. a) average b) general c) universal d) common
11. a) point b) trouble c) time d) way
12. a) performing b) fulfilling c) handling d) dealing
13. a) for b) of c) after d) on
14. a) lack b) poverty c) miss d) failure
15. a) repaired b) healed c) solved d) treated
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Tekst 7
It is never an easy task to combat depression but it is good to remember that to a large
..........(1) the way we feel depends on the choices we make. There is a lot we can do to
ward ..........(2) depression or combat it ..........(3) it occurs. The first step is a diagnosis.
Stubborn feelings of sadness or loss of hope that ..........(4) up daily, fatigue and lack of
energy, feelings of worthlessness, sleeplessness, inability to think clearly and other related
symptoms ..........(5) with depression. A number of factors can increase a person's risk of
becoming depressed. Some of them such as gender and family background are ..........(6)
control. But a lot can be done about other risk factors such as your exercise habits, the
amount of stress in your life and the medicines you take. Because depression often ..........(7)
those who are isolated and lonely especially when they have ..........(8) something
traumatic, it is advisable to ..........(9) touch with friends and family members . Whenever
you feel low, ..........(10) talking to other people. ..........(11) them in on your feelings and
problems. It helps a lot if you know someone is listening to you. Physical exercise will always
..........(12) you in good stead. If your depression ..........(13) from the stress factor it is time
to slow down if your life is hectic. ..........(14) yourself in reading your favourite book, go for
a walk or get yourself a pet. You may even think of meditation or yoga if you are ..........(15)
to learn it.
1. a) extent b) range c) spread d) width
2. a) out b) away c) off d) from
3. a) since b) lest c) should d) once
4. a) flow b) view c) crop d) look
5. a) join b) belong c) refer d) connect
6. a) off b) after c) beyond d) over
7. a) strikes b) beats c) forces d) abuses
8. a) surpassed b) persisted c) performed d) experienced
9. a) live on b) hold up c) keep in d) take up
10. a) do b) try c) pick d) aim
11. a) Put b) Fill c) Let d) Give
12. a) stand b) go c) have d) do
13. a) forms b) causes c) prompts d) stems
14. a) Engross b) Devote c) Motivate d) Trigger
15. a) absorbing b) willing c) entertaining d) inspiring
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Tekst 8
Although a ..........(1) majority of men are convinced they are better drivers than women,
new damning evidence from police and road safety experts proves that males are worse
drivers than females and are more ..........(2) to speed, crash and tragically die ..........(3)
the wheel. From relatively simple tasks like parallel parking to more challenging behaviour
on busy highways, women have emerged as safer and more skilful motorists on the
..........(4).
A recent study found that whether men were drivers, passengers, motorcyclists or
pedestrians, they were almost twice more ..........(5) to be killed on the road and that four
times as many male drivers get involved ..........(6) fatal crashes.
Males are ..........(7) higher risk than females. They are more risk-prone and females are
more risk-averse. Men account ..........(8) more than 72 per cent of all driving offences.
And men are not just breaking the law more often - they're losing control of their vehicles
and putting lives ..........(9) peril in far greater numbers. Part of the reason may be that men
do a lot more driving than women. Figures show that female drivers are ..........(10) of just
one-third of total motor vehicle incidents on European roads. Even with that imbalance, male
drivers were significantly over-represented in serious accidents, accounting for almost 80
per cent of fatal crashes. ..........(11) it is young males who are the most reckless drivers, most
men, ..........(12) of age, have worse driving habits than women.
1. a) far b) vast c) high d) wide
2. a) firm b) valid c) prone d) real
3. a) behind b) on c) under d) at
4. a) general b) rule c) whole d) main
5. a) likely b) credible c) probably d) capable
6. a) to b) with c) on d) in
7. a) by b) under c) at d) within
8. a) from b) to c) by d) for
9. a) on b) in c) through d) with
10. a) guilty b) responsible c) wrong d) offensive
11. a) Certainly b) Otherwise c) Whereas d) Therefore
12. a) despite b) regardless c) unless d) except
- 83 -
- 84 -
MATURA
Stosowanie struktur
gramatyczno-leksykalnych
Ten element egzaminu pisemnego na poziomie rozszerzonym sprawdza

umiejętność praktycznego wykorzystania wiedzy w zakresie gramatyki oraz
leksykonu. Wymagana jest tutaj znajomość użycia przyimków, wyrażeń
przyimkowych, czasowników złożonych (phrasal verbs), kolokacji, zwrotów,
idiomów oraz elementów leksykalnych. Test egzaminacyjny składa się z zadań
otwartych typu test luk, transformacje słów (słowotwórstwo), transformacje
zdań (parafraza) otwarte lub ze słowem kluczem, tłumaczenie fragmentów zdań
na język angielski.
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ZADANIE 1 Uzupełnij luki w zdaniach poprawnymi słowami.
1. You do not need …………… worry about anything as …………… as you stay ……………
your parents' house.
2. …………… is nothing I wouldn’t do for you, honey. I am so much …………… love with you.
3. Where …………… Michael come …………… ? Scotland or Ireland?
4. How …………… does …………… cost to hire a bike for …………… day?
5. You could …………… told me you were …………… charge of the project.
6. I don't know …………… it is right …………… punish all of them for …………… has
happened.
7. Let's …………… fishing next Saturday, …………… we?
8. I'm sorry …………… laughing …………… you. I just couldn't …………… it when I saw you
in that funny hat.
9. …………… when have the children been playing …………… of doors?
10. …………… matter how hard you try, you won't ever succeed …………… collecting the
amount of money …………… is required.
11. The guerrilla troops were made …………… surrender …………… a small unit of
well-trained special forces.
12. …………… I like about Muriel is her unique …………… of humour.
13. None …………… us was prepared …………… the conference as we had not ……………
informed about it …………… advance.
14. …………… noise our neighbours' children make is really hard …………… put up …………… .
15. How much money was …………… in the wallet …………… you found on the park bench
yesterday?
16. Jenny says she is already looking …………… to Christmas even …………… there are still
two months …………… go.
17. …………… of you who are willing to …………… part in the performance raise their hands.
18. I am fond …………… all the Olympic disciplines except …………… fencing.
19. Mr Woods …………… into trouble for not submitting his annual tax declaration
…………… time last year.
20. Much …………… I respect Mr Gardener, I strongly disagree …………… his opinion on
nuclear energy.
21. 'Somehow, I cannot remember …………… Julia looks like. Does she take …………… her
mother?' 'Oh yes, she does . They are like two …………… in a pod.'
22. You didn't know …………… our teacher told us …………… do because you were not
…………… enough attention to his instructions.
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23. …………… the beginning, the task seemed as …………… as pie, but …………… the end we
had to call a specialist …………… help us out.
24. …………… speaking, I am not …………… favour of putting this project into operation.
It will only …………… things worse.
25. 'How long …………… we expected to refrain …………… smoking, sir?' 'You will not
…………… allowed to smoke …………… the whole experiment ends.'
26. …………… was Alan …………… suggested an immediate action. If it hadn't been
…………… him, the whole thing might …………… ended tragically.
27. Ever …………… she was promoted …………… the position of a manager, Leila has
behaved as …………… she knew everything better.
28. 'This painting was faked in …………… 19th century.' 'Who …………… ?'
29. Seven hundred people were laid …………… by the factory including myself. Now that
I am …………… of work, I know what life …………… a shoestring means.
30. Who's going to eat it all? You …………… not have bought so much food. We've got
…………… of it in the fridge.
31. What …………………….. we to do in …………………….. of a thunderstorm?
Would …………………….. be reasonable to hide under a tree?
32. You …………………….. better not interfere …………………….. Rita's matters. She is rather
sensitive …………………….. having her privacy violated.
33. …………………….. being a member of the local authority, Mr Halley hardly ……………………..
takes part …………………….. public festivities.
34. It's …………………….. suggested that the old accountant …………………….. be replaced
…………………….. somebody younger.
35. The movie star said she hated …………………….. asked too many private questions
…………………….. inquisitive reporters.
36. Although Mark is …………………….. authority here, he is not responsible ………………..
supervising every action of the unit.
37. '…………………….. duty is it to report …………………….. the boss?'
'Not mine, …………………….. sure.'
38. No …………………….. had the plumber left than the pipe started leaking again.
He …………………….. not have done a good …………………….. repairing it.
39. Most of us object …………………….. switching to a night shift …………………….. the
management promise to pay us extra money.
40. They say the unit can be assembled …………………….. one hour but it …………………….. me
two hours just to get acquainted …………………….. the instructions.
- 87 -
41. The boy says he will learn hard …………………….. condition that he is paid pocket money
…………………….. every good mark he gets …………………….. school.
42. Believe me, I …………………….. want to buy that silk scarf …………………….. you, but when
I got back to the shop there were no scarves …………………….. .
43. I wonder …………………….. Jenny, …………………….. is only ten, is able to ……………………..
care of her younger brother when we go to the party.
44. …………………….. before have I seen …………………….. good a performance.
45. If Brian's phone number slips your …………………….. you can look it …………………….. in
the …………………….. . It's on the desk in my room.
46. …………………….. first, he pretended to …………………….. unaware …………………….. the
problems we had to face, but in the …………………….., his approach changed.
47. …………………….. is no point …………………….. asking Jules to reconsider his decision.
Seldom …………………….. he change his mind.
48. We suggest that you …………………….. get rid …………………….. all those useless
instruments. They take …………………….. too much space up there in the attic.
49. Harry was just …………………….. to leave his office when his phone rang. He decided not
to …………………….. it up as it might be Mr Wells …………………….. Harry hated to talk
…………………….. .
50. Only …………………….. who had taken …………………….. in the strike were made
…………………….. submit a job resignation.
51. Hopeless …………………….. their situation may have seemed to …………………….. , the
small infantry unit wouldn't give …………………….. fighting.
52. The inmates …………………….. escaped from prison last week are still at …………………….. .
As …………………….. , no traces of them have been found.
53. After having been …………………….. redundant in 1996, Mr Hollows took ……………………..
a few temporary jobs. Later, in 1997 his wife walked out …………………….. him taking
their two daughters away. The poor man had lived …………………….. the dole for
a …………………….. of months until he finally ended …………………….. homeless.
54. Stop making all these strange noises while I am doing my …………………….. to explain
that difficult theory …………………….. you, …………………….. you?
55. There's very …………………….. I can do to help you in this …………………….. . I am not
capable …………………….. repairing carburettors.
56. As …………………….. as the unit stays …………………….. captain Dowson’s command, we
can not expect any revolutionary changes to come …………………….. . He is a hard-liner.
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57. Is it typical …………………….. these lizards to live on minimum ……………………. of water?
It's certainly one of the strangest …………………….. of animals that I have ……………………..
seen.
58. I …………………… out of paper, that’s ……………….. I could not make more copies.
59. …………………….. invariably makes me angry …………………….. Louise is her hostile
attitude …………………….. all our customers. She never responds to their requests in
a polite …………………….. .
60. …………………….. fear of being robbed by pickpockets, we have been advised not to
carry too much money …………………….. us while we travel ……………….. the public
…………………….. of transport.
61. There's not much …………… us to do today. We may just …………… well finish the job
tomorrow. So, we can call it a …………… .
62. By the …………… he winced and frowned all the time, one could come …………... the
conclusion that the speech wasn't …………… Mr Hick's liking.
63. No …………… how difficult tasks her boss would entrust her …………… , she would
always …………… them out with incredible perfection.
64. Not …………… she provided a foolproof alibi, …………… the court believe …………… her
innocence.
65. There are numerous factors that must be …………… into deep consideration before
going into co-operation. First of …………… , future partners should decide ……………
the possible profits will be divided.
66. Scorching heat doesn't bother him …………… the least. Marco …………… accustomed
…………… it during his expedition across the Sahara desert.
67. …………… spotted the place …………… the gang were hiding, the police …………… up
a trap to catch them all.
68. In gratitude …………… the hosts' hospitality, the foreign guests paid them extra,
…………… had never happened before.
69. …………… of a sudden, our beloved daughter made up her …………… to leave her family
home. She said she wanted to try living on her …………… .
70. …………… as the fishermen were casting their nets, they heard a series of thumps
under their boat. They got scared when it turned …………… that it was
a whale swimming right below and hitting its tail …………… the bottom of the boat.
71. The whole commotion resulted …………… misinformation that …………… been spread
…………… the enemy propaganda.
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72. You were …………… to be found yesterday. We had a problem …………… discuss but you
were …………… in your office nor …………… your house.
73. Watch out …………… snakes. They are quite …………… in the area, so you are likely to
…………… across some.
74. 'When is Betty's baby …………… ?' 'Her doctor says she’ll be …………… birth next month.'
75. …………… is not difficult to devise a plan …………… action. The worst thing is ……………
to put it …………… practice effectively.
76. Unpleasant …………………….. he may appear to be …………… times, Franklin is a very
……………………..-behaved person.
77. Their children …………………….. always tread on our flowers and it really ……………………..
on my nerves. I can’t stand it any ……………………. .
78. The door hinges …………………….. to be greased otherwise they will keep creaking
…………………….. time you open the door.
79. My brother …………………….. little interest in football. I'm not that keen ……………………..
it, …………………….. .
80. Just as the streets were …………………….. cleaned of rubble, another huge ……………………
of wind stroke. The hurricane hadn't moved far away.
81. …………………….. for our sponsors' support, we would …………………….. never succeeded
…………………….. staging the play.
82. Mr Adams was on the …………………….. of leaving his office when he remembered
………………… was still one unsettled matter that he was supposed to deal ………………… .
83. Apart …………………….. a few bruises and minor scratches, the young cyclist was not
seriously injured ………………… the crash. In fact, he was more concerned …………………
his damaged bike.
84. …………………….. everybody's amazement, …………………….. was some unknown sculptor
to have …………………….. awarded the first prize.
85. …………………….. reference …………………….. your question, let me explain that Mr James
isn't the only expert whom we have relied …………………….. .
86. By and ……………………., it is a good project. ……………………. bothers me however, is the
fact that it has little chance to …………………….. up to our bosses' expectations.
87. There's a …………………….. of dust in my right eye. It …………………….. so uncomfortable.
It must have got there …………………….. I was digging the garden.
88. …………………….. no circumstances …………………….. you tamper with the wire. It is live
and you risk …………………….. electrocuted.
89. …………………….. planted the last tree, the forester was happy to …………………….. it a day.
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90. …………………….. wonder you lost the game seeing that you were concentrating on
nothing …………………….. cheating …………………….. the time.
91. Much ………………… I respect him, I don't believe ………………… word he says. He tends
…………………… exaggerate every now and ……………………
92. The young driver …………………… lack of common sense lead ………………… the dreadful
accident will spend two years …………………… bars.
93. ………………… ever do young people play board games ………………… days. Discotheques
and pubs is …………………… they usually spend their free time.
94. If you …………………… see Daniel, tell him that I will never forgive him …………………… the
nasty gossips that he keeps spreading.
95. Janet called Wesley a liar and on …………………… of that she said she ……………………
never date him again. Poor Wes, he's fallen …………………… grave despair.
96. According …………………… some doctors, autumn depression that lots of people suffer
…………………… may result …………………… insufficient amount of sun light …………………
grim autumn days.
97. 'Look! There's a message in the bottle. What does it …………………… ?' 'I need help. I'm
stranded …………………… a desert island …………………… the South Pacific. That's it.'
'Wow. I knew it. We're in …………………… a great adventure.'
98. Mr Macy, my neighbour, stores food and drinking water in his cellar for the ………………
of safe future. But, somehow I don't see the …………………… of doing it.
99. …………………… the children opted …………………… Majorca, the parents preferred to
spend the holiday travelling in Italy.
100. 'What's going on?' 'Nothing. …………………… your own business. Don’t stick your
…………………… into other people's matters.'
101. …………………… moment the President arrives, the orchestra will begin playing the
national …………………… . Don't forget to stand up then.
102. There's nothing ………………… a hot bath after a hard working day. I can't …………………
to get home and jump into hot water.
103. Mr Webster is a man ………………… his word. He will never let you down …………………
that he has made his promise.
104. It's hard to understand why Bob never talks much. It's not as …………………… he has
nothing to say. …………………… is he shy. Not at all.
105. Contrary …………………… what most people think, wolves rarely attack humans.
…………………… other wild animals, they don't like their …………………… to be disturbed.
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ZADANIE 2 Przeczytaj zdania i wybierz poprawne przyimki.
1. 'I need your support. Will you back me up/for ?' 'Of course, I will. You know you can
count with/on me, Jim.'
2. For/In spite of not feeling up/in to the challenge, Mary made to/up her mind to
act at/in the school drama.
3. Contrary for/to what is written about us in/at the press, I must assure you that
we've done nothing to be ashamed with/of .
4. Michael is allergic for/to pollen. Every year on/in springtime, he suffers at/from
terrible burning in his eyes.
5. According to/with the Prime Minister, increase at/in the number of people
dissatisfied with/from the recent economic situation has resulted by/from the
mistakes the ruling party have made.
6. The Johnsons take great pride on/in their son's achievements. George is famous
for/with his scientific publications.
7. There's no point for/in asking on/for my opinion. I'm not familiar at/with the
recent political events in South Africa.
8. I can't say I approve of/to all the resolutions you have put into/forward in your
project. But out/by and large, you've done a good job.
9. David, my husband, prefers walking in the mountains from/to lying on the beach,
which is why we always find it hard to agree for/on our holiday destination.
10. To avoid getting into/at trouble, young people should be taught to beware from/of
drug dealers.
11. The man claimed he had nothing to do with/to the robbery and that he found
himself in that place over/by accident.
12. Before researchers find a solid cure on/for cancer, thousands of people will have
died of/at that horrible disease.
13. Owing by/to Rosy's thorough education and good knowledge in/of foreign
languages, she has been accepted for all the jobs she has applied for/at .
14. The environment is subject to/with devastation on/through account of human
destructive activity. The impact that we exert for/on nature has contributed to/in
extinction of many species and endangerment of many others.
15. 'Who have you been introduced with/to so far?' 'I am already acquainted at/with
Mr Byron - the one who is on/in charge of the sales department.’
16. Mrs Abercrombie is so proud for/of her children’s achievements in/at school.
17. Write up/down your address, please. I don’t have memory on/for numbers.
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18. ‘Who is with/in authority here?’ ‘I am responsible with/for keeping things in/at
order.’
19. ‘Do you still depend to/on your parents?’ ‘No, I earn my living at/on my own’.
20. ‘How much money did you spend for/on the delivery?’ ‘Nothing. It was free by/off
charge.’
21. Karen has been longing of/for her family and town. It’s been six years since she left
for/into Brazil.
22. This little village reminds me of/to the place where we went at/on our honeymoon.
23. I took your diary on/by mistake. I do not take much interest in/for your private
matters.
24. ‘What was the cause of/for the explosion?’ ‘What explosion? I am not familiar
with/to the story.’
25. I’m a little nervous because I am not used with/to working on/under pressure.
26. Although Mrs Parker is bitterly jealous about/of her friends' higher wages in the
company, she refrains from/with making sharp comments.
27. The committee are not for/in favour of quick changes. They say the modifications
should be introduced by/on degrees.
28. The landlord was very generous at/to us. All that we consumed in his inn was
on/from the house.
29. We can't give off/in. Now that we have gone through the most difficult part of the
route we must reach Marrakesh by/at any cost.
30. If you had informed us from/in advance that you wouldn't be giving any lecture, we
wouldn't have gone for/to the trouble of making all the necessary arrangements.
31. Jack's great passion for/in pottery seems odd to his friends, but the boy looks at/on
it as an absorbing hobby.
32. What unavoidably gets with/on my nerves is Frank’s tendency towards/within
criticizing everything and everyone.
33. The football star has finally opted on/for holidays in a secluded place where he
hopes to hide against/from curious journalists and photographers.
34. All the candidates, except to/for Larry Ames, have scored the required number of
points and have qualified into/for the scholarship abroad.
35. Many customers complain on/about the high prices of food, meat at/in particular.
36. Learning this long definition to/by heart, at first, seemed an impossible task. But,
at/in the end I was successful in/with memorizing it.
37. Instead from/of a long speech at the beginning of the meeting, the chairman limited
himself with/to a short welcome.
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38. Only Mark was keen at/on going fishing in/at dawn. The rest of the company
decided to lie in/on after their long journey.
39. If the children don’t stop fooling away/around I'll lose my patience with/to them.
40. There's no difference at/in price between/within these two printers.
41. On/In response to the rising demand for/to petrol, its production has had to be
increased.
42. Our national team have played beyond/over our expectations. They have beaten
the world champions three times in/for a row.
43. Danny wished he had never enrolled with/in the army. During his first mission abroad
he figured out/down he was not cut up/out for a military career.
44. Regardless from/of danger and extremely difficult conditions, the explorers marched
through the jungle at/in feverish search of the Inca temples.
45. Professor Railey has been complimented for/on his scientific achievements,
especially on/in the field of robotics.
46. I'm unable to use my computer for/at present; it's been under/on repair since last
Monday.
47. Due of/to his foot injury, the German defender was incapable with/of continuing
the play.
48. Ironically, the professor, who died at/of cancer, had devoted his whole life on/to
searching an effective cure for/to the disease.
49. The police have come across/through substantial evidence, which will make it easier
for the court to charge the terrorists on/with murder.
50. Though a slight improvement at/in the living conditions can be observed, the crisis
has left thousands of pople living on/for the dole.
51. Apart by/from a harsh physical training, the troops had to aquire fluency with/in
foreign languages.
52. The population of the Syberian tiger has been on/at the decrease. These beautiful
cats are over/under real threat of extinction.
53. Throughout the whole ceremony the president couldn't get rid from/of his anxiety.
The danger of an assassination attempt could not be ruled down/out this time.
54. Don’t be too hard on/to the kids. Sometimes they make a little noise, but in/for
general they are good children.
55. ‘Do you think Angela spread the gossips on/with purpose?’
‘Rather not. I would not suspect her to/of such viciousness.’
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56. The defeat of Richard the Third at/in the battle of Bosworth Field stood for/to the
end of the Middle Ages in England.
57. Mr Bradley has had an alarm system installed in his house in/for fear of having it
broken up/into.
58. If your diet is deficient off/in vitamins and minerals, the risk of developing a serious
disease may be more difficult to ward out/off.
59. Our section has gained quite an independence on/from the main branch since we
are capable for/of raising our own funds.
60. The scouts were worn down/out after marching up the hills all day long. Some of
them complained with/about having too few stops for a rest.
61. Ms Holmes never turns off/down anyone’s request for help. And she never expects
anything in/for return.
62. I’ve decided to travel to work on my bicycle in/for order to cut down with/on
expenses.
63. The company have directed their aims at/to developing a prototype of a vehicle
that will enable its users to economize in/on petrol.
64. I am critical of/about any kind of corporal punishment. And by/from law, it’s illegal.
65. Most members of the expedition found it hard to get accustomed with/to so
extremely low temperatures. And all of them were exposed on/to frostbite.
66. The detectives suspect one of the neighbours to be gulity with/of the burglaries
that have occurred in/on our neighbourhood.
67. It was Tom who put away/forward the proposition. And he also volunteered for/on
acting as the discjockey.
68. I tried hard to convince my boss of/with the necessary changes, but he seemed to
pay no attention at/to my remarks.
69. My father suffered from heavy injuries while he was in/on duty. That discouraged me
from/off becoming a fireman.
70. Owing for/to the new contract the company managed to recover with/from its
terrible condition.
71. John has got addicted with/to cigarettes. He can’t do without/from one every hour.
72. You should refrain without/from chewing gum when you talk to the boss. He is
intolerant to/of any kind of extravagance.
73. Our father drove on/at high speed all along the way. That prevented us against/from
coming too late for our plane.
74. Patrick is really intent on/for winning the prize for the best student. He wouldn’t
even think of playing truant on/from a lesson or two.
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75. Since I graduated off/from university I have been continually searching for/on
a good job.
76. Apart of/from the constant electricity shortage, we were also deprived from/of
the possibility of everyday showers.
77. The travellers are in on/for a lot of trouble unless they manage to get hold of/with
a telephone to call for/in help before the night falls.
78. Five participants were expelled out/from the survival course for abject disobedience.
They had not complied to/with the safety rules.
79. Judging by/on the forecast, the coastal area will soon be over/under the influence
of the destructive force of a typhoon.
80. Nobody objected with/to the chairman's proposal to do apart/away with the
standard procedures and focus at/on the major point of the debate.
81. Before you sit onto/behind the wheel and check your driving skills in/at practice,
you must learn to abide to/by the traffic regulations.
82. The criminal has been convicted in/of six robbery cases and sentenced for/to seven
years in prison.
83. Amy Bolton has won the best young scientist competition four times in/on a row.
Everyone is at/in awe of her achievements.
84. The man never confided to/in anyone and never let out/off his true name. He was
known behind/under the name of Eddie.
85. The president will be delivering a speech on/in memory of the war victims and the
living war heroes will be decorated in/for honour of their bravery and determination.
86. When the detective reached for/at his gun, the crowd nervously stepped back on/in
case a gunfight broke out.
87. We have been warned to steer clear of/out the city centre, as it was notorious
with/for pickpockets and assaults.
88. Big companies are sure to benefit from/on the new regulations whereas the small
businesses are prone upon/to bankruptcy.
89. Beware against/of the heavy traffic in the city centre or else you'll get stuck on/for
good.
90. Sheila said she had great faith to/in us. I think we’ll have to do our best not to let
her off/down.
91. Teaching young pupils calls for/after a lot of patience and understanding. First grade
students require special attention for/in particular.
92. Ted turned down/off all our propositions. We had a hard time persuading him
upon/into changing his mind about the business plan.
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93. I am not acquainted to/with the girl. I can't tell you much about her as I only know
her by/at sight.
94. We don't want anybody to interfere on/in our arrangements, do we? We must
organize everything in/by secret.
95. I am grateful to/at Jason on/for helping us with the removal. As they say, a friend
of/in need is a friend indeed.
96. The tanker had been in/at sea for two weeks when it collided on/with the iceberg.
97. The other team’s result didn't vary much from/against ours. At/In consequence,
the jury decided on/for an equal reward.
98. This unique business intuition runs in/with their family. Mike’s grandfather set
on/up a successful company, his father turned it for/into an international
concern and now Mike himself manages it with/in flourish.
99. I was at/in a loss when Sue asked me about the date. Later, it dawned to/on me
that one of my friends must have arranged it behind/off my back.
100. Children should be taught to be wary from/of strangers and never to place any
trust with/in their promises.
ZADANIE 3 Przeczytaj zdania i wpisz poprawne przyimki.
1. Just say you need me and I’ll be near ................ hand.

2. Acting ................ the bank manager’s advice we left our papers in the safe just
................ safekeeping.
3. Most of the deputies were opposed ................ the prime minister’s project as it did
not go ................ with the interest of the whole society.
4. Tom has committed himself ................ raising funds for the disabled children. We hope
he is a man ................ his word.
5. A demand ................ unique professions is rather low these days, that’s why it's so
hard to find a good professional specializing ................ old weaponry.
6. I applied ................ the CEO position but have been taken ................ as a manager’s
assisstant.
7. The Apaches took revenge ................ the gang of gunners ................ their merciless
assault on the tribe’s settlement.
8. The manager was fired for taking advantage ................ the youngest workers and
assigning them the tasks which he was supposed to deal with ................ himself.
9. The film is based ................ true events that took place in the 16th century when
Japan was ................ the rule of Tokugawa shogun.
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10. The older scouts were keen ................ the idea of setting up the camp ................ the
middle of the forest, but the younger ones strongly protested ................ it.
11. All the coalmine workers went ................ strike when one of their colleagues was
sacked ................ job for insisting ................ a pay rise.
12. I can tell you ................ certainty that Adam’s business skills do not come ................
to his father’s shoulder.
13. 'Did the employer demand overtime work ................ his workers?'
'No, I suppose they stayed longer .............................. their own accord.'
14. ................ my part, it doesn't interest me ................ the least whether you give this
money away or make good use ................ it.
15. We hoped ................ a quiet and relaxing holiday place but got a busy family resort.
The noise was really hard to put up ................ .
16. I disapprove ................ Michael’s idea, but there's little I can do to prevent him
................ trying his luck in the casino.
17. We were forced to work ................ the clock because our manager wanted his plan
to be accomplished ................ no time at all.
18. Andrew has a liking ................ extreme sports. It’s the adrenaline that he is constantly
craving ................ .
19. We all sympathized ................ Sylvia when we heard ................ her husband’s death.
20. The robbers won’t get away ................ punishment. The police have provided hard
evidence to put them ................ jail for the next few years.
21. 'Are you going to send this package ................ mail?' 'No, I'm delivering it ................
my own.'
22. 'Will you show us ................ the town?' 'I will do it ................ pleasure. I’ll take you
to all the places ................ historical interest.'
23. Sorry, we can't repair your bicycle ................ the spot as we are short ................ spare
parts at the moment.
24. The deputies voted ................ the bill. ................ other words, teachers’ salaries
will be increased.
25. I wonder how Evelyn is going to cope ................ such a complex assignment having
so little expertise ................ bookkeeping.
26. All ................ a sudden, Danny withdrew ................ diving into the wreck. He stayed
................ board and cooked lunch.
27. Anyone can enter ................ the bicycle race, irrespective ................ age and origin.
28. ‘When did Jenny take ................ horse riding?’
‘Well, she has had that fondness ................ horses since she was a child.’
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29. 'The new secretary makes an impression ................ a quick learner.'
‘ ................ the contrary, she’s really slow ................ the uptake.'
30. We made an attempt ................ convincing the local residents ................ the positive
aspects of building windfarms. But the final result was not worthy ................ the
effort.
31. ................ gratitude for saving his life the millionaire presented Harry ................
the Ferrari that he had always dreamt ................ .
32. It was most kind ................ the doctor to have gone ................ such great lengths to
help my brother recover ................ the illness.
33. We don't need extra supplies of antiseptics, we can easily do ................ those we
have ................ hand.
34. The court has sentenced the two men ................ exile for spying ................ the most
influential politicians in the country.
35. Holidaymakers are advised to avoid exposing themselves ................ too much of the
sunlight. And if they go swimming in the sea, they only do it ................ their own risk.
36. We have been getting ................ so well because your political opinions have always
been ................ harmony with ours.
37. The Greenpeace campaign ................ whaling has won a wide acceptance ................
the part of the major share of the international society.
38. Maurice passed the exam for a proffesional diver ................ his third attempt. He had
the most difficulty ................ rescuing a person from a drowned vehicle.
39. For a few months the young people were ................ great influence of the strange
man. Later, he turned ................ to be a leader of a dangerous religious sect.
40. Mr Holmes says he won't be able to turn up at the conference ................ person,
and so he will be sending his deputy to stand in ................ him.
41. You can safely place trust ................ Iris. If the Stock Exchange operations are the
matter she is ................ the know, for sure.
42. Andrew is a lawyer ................ profession, but he has made a career ................ politics.
43. Once, Tommy made a nasty remark about Gillian and she took offence ................ it.
Ever since, they have been ................ daggers drawn.
44. According ................ the code, people under eighteen are not eligible ................
membership in the club.
45. Bob never stops mocking ................ his younger sister Lucy. He seems to take delight
................ provoking her to become angry.
46. Though I try hard not to put ................ weight too much, I often surrender ................
the temptation of a chocolate icecream.
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47. Celia gave up the nursing course ................ the grounds of having no vocation
................ this kind of work.
48. The crew of the hijacked ship have been sending an SOS signal. Their lives are
................ jeopardy. A rescue action must be organized ................ once.
49. Our small company is not capable ................ handling so many orders at the moment.
That would require taking ................ extra staff.
50. ‘Who was the boss's criticism directed ................ ?’ ‘ ................ the best of my
knowledge, he is dissatisfied ................ the sales department.’
51. ................ reference to the question of waste disposal, I'd like to suggest a solution
that may be ................ all the local residents’ liking.
52. The bank owners came ................ for a lot of criticism when it was announced that
most of the employees’ salaries will be reduced ................ thirty percent.
53. I'd rather we didn't start so early. Honestly speaking, I'm not usually ................
my best early in the morning. I need time to get myself ................ shape.
54. Why are you always so critical ................ my outfit? I can wear my clothes the way
that fits ................ with my lifestyle, can’t I?
55. Jenny is fluent ................ four foreign languages and she’s definitely heading ................
a big career as an interpreter.
56. My daughter, Jamie, reminds me ................ my mother. She’s as devoted ................
looking after our garden as her beloved grandmother was.
57. The plot is rather simple. The poor parents aim ................ marrying their beautiful
daughter ................ a rich sheikh.
58. Mark always suffers ................ seasickness whenever he travels by ship or ferry. That’s
why he has opted ................ an air travel this time.
59. This is the third year ................ succession that Susan has been appointed as the bank
manageress. It’s thanks ................ the way she carries ................ her duties.
60. I only smoke once ................ a blue moon. I do it ................ occasion, two or three
times a year.
61. I thought paying ................ cheque was preferable ................ cash in some of the
luxury hotels.
62. It's difficult to find ................ Patrick's whereabouts. He's constantly ................ the
move.
63. We were acquainted ................ each other at the meeting last year. We’ve been
................ first-name terms ever since.
64. ................ the sake of your own health you ought to stop smoking and indulging
yourself ................ fatty feasts.
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65. The director lost patience ................ the two experienced actors who didn't show
................ at the dress rehearsal and he decided to lay them ................ .
66. Half of the representatives were opposed ................ the government's resolutions,
which resulted ................ a bitter dispute in the Parliament.
67. The longer you cook the meat, the more tender it gets. I know that ................
my own experience.
68. It’s about time we sailed into a port and filled ................ our supplies. We’re running
low ................ fresh water and foods.
69. Our employees may not be ................ favour of these strict measures, but ................
the long run they should bring ................ positive changes for the company.
70. Mike's been ................ considerable pressure recently; he has had to report ................
the company president himself about the accounts.
71. Any failure to comply ................ the regulations will form a basis for an instant
dismissal ................ the army.
72. I was entrusted ................ the task of providing the film star ................ anything she
needed during her stay in our hotel
73. ‘Seeds of these rare plants are really hard to come ................ . How did you get hold
................ them, Emily?’ ‘I got them from my friend from Israel.’
74. The escaped hostage found it hard to get accustomed ................ normal life after
having been deprived ................ freedom for so many years.
75. There is no excuse ................ such rude behaviour. An exemplary punishment must
be imposed ................ the vandals.
76. It's ................ your own interest to pay the debt ................ as quickly as possible,
otherwise the interest ................ the loan will accumulate.
77. The solicitor meets his clients ................ appointment and he only accepts payment
................ cash.
78. John picked ................ the smoking habit when he was a student. Every day his
craving ................ a cigarette was stronger and he could not resist it.
79. July is incapable ................ maintaining her relationships with men for longer than
a few weeks. None of them can live ................ to her expectations.
80. The girl assured us ................ her housekeeping skills. She claimed she can do the
cleaning and cooking ................ ease, but the truth was different.
81. ‘Is this old Dodge still ................ offer?’ ‘Sorry, sir. A client from Ohio paid a deposit
................ it yesterday. He’s coming to pick it ................ tomorrow.’
82. Sharks and stingrays abound ................ the lagoon waters. We have been warned to
refrain ................ swimming there.
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83. Mark wasn’t knowledgeable ................ Spanish literature, but ................ best, he could
answer a few questions correctly.
84. Cindy despaires ................ seeing her boyfriend again, but it may never come ................
pass as the man has gone missing ................ a cruise across the Atlantic.
85. Just the look of the shrimp risotto put me ................ . Nick ordered it though he was
well aware of my strong dislike ................ any kind of seafood.
86. ................ account of the approaching storm all boat and ferry cruises have been
called ................ .
87. When the witness claimed Steven was guilty ................ the assault we just couldn’t
believe he was ................ fault.
88. This place has changed ................ recognition. Just a decade ago, it was a quiet village.
Today, it is bustling ................ tourists.
89. I am sure the scouts didn't step into the ‘no-entry’ area ................ purpose. They just
didn’t take notice ................ the warning signs.
90. Everyone is ................ awe of Mandy. That’s why she likes to boast ................ her
achievements so much.
91. Irrespective ................ tiredness and irritation the search crew were ................ pursuit
of the escaped convicts.
92. Alice was not acquainted ................ our secret plans. She discovered them completely
................ chance.
93. The poor parents were ................ tenterhooks expecting news from the hospital where
their beloved son was being operated ................ .
94. No wonder Amy was incapable ................ concentrating on her work; she had been
................ so much strain after her husband's death.
95. I haven’t disposed ................ these tools as I think they may still come ................ handy.
96. Mark’s exceptional sense of duty is surely a feature to be praised ................ . But his
perfectionism is hard to put up ................ at times.
97. We were ordered to get rid ................ all heavy luggage just ................ case we had
to walk across the desert.
98. ................ the beginning the boss considered it a wrong idea to take ................ extra
staff. But somehow I managed to bring him ................ to it.
99. I'd say Richard’s outlook ................ life is rather strange. He doesn't want to work and
doesn’t take any interest ................ establishing a family.
100. Mary took offence ................ Simon and Fred for their playing nasty jokes ................
her.
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101. Although most deputies voted ................ a military intervention, it soon turned
................ it was the only way to prevent the dictator ................ bringing more terror
in the region.
102. I'm sorry Nick, but you are not eligible ................ the performance . You are still
................ age. It’s only for adults.
103. These merciless persecutors must have been devoid ................ all human feelings.
For sure, they were insensitive ................ other people’s suffering.
104. Jenny’s role in the project may not have been essential, but ............... the other hand,
without her we wouldn't have carried ............... the assignment.
105. These testimonies differ ............... each other a lot. I'm afraid we may have trouble
establishing which of the witnesses is ............... the right.
106. ‘I'm a little pressed ............... money. Could this meal be ............... you, Jim?’
‘OK. I’ll pay for it this time.’
107. Mother insisted ............... our having dinner before we carried ............... with the
game.
108. It's a pity these rare birds are vulnerable ............... so much harm due ...............
being treated as a delicacy by the local societies.
109. Tom really stands ............... with his violet hair and tatooed body. Everyone looks
............... him as a kind of freak.
110. With his controversial decision the president exposed himself ............... a lot of
criticism. It also brought ............... violent protests all over the country.
111. As I was tidying ............... the attic I came ............... these old photographs. I wonder
who they were taken by.
112. ‘Are you getting ready for the exam?’ ‘Oh, yes. I am putting a lot of effort ............... it.
I have been focusing my all attention ............... it for the last two months.’
113. We had never ever considered settling ............... in the countryside. But we arrived in
the village two years ago just for a short holiday and ended ............... living in it.
114. Your excuses don’t interest me ............... the least. You should have taken ...............
consideration all the pros and cons of your decision.
115. The collapse of the campaign was ............... no means the president’s fault. I’d rather
blame it ............... his advisors.
116. Cindy used to take me ............... her confidence. Yet, ............... this particular occasion
she refused to let me ............... on her secret.
117. Jimmy’s parents satisfy his every whim and he takes it all ............... granted. I wonder
who’s going to cater ............... him when he grows ............... .
118. We all felt so sorry ............... Gloria when we learned that her father had passed
............... so unexpectedly.
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119. Michael takes delight ............... playing jokes ............... everyone, but gets terribly
offended whenever someone laughs ............... him.
120. Don't be too hard ............... Pete. He is still a baby and can’t distinguish ...............
right and wrong.
121. We had been reliant .............. the delivery company for too long. It was .............. time
we had set ............... our own delivery department.
122. Never ............... has the ruling party been exposed ............... so much criticism as
these days.
123. It's a risky busines placing so much trust ............... the firm. Their incomes have been
............... the decrease for five months now.
124. Our position was critical. We had no GPS, were low ............... water supplies and we
had no food to subsist ............... .
125. The mechanic went ............... great lengths to repair the engine, but ............... the
end he advised me to buy a new one.
126. Help yourselves ............... as many of the colourful pens as you wish. We get them
............... excess of our needs.
127. People should beware ............... the far-fetched theories that this man puts ...............
at the gatherings. He’s a charlatan.
128. Arthur's comments had little to do ............... the affair. He did miss the point of the
discussion by putting the blame ............... the minister of finance.
129. It was George's brilliant erudition ............... particular that attracted Stephanie's
attention. She fell head ............... heels in love with him.
130. The reparation of the washing machine is free ............... charge. It is still ...............
guarantee.
131. ............... view of so many extenuating circumstances Arnold Black got ............... from
heavy punishment.
132. The population in the region has been warned to economize ............... fresh water
supplies ............... account of the imminent dry spell.
133. 'Has Howard Jackson been discharged ............... prison yet?'
'No, he'll stay ............... bars until he has served his sentence ............... full.'
134. You aren’t ............... an obligation to consult your every decision with the manager.
You may act ............... will as long as it’s brings ............... profits for the company.
135. According ............... the doctor, the pains in your back stem ............... all the injuries
you incurred during your sports career.
136. For the last four years Phill has been concentrating only ............... his training.
Now, he really hopes to succeed ............... winning the Olympic gold.
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137. There is no point ............... taking quick decisions and introducing hasty changes.
We’ve got enough time to do it all ............... degrees.
138. We have started taking ............... this old and ruined building ............... order to
put ............... a modern hotel in its place.
139. The customer wishes to complain ............... the quality of service and would like to
know who is ............... authority here.
140. We forgot to invite David to our picnic. We just left him ............... . We’ll have to
make it ............... to him next time.
141. 'Where does the word somnambulist derive ............... ?' 'It is certainly ...............
Latin origin.'
142. ............... a view to building a reliable and solid unit, we demand utmost obedience
............... our trainees.
143. Howard always keeps his promises. Everything he says is ............... real. He is not the
kind who makes ............... stories.
144. The archaeologists were ............... the point leaving the site when all ...............
a sudden some artefacts ............... great historic value were excavated.
145. Once you leave the company, the junior manager will take ............... responsibility for
your project. I hope he rises ............... the challenge.
146. It’s unclear how the boys came ............... possession of the rifle. Happily though,
none of them came ............... with an idea of making use ............... it.
147. Jenny got herself ............... hot water when she treated herself ............... too many
clothes in the shop and had no money left for the bus back home.
148. The poll has showed that more people have faith ............... the opposition party.
Their popularity is ............... the increase.
149. You should visit us in summer when our garden is ............... full bloom. Now, ...............
the time being, you can admire our orangery.
150. The situation in the occupied territory is improving ............... degrees. However, it will
take a long time before peace is brought ............... .
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Słowotwórstwo - Word formation
ZADANIE 1 Wybierz właściwą formę słowa.
1. Does it make any different / difference to them if we pay by cheque?

2. Tom has lost his confidential / confidence in conventional medicine after many years
of ineffective treatment / treaty.
3. 'What's the longitude / length of this rope?' 'It's six metres long.’
4. Tom stood in defensive / defence of the woman who was attacked by a mugger.
He was later praised and awarded for his bravery / bravado.
5. The president’s apparition / appearance on TV was meant to prove his personal /
personality involvement in the reforms.
6. Don't be unkind / kindly to Alice. She never treats you unfair / unfairly.
7. There's every likeness / likelihood that our next training will be called off because
of unfavourable / disfavoured weather conditions.
8. It’s advisory / advisable to keep this plant in a dark place. It's sensitive / sensible
to light.
9. Make an instance / instant order and you won’t have to pay for the deliverance /
delivery of the furniture set.
10. As a matter of fact, the realisation of the project itself isn't so troubling / troublesome
as the initial conditions we have to accept.
11. The minister doesn’t seem to understand that rising unemployment / unemployed
may lead to more strikes and people’s annoying / annoyance.
12. Who of you was so careless / careful to pass the information to the press? I’ve told
you a thousand times it was confiding / confidential.
13. The attention / attendance at the concert was low because the organizers weren’t
determining / determined enough to give it more publicity.
14. I've never heard about Paul Dobson. He couldn’t have been a historic / historical
character. Or perhaps, my knowledge / know-how of history is so poor.
15. The doctors were helpful / helpless seeing how fast the epidemy was spreading
and how effectual / ineffective their methods of treatment were.
- 106 -
ZADANIE 2 Podaj właściwą formę słowa.
1. Few volunteers decided to take part in the mission knowing how ..............................
(hazard) it might be.
2. Cindy and Mike's close .............................. (friend) finally developed into a deep feeling
and culminated in their .............................. (marry) last year.
3. The boys should receive harsh .............................. (punish). Their ..............................
(behave) at the inauguration ceremony was horrible.
4. Your plan is not .............................. (practice) at all. You should rethink it.
5. Mutual .............................. (accuse) will get you nowhere. You'd better try to find
a more reasonable .............................. (solve) to your conflict.
6. Jason is the most .............................. (truth) person I know. He never tells lies.
7. The Internet ways of .............................. (communicate) seem to be most
.............................. (fashion) among young people these days.
8. The main cause of the current crisis in the party is the deep .............................. (divide)
between its members.
9. None of us was .............................. (success) in convincing the director of the benefits
that our experiment might bring. His .............................. (approve) grew even stronger
when Jack mentioned the possible cost of the venture.
10. Mark's been busy all this week. It's .............................. (doubt) whether he'll come to
see our .............................. (perform) tomorrow.
11. 'Why didn't they react to my .............................. (warn)?'
'They might have misunderstood its discreet .............................. (mean).’
12. Experience, flexibility and .............................. (involve) are the main
.............................. (require) of most employers these days.
13. The detective says he can see a striking .............................. (similar) between these
four .............................. (rob) cases.
14. The .............................. (introduce) of the tax relief will certainly be
.............................. (benefit) to fruit exporters.
15. I'm sorry for hitting you with the ball. It was .............................. (accident), I didn’t
mean to hurt you.
- 107 -
1. They may stop you at the border if your passport is validity / invalid. You’d better
check it before your department / departure.
2. Whenever the two boys meet they show a mutual unlike / dislike for each other.
I wonder what it takes to bring about a durable / during reconciliation between them.
3. Jack is over thirty and still dependable / dependent on his parents. I wonder if he’s
immature / maturely or just mean.
4. It’s lawless / illegal to stay in the country without a visa.
5. Paul’s determination / determining to finish the race won him a great applaude /
applause from his supporters.
6. The conjurer's tricks were quite imaginary / unimaginable. How ever did he manage to
cut his assistance / assistant into two halves and then put her back together?
7. There’s a great confusing / confusion among scientists who are shocked with the fact
that the new virus is restistant / irresistible to any kind of antibiotic treatment.
8. I don't think we should offer the girl employee / employment. She lacks self-confidence
/ confidential.
9. Everyone’s been talking about Brad and Angelina’s relationship / relatives ever since
the sensual / sensational news was reported.
10. This was undoubtedly / doubtful the most thrilling experience in my life. Never before
had I done something as excitable / exciting as the parachute jump.
11. After working the night duty I may lack freshness / refreshment, so a nap is always
a good thing to put into practical / practice.
12. The amount of the washing powder you use is sufficient / insufficient, that is why the
whiteness of your clothes is not up to your expectancy / expectations.
13. Planning to buy a car, you should take into considerable / consideration all the costs
of its upkeep / update.
14. The man was accused of a number of offensives / offences but none of them was
supported by incredible / credible evidence.
15. Students who hope to find a good seasoning / seasonal job during summer holiday
may send in their applicants / applications to our office by the end of June.
- 108 -
1. Look at your .............................. (reflect) in the mirror. There's no sign of the scar you
had before the surgery.
2. The skiing lesson with the ski-jumping champion was a great ............................. (please)
and an experience to remember.
3. Only a month ago Jason found .............................. (employ) in the factory. Before that,
he and his family had lived in .............................. (poor).
4. Everybody knows there is a fierce .............................. (rival) between Mike and William
for Susie’s .............................. (admire).
5. .............................. (fortune), there were no .............................. (survive) of the plane
crash in Lockerby caused by a terrorist attack.
6. Our team have won, but we hoped for a much better .............................. (perform). The
score was not .............................. (satisfy) at all.
7. Paparazzi never stop disturbing celebrities’ .............................. (private) so as to satisfy
common people’s .............................. (curious) about their lives.
8. We expressed our .............................. (grateful) to the neighbours who helped us with
the .............................. (move) and invited them to our new house in Brighton.
9. The divorce was a .............................. (pain) experience. I can’t think how Mandy
managed to remain so .............................. (disturb). Or was she only pretending?
10. The play was hardly .............................. (enjoy) but Harry refrained from expressing his
opinions aloud to avoid an .............................. (embarrass).
11. It was a pity Harry left the company. Still, his assisstant turned out to be a competent
.............................. (replace).
12. I don’t believe this heavy training can be .............................. (advantage) to my health.
It’s too much strain.
13. Our young patient is making an .............................. (improve), but there’s still a long
way to his complete .............................. (recover) .
14. There was a great .............................. (confuse) in the church when the bride made
a sudden .............................. (announce) that she didn’t love her fiance.
15. It was lies and gossips that ruined their .............................. (marry). If it hadn’t been for
the other people’s .............................. (interfere) Josh and Patty would still have been
a happy couple.
- 109 -
1. It’s senseless / sensible to quarrel about such small details. It doesn't matter in the
least / less whether we eat out or cook our own food.
2. That leaking roof has been our continuous / continual worry ever since we moved in
the cottage.
3. Insurances are a way of protection against misfortune / unfortunate occurrences. It’s
recommendable / recommendation to have at least a life policy.
4. The police cannot place much reliance / reliability on the elderly witness’s testimony.
Her story is rather credulous / incredible.
5. It was a greater pleasure / pleasant to spend holidays in the Maldives in comparison
/ comparable with the crowded and noisy beaches of Hawaii.
6. Rob seems to have a crush on you. He’s always so attendant / attentive to your needs.
7. This new situation is more than beneficiary / beneficial to all the local investors.
To miss a chance like this would be unwise / crosswise.
8. We are in possessive / possession of certain funds, but they are not sufficient /
sufficiency to provide for all the families in need.
9. It was John who has made up a new aplliance / application of the microprocessor.
He is really an inventive / inventory person.
10. Without the sportsmen’s valueless / invaluable help we’d have never been able to
afford our son’s life-saving surgery / surgeon.
11. The final effect of the venture was not worthy / worthless of the effort. We wasted
our time and money.
12. Jack's initial excitable / excitement about the competition died down when he
learned about the additional / addictive costs he would have had to cover.
13. Don't be disrespectful / irrespective towards other people if you expect them to
show appreciation / appreciative to you.
14. Harry’s commitment / committed to charity work has earned him friends all over
the world. He’s a recognition / recognizable person now.
15. Among all natural / naturalistic disasters, earthquakes are the least predictable /
predictive.
- 110 -
1. All the members of the gang deserve heavy punishment for ............................ (number)
burglaries and .............................. (thief).
2. Friday was a …………………….. (rest) day. We got up at five in the morning and spent the
…………………….. (major) of time getting things ready for the wedding reception.
3. My …………………….. (appear) in the TV documentary was not …………………….. (intend).
I had no idea they were shooting a film.
4. Clark's …………………….. (refuse) to give us support was an …………………….. (please)
surprise. We’d always considered him a …………………….. (faith) friend.
5. It's …………………….. (point) to pay so much for repairing this old dishwasher. Why don’t
we buy a new one?
6. An attempt to establish a …………………….. (last) peace has failed due to one of the
negotiator’s …………………….. (reject) of the treaty.
7. Besides …………………….. (count) human victims, the tsunami caused an enormous
…………………….. (destruct) of the buildings in the area.
8. …………………….. (obey) at this school is severely punished. Students are under an
…………………….. (oblige) to mind their manners at all times.
9. Another …………………….. (grow) in food prices has lead to even more ……………………..
(complain) about the worsening conditions of living in the country.
10. The detecive claims there is no …………………….. (connect) between these two cases
of …………………….. (rob) in the town.
11. The actors received a …………………….. (stand) ovation from the enthusiastic audience
for their brilliant …………………….. (perform) in Othello.
12. It's …………………….. (use) to try to reach the village on foot. It is only ……………………..
(attain) by helicopter.
13. They didn't find our offer …………………….. (tempt) and so were …………………….. (will) to
sign the business contract. What a pity.
14. Since her …………………….. (graduate) from university, Leila has led an ……………………..
(depend) life. She earns her own living.
15. Italian cuisine is Jim’s …………………….. (prefer) one whereas I have got a strong
…………………….. (like) for Chinese food.
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ZADANIE 7 Uzupełnij zdania właściwymi słowami.
1. competitive / competition / competent

a. It was Emily Banks who won the writers’ ........................... . Her story was the best.
b. Harry wasn’t a ............................ worker, that’s why they laid him off.
c. Our products sell really well because their prices are ............................ .
2. annoyance / annoying / annoyed
a. The poor results of the poll caused great ............................ among the party
members.
b. I’m sorry for my reaction. I was ............................ by the lies the witness told.
c. What’s making that ............................ noise? Is it the radio?
3. destiny / destination / predestined
a. The plane never reached its ............................ . It’s still unclear what happened
during the flight.
b. Jenny believes she is ............................ to achieve a great success as an actress.
c. I went to Athens just for a trip. But I met Georgios, married him and stayed there for
good. Such was my ............................ , I guess.
4. appearances / appearance / disappearance
a. The company representative is one of the jobs where personal ............................
matters a lot.
b. The detective claims he has got a good theory to explain the mysterious
............................ of the precious crown jewels from the museum.
c. It makes no sense to judge people only by their ............................ .
5. addicted / addiction / addictive
a. Heroine is one of the most ............................ drugs.
b. I can’t live without chocolate. I eat it every day. I’m ............................ to it.
c. Uncle Ben used to smoke a lot. But he managed to fight the ............................ .
6. economic / economical / economize
a. In times of drought the locals have to ............................ on water supplies.
b. My car does not use much petrol. It’s really ............................ .
c. The new investments are expected to boost the ............................ development
of the country.
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7. comforting / uncomfortable / comforts
a. The millionaire had lost his fortune in the casino. For the rest of his days he had to
do without the …………………….. of life.
b. The little patient’s parents were so happy when they heard the ……………………..
news of their daughter’s successful recovery.
c. We felt rather …………………….. in company of the couple who were arguing all the time
during the trip.
8. sympathize / sympathetic / sympathy
a. I did …………………….. with you when you failed your examination.
b. The officers had no …………………….. for the driver who caused the accident.
c. We thanked all our family and friends warmly for being so …………………….. when our
father died.
9. unjust / justice / justification
a. The victims expect nothing more but …………………….. . The guilty must be punished.
b. There’s no …………………….. to your rude behaviour. You shouldn’t have called your
subordinates names.
c. I have a feeling that the verdict is …………………….. . I am going to appeal against it.
10. department / departure / departed
a. The plane is still being serviced. Our …………………….. time has been postponed.
b. This is my favourite …………………….. store. I do all my shopping there.
c. This monument has been put up in memory of all the …………………….. professors and
lecturers of the university.
11. benefactor / beneficial / beneficiary
a. Mr Clay is our team’s …………………….. . Without his financial support we’d never
have a chance to train and take part in tournaments.
b. The millionaire left nothing to his children. His young wife was the only ……………………
of his last will.
c. Products rich in fibre are said to be most …………………….. to health.
12. undeniable / denial / denying
a. That Ramesses III was a great pharaoh is a(n) …………………….. fact.
b. There is no …………………….. that jealousy can ruin a relationship.
c. Your …………………….. makes no sense. I was there and saw what had happened.
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13. dependable / dependence / independent
a. It’s great to be …………………….. , earn your own money and live your life the way you
want to.
b. We can always rely on Alan. He’s a(n) …………………. young man, always willing to help.
c. No wonder Jenny jumped at the job offer from the businessman; she was tired of
her financial …………………….. on her husband .
14. necessity / unnecessary / necessitate
a. People’s dissatisfaction with the present government proves the …………………….. of
profound changes in the country’s economic policy.
b. Starting a new investigation was …………………….. as one of the suspects admitted to
the series of thefts.
c. A discovery of this kind might …………………….. changing the theory of evolution.
15. creative / creativity / creation
a. Most religions assume the …………………….. of mankind by a god or gods.
b. Sorry, but your projects lack freshness. You should try to be more …………………….. .
c. …………………….. and a stroke of genius are required in the job of a fashion designer.
16. directions / indirect / directly
a. Stop beating about the bush, will you? Tell me …………………….. what you have
against me.
b. Harry gave us the wrong …………………….. . That’s why we got lost in the city centre.
c. The …………………….. effect of the parents’ divorce was their children’s inability to set
up their own happy families.
17. indifferent / difference / differentiate
a. Terry is rather …………………….. to our problems. It’s pointless to ask for his advice.
b. How do biologists …………………….. between these two species? They look the same.
c. It makes no …………………….. to me whether you visit me on Saturday or Sunday.
18. tireless / tired / tiring
a. It was an exciting but also …………………….. day. I fell asleep almost immediately.
b. Stop playing your silly jokes on everyone. We’re all sick and …………………….. of them.
c. The detective was …………………….. in search for the clues. After six years, he managed
to solve the mystery of the kidnapping.
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19. disadvantage / advantageous / advantaged
a. Children of rich parents are more …………………….. in life than their poorer friends.
b. The money you earn working on the oil platform can be attractive, but the long-time
separation from the family is its serious …………………….. .
c. The …………………….. effect of positive thinking upon the man’s mental health cannot
be overestimated.
20. Illegal / legalize / legally
a. ‘Is it …………………….. to chew gum in public?’ ‘In some countries it is a punishable
offence, indeed.’
b. Most MPs don’t agree to …………………….. the use of soft drugs.
c. Inhabitants of the UE countries do not need passports to travel to all the member
states. They can …………………….. cross the borders.
21. achiever / achievement / achievable
a. Dan likes to pose as a great businessman, but his only …………………….. so far is buying
the old van.
b. It’s common knowledge that bountiful crops are only …………………….. through the
use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
c. It’s not the education but his determination and hard work that has made Frank
an …………………….. . He’s one of the richest people in the country now.
22. critical / criticism / critically
a. The controversial decision of the government provoked strong …………………….. on
the part of the racial minorities.
b. I can’t understand why the boss was so …………………….. of our project. We did our
best to make it functional.
c. Two of the plane crash vicitims were …………………….. wounded. Doctors couldn’t do
much to help them.
23. unbelievable / belief / believer
a. My sister is a great …………………….. in the vegan diet, but I couldn’t do without eggs
or meat.
b. It’s a false …………………….. that snakes attack people. They only do it when they are
disturbed.
c. The simple monk’s …………………….. skill in healing people has earned him popularity
all over the world.
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24. worthy / worthless / worthwhile
a. I got these clocks for free. They’re old, damaged and …………………….. .
b. This guidebook is certainly …………………….. of reading. There’s lots of practical
information for tourists travelling in the Far East.
c. I believe it is not …………………….. building the prototype. They are never going to
produce the car.
25. competition / competitor / competitive
a. I’ve signed in for the young writers …………………….. and I hope to win the main prize.
b. Our restaurant is just too small to rival McDonald’s, which is the toughest
…………………….. on the fast food market.
c. Sally is the most …………………….. player in the team. She never gives up and always
fights for the best result.
26. historic / historical / historian
a. Researchers say there’s not enough evidence to confirm that the battle of Troy was
a …………………….. event.
b. Unbelievable as it may seem, it is uncertain who and why built the ……………………..
monument of the Great Sphinx of Giza.
c. The ancient Greek …………………….. Herodotus is named the father of history as he
was the first to keep regular records of events.
27. judgement / judicious / judicial
a. A single fact of a man’s life is not enough to make a good …………………….. about his
or her individual character.
b. If you want to become a lawyer, you must learn everything about the ……………………..
system in your country.
c. The explorers chose not to drink the water from the pond, which was ……………………..
of them as the water was contaminated.
28. mindful / mindless / minded
a. Why is Cindy always so absent-…………………….. ? She keeps forgetting even about her
relatives’ birthdays.
b. It was totally …………………….. of George to criticize the boss’ decisions. No wonder
he lost the job.
c. Working in a kindergarten you must always be …………………….. of children’s needs.
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29. irresistible / resistant / resistance
a. Our grandpa never changes his views. He’s so …………………….. to progress and
modern technologies.
b. Mandy loved the gold necklace the moment she saw it. She found it so
…………………….., but her husband wouldn’t even hear a word of buying it.
c. The more physical activity you get, the greater the …………………….. to illnesses and
infections your body gains.
30. laughter / laughing / laughable
a. With his absurd statements and irrational acting the politician made
a …………………….. stock of himself.
b. Terry claims to have talked to aliens on his CB radio. That’s …………………….., isn’t it?
c. The young audience burst into …………….…….. when the comedian fell from the chair.
31. ability / capable / incapable
a. The victims kidnapped by the terrorists were …………….…….. of thinking in a rational
way because of a great shock.
b. It’s chameleons’ natural …………….…….. to change their skin colour as a form of
camouflage or a reaction to temperature.
c. There are no other workers in the store today. I am not …………….…….. of unloading
all that delivery stuff by myself.
32. offence / offensive / offender
a. You are being …………….…….. Jim, spreading those nasty gossips about me and
Jenny. Don’t you know that slander is punishable?
b. The juvenile …………….…….. who broke into the gallery had already been recorded
by the local police on several occasions.
c. I don’t know why Rosy took her …………….…….. at me. I said she looked like a million
dollars and I meant it.
33. estimable / estimation / underestimate
a. It’s a great idea to build thermal pools in the city but the …………….…….. of the costs
of the venture is increadibly high.
b. When in company of the ambassador you should behave in a proper manner.
The man is a highly …………….…….. person.
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c. Feminists claim that men tend to …………….…….. their achievements and social
position.
34. defender / defenceless / defence
a. Nelson Madela was the world best-known …………….…….. of equal rights for both
white and black people.
b. Large NATO’s …………….…….. forces are just being sent to the regions of Afghanistan
where there is a risk of a civil war outbreak.
c. It is the poverty and lack of protective means that leaves many inhabitants of Africa
…………….…….. against deadly infections of ebola or SARS.
35. proof / disprove / proven
a. I don’t like to spend my money on rubbish. I only buy products of …………….……..
quality.
b. The police investigation was fruitless. It was the private detective who provided
a convincing …………….…….. that helped find and sentence the murderer.
c. To …………….…….. the gossips of their divorce the celebrities appeared together
on a TV show and told how much they loved each other.
36. imaginative / imaginable / imaginary
a. The village is the best …………….…….. place to live. Here’s everything we need to be
happy.
b. Betty never worked as an actress. It was only her …………….…….. idea and a dream
which she had never achieved.
c. The children love their new teacher. She’s so …………….…….. and full of bright ideas
for educative methods.
37. disregard / regardless / regards
a. In my last letter to Annie I wished her all the best and asked her to pass my kind
…………….…….. to her parents.
b. The minister showed a complete …………….…….. for the striking nurses’ propositions.
He left the meeting without a word.
c. The mountaineers tried to reach the peak of the mountain …………….…….. of the bad
weather conditions, which explains the tragedy.
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38. breathtaking / breathless / breathing
a. The views from our hotel in the mountains were …………….…….. . I’d never been in
a more beautiful place before.
b. The yacht crew have been at sea for over six months. They do need some
…………….…….. space before they set on a new adventure.
c. George was …………….…….. with excitement when uncle Tom took him for a ride
on his brand new Ferrari
39. founder / foundations / unfounded
a. Professor Larkin’s theory has no solid …………….…….. . He just can’t prove it right.
b. After four years the man was released from prison when it turned out he had been
charged on …………….…….. accusations.
c. The police have been searching for the dangerous sect …………….…….. but the man
seems to be a ghost.
40. sadly / sadness / sadden
a. Doesn’t it …………….…….. anyone that human rights are notoriously violated in the
Third World countries?
b. Jenny felt deep …………….…….. when she found out her boyfriend and her best friend
were secretly dating.
c. My brother invested lots of money in the delivery company. …………….…….. though,
the business went bankrupt.
41. disheartened / hearteless / heartily
a. Most of the children were …………….…….. when they learnt that the schedule of their
trip was changed and they were not going to the Lunapark.
b. Everyone laughed …………….…….. at David’s jokes and stories. Thanks to him, we had
really great fun.
c. Shame on you Jack! That was …………….…….. . How could you leave the dog without
a drop of water on such a scortching day?
42. truthful / untrue / truly
a. Ricky may be a handsome man, but he’s not …………….…….. at all. He tells bunches of
lies to the girls he dates.
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b. Nobody deserved the reward more than Simon. He was …………….…….. devoted to
the project and thanks to him it was successful.
c. The rumours of the football star romance with the model proved to be …………….….. .
In fact, they had never met.
43. attentive / attendance / attention
a. There was low …………….…….. at the open air concert due to very bad weather
forecast.
b. Isn’t it about time you stopped playing those silly games and focused more
…………….…….. on your examinations, Steve?
c. I didn’t know Peter was such a gentleman. He was so …………….…….. to all the ladies
during his brother’s wedding reception.
44. distrust / trusting / trustworthy
a. Amy has had a tendency to …………….…….. men since her father left the family.
b. I have known Robert for years. He’s never let me down. He’s the most …………….……..
person to me.
c. When in a new place, don’t be too …………….…….. of people until you get to know
them well.
45. development / developing / underdeveloped
a. Zanzibar may be one of the most …………….…….. regions of the world, but its natural
beauty and hospitable inhabitans fully make up for it.
b. Despite intense foreign investment in many …………….…….. countries of Asia the
problem of poverty and joblessness is still acute.
c. For the last twenty years Evelyn has been concentrating only on her personal and
professional …………….…….. and hasn’t ever thought of setting up a family.
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ZADANIE 8 Podaj poprawne formy słów w tekstach.
Earthquakes are amongst the most 1) .............................. (destroy) natural disasters.

They usually strike without any 2) .............................. (warn) and result in a great
3) ............................... (lose) of life and enormous demolition of buildings.
In 4) .............................. (add), they may cause devastating landslides or create
gigantic tidal waves which, in fact, are collosal walls of water smashing into
seashores with such force that they are 5) .............................. (able) of destroying
coastal cities. However, the vast 6) .............................. (major) of fatalities and
serious 7) .............................. (injure) come about when buildings collapse.
Millions of people undergo cosmetic surgery every year. Modern plastic surgeons
can alter almost any aspect of physical 8) .............................. (appear), from facial
features to body shape. While some cosmetic surgery is done for 9) ............................
(medicine) reasons, many other procedures are 10) .............................. (volunteer).
For many, having cosmetic surgery is a key to 11) .............................. (confide) levels
and self-image. However, cosmetic surgery should never be taken lightly. The
12) .............................. (probable) of complications exists, just as for any other
operation. Pain is a significant drawback to plastic surgery, and 13) ..............................
(recover) times can be as long as six months in some cases. Sometimes plastic surgery
doesn't produce the 14) .............................. (desire) results for the patient, which is
often a problem with 15) .............................. (expect), not with the skill of the surgeon.
Expecting 16) .............................. (real) results, such as that surgery will make you look
like a movie star can lead to a serious 17) .............................. (disappoint).
It is common 18) .............................. (know) that there is no escape from old age and
it is certain that some of us will retain our mental and physical 19) ..............................
(able) while others will suffer from health disorders. Some of us will be able to climb
mountains whereas others will find it 20) .............................. (achieve) because of
arthritis. To what extent we will be affected with ageing is partially a matter of luck.
It is also largely 21) .............................. (depend) on our genes and in a substantial part
on the way we live our lives.
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Long life tends to run in families. Longer lived parents, on average, have longer
lived offspring. The risk of age related 22) .............................. (ill) like Alzheimer's
disease seems to be largely influenced by the 23) .............................. (gene) factor.
Hence, researchers aim at prevention or a successful 24) .............................. (treat) of
conditions like Alzheimer's disease, arthritis and osteoporosis. Some recent studies
have proven that although we are already living longer than ever before, there is still
much to be done for further 25) .............................. (improve) of the quality of our
later years and genetics can really help in that respect.
Sports can be an 26) .............................. (advise) way for the exercise for both body
and mind. Sports activities are a great source of 27) .............................. (entertain) and
many people pursue sports for 28) .............................. (recreate) purposes. There are
also those who take it to the professional level where an 29) ..............................
(involve) of certain level of risk is included. In most games players are always at a risk
of getting injured. There are also sports which are extremely 30) ..............................
(hazard). To some extent these sports may even be considered 31) ..............................
(death). Among these is one of the American favourite: cowboy bull riding. In this
sport the rider mounts a huge bull and has to stay on top of the 32) ..............................
(rage) bull as long as possible. This dangerous sport is a huge favourite with the men
who view themselves as macho and do not seem to take into 33) ..............................
(consider) the risk of being trampled by a bull or getting a severe 34) ...........................
(body) harm. Death is not 35) .............................. (common) either. Bull riders often
suffer from broken bones, back fractures and serious head injuries.
Many people think of nail biting as a 36) .............................. (nerve) habit, but the
driving force may not be 37) .............................. (anxious). New evidence shows that
people who bite their nails, pick their skin or pull their hair are often perfectionists,
and their actions may help soothe 38) .............................. (dissatisfy), irritation or
39) .............................. (boring). One in twenty people sufferring from body-focused
disorders gets engaged in 40) .............................. (behave) such as biting their nails or
plucking out hair until they damage their 41) .............................. (appear) or cause
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themselves pain. These disorders are 42) .............................. (obsess) and extremely
difficult to quit. Yet many people continue to think that this kind of acting is
43) .............................. (habit) and that they are too weak-willed to overcome it.
In an experiment researchers surveyed 48 44) .............................. (participate) and
have provided 45) .............................. (convince) evidence that directly proves
46) .............................. (responsible) of perfectionism for these behaviours. Those
who declared themselves as organizational perfectionists and openly indicated their
47) .............................. (tend) to overplan and overwork also showed a high level of
48) .............................. (frustrate) if they failed to achieve their ultimate goals.
Being environmentally friendly is all about taking small steps so as to make this planet
a better place for our communities and generations to come. The changes are
49) .............................. (surprise) easy to make and there are numerous ways to
practice nature 50) .............................. (conserve). The key step is to learn to take
51) .............................. (reason) decisions on a personal level that start to change our
52) .............................. (aware) and use of natural resources. The person who is
53) .............................. (concern) about the environment fully understands the
54) .............................. (necessary) of recycling, conserving water and fuel and making
55) .............................. (choose) that lessen their impact on the environment. One
should pay close 56) .............................. (attend) to how they choose to heat, travel
and use resources. This can be as simple as turning off the lights as you leave a room,
planting trees that give oxygen, taking shorter showers or using water saving
57) .............................. (apply). Changing your travel habits can be equally
58) .............................. (benefit) for the environment. If your school or office is near
your home, try to ride a bicycle instead of a car. Additionally, by reducing the use of
59) .............................. (harm) chemicals you can avoid causing air, water and ground
60) .............................. (pollute) that can have serious consequences upon human
health.
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Transformacje (parafraza)
Transformacje ze słowem kluczem
ZADANIE 1 Wybierz poprawną formę transformacji najbardziej zbliżoną
znaczeniem do oryginalnego zdania.
1. Jack knows how to repair old radios. CAPABLE

a. Jack is capable to repairing old radios.
b. Jack knows capable to repair old radios.
c. Jack is capable of repairing old radios.
2. The young men went sailing despite the bad weather. SPITE
a. Spite the bad weather the young men went sailing
b. The young men went sailing in spite of the bad weather.
c. For the bad weather spite the young men went sailing.
3. If you don’t apologize for your bad behaviour you’ll be punished. UNLESS
a. Unless you apologize for your bad behaviour you’ll be punished.
b. You’ll be punished unless you don’t apologize for your bad behaviour.
c. Apologize unless you will be punished for your bad behaviour.
4. Let’s go to the mountains instead of the seaside. HOW

a. How do we go to the mountains instead of the seaside?
b. Instead of the seaside how if we go to the mountains?
c. How about going to the mountains instead of the seaside?
5. It was in June when I last talked to Janice. SINCE

a. I haven’t talked to Janice since June.
b. Since June I last talked to Janice.
c. Janice and I have last talked since June.
6. The water in the lake was too cold to swim. ENOUGH

a. The water in the lake wasn’t enough warm to swim.
b. The water in the lake wasn’t warm enough to swim.
c. The water in the lake was too enough cold to swim.
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7. Albert didn’t get better because he refused to take the antibiotics. WOULD
a. Albert wouldn’t refuse to take the antibiotics, so he did not get better.
b. If Albert refused to take the antibiotics, he would not get better.
c. Albert would have got better if he had not refused to take the antibiotics.
8. Neither Frank nor his brother could read the map well. ABLE
a. Frank and his brother weren’t neither able to read the map.
b. Neither Frank nor his brother were able to read the map.
c. Nor Frank neither his brother could read the map able.
9. My neighbours’ private lives do not interest me at all. IN

a. I don’t interest in my neighbours’ private lives at all.
b. My neighbours’ private lives interest in me not at all.
c. I am not interested in my neighbours’ private lives at all.
10. We have nothing against your children playing in our garden. MIND
a. We haven’t mind against your children to play in our garden.
b. We don’t mind your children playing in our garden.
c. Your children aren’t mind against playing in our garden.
11. It was wrong of Harry to leave the office before the end of the day. SHOULD
a. Harry shouldn’t have left the office before the end of the day.
b. Should Harry leave the office before the end of the day, which was wrong.
c. Harry wrongly should have left the office before the end of the day.
12. What a pity I didn’t ask Mary for a date first. WISH
a. It’s a pity I didn’t wish Mary for a date first.
b. I pitied to wish to ask Mary for a date first.
c. I wish I had asked Mary for a date first.
13. After the accident the driver found it really hard to move. HARDLY
a. After the accident the driver hardly found moving.
b. After the accident the driver was hardly able to move.
c. After the accident the driver couldn’t hardly move.
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14. Who broke into the sports shop? BY
a. By whom did the sports shop break into?
b. Who did break into the sports shop by?
c. Who was the sports shop broken into by?
15. It is possible that you left your wallet in the restaurant. MIGHT
a. It is a might that you left your wallet in the restaurant.
b. You might have left your wallet in the restaurant.
c. Your wallet might leave in the restaurant.
16. I think you should stop teasing the snake. HAD BETTER
a. You had better stop teasing the snake.
b. If you stopped teasing the snake, it had better.
c. Had better for you to stop teasing the snake.
17. These two banknotes are not the same. DIFFERENCE

a. These two banknotes are a difference.
b. There is a difference between these two banknotes.
c. The difference is in these two banknotes.
18. We do want you to pay the damages. INSIST

a. We insist you to pay the damages.
b. You pay the damages on our insist.
c. We insist on your paying the damages.
19. Is Simon responsible for the production department? CHARGE

a. Is Simon in charge of the production department?
b. Does Simon charge for the production department?
c. Is the production department on Simon’s charge?
20. Mandy is not as attractive as her younger sister. LESS

a. Mandy’s younger sister is less attractive.
b. As attractive as her younger sister is Mandy less.
c. Mandy is less attractive than her younger sister.
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21. Nina pretends to be someone important, but she is not. AS IF
a. As if Nina behaves that she is someone important.
b. Nina behaves as if she were someone important.
c. Nina is nobody important but as if she behaves.
22. It seems David doesn’t see the problem with the heating. SEEM
a. To David doesn’t seem to see the problem with the heating.
b. David doesn’t seem to see the problem with the heating.
c. It doesn’t seem to David to see the problem with the heating
23. It is quite probable that someone discovered the place before us. MUST
a. Someone must probably discovered the place before us.
b. It was quite probable that someone must discover the place before us.
c. Someone must have discovered the place before us.
24. I didn’t usually get up so early in the morning. USED

a. I didn’t used to getting up so early in the morning.
b. I was not used to getting up so early in the morning.
c. Getting up so early in the morning was not used to me.
25. Shouldn’t Mark be leaving for his bus now? ABOUT TIME
a. Isn’t it about time Mark was leaving for his bus?
b. Mark is about time leaving for his bus now.
c. Mark should be leaving for his bus about time now.
26. Arthur says he didn’t steal the jewellery. DENIES

a. Arthur denies to steal the jewellery.
b. Arthur denies the jewellery having stolen.
c. Arthur denies stealing the jewellery.
27. The water in the river may rise considerably soon. LIKELY
a. It is likely the water in the river to rise considerably soon
b. The water in the river is likely to rise considerably soon.
c. The water in the river likely may rise considerably soon
- 127 -
28. Did all of you have to show your ID cards before entering the office? OBLIGED
a. Did all of you obliged to showing your ID cards before entering the office?
b. Were all of you obliged to show your ID cards before entering the office?
c. Had all of you obliged to show your ID cards before entering the office?
29. Maggie did not remember that she had already added salt in the soup. FORGOT
a. Maggie forgot to add salt in the soup.
b. Maggie already forgot that she was to add salt in the soup.
c. Maggie forgot adding salt in the soup.
30. I don’t want you to eat too much of the junk food. WOULD RATHER
a. I would rather you didn’t eat too much of the junk food.
b. You would rather not eat too much of the junk food.
c. I would rather you not to eat too much of the junk food.
31. Jimmy should have his old car serviced. NEEDS

a. Jimmy needs servicing his old car.
b. Jimmy’s old car needs to be serviced.
c. Jimmy’s old car needs to service.
32. I followed my father’s advice and joined the Scouts. ENCOURAGED

a. I encouraged to join the Scouts following my father’s advice.
b. I was encouraged for joining the Scouts by my father.
c. My father encouraged me to join the Scouts.
33. It’s highly unlikely that Frank discovered the truth. COULDN’T
a. The truth couldn’t have discovered by Frank.
b. Frank couldn’t have discovered the truth.
c. Frank unlikely couldn’t discover the truth.
34. This is the first time I am exploring a cave. BEFORE

a. Before the first time I did not explore a cave.
b. I have never explored a cave before.
c. Never before I have explored a cave.
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35. You’ve bought too many of the snacks. NEEDN’T
a. You needn’t to buy so many of the snacks.
b. Buying so many of the snacks was needn’t for you.
c. You needn’t have bought so many of the snacks.
36. Wendy learnt about her promotion only yesterday. UNTIL

a. Wendy did not learn about her promotion until yesterday.
b. Until only yesterday Wendy learnt about her promotion.
c. Wendy learnt about her promotion not until yesterday.
37. If David hadn’t had his GPS device we’d have got lost in the mountains. BUT FOR
a. But for David’s GPS device we did not get lost in the mountains.
b. We would have got lost in the mountains but for David’s GPS device.
c. But for David’s GPS device we wouldn’t get lost in the mountains
38. At the party I drank only mineral water. NOTHING BUT

a. At the party I drank nothing but mineral water.
b. At the party did I drink nothing but mineral water.
c. Nothing but mineral water didn’t I drink at the party.
39. My sister loves riding horses a lot. KEEN

a. My sister rides horses so keen.
b. My sister very keen rides horses.
c. My sister is really keen on riding horses.
40. Perhaps Janice said something that made Tim angry. MAY
a. Janice told something that may make Tim angry.
b. May Janice tell something that made Tim angry.
c. Janice may have told something that made Tim angry.
41. I didn’t want to lose my passport so I kept it in a safe. FEAR

a. I kept my passport in a safe for fear of losing it.
b. In fear to lose my passport I kept it in a safe.
c. I kept my passport in a safe with fear that I lost it.
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42. Chris would rather eat in a restaurant than cook meals at home. PREFERS
a. Chris prefers to eat in a restaurant than cook meals at home
b. Chris prefers eating in a restaurant to cooking meals at home.
c. Rather than cooking meals at home Chris prefers to eat in a restaurant.
43. I wish I had read the document before signing it. REGRET
a. I regret to have not read the document before signing it.
b. I don’t regret to sign the document without reading it.
c. I regret not reading the document before signing it.
44. Is there any difference between these two books? DIFFER

a. Do these two books differ from each other?
b. Does one of the books differ than the other?
c. Does it differ between these two books?
45. Anthony has not written or called us for a long time. HEARD
a. Anthony has not heard with us for a long time.
b. It’s been a long time since we haven’t heard of Anthony.
c. We haven’t heard from Anthony for a long time.
46. Should you ever travel in the area, do come for a visit. HAPPEN
a. As you happen travelling in the area, do come for a visit.
b. If you happen to travel in the area, do come for a visit.
c. If it should happen your travelling in the area, do come for a visit.
47. Only her manager knew the date of the film star’s wedding. EXCEPT
a. Except her manager everyone knew the date of the film star’s wedding.
b. Not anyone knew the date of the film star’s wedding except to her manager.
c. Nobody knew the date of the film star’s wedding except her manager.
48. I will lend you my bike only if you bring it back by Friday. CONDITION
a. I will lend you my bike on condition that you bring it back by Friday.
b. I will lend you my bike with condition to bring it back by Friday.
c. I will lend you my bike if condition of bringing it back by Friday.
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49. I have never heard any of these names. FAMILIAR
a. None of these names familiar to me.
b. I am not familiar with any of these names.
c. I don’t familiar to any of these names.
50. We should be leaving for school now. HIGH TIME

a. It’s high time we were leaving for school.
b. We are on high time to be leaving for school.
c. It’s about high time we are leaving for school.
51. Jordan is still unemployed. AS YET

a. Jordan did not employ as yet.
b. As yet Jordan hasn’t been unemployed.
c. Jordan hasn’t found employment as yet.
52. Ann does not really remember sending the e-mail. WHETHER
a. Whether sending the e-mail Ann does not remember.
b. Ann does not really remember whether she sent the e-mail.
c. Ann does not really remember whether to have sent the e-mail.
53. What do they expect me to do? SUPPOSED

a. What am I supposed to do?
b. What do they supposed me to do?
c. What is supposed to do by me?
54. Why did you not inform us of the changes in the schedule? OUGHT
a. Why ought you not to inform us of the changes in the schedule?
b. You ought inform us of the changes in the schedule.
c. You ought to have informed us of the changes in the schedule.
55. Mark is popular with girls though he is so rough. MAY

a. Mark may be rough, but he is popular with girls.
b. Rough may Mark be he is popular with girls.
c. Popular may he be with girls Mark is so rough.
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56. We did not have to keep guard at night. NO NEED
a. We had no need keeping guard at night.
b. It was no need that we kept guard at night.
c. There was no need for us to keep guard at night.
57. What sense does it make to do the accounts again? POINT IN

a. What point makes it in doing the accounts again?
b. What is the point in doing the accounts again?
c. What does the point in doing the accounts again?
58. Did David manage to recover the lost data? SUCCEED

a. Did David succeed in recovering the lost data?
b. Did David succeed to recover the lost data?
c. Did David succeed having recovered the lost data?
59. Why has Alice failed? REASON

a. What reason has Alice failed?
b. What was the reason for Alice’s failure?
c. What has Alice failed for a reason?
60. I just had to ask her this question. HELP

a. I had no help to ask her this question.
b. It would not help me to ask her this question.
c. I couldn’t help asking her this question.
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ZADANIE 2 Przepisz zdania tak, aby jak najwierniej oddawały znaczenie
wyrażone w oryginalnym zdaniu. Użyj podanych słów kluczy.
1. You don’t need to take all these pills. NECESSARY

It ................................................................................................................................
2. Wendy began learning Chinese two months ago. FOR
..................................................................................................................... months.
3. If I were in your place I would notify the police. ADVISE
I .................................................................................................................................
4. Brian is too impatient to wait for his gift so long. ENOUGH
Brian .........................................................................................................................
5. We don’t get on well even though we are a close family. DESPITE
Despite .....................................................................................................................
6. I am not keen on ancient history. INTEREST
Ancient history .........................................................................................................
7. Whose are those luggages? BELONG
Who .........................................................................................................................?
8. I suggest that you write a complaint. ABOUT
..................................................................................................................................?
9. Perhaps, I will start my own business. THINKING
I .................................................................................................................................
10. The players had very little time to celebrate their victory. HARDLY
...................................................................................................................................
11. Promise that you will not exceed the speed limit and I will let you drive. PROVIDED
I will ...........................................................................................................................
12. We pay the company for servicing our machinery. HAVE
We .............................................................................................................................
13. Uncle Joe smoked cigars all his life. ADDICTED
...................................................................................................................................
14. We didn’t have to pay for the food. CHARGE
The food ....................................................................................................................
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15. The cruise around the island was more exciting than the visit to the ruins. NOT SO
...................................................................................................................................
16. Jenny started attending the course for translators in June. SINCE
...................................................................................................................................
17. Diane can decorate houses and flats really well. SKILLED
...................................................................................................................................
18. How much did the operation cost? PRICE
................................................................................................................. operation?
19. Maybe Andy didn’t realize the risk of the venture? MAY
Andy ..........................................................................................................................
20. They did not let us enter the military area. ALLOWED
We .............................................................................................................................
21. The kids say they don’t want to stay at the camp any longer. BORED
...................................................................................................................................
22. If I were you I wouldn’t question the manager’s decisions. HAD BETTER
...................................................................................................................................
23. Does Monica know how high the rent is? AWARE
...................................................................................................................................
24. They forced me to sign the testimony. MADE
I .................................................................................................................................
25. If you don’t apologize for your misbehaviour you’ll be punished. UNLESS
You ............................................................................................................................
26. You didn’t pay the fine and that’s why you got into trouble. WOULD NOT
...................................................................................................................................
27. I don’t think Frank will remember about my birthday. UNLIKELY
...................................................................................................................................
28. The museum is not open on Mondays. ADMITTANCE
There .........................................................................................................................
29. This vegetable is not suitable for being eaten raw. LEND
...................................................................................................................................
30. Working night shifts is nothing new to me. ACCUSTOMED
...................................................................................................................................
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31. These plane models are not the same. DIFFERENCE
...................................................................................................................................
32. Simon very often tells lies. NOTORIOUS
...................................................................................................................................
33. Everybody believes that this tree is the oldest in the country. BELIEVED
...................................................................................................................................
34. Soon, the flowers will start blooming. ABOUT
...................................................................................................................................
35. It was Jason who told me that I shouldn’t accept the job offer. DISCOURAGED
Jason .........................................................................................................................
36. Physical effort is really healthy. BENEFICIAL
...................................................................................................................................
37. The agent put on a disguise because he didn’t want anyone to recognize him.
IN CASE
...................................................................................................................................
38. My parents say I can’t play near the river bank. OBJECT
...................................................................................................................................
39. Could you help me in the garden, Ted? LEND
...................................................................................................................................
40. The place was so stuffy that I could hardly breathe. SUCH
...................................................................................................................................
41. The opposition do not accept the ruling party’s reforms. DISAPPROVE
...................................................................................................................................
42. ‘Tidy up the classroom.’ - said the teacher to the pupils. ORDERED
...................................................................................................................................
43. The waiter did not remember that he had already given us the bill. FORGOT
...................................................................................................................................
44. Tony Adams was one of my classmates. MINE
...................................................................................................................................
45. On holidays we usually went to the mountains with our parents. USED
...................................................................................................................................
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46. I am certain it was George who spread the gossips. MUST
It ................................................................................................................................
47. Somebody should teach the bully a lesson by now. HIGH TIME
...................................................................................................................................
48. The young singer lost her voice while she was performing. DURING
...................................................................................................................................
49. Do you sometimes meditate all night? HAPPEN
...................................................................................................................................
50. Jenny wished she hadn’t changed her school. REGRETTED
...................................................................................................................................
51. You are welcome to take another piece of the cake. YOURSELF
...................................................................................................................................
52. Do you have to scan your fingerprints before entering the office? OBLIGED
...................................................................................................................................
53. I wish we had spent the day together. PITY
...................................................................................................................................
54. The boxes were so heavy that I couldn’t carry them upstairs. TOO
...................................................................................................................................
55. Although they are twins they are not the same. DIFFER
...................................................................................................................................
56. My wife prefers going climbing to lying on the beach. WOULD RATHER
...................................................................................................................................
57. You ought to have the air conditioner cleaned. NEEDS
...................................................................................................................................
58. It was Eric’s duty to write the report. SUPPOSED
...................................................................................................................................
59. How many chapters are there in the book? CONSIST
...................................................................................................................................
60. I screamed out loud because I wanted everybody to hear me. SO THAT
...................................................................................................................................
- 136 -
61. I don’t earn enough to buy extravagant clothes. AFFORD
...................................................................................................................................
62. ‘Do not download pirate software.’, said the boss to us. WARNED
...................................................................................................................................
63. This man looks exactly like my uncle Ted. REMINDS
...................................................................................................................................
64. Students do not have to buy all these books. NO NEED
...................................................................................................................................
65. I have never climbed a higher mountain. EVER
This ............................................................................................................................
66. The coffee machine is not working properly. ORDER
...................................................................................................................................
67. My father knows a lot about old airplanes. KNOWLEDGE
...................................................................................................................................
68. If you don’t play fair you will get the red card. OR ELSE
...................................................................................................................................
69. Lena can speak four languages fluently. FLUENT
...................................................................................................................................
70. Greg knows nothing about the occurrence. FAMILIAR
...................................................................................................................................
71. Perhaps it was Leo who activated the alarm. COULD
It ................................................................................................................................
72. We don’t have much petrol left. SHORT
...................................................................................................................................
73. The dog will only go away when you give it a snack. UNTIL
...................................................................................................................................
74. Sorry madam, I didn’t intend to take your bag. MISTAKE
...................................................................................................................................
75. Monica hates it when someone asks her private questions. CAN’T STAND
...................................................................................................................................
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76. Do you realize what consequences your behaviour will have? AWARE
...................................................................................................................................
77. Why are you knocking down the garden shed? PURPOSE
...................................................................................................................................
78. You should consider hiring a travel guide. CONSIDERATION
...................................................................................................................................
79. The only thing I eat before a training is a banana. BUT
...................................................................................................................................
80. James can’t wait to visit his grandparents in Majorca. FORWARD
...................................................................................................................................
81. If you don’t buy a ticket you will pay a fine. OTHERWISE
...................................................................................................................................
82. Mike hid in the garden as he didn’t want to go to the dentist. TO AVOID
...................................................................................................................................
83. I threw those old newspapers away. RID
...................................................................................................................................
84. Mary regretted changing Sidney for Tokyo. WISHED
...................................................................................................................................
85. Liza is not a manager, but she behaves so. AS IF
...................................................................................................................................
86. It was wrong of you to have drunk alcohol. OUGHT
...................................................................................................................................
87. ‘You had better install the antivirus software.’, said Tom to me. RECOMMENDED
...................................................................................................................................
88. David stayed awake all night because he was afraid someone might steal his new
car. FOR FEAR
...................................................................................................................................
89. Everyone knows that Mr Wells works as a stuntman. KNOWN
...................................................................................................................................
90. Why did you write all these reports by hand? NEEDN’T
...................................................................................................................................
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91. Tim said it was me who broke the window. ACCUSED
...................................................................................................................................
92. Have you made your decision yet? MIND
...................................................................................................................................
93. I haven’t sold the bike yet. SALE
...................................................................................................................................
94. The parents give him money and food. DEPENDENT
...................................................................................................................................
95. Alex says he did not call his friends names. DENIES
...................................................................................................................................
96. We couldn’t continue the project because of our financial difficulties. PREVENTED
...................................................................................................................................
97. She is the only person who I don’t know here. EXCEPT
...................................................................................................................................
98. Julia paid the men to carry her luggages. HAD
...................................................................................................................................
99. Amy’s suggestions are interesting enough to be considered. WORTH
...................................................................................................................................
100. I prefer cooking my own food to eating out. WOULD SOONER
...................................................................................................................................
- 139 -
Transformacje otwarte
(bez słowa klucza)
ZADANIE 1 Uzupełnij zdania tak, aby jak najwierniej oddawały

znaczenie oryginalnego zdania.
1. Let’s play Scrabble instead of chess.

How ................................................................................................................. chess?
2. My brother loves deep sea fishing.
My brother is fond ......................................................................................................
3. Everyone knows that Joe has a crush for Amanda.
Joe .............................................................................................................. Amanda.
4. What a pity you don’t have a sailing licence.
I wish ............................................................................................................. licence.
5. James is likely to arrive next Friday.
It is .......................................................................................................... next Friday.
6. It’s a pity we didn’t have enough time to visit the Acropolis.
If only we ............................................................................................. the Acropolis.
7. These photographs are not the same.
There is ......................................................................................... these photographs.
8. Someone has recommended pulling the old factory down.
It has been .................................................................................................................
9. There is a nice silence in the area.
It ....................................................................................................................... area.
10. What is the price of the cruise around the Mediterranean?
How much ................................................................................................................?
11. I have never been to a more beautiful place.
This is .................................................................................................................... to.
12. It seems the climbers do not fear a snowstorm.
The climbers ........................................................................................ a snowstorm.
- 140 -
13. Bob is both a good composer and a talented guitar player.
Bob is not .................................................................................................................
14. The police had just gone away when the riots broke out again.
No sooner ........................................................................................................ again.
15. It’s hard to believe Mark planted all these trees alone.
Mark couldn’t .................................................................................................. alone.
16. One of our friends has won a lot of money in the lottery.
A friend .......................................................................................................... lottery.
17. Why have you brought all these tools?
............................................................................................................................. for?
18. Wherever you settle down don’t forget about your origins.
No matter ...................................................................................................... origins.
19. There is no difference between these theories.
These theories do not .................................................................................................
20. I realized it was really hard to operate the crane.
I found ........................................................................................................................
21. The Japanese pianist made the biggest impression on the audience.
No other ....................................................................................... the Japanese one.
22. ‘Don’t take photos in the mosque.’, said the guide.
The guide warned us ............................................................................. the mosque.
23. After he had landed the plane the pilot sent an SOS signal.
Having ............................................................................................... an SOS signal.
24. Jim wouldn’t have passed the test if I had not helped him.
If it ................................................................................................................ the test.
25. Vincent is not a good dancer.
Vincent ............................................................................................................... well.
26. Because she was so devoted to the job the boss decided to promote her.
Owing to her ..............................................................................................................
27. Only when he opened the vault the thief realized it was empty.
It was not until ............................................................................................... empty.
- 141 -
28. They began repairing the roof two weeks ago.
They ................................................................................................... for two weeks.
29. The guards made us empty our bags.
We were made ........................................................................................ the guards.
30. Nobody has fired any shot as yet.
No shot ........................................................................................................... as yet.
31. I had just wiped the table clean when my baby spilt juice on it.
Hardly ....................................................................................................... juice on it.
32. People suspect that the city mayor has accepted bribes.
The city mayor ................................................................................................ bribes.
33. There is nobody we can rely on.
We have .....................................................................................................................
34. I didn’t buy any souvenirs because I did not have much money.
Had I .......................................................................................................... souvenirs.
35. It’s a sure thing that the men will stand trial.
The men are bound ....................................................................................................
36. It was the first time I ate such an exotic dish.
Never before ............................................................................................ exotic dish.
37. Many people suggested moving the rubbish dump to a different location.
It was suggested ........................................................................ to a different location.
38. Professor Gump did not take part in the conference, nor did professor Allen.
Neither .......................................................................................... in the conference.
39. If you smile more you will make friends more easily.
Smile ..........................................................................................................................
40. Someone has broken into our holiday home.
Our holiday home ......................................................................................................
41. It’s probable that the bomb was planted by terrorists.
The bomb may ........................................................................................... terrorists.
42. If you have any problems with setting the tuner, contact the call centre.
Should ................................................................................................ the call centre.
43. We had hardly left the port when the storm broke out.
No sooner ..................................................................................................................
- 142 -
44. Making such racist comments is irresponsible.
To ......................................................................................................... irresponsible.
45. It’s highly unlikely Diane hacked your computer.
Diane can’t ....................................................................................... your computer.
46. ‘Fire at will!’, said the captain to the soldiers.
The captain ordered ...................................................................................................
47. The old lighthouse will probably collapse one day.
The old light house is ................................................................................... one day.
48. The player wished he had signed the contract.
The player regretted ..................................................................................................
49. Adam is too inexperienced to lead such a big team.
Adam is not ............................................................................................. a big team.
50. If I stay late at night I sleep longer in the morning.
The later ........................................................................................... in the morning.
51. It rarely rains in this part of the world.
Hardly ever ............................................................................................... the world.
52. We have been waiting for the goods to be delivered for ten days.
It’s ten days ...................................................................................... to be delivered.
53. I do not really believe this woman can foretell my future.
I doubt ...................................................................................................... my future.
54. They were both unable to recollect what had happened.
Neither ..................................................................................... what had happened.
55. Learning this long poem by heart is difficult.
It ................................................................................................................. by heart.
56. The men did not give in until they realized they were surrounded by the police.
Only when ..................................................................................................................
57. ‘I won’t have my hair cut short.’, says Emily.
Emily objects..................................................................................................... short.
58. Even though he was a rich man Mr Hill would not spend a penny for charity.
Despite ..................................................................................................... for charity.
- 143 -
59. You don’t need to water the plants every day.
It isn’t necessary ....................................................................................... every day.
60. You are not allowed to go diving alone under any circumstances.
Under no ......................................................................................................... alone.
61. It has been reported that the criminal was seen in the suburbs.
The criminal ................................................................................................. suburbs.
62. Everyone considered the chairman’s acting offensive.
Everyone felt .................................................................................................. acting.
63. Normally, people don’t talk to me like that.
I am not used ............................................................................................... like that.
64. All the screws need to be greased.
Each of ......................................................................................................................
65. Nigel is so proud of his sons’ sports achievements.
Nigel takes ......................................................................................... achievements.
66. There was so much noise at the parade.
It was ............................................................................................................ parade.
67. The girls were embarrassed by the boys’ remarks.
The girls found ...........................................................................................................
68. Though he is a licenced pilot he is afraid of flying.
In spite ............................................................................................................. flying.
69. ‘Of course, your children are welcome to play in my garden.’, said Mrs Dove to us.
Mrs Dove didn’t mind ............................................................................. her garden.
70. The family knew nothing about Joe’s wedding until yesterday.
Not till ................................................................................................ Joe’s wedding.
71. We didn’t stay anywhere else but Barcelona.
Nowhere else ........................................................................................... Barcelona.
72. Don’t come late to work otherwise you will have to stay extra hours.
Unless .................................................................................................... extra hours.
73. ‘Have the soldiers been marching all day?’, asked someone.
Someone asked ............................................................................................. all day.
- 144 -
74. It seems the washing machine is out of order.
The washing machine ............................................................................ out of order.
75. Although she tried hard she couldn’t solve the puzzle.
No matter ................................................................................................ the puzzle.
76. Patty shouldn’t have interfered between Lisa and her husband.
It was wrong of ...................................................................... Lisa and her husband.
77. Let’s make a party on the beach!
Shall ...........................................................................................................................
78. I preferred travelling incognito to being followed by a horde of paparazzi.
Rather than ............................................................................................... incognito.
79. Bob didn’t do much to maintain good relations with his children.
Little ....................................................................................................... his children.
80. Who is responsible for watching over the President?
Whose duty ........................................................................................ the President?
81. The detective made me re-write my testimony.
I was ............................................................................................... by the detective.
82. Steve added more salt in the soup, which was not necessary.
Steve needn’t .............................................................................................. the soup.
83. Though he looked unmoved Dave felt very sorry for Cynthia.
Unmoved ...................................................................................................... Cynthia.
84. Tori is the best assistant that I have ever had.
I have never ........................................................................................................ Tori.
85. Marco works as a teacher and is also a diving instructor.
Besides ........................................................................................ a diving instructor.
86. You are not advised to spend too much time in the sun.
It is not ...................................................................................................... in the sun.
87. Although I respect George very much I don’t agree with his political views.
Much as ............................................................................................. political views.
88. Shouldn’t you be leaving for your train now?
Hadn’t ............................................................................................................... now?
- 145 -
89. If I ever intended to change my job I would leave abroad.
If I were ......................................................................................................... abroad.
90. My sister went on a diet a month ago.
It is a month .................................................................................................... a diet.
91. Who has painted the grafitti?
Who ..................................................................................................................... by?
92. You did not obey the regulations so you had to pay a fine.
Had .................................................................................................................. a fine.
93. What if someone discovers your secret?
Supposing .............................................................................................. your secret.
94. There are expecations that the probe will find traces of life in space.
The probe .................................................................................................... in space.
95. I found it difficult to recognize the people I grew up with.
I had difficulty ................................................................................... I grew up with.
96. It looks like it has been raining all night here.
It must ................................................................................................. all night here.
97. Mr Grant may be senile but he still leads a sporty lifestyle.
Senile ............................................................................................................ lifestyle.
98. Meat prices have increased lately.
There ............................................................................................................... lately.
99. The children should not be playing so close to the street, I believe.
I’d rather the children ............................................................................... the street.
100. While the boss was absent the workers were lazying around.
During ........................................................................................................... around.
101. The tower is so high that you can’t see its top.
Such .................................................................................................................... top.
102. I had just hung up the phone when it rang again.
Scarcely ........................................................................................................... again.
103. Having done the ironing Daisy started paking her suitcase.
After she ................................................................................................ her suitcase.
- 146 -
104. Did the family manage to recover their wealth after the war?
Did the family succeed ....................................................................... after the war?
105. It’s a pity we didn’t go to Thailand for our honeymoon.
We would rather ............................................................................. our honeymoon.
106. If you ever visit Auckland again don’t forget to call on us.
If you were ................................................................................................ call on us.
107. I couldn’t understand the man even though he was speaking slowly.
However ............................................................................................................. him.
108. We’ve spent eight years renovating these ancient mosaics.
It ..................................................................................................... ancient mosaics.
109. You don’t need to answer all the reporters’ questions.
It isn’t ....................................................................................... reporters’ questions.
110. We opened the gallery thanks to Mr Halley, who supported us financially.
But ........................................................................................................... the gallery.
111. The travellers could only reach Machu Picchu by hiring a local guide.
Only by ............................................................................................... Machu Picchu.
112. ‘I do want you to get this inoculation.’, said the doctor to me.
The doctor insisted ................................................................................. inoculation.
113. Are we obliged to wear these ID tags all the time?
Is it ........................................................................................................ all the time?
114. If there were to be more strikes the planes would remain grounded.
Were ......................................................................................................... grounded.
115. Travis wishes he had not sold his old coins collection.
Travis would prefer ................................................................................... collection.
116. Michael was the only student to pass the test.
Except for ..................................................................................................... the test.
117. I can’t wait to go camping with my cousins.
I am looking forward .............................................................................. my cousins.
118. Don’t forget that the baby must be fed regularly.
Bear ........................................................................................................... regularly.
- 147 -
119. We only managed to find our way because we had a compass.
Without a compass ....................................................................................................
120. Mark jumped over the fire, which was reckless.
It was .........................................................................................................................
121. It’s a pity the day was so cold and rainy.
If only .........................................................................................................................
122. It will take me half an hour to clean the chimney.
In half an hour I .................................................................................... the chimney.
123. Drive slowly or else we will miss our exit.
Unless ................................................................................................................. exit.
124. None of us reached so far as Timothy.
Timothy ............................................................................................................ of all.
125. As he earned more he became more stingy.
The .......................................................................................................... he became.
126. When she returned home, Mrs Sullivan realized it had been broken into.
On .......................................................................................................... broken into.
127. The road might have been blocked.
It is ............................................................................................................... blocked.
128. I believe this is the place we have been looking for.
This appears ...............................................................................................................
129. The goalkeeper agreed to stay with the team only when he was promised a rise.
Not till ........................................................................................................ the team.
130. Can one rely on Wendy?
Is ................................................................................................................... person?
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Test luk otwartych
Uzupełnianie luk w zdaniach i tekstach
ZADANIE 1 Uzupełnij luki w zdaniach właściwymi słowami tak, aby

otrzymać logiczną i poprawną gramatycznie wypowiedź.
as being had order since

soon that though unless yet
1. Ever ..................... they quarrelled Mike and Jenny haven’t talked to each another /
other.
2. Is anything wrong at / with you, Daisy? You look as ..................... you were about to
faint.
3. Our parents are thinking of / on moving abroad in ..................... to look for better
living conditions.
4. ..................... usual, they had an argument as none / nobody of them would agree to
work the night shift.
5. It’s Jamie ..................... I suspect with / of damaging the file cabinet in my office.
6. Due for / to the renovation works starting next monday our office is .....................
moved to another address.
7. Despite / Although having been a couple for three years Joan and Steve have not got
married as ..................... .
8. I have made up my brain / mind to quit working and start travelling all over the
world as ..................... as I make a million.
9. ..................... Juventus score another goal they will lose their chance of qualifying
for / to the Champions League.
10. You ..................... better not mention it to Paul that you have seen his wife in company
of another man or other / else he might get upset.
- 149 -
ZADANIE 2 Uzupełnij luki w tekście właściwymi słowami tak, aby otrzymać
logiczną i poprawną gramatycznie wypowiedź.
Dolphins are known ..............(1) be the most playful ..............(2) all in the animal
kingdom. When ..............(3) comes to creating games, they have few rivals. They seem
to ..............(4) great pleasure in the game of catch with a fish or a turtle, throwing
the animal ..............(5) and forth to each other with no intention of eating it. Dolphins
enjoy the activities that remind us ..............(6) our games of tag.
..............(7) indicate its readiness for a game one dolphin will touch another a ..............(8)
of times, and then a high speed pursuit will ..............(9) place through the sea. With
immense delight they ..............(10) turns chasing each other.

besides case charge knowledge mind

pattern reach reason saying sense
1. Instead to / of acting like his rough mates, Jack should follow a better ..................... .
2. Jimmy’s account of the incident is beyond all ..................... . He blames the devastation
of his neighbour’s car on / with some aliens.
3. The capitan showed a lot of common ..................... when it came to / at negotiating
with the Somalian sea pirates.
4. ..................... being a talented ballerina, Mindy is also skilled for / in modern dances.
5. It’s really up / about to you whether you choose medicine or law for your study.
Make up your ..................... as it’s a serious decision.
6. ‘What’s the clue / point of trimming all these young trees?’
‘To the best of my ..................... it helps them grow better and produce more fruit.’
7. The explorers are all equipped to / with maps and compasses just in .....................
some of them should lose their way in the jungle.
8. There’s no ..................... what might happen if you dived too deep without a good
preparation. Your life and wellbeing would be at danger / risk.
- 150 -
9. Because / Due to some financial difficulties the research was abandoned although
a success had seemed to be within easy ..................... .
10. Ever since the boss put Alan in ..................... of the sales department he has been
acting such as / as though he was the most important person in the company.

There has been a boom in low-fat products ............(1) the 1980s as the message was
spread that to improve our health we needed to reduce the ............(2) of saturated fat
in our diets. This means cutting ............(3) on full-fat dairy foods, red meat and some
processed foods.
Fat supplies more ............(4) twice the calories per gram of carbohydrates, and saturated
fat is guilty ............(5) clogging our arteries and increasing cholesterol levels. But, as people
came ............(6) terms with this fact, the food industry began replacing the animal fats in
their products ............(7) processed vegetable oils. During the process manufacturers
found they had to add extra sugar in their products so we continued to enjoy their taste,
............(8) meant that the typical low-fat product was high ............(9) carbohydrates. It also
might contain trans-fats and at the ............(10) of the day had a very similar calorie value
to the original full-fat product.

advance court keeps living origin

pieces purpose record ride time
1. Jamie offered to give me a ..................... to the airport and I invited him for lunch
in / for return.
2. The agent made the mafia boss speak of his criminal activity by manner / means
of a hoax. He pretended to be a criminal doing ..................... in prison for robberies.
3. What’s your view at / on cloning humans? Do you support it? Do you think it will
serve a good ..................... in the future?
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4. Grandfather said the old coins collection was for ..................... . He gave it to me and
asked to hide it somewhere to / for safekeeping.
5. ‘Mr Grey, will you tell us early / ahead of time when you are going to retire?’
‘Of course, I will let you know in ..................... .’
6. Unless / Or else the neighbours stop littering our lawn we’ll have no other choice but
to take them to ..................... .
7. The businessman intended to open more restaurants but his plan fell to .....................
when it turned about / out his accountant had embezzled all his money.
8. ‘What does your brother do for a ..................... ?’ ‘Mark is a vet by profession / job
but now he works as a dog trainer.’
9. There’s a great demand for / on ivory jewellery among wealthy people but most
of them just do not care how it is achieved and what its place of ..................... is.
10. What I have just told you is off the ..................... . I hope you keep it secret and don’t
spill the peas / beans.

Swedes are known to be concerned ............(1) their health just as they care about
the proper upbringing for their offspring. This is ............(2) they have recently bought
thousands of electronic toy animals which are placed inside a plastic egg. According
............(3) experts, the toys can help teach children ............(4) to be systematic and
responsible. Like cats or dogs, the electronic pets need to be fed and taken ............(5)
a regular walk. And they can be ............(6) more demanding than live pets. However,
they do not ............(7) much trouble to parents. Whenever a child forgets about the
feeding time or ignores the pet’s natural needs, the pet will whine and squeal in
a horrible ............(8). The real problem starts when children bring their beloved pets to
school. Lessons are broken ............(9) several occasions when a hungry or thirsty pet
loudly reminds about its existence. One teacher has found a good solution ............(10)
the trouble. She made her pupils build a mini zoo where they are asked to leave their
artificial pets before coming into a classroom.
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breath defeat effort ends leave

pattern peril point print tendency
1. They were on the ..................... of launching the rocket when all of a sudden / surprise
they noticed a small fracture in the petrol tank.
2. On / In general Patrick is a good boy, but he has a ..................... for breaking the rules
of proper behaviour from time to time.
3. We have made a great ..................... to solve the problem of illegal immigrants, but it
has been all to / in vain as more and more of them cross our borders.
4. It’s up / on to you whether you get an inoculation or put you life in ..................... by
contracting a tropical disease while in Asia.
5. Mandy is standing by / in for Julia, who has been on sick ..................... since last
week.
6. Everyone was at / in awe of the young Cuban boxing champion until he met his
..................... from an experienced fighter in the final bout.
7. With their five children the Browns have found it hard to make ..................... meet ever
since they both went for / on the dole.
8. The young violin soloist’s performance took my ..................... away. I believe she
is hopeful / bound to make a big career.
9. ‘Is the Collection of poems by Adam Grant still at / on offer?’ ‘No, madam. I’m afraid
it’s inavailable. It’s been out of ..................... for a long time.’
10. My father always set a good ..................... to me. I’ve decided to follow in his footsteps
/ footpath and become a politician.
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Few of us realize that the oceans are filled with noise – both natural and man-made.
Natural researchers are now trying to ............(1) sense of how our sounds can have
far-reaching effects ............(2) the sealife sharing our seas.
Before humans set ............(3) to explore the oceans, the world beneath the waves was
considered to be a silent one. That couldn’t be ............(4) wrong. Sound travels five
............(5) as fast underwater as it does in air. Along with the natural sounds – the calls
of whales and dolphins, schools of fish and the abundance of life lurking on the bottom
– humanity has added ............(6) the mixture of sounds.
Scientists are now conscious ............(7) the fact that the noise of ships can be more
than annoying to whales. In fact, it can be deadly. The excessive ............(8) of noise can
desensitise the whales over time, making them more ............(9) to swim into the path
of a ship – with possibly fatal results.
Researchers have taken an initiative aimed ............(10) understanding how sound travels
in water, and what can be done to prevent such deaths.

accordance brim dash disposal ground

heart move shoulder turn world
1. Come in Jimmy. Do / Make yourself at home. Everything in my house is at your

..................... .
2. For years the family had been badly down / off. Things only took a ..................... for
the better when the father won a lump sum of money in a lottery.
3. At first I thought Tom was trying to take me off / in. His idea of climbing the Everest
seemed out of this ..................... . But he did go on the expedition.
4. The pool was full to the ..................... . But the children splashed out half of the water
as they were fooling up / about all day long.
- 154 -
5. Come on you lazybones! Get a ..................... on! You’re old enough to prepare your
own meals. Nobody’s going to wait with / on you here.
6. In ..................... with the regulations before you get your job permit, you will be
on / at probation for six months.
7. The moment she saw the mice, Mandy made a ..................... for the door screaming
at / on the top of her voice.
8. I just can’t figure out / down why you’ve had such a sudden change of .....................
about the party, mom. Yesterday you said I could go with my friends.
9. In the beginning everyone criticized Tom for his unorthodox research methods, but
he firmly stood his ..................... and in the end it was him who carried the night / day.
10. Stop beating about the bush Jim. Tell me straight from the ..................... what you
think of my project. Are you with / in favour of it or not?

They say life is one big series of risks. And whereas some risks are ............(1) taking,
the pursuit ............(2) adrenaline in some extreme sports seems senseless and
............(3) reason to a typical citizen living a life of comfort and safety.
BASE jumping tops the list of the ............(4) thrilling and life-endangering of all the
popular extreme sports. While most adventure or extreme sports ............(5) as
scuba diving, rock climbing and skiing ............(6) lower risks of an injury or fatality,
the odds ............(7) dying during a BASE jumping attempt are simply shocking.
............(8) to a recent study in Sweden, the rate stands at one fatality per 60
participants. 72 percent of jumpers had witnessed death or a serious injury of
other participants in the sport, 43 percent had suffered a signi?cant BASE jump
injury, and 76 percent had ............(9) least one ‘near miss’ incident - an incident
which would most probably have ............(10) in a serious injury or fatality but was
avoided.
- 155 -
aid ear face fear moon

question stroke top use whole
1. The referee stopped the game and the police forces decided to step down / in
for ..................... of letting the fighting between the fans turn into riots.
2. It was boiling hot. The travellers were extremely tired and running low off / on
water supplies and on ..................... of that one of them got bitten by a snake.
3. ‘It amazes me how Harry managed to cope at / with the series of tests and got the
job. He was such an ignorant.’
‘I guess it was just a ..................... of luck.’
4. ‘Sir will you waste / spare a pound for charity?’ ‘Of course I will. What’s the collection
in ..................... of?’ ‘It’s for orphans.’
5. Uncle Jeff is my hero. In the ..................... of all his hardships he managed to pull / run
through. Now he’s a successful businessman.
6. David has always watched / looked up to his older brother and followed his advice
on everything. And Mike has always had David’s ..................... .
7. I will never try an octopus or an oyster, its out of the ..................... . Seafood doesn’t
pass / agree with me.
8. It’s no ..................... asking Sheila to cook lunch. She has no talent for / in cooking.
9. On the ..................... Mr Peters is a solid worker. But sometimes he’s a bit slow on the
intake / uptake and I have to explain his tasks a few times.
10. We barely / solely have a chance to talk to each other as we only meet once in
a blue ..................... .
- 156 -
When it comes ............(1) magicians, magic tricks and illusions, audiences are
............(2) general very skeptical. Most of these tricks seem impossible or supernatural
to those who watch them.
However a magician's techniques have been perfected over time by constant practice
and performance so ............(3) to please and amuse even the most doubting viewers.
The magician will only become skilled ............(4) magic tricks by practicing them over
and over ............(5), sometimes taking hundreds of hours to perfect. Sleight ............(6)
hand tricks especially require extensive practice to ensure that the trick is performed
with highest precision leaving the audience little or no chance to make ............(7) the
technique.
Magicians will use visual, sensory and auditory illusions in their tricks, since it is
............(8) knowledge that human perception is quite easy to deceive and manipulate.
Therefore, magicians ............(9) use of manipulation confusing people's memory and
logic. They misdirect their audience’s attention ............(10) in the trick where they
release a dove or a rabbit from a hat.
- 157 -
Tłumaczenie zdań na język angielski
Wybór poprawnej wersji tłumaczenia
ZADANIE 1 Wybierz poprawną wersję tłumaczenia podanych zdań.
1. Nigdy jeszcze nie widziałem takich zjawisk pogodowych.
A. Never I have seen such weather phenomenon.

B. I haven’t ever seen such weather phenomena.
2. Żałuję, że nie posłuchałem twojej rady.
A. I wish I had followed your advice.

B. I wish to have followed your advice.
3. Widzieliśmy ich, jak spacerowali po parku.
A. We saw how they were walking in the park.

B. We saw them walking in the park.
4. Wydaje mi się, że John poznał już całą prawdę.
A. John seems to have found out the whole truth by now.

B. It seems John to find out the whole truth already.
5. Co byś zrobił, gdybyś wówczas miał tyle pieniędzy, co teraz?
A. What would you do if you then had as much money as you have today?
B. What would you have done if you’d had so much money then as you have
today?
6. Doradziłem Sonii, aby zapisywała wszystko w swoim pamiętniku.
A. I have advised to Sonia to write everything in her diary.

B. I have advised Sonia that she write everything in her diary.
7. Zapomniałem, że kiedyś poznałem profesora Bale’a na konferencji.
A. I forgot to meet professor Bale at a conference.

B. I forgot meeting professor Bale at a conference.
- 158 -
8. Właśnie oddałem mój samochód do naprawy.
A. I am having my car being repaired.

B. I have had my car repaired.
9. Ledwie wróciłem ze służbowego wyjazdu, a szef zlecił mi kolejne zadanie.
A. Hardly had I returned from the business trip when my boss assigned me a new task.
B. Hardly I returned from the business trip that my boss had assigned me a new task.
10. Czy w Islandii mówi się po norwesku?
A. Does Norwegian speak in Iceland?

B. Is Norwegian spoken in Iceland?
11. Gdzie jest Marco? Nie można go nigdzie znaleźć.
A. Where’s Marco? He finds nowhere.

B. Where’s Marco? He’s nowhere to be found.
12. Sugeruję, abyś nie zbierała grzybów, których nie znasz.
A. I suggest you don’t pick up the mushrooms you do not know.

B. I suggest you not to pick up the mushrooms you do not know.
13. Wszyscy wiedzieli, że pan Harris sponsorował naszą drużynę z własnych pieniędzy.
A. Everyone knew Mr Harris to sponsor our team with his own money.
B. Mr Harris was known to have sponsored our team with his own money.
14. Od kiedy James został dyrektorem, firma zarobiła więcej pieniędzy niż kiedykolwiek.
A. Ever since James became the director the company has made more money
than ever.
B. The company made more money than ever since James has become the
director.
15. To niemożliwe, że ona sama zmieniła opony w samochodzie.
A. She can’t have changed the car tyres by herself.

B. She could not possibly change the car tyres by herself.
- 159 -
16. Na twoim miejscu oddałbym ten portfel właścicielowi.
A. If I’d be you, I gave the wallet back to its owner.

B. If I were you, I would give the wallet back to its owner.
17. Mimo tego, że jest bogatym człowiekiem, Frank żyje skromnie.
A. Despite being a rich man, Frank lives a modest life.

B. Frank lives a modest life in spite that he is a rich man.
18. Już trzeci raz w tym miesiącu oddałem ten smartfon do naprawy.
A. I am having the smartphone repaired three times this month.

B. It the third time this month that I have had the smartphone repaired.
19. Niepotrzebnie zamówiłeś pizzę. Właśnie ugotowałam obiad.
A. You didn’t need to order the pizza. I cooked lunch already.

B. You needn’t have ordered the pizza. I have just cooked lunch.
20. Joe spotykał się z Mary przez trzy lata kiedy zdał sobie sprawę, że kocha inną.
A. Joe had been dating Mary for three years when he realized he loved someone else.
B. Three years after dating Mary Joe realized he loved someone else.
21. Strażnicy kazali mi opróżnić cały plecak.
A. The guards made me to have emptied my whole backpack.

B. I was made to empty my whole backpack by the guards.
22. Być może Amy nie wiedziała, którą drogą pojechać.
A. Amy might not know which way was to go.

B. Amy may not have known which way to go.
23. Ktoś włamał się do naszego biura.
A. Our office has been broken into.

B. It has been broken into our office.
24. My nie mamy nic przeciwko temu, że wasze dzieci bawią się w naszym ogrodzie.
A. We don’t mind your children playing in our garden.

B. We don’t mind your children to be playing in our garden.
- 160 -
25. Nie pozwalają nam korzystać z basenu.
A. We are not allowed to use the pool.

B. They don’t let our using the pool.
26. Lepiej nie wspominaj mamie o tym, co się stało.
A. Better you don’t mention mom what has happened.

B. You had better not mention to mom what has happened.
27. Jeśli nie weźmiesz antybiotyków, twój stan się nie polepszy.
A. Unless you take the antibiotics you will not get better.
B. You won’t get better unless you don’t take the antibiotics.
28. Sam Wharton był ostatnią osobą, która widziała Edgara Miles’a.
A. The last person to see Edgar Miles was Sam Wharton.

B. Sam Wharton was the last person seeing Edgar Miles.
29. Nagle, Amanda zbladła, jakby zobaczyła ducha.
A. Suddenly, Amanda went pale as if she saw a ghost.

B. Suddenly, Amanda went pale as though to have seen a ghost.
30. To niemal pewne, że to pan Bennett spowodował wypadek.
A. The accident must be caused by Mr Bennett for sure.

B. It must have been Mr Bennett who caused the accident.
31. Ci młodzi ludzie nie są przyzwyczajeni do pracy w takich warunkach.
A. These young men don’t use to work in such conditions.

B. These young men aren’t used to working in such conditions.
32. Ani Frank, ani jego brat nie wstąpili do wojska.
A. Frank has not joined the army, neither hasn’t his brother.
B. Neither Frank nor his brother have joined the army.
33. David zaprzeczył temu, że opuścił restaurację bez zapłacenia za posiłek.
A. David denied leaving the restaurant without paying for the meal.
B. David denied to leave the restaurant without paying for the meal.
- 161 -
34. Zaraz po operacji Jeff nie był w stanie wypowiedzieć słowa.
A. Right after the surgery Jeff was disabled of saying a word.

B. Right after the surgery Jeff was unable to say a word.
35. Choć wydaje się, że jest zarozumiała, Jenny jest bardzo miłą osobą.
A. Conceited as she seems to be, Jenny is a very nice person.

B. As she seems conceited Jenny is a very nice person.
36. Gdybym miał zagrać w filmie, to oczekiwałbym dobrego scenariusza.
A. Would I play in a movie, I expected a good screenplay.

B. Were I to play in a movie, I would expect a good screenplay.
37. Czy nie żałowałeś, że nie oświadczyłeś się Mandy?
A. Didn’t you regret not to propose to Mandy?

B. Didn’t you regret not having proposed to Mandy?
38. Najwyższy czas, abyśmy rozważyli kupno własnego domu.
A. It’s high time for us to consider buying our own house.

B. It’s high time we should consider to buy our own house.
39. Nick oraz kilku innych chłopców mieli ochotę popływać nocą.
A. Nick and a few other boys felt like they swim at night.
B. Nick and a few other boys felt like swimming at night.
40. Dopiero wczoraj zdałem sobie sprawę z tego, że zarobiłem fortunę na giełdzie.
A. Not till yesterday did I realize I had made a fortune on the stock exchange.
B. I realized I had made a fortune on the stock exchange not till yesterday.
41. Trzeba pomalować ten stary płot.
A. It needs to paint this old fence.

B. This old fence needs painting.
42. Mieliście poinformować nas o zmianach waszych planów, ale tego nie zrobiliście.
A. You would have had to inform us about the changes in your plans. But you wouldn’t.
B. You were to have informed us about the changes in your plans. But, you didn’t.
- 162 -
43. Bez względu na trudne warunki pogodowe, rybacy wyruszyli w morze.
A. Regardless of heavy weather conditions the fishermen set off to sea.

B. The fishermen set off to sea regardless that were heavy weather conditions.
44. Tony nic nie robi przez cały dzień, oprócz siedzenia przed telewizorem.
A. Except he sits in front of the television all day Tony does nothing.
B. Tony does nothing but sit in front of the television all day.
45. Co mamy zrobić w tej trudnej sytuacji?
A. What do we suppose to do in this difficult situation?

B. What are we supposed to do in this difficult situation?
46. Zapisz to spotkanie w swoim notatniku na wypadek, gdybyś miał o nim zapomnieć.
A. Write the meeting down in your notebook in case you should forget about it.
B. Write down the meeting in your notebook in the case you don’t forget about it.
47. Dlaczego rzuciłeś kamieniem? Mogłeś trafić kogoś w głowę.
A. Why did you throw the stone? You could have hit someone on the head.
B. Why did you throw the stone? You were capable of hitting someone on the head.
48. Wolelibyśmy, abyś nie spotykała się więcej z tym chłopakiem.
A. We’d prefer you don’t meet the boy any more.

B. We’d sooner you didn’t meet the boy any more.
49. Nie musiałem pisać raportu. Jeff zrobił to wcześniej.
A. It wasn’t necessary for me to write a report. Jeff had done it.

B. I needn’t write a report. Jeff had done it.
50. Kto jest odpowiedzialny za czyszczenie akwariów?
A. Who charges for cleaning the aquariums?

B. Who’s in charge of cleaning the aquariums?
51. Być może ten sklep przeniesiono na inną ulicę.
A. It may have moved the shop to a different street.

B. The shop may have been moved to a different street.
- 163 -
52. Zamiast opalać się na plaży, Alice woli popływać w morzu.
A. Alice prefers swimming in the sea to sunbathing on the beach.

B. Alice prefers to swim in the sea than to sunbathe on the beach.
53. Oprócz tego, że jest szefem kuchni, Ted zarządza także całym hotelem.
A. Beside that he is a chef, Ted manages all the hotel, too.

B. Besides being a chef, Ted also manages the whole hotel.
54. Trzymamy butelki z winem w piwnicy po to, żeby leżały w chłodnym miejscu.
A. We store the bottles of wine in the cellar so as to keep them cool.

B. We store the bottles of wine in the cellar in order that keeping them cool.
55. Chociaż bardzo lubię Franka, nie podobają mi się jego rasistowskie żarty.
A. Though my great liking to Frank, I don’t approve his racist jokes.

B. Much though I like Frank, I disapprove of his racist jokes.
56. Właśnie wychodziliśmy z domu, kiedy zadzwonił telefon.
A. We were about leaving the house when the phone started ringing.
B. We were on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.
57. Już od sześciu miesięcy jestem na diecie.
A. It’s been six months since I went on a diet.

B. I am on a diet for six months now.
58. Gdybyście kiedyś jeszcze przypadkiem byli w tych stronach, odwiedźcie nas.
A. If you should ever be around here, visit us.

B. Shall you ever be around here, visit us.
59. Przypuszcza się, że ta osada została zbudowana przez Rzymian.
A. The Romans are supposed to build the settlement.

B. The settlement is supposed to have been built by the Romans.
60. Czy nie żałujecie, że nie osiedliliście się na tej pięknej wyspie?
A. Don’t you regret not having settled on that beautiful island?

B. Don’t you wish to have settled on that beautiful island?
- 164 -
61. Gdyby ratownicy mieli więcej czasu, na pewno uratowaliby wszystkich górników.
A. If the rescuers should have had more time they would have saved the all miners.
B. Had the rescuers had more time they would have saved all of the miners.
62. Profesor Basset wymaga, abyśmy na jego zajęciach mówili tylko po francusku.
A. Professor Basset demands us to speak French only at his lectures.

B. Professor Basset demands that we speak only French at his lectures.
63. Zanim rodzice wrócą z pracy, my wysprzątamy cały dom.
A. We will have cleaned all the house by the time our parents return from work.
B. We will clean the whole house before our parents have returned from work.
64. Nikt z nas nie musiał być hospitalizowany.
A. No one of us needn’t have been hospitalized.

B. There was no need for anyone of us to be hospitalized.
65. Pod żadnym pozorem nie wolno wam kąpać się w rzece.
A. You do not allow to bathe in the river under any circumstances.

B. Under no circumstances are you allowed to bathe in the river.
66. Podnad dwustu policjantów poszukiwało zaginionego dziecka.
A. The missing child was being looked for by over two hundred policemen.
B. Over two hundred policemen were being looking for the missing child.
67. Eksplozja była tak silna, że większość szyb w oknach popękała.
A. It was so heavy an explosion that most window panes got broken.

B. The explosion was such heavy that most window panes got broken.
68. Gdyby znów ktoś ci groził, to radzę ci, abyś powiadomiła policję.
A. If you should threaten again I advise that you notify the police.
B. Were you to be threatened again I advise you to notify the police.
69. Robotnicy wrócą do pracy pod warunkiem, że otrzymają darmowe posiłki.
A. The workers will resume working on condition to be given free meals.

B. The workers will resume working provided that they are given free meals.
- 165 -
70. Szkoda, że David nie poinformował nas wcześniej o swoim urodzinowym przyjęciu.
A. I wish David had informed us about his birthday party earlier.

B. I wish David should have informed us earlier about his birthday party.
71. Mama wolałaby, abyście nie bawili się na dworze podczas burzy.
A. Mother would prefer that you don’t play outside during the thunderstorm.
B. Mother would prefer you not to play outside during the thunderstorm.
72. Sophie nie mogła się doczekać zaproszenia na koncert swojego idola.
A. Sophie couldn’t wait to invite her to her idol’s concert.

B. Sophie was looking forward to being invited to her idol’s concert.
73. Uprowadzonych marynarzy można było uwolnić wyłącznie płacąc wysoki okup.
A. The kidnapped sailors were able to set free only by paying a high ransom.
B. Only by paying a high ransom could the kidnapped sailors be set free.
74. Możliwe, że złodzieje potrafili rozkodować system alarmowy.
A. The thieves may have been able to uncode the alarm system.
B. Possibly, the thieves enabled to uncode the alarm system.
75. Zabieram mój kompas na wypadek, gdybym zgubił się w górach.
A. I’m my taking my compass in case my losing in the mountains.

B. I have taken my compass in case I should get lost in the mountains.
76. Bez względu na to, że sam był biedny, nigdy nie odmawiał nikomu pomocy.
A. No matter to be poor himself, he never refused anyone’s help.

B. However poor he was himself, he never refused to help anyone.
77. To ten nowy pracownik oskarżył mnie o kopiowanie poufnych danych.
A. It was the new employee who has accused me of copying the classified data.
B. That new employee has accused me to have copied the classified data.
78. Starszym harcerzom kazano rozbić namioty.
A. They made the older scouts to put up the tents.

B. The older scouts were made to put up the tents.
- 166 -
79. Mike podpisał kontrakt dopiero, kiedy zaoferowano mu udziały w firmie.
A. Not till he was offered the company shares did Mike sign the contract.
B. Mike only signed the contract till he was not offered the company shares.
80. To nie możliwe, że to Monica napisała ten donos.
A. It cannot have been Monica who wrote the denunciation.

B. Monica couldn’t write the denounciation, it’s impossible.

ZADANIE 2 Przetłumacz zdania na język angielski, wykorzystując podane
w nawiasach słowa. Nie zmieniaj ich formy!
1. Żałuję, że nie idę z wami na ten spektakl dzisiaj wieczorem. (wish)
...................................................................................................................................
2. Czy namyśliłeś się już? (mind)
...................................................................................................................................
3. Ona zachowuje się tak, jakby była tutaj najważniejsza. (as if)
...................................................................................................................................
4. Jenny bardzo rzadko pomaga nam w ogrodzie. (hardly ever)
...................................................................................................................................
5. Powinieneś unikać picia zbyt dużej ilości kawy. (avoid)
...................................................................................................................................
6. Nie warto naprawiać tego starego monitora. (worth)
...................................................................................................................................
7. Gdyby nie jego żona, Mark straciłby mnóstwo pieniędzy w kasynie. (but for)
...................................................................................................................................
8. Zagram z tobą w karty pod warunkiem, że nie będziesz oszukiwał. (condition)
...................................................................................................................................
- 167 -
9. Czy potrafisz powiedzieć, jaka jest różnica pomiędzy tymi dwiema teoriami? (tell)
...................................................................................................................................
10. Już czas, abyście zaczęli przygotowywać się do egzaminu. (about)
...................................................................................................................................
11. Jak ten człowiek zarabia na życie? (a living)
...................................................................................................................................
12. Wolelibyśmy, aby nasze dzieci nie brały udziału w tych zawodach. (would rather)
...................................................................................................................................
13. Kazano nam przenieść cały towar do magazynu. (made)
...................................................................................................................................
14. Nie ma sensu negocjowanie nowego kontraktu. (no use)
...................................................................................................................................
15. Bank pożyczy ci pieniądze, kiedy spłacisz wcześniejsze kredyty. (once)
...................................................................................................................................
16. Był nieszczęśliwy, bo nie udało mu się zarobić fortuny. (succeed)
...................................................................................................................................
17. Mówiono, że Ted Monroe znalazł ogromny skarb w swoim ogrodzie. (said)
...................................................................................................................................
18. Oprócz tego, że zwiedziłam ten piękny kraj, poznałam też ciekawych ludzi. (besides)
...................................................................................................................................
19. Nie mieliśmy żadnych informacji od Frank’a od kiedy wyjechał za granicę. (heard)
...................................................................................................................................
20. Dlaczego obwiniasz tylko mnie za to co się stało? (blame)
...................................................................................................................................
21. Harry nie przyznaje się do tego, że nazwał Amandę wiedźmą. (denies)
...................................................................................................................................
22. Już od wielu lat Tina i Charles żyją osobno. (been)
...................................................................................................................................
- 168 -
23. Nie mogę się doczekać, kiedy rozpocznę pracę w Australii. (forward)
...................................................................................................................................
24. Nic nie wiem o zmianach w planie lekcji. (familiar)
...................................................................................................................................
25. Na twoim miejscu poszukałbym sobie lepszej pracy. (shoes)
...................................................................................................................................
26. Ci młodzi ludzie wyszli w góry bez względu na trudne warunki pogodowe. (regardless)
...................................................................................................................................
27. Nie mogłem powstrzymać się od śmiechu, kiedy zobaczyłem jak spadasz z dachu. (help)
...................................................................................................................................
28. Nie pamiętam, żebym zapraszał was wszystkich na moje przyjęcie. (remember)
...................................................................................................................................
29. Jeff nie jest wystarczająco doświadczony, aby zastąpić kierownika. (enough)
...................................................................................................................................
30. On już nie prowadzi sklepu. Być może zbankrutował. (might)
...................................................................................................................................
31. To bardzo ważne, abyś przyjmował te lekarstwa regularnie. (important)
...................................................................................................................................
32. Oskarżono nas o malowanie graffiti na szkolnych ścianach. (accused)
...................................................................................................................................
33. Najnowsza książka Dan’a Brown’a okazała się być wielkim sukcesem. (out)
...................................................................................................................................
34. Czy mam przedstawić się wszystkim członkom załogi? (supposed)
...................................................................................................................................
35. Wolelibyśmy, aby nasze dzieci nie jadły tak dużo słodyczy. (would prefer)
...................................................................................................................................
36. Nigdy się nie spodziewałem, że zakocham się od pierwszego wejrzenia. (fall)
...................................................................................................................................
37. Zapłacę wszystkie zaległe rachunki jak tylko otrzymam wypłatę. (soon)
...................................................................................................................................
- 169 -
38. Czy można było uniknąć tej tragedii? (averted)
...................................................................................................................................
39. Radzę ci, abyś wzięła tę maść na wypadek, gdyby pogryzły cię komary. (case)
...................................................................................................................................
40. Niepotrzebnie zapłaciłeś kelnerowi. Jedzenie jest za darmo. (need, charge)
...................................................................................................................................
41. To nie było rozsądne z twojej strony, że zainwestowałeś całe pieniądze w akcje. (of)
...................................................................................................................................
42. Zamiast użalać się nad sobą, powinnaś rozpocząć życie od nowa. (rather than)
...................................................................................................................................
43. Nie mogę pożyczyć ci pieniędzy, bo nie mam ich przy sobie. (unable)
...................................................................................................................................
44. To dziwne, że wolisz siedzieć w namiocie niż grać z nami piłkę na plaży. (prefer)
...................................................................................................................................
45. Po skopiowaniu tajnych danych, haker zainfekował system wirusem. (having)
...................................................................................................................................
46. David ciągle chwali się swoimi mięśniami. Denerwuje mnie to. (will, nerves)
...................................................................................................................................
47. Zwolnią go z aresztu pod warunkiem, że ktoś zapłaci kaucję. (released, provided)
...................................................................................................................................
48. Chociaż są sąsiadami od lat, żaden z nich nie mówi dzień dobry do drugiego. (neither)
...................................................................................................................................
49. Człowiek, który podłożył ogień pod ratuszem jest nadal poszukiwany przez policję. (set)
...................................................................................................................................
50. Jeżeli twoje zachowanie w szkole nie poprawi się, nie pojedziesz na obóz. (unless)
...................................................................................................................................
51. Gdybyś przypadkiem znalazł mój pendrive, daj mi znać, proszę. (should)
...................................................................................................................................
52. Czy nie żałowałaś tego, że nie zarezerwowałaś biletu wcześniej? (regret)
...................................................................................................................................
- 170 -
53. Nie powinieneś jechać tak szybko. Mogłeś spowodować wypadek. (caused)
...................................................................................................................................
54. Oczekiwaliśmy, że James oświadczy się swojej dziewczynie. (expected)
...................................................................................................................................
55. Czy przyszło ci kiedykolwiek na myśl, żeby napisać autobiografię? (occurred)
...................................................................................................................................
56. Dlaczego on zmienił zdanie? Musieli go przekupić. (mind, been)
...................................................................................................................................
57. Doktor Baxter zaleca, abym piła szklankę wody codziennie rano. (recommends)
...................................................................................................................................
58. Jessica była jedyną osobą, na której mogłem polegać. (rely)
...................................................................................................................................
59. Wszyscy wiedzieli, że Andy pracował wcześniej jako tajny agent. (known)
...................................................................................................................................
60. Leila nie jest przyzwyczajona do pracy na nocnej zmianie. (used)
...................................................................................................................................
61. Pan Winters może się lepiej poruszać od kiedy otrzymał protezę. (able)
...................................................................................................................................
62. Nie mogliśmy pozwolić sobie na wynajęcie przewodnika. (afford)
...................................................................................................................................
63. Czy macie coś przeciwko temu, abyśmy obozowali na waszym polu? (mind)
...................................................................................................................................
64. Miałeś pokazać dzieciom miasto. Dlaczego tego nie zrobiłeś? (were, round)
...................................................................................................................................
65. Mimo tego, że jest niepełnosprawny, Greg uwielbia uprawiać sport. (spite)
...................................................................................................................................
66. Nie podoba mi się to, że muszę pisać raport każdego dnia. (disapprove)
...................................................................................................................................
67. Bez względu na to, jak ciężko pracowała, jej szef nigdy nie był zadowolony. (no matter)
...................................................................................................................................
- 171 -
68. Ledwie skończyłam myć okna, kiedy zaczął padać deszcz. (hardly)
...................................................................................................................................
69. W żadnym wypadku nie wolno wam używać telefonów podczas egzaminu.
(circumstances)
...................................................................................................................................
70. Jak tylko skończysz czytać tę książkę, oddaj ją do biblioteki. (immediately)
...................................................................................................................................
71. Simon był operowany, kiedy jego rodzice przybyli do szpitala. (operated)
...................................................................................................................................
72. Dalej nie pojedziemy. Właśnie skończyło się paliwo. (run)
...................................................................................................................................
73. Ostrzeżono nas, abyśmy nie wchodzili na teren lotniska. (warned)
...................................................................................................................................
74. Nie wierzę we wszystko co Alice mówi. Ona dość często zmyśla. (prone)
...................................................................................................................................
75. Gdyby nie pomoc innych kierowców, nikt nie przeżyłby tego wypadku. (for)
...................................................................................................................................
76. Nasi inwestorzy nalegają, abyśmy wznowili produkcję. (insists)
...................................................................................................................................
77. Już miałem opuścić plażę, kiedy usłyszałem, jak ktoś woła o pomoc. (the point)
...................................................................................................................................
78. Spójrz na te kałuże. Musiało padać przez całą noc. (must)
...................................................................................................................................
79. Zanim pogoda się zmieni, my zejdziemy już ze szczytu góry do obozu. (the time)
...................................................................................................................................
80. Nasz wylot prawdopodobnie będzie opóźniony. (probable)
...................................................................................................................................
- 172 -
Tłumaczenie fragmentów zdań
na język angielski
ZADANIE 3 Przetłumacz brakujące fragmenty zdań na język angielski.
1. Czy nie będzie lepiej, jeśli zatrudnimy Mike’a zamiast Pete’a? Mike nie jest dość
doświadczony, aby poradzić sobie z tym zadaniem.
Hadn’t ........................................................................................................................ Pete?
Mike .................................................................................................. with the assignment.
2. Mimo że był przerażony, mężczyzna wskoczył do rzeki pełnej krokodyli, aby ratować
tonącą kobietę.
Terrified ........................................................... the man ...................................................
full of crocodiles ................................................................................................. woman.
3. Gdyby nie szybka reakcja przechodnia, ten starszy pan nie przeżyłby ataku serca.
If it .........................................................................................................., the elderly man
........................................................................................ the heart attack.
4. Jeżeli nie opowiesz detektywom wszystkiego co wiesz o tym porwaniu, możesz zostać
zatrzymany przez policję na co najmniej 24 godziny.
Unless ....................................................................................................... the kidnapping
............................................................................................................ twenty four hours.
5. Mieliście poinformować nas o terminie ślubu waszej córki. Mogliście przynajmniej
wysłać do nas maila.
You were ........................................................................................... daughter’s wedding.
You .............................................................................................................. an e-mail.
6. David niepotrzebnie sam wnosił tę ciężką paczkę na dziesiąte piętro. Ryzykował
uszkodzeniem kręgosłupa.
David need ...................................................................................................... by himself.
He risked ....................................................................... his spine.
- 173 -
7. Gdybym miał wziąć udział w tej konferencji w Toronto, to oznaczałoby, że musiałbym
polecieć najbliższym lotem.
Were I .............................................................................................................. in Toronto,
that would mean .................................................................................................. flight.
8. Ta stara winda na pewno się popsuje prędzej, czy później. Sugerujemy, aby została
wymieniona na nową.
This old elevator is sure .............................................................................. . We suggest
that ............................................................................................................. a new one.
9. Minęło już siedem lat odkąd Harry Grant zaginął. Mówią, że został porwany przez
kosmitów.
It’s been ............................................................................................. missing. He’s said
........................................................................................................ aliens.
10. Ktoś włamał się nocą do naszego magazynu. Ale oprócz kilku butelek wody mineralnej
niczego więcej nie ukradziono.
Our warehouse ................................................................................................ last night.
But except ................................................................................................................. .
11. Gdyby ktoś z was został ukąszony przez jadowitego węża, radzę abyście natychmiast
podali mu tę surowicę.
In case ............................................................................................... a poisonous snake
I advise you .................................................................................... this serum at once.
12. Czy oni skończą remontować szkołę zanim rozpocznie się nowy rok szkolny?
...................................................................................................................... the school
by the time ......................................................................................................?
13. Podchodzenie tak blisko do śpiącego niedźwiedzia było bardzo nierozsądne z ich strony.
Zwierzę mogło ich zaatakować.
It was thoughtless ................................................................................ the sleeping bear.
The animal .......................................................................................................... .
- 174 -
14. Bez względu na to, czy wam się ten pomysł podoba czy nie, oczekuję, że wyczyścicie
cały pokład jachtu.
Whether .................................................................................................... I expect you
......................................................................... of the yacht.
15. Wolelibyśmy, abyś nie marnował czasu na badanie miejsc, które zostały już zbadane.
Może spróbujesz odkryć jakieś nowe wraki?
We’d rather .......................................................................................................................
How ............................................................................................................. wrecks?
16. Trudno zrozumieć dlaczego ten urzędnik podjął tak kontrowersyjną decyzję. Musiał
otrzymać łapówkę.
It’s ..................................................................................................................... decision.
He ................................................................................................ a bribe.
17. Pod żadnym pozorem nie wolno wam mówić komukolwiek o tym, co tutaj usłyszeliście.
Te informacje są ściśle tajne.
Under no .................................................................................................................. here.
................................................................................. top secret.
18. Czy nie żałujesz, że nie wziąłeś udziału w naszym przedstawieniu? Mogłeś zagrać
pasterza i nie musiałbyś nic mówić na scenie.
Don’t you wish ............................................................................................ performance?
You ................................................................................................................... on stage.
19. Nie wyobrażam sobie pracy w takich warunkach. Na twoim miejscu spakowałbym
swoje rzeczy i spróbowałbym rozpocząć nowe życie gdzieś za granicą.
I can’t ....................................................................................... conditions. If I ................
................................................................................................................. abroad.
20. Ludzie oczekują, że nowy rząd rozwiąże wszystkie problemy w kraju, ale jest mało
prawdopodobne, aby sprostał oczekiwaniom całego społeczeństwa.
The new government ................................................................................. in the country.
But it’s highly ...................................................................................................... society.
- 175 -
21. Gdybyś w drodze do klasztoru natknął się na medytującego mnicha, to radzę ci, abyś
nie zakłócał jego spokoju.
Should ........................................................................................................ the monastery
I recommend ............................................................................................... his peace.
22. Dopiero wczoraj dowiedzieliśmy się, że będziemy musieli pracować podczas weekendu
jeżeli nie zdążymy spakować wszystkich zamówień do piątku.
Not till yesterday ........................................................................................ the weekend
unless .......................................................................................................... by Friday.
23. Nie warto brać pod uwagę wszystkich jego sugestii. On często przesadza i widzi wszystko
w czarnych barwach. (worth)
Not all his suggestions .............................................................................. consideration.
He tends ............................................................................................ dark colours.
24. Na prawdę trudno jest przekonać Terence’a, aby spróbował tej nowej terapii.
A może by tak poznać go z kimś, komu ona pomogła? (introduce)
Terence is ............................................................................................. the new therapy.
How about ................................................................................................... it helped?
25. Zamiast oglądać te nudne programy w telewizji, wolałabym pograć w gry planszowe.
Rather than ................................................................................................ board games.
26. Mimo, że byli już strasznie zmęczeni, ratownicy nie przerwali przeszukiwania
gruzowiska w nadziei, że znajdą jeszcze kogoś żywego.
Despite ............................................................, the rescuers .............................................
........................................ the rubble with a hope ...........................................................
27. Wbrew temu co sądzono przez wiele lat, Amelia Earhart mogła przeżyć katastrofę
samolotu i spędzić wiele lat w samotności na tej bezludnej wyspie.
Contrary ................................................................................... for years, Amelia Earhart
............................................................................................................ the desert island.
28. Szef nalega, abyśmy oddawali mu połowę napiwków, które dostajemy od klientów.
Our chef insists .................................................................................................... clients.
- 176 -
29. Ledwie skończyliśmy czyścić pokład, kiedy kapitan rozkazał nam, abyśmy wysprzątali
jego kajutę.
No sooner ........................................................................... the deck .............................
..................................................................................... his cabin.
30. Nie musieliśmy segregować wszystkich śmieci. David niepotrzebnie przyniósł tak dużo
worków.
There was no need ................................................................................... the rubbish.
David need ................................................................................... bags.
31. Gdyby nie te wasze wygłupy, bylibyśmy najgrzeczniejszą klasą w szkole. Już ja dopilnuję,
żebyście zachowywali się poprawnie w przyszłym roku.
If it .......................................................................... fooling around, we .......................
.................................................................. in school. Next year, I’ll have ....................
.............................................................. properly.
32. A może pojedziemy na lotnisko taksówką zamiast miejskim autobusem? Wolę być
dużo wcześniej, niż ryzykować spóźnienie na odprawę.
Why ................................................................................................................. a city bus?
I’d sooner ............................................................. than risk ............................................
for the departure.
33. Sugeruje, abyście wzięli ciepłe ubrania, na wypadek gdybyśmy musieli wracać piechotą
po zmroku.
I suggest ....................................................................................... just in case ................
............................................................................................ after dark.
34. Niewiele wiadomo co stało się z jachtem i jego załogą. Jest wielce prawdopodobne, że
zatonęli podczas sztormu.
Little ......................................................................................................... and the crew.
They’re highly ................................................................................................. the storm.
35. Czy nie pomyślałeś o tym, że opowiadając te rasistowskie żarty być może obrażasz
kogoś?
Hasn’t it occurred .............................................................................................. someone
by telling .................................................................?
- 177 -
36. Może i James był bogaty i hojny, ale to Patrick skradł serce naszej córki.
James might .................................................................................... but it ......................
............................................................................................... heart.
37. Piraci ukryli swój skarb w jaskini na bezludnej wyspie w obawie, aby nikt inny go nie
odnalazł i nie zrabował.
The pirates .......................................................................................................................
for fear that ................................................................................................................ .
38. Ostrzeżono nas, abyśmy unikali picia wody ze studni. Lokalni mieszkańcy często
zatruwają je, kiedy opuszczają wioski, uciekając przed rebeliantami.
We’ve been .......................................................................................... wells. The locals
tend ......................................................................................................... the rebels.
39. Aż do roku 1748 nikt nie słyszał o starożytnych Pompejach zniszczonych przez wybuch
Wezuwiusza w roku 79 ne.
Not till 1748 ........................................................................................................ Pompeii
............................................................ the Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD.
40. Mark nie powinien był kopiować tajnych danych wojskowych. Gdyby ktoś się o tym
dowiedział, mógł zostać oskarżony o szpiegostwo.
Mark ought ............................................................................................... military data.
Had ................................................................ he ...........................................................
spying.
41. Bez względu na to, jak szybko odpowiadałem na pytania, mój rywal zawsze pierwszy
zdobywał punkt.
No matter .................................................................................................. the questions,
my rival was always ....................................................................................... .
42. Pan Dowson nie mógł się doczekać, kiedy znów zobaczy swojego brata bliźniaka. Minęło
ponad pięćdziesiąt lat odkąd zostali rozdzieleni.
Mr Grand was looking ........................................................................................... again.
Over fifty years ...................................................................................................... .
- 178 -
43. Betty nie tylko pracuje w fundacji. Ona prowadzi też swoją własną firmę.
Not only ............................................................................ for the foundation. She also
.............................................................................................. business.
44. Właśnie poinformowano nas, że nasza córka wygrała eliminacje. Pogratulujemy jej tego
sukcesu jak tylko wróci do domu.
We ...................................................................................................... the qualifications.
We’ll ..................................................................... the moment ..................................... .
45. Było pewne, że ktoś odkrył to niezwykłe miejsce już wcześniej. Nie było tam już nic do
zbadania, bo rabusie wynieśli wszystkie kosztowności z grobowca.
This unique place was sure .................................................................................. before.
There .............................................................................................................. the tomb.
46. Uważaj, żebyś nie zarysował samochodu sąsiada. Pan Grace łatwo wpada w złość.
Mind ..................................................................................................... neighbour’s car.
Mr Grace is prone .............................................................................................. easily.
47. Nie było powodów do dumy. Gdybym wiedział, że nasza reprezentacja przegra wszystkie
mecze, nie kupiłbym ani jednego biletu.
There was nothing ........................................................................ . If only ......................
.................................................................................................................. a single ticket.
48. Dopiero kiedy usłyszał dźwięk syreny Harry zdał sobie sprawę z tego, że jedzie za nim
policja.
Only when ............................................................. sirens .................................................
............................................................................................ by the police.
49. Było nam trudno zrozumieć decyzję Brian’a. Nigdy wcześniej nie wspominał o planach
zmiany kierunku studiów.
We found ............................................................................................... decision. Never
before ....................................................................................................... the faculty.
50. Wolałam zagrać rolę Alicji w naszym szkolnym przedstawieniu, ale pani Teague nalegała,
abym zagrała rolę Księżnej.
I’d prefer ................................................................................................... school drama.
But Mrs Teague insisted .............................................................................. the Dutchess.
- 179 -
KLUCZ
Odpowiedzi do zadań
Zadania tekstowe
TEKST 1 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
TEKST 2 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True
TEKST 3 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True
TEKST 4 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False
TEKST 5 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False
TEKST 6 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
TEKST 7 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
TEKST 8 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False
TEKST 9 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
TEKST 10 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True
TEKST 11 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A
TEKST 12 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A
TEKST 13 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B
TEKST 14 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B
TEKST 15 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B
TEKST 16 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B
TEKST 17 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A
TEKST 18 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A
TEKST 19 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. B
TEKST 20 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B
- 181 -
TEKST 21 1. AC 2. BC 3. B 4. AC 5. C 6. BC
TEKST 22 1. BC 2. ABC 3. A 4. AC 5. BC 6. A
TEKST 23 1. B 2. C 3. ABC 4. C 5. AC 6. BC
TEKST 24 1. B 2. AC 3. BC 4. AB 5. C 6. ABC
TEKST 25 1. ABC 2. BC 3. A 4. AC 5. BC 6. AB
TEKST 26 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A
TEKST 27 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. A
TEKST 28 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A
TEKST 29 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A
TEKST 30 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B
Rozpoznawanie struktur gramatyczno-leksykalnych
ZADANIE 1 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. A

14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. C
25. A 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. B
36. D 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. B 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. B 46. A
47. B 48. A 49. B 50. A 51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. D 56. C 57. A
58. C 59. B 60. D 61. A 62. C 63. A 64. D 65. C 66. A 67. B 68. C
69. B 70. A 71. B 72. C 73. A 74. D 75. A 76. B 77. B 78. D 79. A
80. C 81. A 82. D 83. D 84. B 85. D 86. C 87. A 88. C 89. C 90. C
91. B 92. B 93. A 94. D 95. A 96. B 97. C 98. C 99. A 100. B
101. D 102. A 103. C 104. A 105. D 106. D 107. B 108. A 109. B
110. A 111. C 112. B 113. D 114. C 115. A 116. B 117. C 118. B 119. A
120. D 121. A 122. C 123. D 124. B 125. A 126. B 127. A 128. D 129. A
130. C 131. D 132. B 133. B 134. D 135. C 136. C 137. A 138. B 139. D
140. C 141. B 142. D 143. A 144. A 145. A 146. B 147. D 148. D 149. A
150. A 151. B 152. B 153. D 154. B 155. B 156. D 157. A 158. D 159. C
160. A 161. B 162. D 163. B 164. B 165. D 166. D 167. A 168. A 169. B
170. D 171. A 172. B 173. D 174. A 175. C 176. C 177. A 178. B 179. B
180. C 181. A 182. D 183. A 184. D 185. C
- 182 -
ZADANIE 2
1 1. suffer 2. intake 3. as 4. due 5. most 6. belief 7. for 8. results
2 1. took 2. freezing 3. determined 4. at 5. turned 6. insight

7. according 8. containing
3 1. the 2. which 3. to 4. lie 5. converted 6. tip 7. mouth 8. while
4 1. serves 2. spans 3. likely 4. point 5. than 6. reveals 7. wrong 8. harm

9. overcome 10. subject
5 1. natural 2. strike 3. result 4. loss 5. capable 6. come 7. collapse

8. lasts 9. avert 10. off
6 1. despite 2. came up 3. standing 4. ground 5. came 6. improve

7. until 8. being 9. breakthrough 10. expanding
7 1. contary 2. cause 3. of 4. forced 5. whereas 6. to live 7. search

8. species 9. develop 10. such
8 1. purposes 2. from 3. to 4. differs 5. meant 6. addition 7. means

8. disorders 9. of 10. insist
9 1. consideration 2. attain 3. prime 4. at 5. last 6. outdone 7. of

8. voice 9. attach 10. once
10 1. but 2. place 3. targets 4. vulnerable 5. board 6. raises 7. after

8. requires 9. advantage 10. determine 11. at 12. pursue
ZADANIE 3
Tekst 1 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A
Tekst 2 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. B
Tekst 3 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. A

13. C 14. A
Tekst 4 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C

13. B 14. A
Tekst 5 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B

13. B 14. C 15. D
- 183 -
Tekst 6 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. A
13. B 14. A 15. D
Tekst 7 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. A

13. D 14. A 15. B
Tekst 8 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. B
Stosowanie struktur
leksykalno-gramatycznych
ZADANIE 1 1. to, long, at 2. there, in 3. does, from 4. much, it, a 5. have, in
6. if/whether, to, what 7. go, shall 8. for, at, help/stop 9. since, out
10. no, in, which/that 11. to, to 12. what, sense 13. of, for, been, in
14. the, to, with 15. there, which/that 16. forward, though, to
17. those, take 18. of, for 19. got, on/in 20. as/though, with
21. what, after, peas 22. what, to, paying 23. at/in, easy, in, to
24. honestly/frankly, in, make 25. are, from, be, till/until 26. it, who,
for, have 27. since, for, if/though 28. the, by 29. off, out, on
30. need/should, plenty/enough/lots 31. are, case, it 32. had, in, to
33. despite, ever, in 34. been, should, with/by 35. being, by 36. in, for
37. whose, to, for 38. sooner, could/may/might, job 39. to, unless
40. within/in, took, with 41. on, for, at 42. did, for, left/available
43. if/whether, who, take 44. never, so 45. memory/mind, up,
directory 46. at, be, of, end 47. there, in, does 48. should, of, up
49. about, pick, whom/who, to 50. those, part, to 51. as/though,
be, up 52. who/that, large, yet 53. made, up, on, on, few/couple,
up 54. best/utmost, to, will 55. little, case/respect, of 56. long,
under, about 57. of, amount/quantity, species, ever 58. ran, why
59. what, with, towards/to, way/manner 60. for, on, by/on, means
61. for, as, day 62. way, to, to 63. matter, with, carry
64. till, did, in 65. taken, all, how 66. in, got, to 67. having, where, set
68. for, which 69. all, mind, own 70. just, out, against 71. from,
had, by 72. nowhere, to, neither, in 73. for, common/popular,
come 74. due, giving 75. it, of, how, into 76. as/though, at, well
- 184 -
77. will, gets, more/longer 78. need, every/each 79. shows/takes/has,
on, either 80. being, blast/gust 81. but, have, in 82. point, there,
with 83. from, in, about, 84. to, it, been 85. in/with, to, on
86. large, what, come/live 87. speck, feels, while/when/as 88. under,
may/can, being/getting 89. having, call 90. no, but, all 91. as/though,
a, to, then 92. Whose, to, behind 93. hardly, these, where
94. Ever/should, for 95. Top, would, into 96. to, from, from, on/during
97. read/say, on, in, for 98. sake, point/use/sense 99. Although/though/
whereas/while, for 100. mind, nose 101. the, anthem 102. like, wait
103. of, now/once 104. if/though, nor 105. to, like, peace
ZADANIE 2 1. up, on 2. in, up, up, in 3. to, in, of 4. to, in, from 5. to, in, with,
from 6. in, for 7. in, for, with 8. of, forward, by 9. to, on
10. into, of 11. with, by 12. for, of 13. to, of, for 14. to, on, on, to
15. to, with, in 16. of, at 17. down, for 18. in, for, in 19. on, on
20. on, off 21. for, for 22. of, on 23. by, in 24. of, with 25. to, under
26. of, from 27. in, by 28. to, on 29. in, at 30. in, to 31. for, on
32. on, toward 33. for, from 34. for, for 35. about, in 36. by, in, in
37. of, to 38. on, at, in 39. around, with 40. in, between 41. in, for
42. beyond, in 43. in, out, out 44. of, in 45. on, in 46. at, under
47. to, of 48. of, to, for 49. across, with 50. in, on 51. from, in
52. on, under 53. of, out 54. on, in 55. on, of 56. in, for 57. for,
into 58. in, off 59. from, of 60. out, about 61. down, in
62. in, on 63. at, on 64. of, by 65. to, to 66. of, in 67. forward, for
68. of, to 69. on, from 70. to, from 71. to, without 72. from, of
73. at, from 74. on, from 75. from, for 76. from, of 77. for, of, for
78. from, with 79. by, under 80. to, away, on 81. behind, in, by
82. of, to 83. in, in 84. in, out, under 85. in, in 86. for, in
87. of, for 88. from, to 89. of, for 90. in, down 91. for, in
92. down, into 93. with, by 94. in, in 95. to, for, in 96. at, with
97. from, in, on 98. in, up, into, with 99. at, on, behind
100. of, in
ZADANIE 3 1. at 2. on, for 3. to, along 4. to, of 5. for, in 6. for, on 7. on, for
8. of, by 9. on, under 10. on, in, against 11. on, from, on 12. with,
up 13. from, of 14. for, in, of 15. for, with 16. of, from 17. against,
in
- 185 -
18. for, for 19. with, of 20. with, in 21. by, on 22. round, with, of
23. on, of 24. for, in 25. with, in 26. of, from, on 27. in, of
28. up, for 29. of, on, on 30. at, of, of 31. in, with, of 32. of, to,
from 33. with, at 34. to, on 35. to, at 36. on, in 37. against, on
38. at, with 39. under, out 40. in, for 41. in, in 42. by, in
43. with, at 44. to, for 45. at, in 46. on, to 47. on, for 48. in, at
49. of, on 50. at, to, with 51. with/in, to 52. in, by 53. at, into
54. of, in 55. in, for 56. of, to 57. at, to 58. from, for 59. in, to, out
60. in, on 61. by, to 62. out, on 63. with, on 64. for, in 65. with,
up, off 66. to, in 67. from 68. up, on 69. in, in, about/on
70. under, to 71. with, from 72. with, with 73. by, of 74. to, of
75. for, on 76. in, back, on 77. by, in 78. up, for 79. of, up
80. of, with 81. on, on, up 82. in, from 83. about, at 84. of, to, on
85. off, for/of 86. on, off 87. of, at 88. beyond, with 89. on, of
90. in, about 91. of, in 92. with, by 93. on, on 94. of, under
95. of, in 96. for, with 97. of, in 98. in, on, round 99. on, in
100. with, on 101. against, out, from 102. for, under 103. of, to
104. on, out 105. from, in 106. for, on 107. on, on 108. to, to
109. out, on 110. to, about 111. up, across 112. into, on 113. down,
up 114. in, into 115. by, on 116. into, on, in 117. for, for, up
118. for, away 119. in, on, at 120. on, between 121. on, about, up
122. before, to 123. in, on 124. on, on 125. to, in 126. to, in
127. of, forward 128. with, on 129. in, over 130. of, under
131. in, away 132. on, on 133. from, behind, in 134. under, at, in
135. to, from 136. on, in 137. in, by 138. down, in, up 139. about, in
140. behind, up 141. from, of 142. with, from 143. for, up 144. on, of,
of 145. over, to 146. into, up, of 147. in/into, to 148. in, on
149. in, for 150. by, back/about
Słowotwórstwo - Word formation

ZADANIE 1 1. difference 2. confidence, treatment 3. length 4. defence, bravery
5. appearance, personal 6. unkind, unfairly 7. likelihood, unfavourable
8. advisable, sensitive 9. instant, delivery 10. troublesome
11. unemployment, annoyance 12. careless, confidential 13. attendance,
determined 14. historic, knowledge 15. helpless, ineffective
- 186 -
ZADANIE 2 1. hazardous 2. friendship, marriage 3. punishment, behaviour
4. practical/practicable 5. accusations, solution 6. truthful
7. communication/communicating, fashionable 8. division 9. successful,
disapproval 10. doubtful/dubious, performance 11. warning, meaning
12. involvement, requirements 13. similarity, robbery 14. introduction,
beneficial 15. accidental
ZADANIE 3 1. invalid, deaprture 2. dislike, durable 3. dependent, immature 4. illegal

5. determination, applause 6. unimaginable, assisstant 7. confusion,
resistant 8. employment, confidence 9. relationship, sensational
10. undoubtedly, exciting 11. freshness, practice 12. insufficient,
expectations 13. consideration, upkeep 14. offences, credible
15. seasonal, applications
ZADANIE 4 1. reflection 2. pleasure 3. employment, poverty 4. rivalry, admiration

5. unfortunately, survivors 6. performance, satisfactory/satisfying
7. Privacy, curiosity 8. gratitude, removal 9. painful, undisturbed
10. enjoyable, embarrassment 11. replacement 12. advantageous
13. improvement, recovery 14. confusion, announcement 15. marriage,
interference
ZADANIE 5 1. senseless, least 2. continual 3. unfortunate, recommendable

4. reliance, incredible 5. pleasure, comparison 6. attentive 7. beneficial,
unwise 8. possession, sufficient 9. application, inventive
10. Invaluable, surgery 11. worthy 12. excitement, additional
13. disrespectful, appreciation 14. commitment, recognizable
15. natural, predictable
ZADANIE 6 1. numerous, thefts 2. restless, majority 3. appearance, intentional

4. refusal, unpleasant, faithful 5. pointless 6. lasting, rejection
7. countless, destruction 8. disobedience, obligation 9. growth, complaints
10. connection, robbery 11. standing, performance 12. useless, attainable
13. tempting, unwilling 14. graduation, independent 15. preferable, liking
ZADANIE 7 1. a. competition b. competent c. competitive 2. a. annoyance

b. annoyed c. annoying 3. a. destination b. predestined c. destiny
4. a. appearance b. disappearance c. appearances 5. a. addictive
b. addicted c. addiction 6. a. economize b. economical c. economic
- 187 -
7. a. comforts b. comforting c. uncomfortable 8. a. sympathize
b. sympathy c. sympathetic 9. a. justice b. justification c. unjust
10. a. departure b. department c. departed 11. a. benefactor
b. beneficiary c. beneficial 12. a. undeniable b. denying c. denial
13. a. independent b. dependable c. dependence 14. a. necessity
b. unnecessary c. necessitate 15. a. creation b. creative c. creativity
16. a. directly b. directions c. indirect 17. a. indifferent b. differentiate
c. difference 18. a. tiring b. tired c. tireless 19. a. advantaged
b. disadvantage c. advantageous 20. a. illegal b. legalize c. legally
21. a. achievement b. achievable c. achiever 22. a. criticism b. critical
c. critically 23. a. believer b. belief c. ubelievable 24. a. worthless
b. worthy c. worthwhile 25. a. competition b. competitor
c. competitive 26. a. historical b. historic c. historian 27. a. judgement
b. judicial c. judicious 28. a. minded b. mindless c. mindful
29. a. resistant b. irresistible c. resistance 30. a. laughing b. laughable
c. laughter 31. a. incapable b. ability c. capable 32. a. offensive
b. offender c. offence 33. a. estimation b. estimable c. underestimate
34. a. defender b. defence c. defenceless 35. a. proven b. proof
c. disprove 36. a. imaginable b. imaginary c. imaginative 37. a. regards
b. disregard c. regardless 38. a. breathtaking b. breathing c. breathless
39. a. foundations b. unfounded c. founder 40. a. sadden b. sadness
c. sadly 41. a. disheartened b. heartily c. heartless 42. a. truthful
b. truly c. untrue 43. a. attendance b. attention c. attentive
44. a. distrust b. trustworthy c. trusting 45. a. underdeveloped
b. developing c. development
ZADANIE 8 1. destructive 2. warning 3. loss 4. addition 5. capable 6. majority

7. injuries 8. appearance 9. medical 10. voluntary 11. confidence
12. probability 13. recovery 14. desired 15. expectations 16. unrealistic
17. disappointment 18. knowledge 19. abilities 20. unachievable
21. dependent 22. illnesses 23. genetic 24. treatment 25. improvement
26. advisable 27. entertainment 28.recreational 29. involvement
30. hazardous 31. deadly 32. raging 33. consideration 34. bodily
35. uncommon 36. nervous 37. anxiety 38. dissatisfaction 39. boredom
40. behaviours 41. appearance 42. obsessive 43. habitual 44. participants
45. convincing 46. responsibility 47. tendency 48. frustration
49. surprisingly 50. conservation 51. reasonable 52. awareness
- 188 -
53. concerned 54. necessity 55. choices 56. attention 57. appliances
58. beneficial 59. harmful 60. pollution
Transformacje (parafraza)
Transformacje ze słowem kluczem
ZADANIE 1 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. C

15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. C
27. B 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. A
39. C 40. C 41. A 42. B 43. C 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. A
51. C 52. B 53. A 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. A 59. B 60. C
ZADANIE 2
1. It is not necessary for you to take all these pills. 2. Wendy has been learning Chinese
for two months. 3. I advise you to notify the police. 4. Brian is not patient enough to
wait for his gift so long. 5. Despite being a close family we don’t get on well. 6. Ancient
history does not interest me. / Ancient history is of no interest to me. 7. Who do these
luggages belong to? 8. How about writing a complaint? 9. I am thinking of starting my
own business. 10. The players had hardly any time to celebrate their victory. 11. I will
let you drive provided that you do not exceed the speed limit. 12. We have our machinery
serviced by the company. 13. Uncle Joe was addicted to (smoking) cigars all his life.
14. The food was free of charge. 15. The visit to the ruins was not so exciting as the cruise
around the island. 16. Jenny has been attending / has attended the course for translators
since June. 17. Diane is skilled in decorating houses and flats. / Diane is a skilled decorator
of houses and flats. 18. What was the price of the operation? 19. Andy may not have
realized the risk of the venture. 20. We were not allowed to enter the military area.
21. The kids say (that) they are bored with the camp. 22. You had better not question the
manager’s decisions. 23. Is Monica aware of how high the rent is? 24. I was made to sign
the testimony. 25. You’ll be punished unless you apologize for your misbehaviour. 26. You
would not have got into trouble if you had paid the fine. 27. Frank is unlikely to remember
about my birthday. / It is unlikely that Frank will remember about my birthday 28. There
is no admittance to the museum on Mondays. 29. This vegetable does not lend itself to
being eaten raw. 30. I am accustomed to working nightshifts. 31. There is a difference
between these plane models. 32. Simon is a notorious liar. / Simon is notorious for telling
lies. 33. It is believed that this is the oldest tree in the country. / This tree is believed to be
- 189 -
the oldest in the country. 34. The flowers are about to start blooming. 35. Jason
dicouraged me from accepting the job offer. 36. Physical effort is beneficial to / for health.
37. The agent put on a disguise in case someone (should) recognize him. 38. My parents
object to my playing near the river bank. 39. Could you lend a hand in the garden, Ted?
40. It was such a stuffy place that I could hardly breathe. 41. The opposition disapprove
of the ruling party’s reforms. 42. The teacher ordered the pupils to tidy up the classroom.
43. The waiter forgot giving us the bill. 44. Tony Adams was a classmate of mine.
45. On holidays we used to go to the mountains with our parents. 46. It must have been
George who spread the gossips. 47. It’s hight time someone taught the bully a lesson.
48. The young singer lost her voice during her performance. 49. Do you happen to
meditate all night? 50. Jenny regretted changing her school. 51. Help yourself/
yourselves to another piece of the cake. 52. Are you obliged to scan your fingerprints
before entering the office? 53. It’s a pity/What a pity/Pity we did not spend the day
together. 54. The boxes were too heavy for me to carry them upstairs. 55. Although
they are twins they differ from each other. 56. My wife would rather go climbing than
lie on the beach. 57. The air conditioner needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 58. Eric was
supposed to write the report. 59. How many chapters does this book consist of?
60. I screamed out loud so that everybody could hear me. 61. I can not afford to buy
extravagant clothes. 62. The boss warned us not to download/to avoid downloading
pirate software. 63. This man reminds me of my uncle Ted. 64. There is no need for
student to buy all these books. 65. This is the highest mountain (that) I have ever climbed.
66. The coffee machine is out of order. 67. My father has great/extensive/thorough/vast
knowledge of old airplanes. 68. (You should/had better ) Play fair or else you will get the
red card. 69. Lena is fluent in four languages. 70. Greg is not familiar with the occurrence.
71. It could have been Leo who activated the alarm. 72. We are short of petrol. / We are
running short of petrol. 73. The dog will not go away until you give it a snack. 74. Sorry
madam, I took/have taken your bag by mistake. 75. Monica can’t stand being asked/
people asking her private questions. 76. Are you aware of the consequences (that) your
behaviour will have? 77. What is the purpose of (your) knocking down the garden shed?
78. (You should) Take into consideration hiring a travel guide. 79. I eat nothing (else) but
a banana before a training. 80. James is looking forward to visiting his grandparents
in Majorca. 81. (You should/had better) Buy a ticket, otherwise you will pay a fine.
82. Mike hid in the garden to avoid going to the dentist. 83. I got rid of these old
newspapers. 84. Mary wished she had not changed Sidney for Tokyo. 85. Lisa behaves
as if she were a manager. 86. You ought not to have drunk alcohol. 87. Tom
recommended my installing/that I (should) install the antivirus software.
- 190 -
88. David stayed awake all night for fear of having his new car stolen/that someone might
steal his new car. 89. Mr Wells is known to work/for working as a stuntman. 90. You
needn’t have written all these reports by hand. 91. Tim accused me of breaking the
window. 92. Have you made up your mind yet? 93. The bike is still for/on sale.
94. He is dependent on his parents. 95. Alex denies calling his friends names. 96. Our
financial difficulties prevented us from continuing the project. 97. I know everyone here
except her. 98. Julia had her luggages carried (by the men). 99. Amy’s suggestions are
worth considering/being considered. 100. I would sooner cook my own food than eat out.
Transformacje otwarte (bez słowa klucza)

ZADANIE 1
1. How about playing Scrabble instead of chess? 2. My brother is fond of deep sea fishing.
3. Joe is known to have a crush for Amanda. 4. I wish you had a sailing licence. 5. It is
likely that James will arrive next Friday. 6. If only we had had enough time to visit the
Acropolis. 7. There is a difference between these photographs. 8. It has been
recommended that the old factory (should) be pulled down. 9. It is a nicely silent area.
10. How much does the cruise around the Mediterranean cost? 11. This is the most
beautiful place (that) I have ever been to. 12. The climbers do not seem to fear
a snowstorm. 13. Bob is not only a good composer but alco a talented guitar player.
14. No sooner had the police gone away than the riots broke out again. 15. Mark couldn’t
have planted all these trees alone. 16. A friend of ours has won a lot of money in the
lottery. 17. What have you brought all these tools for? 18. No matter where you settle
down don’t forget about your origins. 19. These theories do not differ from each other.
20. I found it really hard to operate the crane. 21. No other pianist made a bigger
impression on the audience than the Japanese one. 22. The guide warned us not to
take/that we should not take photos in the mosque. 23. Having landed the plane the
pilot sent an SOS signal. 24. If it had not been for my help Jim wouldn’t have passed the
test. 25. Vincent does not/can not dance well. 26. Owing to her devotion/being devoted
to the job the boss decided to promote her. 27. It was not until he opened the vault that
the thief realized it was empty. 28. They have been repairing the roof for two weeks.
29. We were made to empty our bags by the guards. 30. No shot has been fired as yet.
31. Hardly had I wiped the table clean when my baby spilt juice on it. 32. The city mayor
is suspected of accepting bribes. 33. We have nobody to rely on. 34. Had I had more
money I would have bought some souvenirs. 35. The men are bound to stand trial.
36. Never before had I eaten such an exotic dish. 37. It was suggested that the rubbish
- 191 -
dump (should) be moved to a different location. 38. Neither professor Gump nor professor
Allen took part in the conference. 39. Smile more and you will make friends more easily.
40. Our holiday home has been broken into. 41. The bomb may have been planted by
terrorists. 42. Should you have any problems with setting the tuner, contact the call
centre. 43. No sooner had we left the port than the storm broke out. 44. To make such
racist comments is irresponsible. 45. Diane can’t have hacked your computer. 46. The
captain ordered the soldiers to fire at will. 47. The old lighthouse is probable to collapse
one day. 48. The player regretted not signing the contract. 49. Adam is not experienced
enough to lead such a big team. 50. The later I stay at night the longer I sleep in the
morning. 51. Hardly ever does it rain in this part of the world. 52. It’s ten days since we
have been waiting for the goods to be delivered. 53. I doubt that/whether this woman
can foretell my future. 54. Neither of them was able to recollect what had happened.
55. It is difficult to learn this long poem by heart. 56. Only when they realized they were
surrounded by the police did the men give in. 57. Emily objects to having her hair cut
short. 58. Despite being a rich man Mr Hill would not spend a penny for charity.
59.It isn’t necessary for you to water the plants every day./It isn’t necessary for the plants
to be watered every day. 60. Under no circumstances are you allowed to go diving alone.
61. The criminal has been reported to be seen/to have been seen in the suburbs.
62. Everyone felt offened by the chairman’s acting. 63. I am not used to being talked to
like that. 64. Each of the screws needs to be greased. 65. Nigel takes (great) pride in his
sons’ sports achievements. 66. It was such a noisy parade. 67. The girls found the boys’
remarks embarrassing. 68. In spite of being a licenced pilot he is afraid of flying.
69. Mrs Dove didn’t mind our children playing in her garden. 70. Not till yesterday did the
family know anything about Joe’s wedding. 71. Nowhere else did we stay but Barcelona.
72. Unless you come to work on time you will have to stay extra hours. 73. Someone
asked if/whether the soldiers had been marching all day. 74. The washing machine seems
to be out of order. 75. No matter how hard she tried she couldn’t solve the puzzle.
76. It was wrong of Patty to interfere/have interfered between Lisa and her husband.
77. Shall we make a party on the beach? 78. Rather than be followed by a horde of
paparazzi I preferred travelling incognito. 79. Little did Bob do to maintain good relations
with his children. 80. Whose duty is it to watch over the President? 81. I was made to
re-write my testimony by the detective. 82. Steve needn’t have added more salt in the
soup. 83. Unmoved though he looked Dave felt very sorry for Cynthia. 84. I have never
had a better assistant than Tori. 85. Besides working as a teacher Marco is also a diving
instructor. 86. It is not advisable for you to spend too much time in the sun. 87. Much as
I respect George I don’t agree with his political views. 88. Hadn’t you better be leaving for
your train now? 89. If I were to change my job I would leave abroad. 90. It is a month
- 192 -
since my sister has gone/been on a diet. 91. Who has the grafitti been painted by?
92. Had you obeyed the regulations you would not have had to pay a fine. 93. Supposing
(that) someone discovers your secret. 94. The probe is expected to find traces of life in
space. 95. I had difficulty (in) recognizing the people I grew up with. 96. It must have
been raining all night here. 97. Senile as/though he is/may be Mr Grant still leads
a sporty lifestyle. 98. There has been an increase in meat prices lately. 99. I’d rather the
children were not playing so close to the street. 100. During the boss’ absence the
workers were lazying around. 101. Such is the height of the tower that you can’t see its
top. 102. Scarcely had I hung up the phone when it rang again. 103. After she had done
the ironing Daisy started packing her suitcase. 104. Did the family succeed in recovering
their wealth after the war? 105. We would rather have gone to Thailand for our
honeymoon. 106. If you were to visit Auckland again don’t forget to call on us.
107. However slowly the man was speaking I couldn’t understand him. 108. It has taken
us eight years to renovate these ancient mosaics. 109. It isn’t necessary for you to answer
all the reporters’ questions. 110. But for Mr Halley’s financial support we would not have
opened the gallery. 111. Only by hiring a local guide could the travellers reach Machu
Picchu. 112. The doctor insisted on my getting/that I (should) get the inoculation.
113. Is it obligatory for us to wear these ID tag all the time? 114. Were there to be more
strikes the planes would remain grounded. 115. Travis would prefer not to have sold his
old coins collection. 116. Except for Michael nobody passed the test. 117. I am looking
forward to going camping with my cousins. 118. Bear in mind that the baby must be fed
regularly. 119. Without a compass we would not have managed to find our way.
120. It was reckless of Mark to jump/have jumped over the fire. 121. If only the day had
not been so cold and rainy. 122. In half an hour I will have cleaned/finished cleaning the
chimney. 123. Unless you drive slowly we will miss our exit. 124. Timothy reached
the farthest of all. 125. The more he earned the more stingy he became. 126. On
returning home Mrs Sullivan realized it had been broken into. 127. It is possible/probable/
likely that the road was blocked. 128. This appears to be the place we have been looking
for. 129. Not till he was promised a rise did the goalkeeper agree to stay with the team.
130. Is Wendy a reliable person?
Test luk otwartych

Uzupełnianie luk w zdaniach i tekstach
ZADANIE 1 1. since, other 2. with, though 3. of, order 4. as, none 5. that,of 6. to,
being 7. despite, yet 8. mind, soon 9. unless, for 10. had, else
- 193 -
ZADANIE 2 1. to 2. of 3. it 4. find/have/take 5. back 6. of 7. to 8. number 9. take
10. take
ZADANIE 3 1. of, pattern 2. reason, on 3. sense, to 4. besides, in 5. up, mind 6. point,

knowledge 7. with, case 8. saying, risk 9. due, reach 10. charge, as though
ZADANIE 4 1. since 2. amount/quantity 3. back 4. than 5. of 6. to 7. with 8. which

9. in 10. end
ZADANIE 5 1. ride, in 2. means, time 3. on, purpose 4. keeps, for 5. ahead, advance
6. unless, court 7. pieces, out 8. living, profession 9. for, origin 10. record,
beans
ZADANIE 6 1. about/for 2. why 3. to 4. how 5. for 6. even/much 7. cause/give/make

8. way/manner 9. on 10. to
ZADANIE 7 1. point, sudden 2. in, tendency 3. effort, in 4. up, peril 5. in, leave 6. in,
defeat 7. ends, on 8. breath, bound 9. on, print 10. pattern, footsteps
ZADANIE 8 1. make 2. on/upon 3. out/forth 4. more 5. times 6. to 7. of 8. amount/

volume 9. likely/prone 10. at
ZADANIE 9 1. make, disposal 2. off, turn 3. in, world 4. brim, about 5. move, on
6. accordance, on 7. dash, at 8. out, heart 9. ground, day 10. shoulder, in
ZADANIE 10 1. worth 2. of 3. beyond 4. most 5. such 6. pose/involve 7.of 8. according

9. at 10. resulted
ZADANIE 11 1. in, fear 2. on, top 3. with, stroke 4. spare, aid 5. face, pull 6. looked,
ear 7. question, agree 8. use, for 9. whole, uptake 10. barely, moon
ZADANIE 12 1. to 2. in 3. as 4. at/in 5. again 6. of 7. out 8. common 9. make 10. like

Wybór poprawnej wersji tłumaczenia
ZADANIE 1 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. B

14. A 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. B 23. A 24. A
25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. A
36. B 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. A
- 194 -
47. A 48. B 49. A 50. B 51. B 52. A 53. B 54. A 55. B 56. B 57. A
58. A 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. B 63. A 64. B 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. B
69. B 70. A 71. B 72. B 73. B 74. A 75. B 76. B 77. A 78. B 79. A
80. A

ZADANIE 2 1. I wish I was/were going to (watch) the play with you tonight.
2. Have you made up your mind yet? 3. She acts/behaves as if she was/were the most
important here. 4. Jenny hardly ever helps us in the garden. / Hardly ever does Jenny help
us in the garden. 5. You should/ought to avoid drinking too much coffee. 6. This old
monitor is not worth repairing/being repaired. 7. But for his wife Mark would have lost lots
of money in the casino. 8. I will play cards with you on condition that you do not cheat.
9. Can you tell the difference between these two theories? 10. It’s about time (that) you
started preparing for the exam. 11. What does this man do for a living? 12. We would
rather our children did not take part in the competition/tournament. 13. We were made
to carry/move the whole assortment to the store. / They made us carry/move the whole
assortment to the store. 14. It is no use negotiating a new contract. 15. The bank will lend
you money once you have paid (back) your earlier loans. 16. He was unhappy because he
did not succeed in earning a fortune. 17. Ted Monroe was said to have found a great
treasure in his garden. 18. Besides visiting this wonderful country I also met/have also met
interesting people. 19. We have not heard from Frank since he left abroad. 20. Why do
blame only me for what (has) happened? / Why do you put a blame only on me for what
(has) happened? 21. Harry denies calling Amanda a witch. 22. Tina and Charles have been
living apart for (many) years. 23. I am looking forward to starting my work in Australia.
24. I am not familiar with (any/the) changes in the schedule. 25. If I were in your shoes/
Were I in your shoes I would (try to) find a better job for myself. 26. These young men
went hiking in the mountains regardless of hard/unfavourable weather conditions.
27. I couldn’t help laughing when I saw you falling off the roof. 28. I do not remember
inviting you all/all of you to my party. 29. Jeff is not experienced enough to replace the
manager. 30. He does not run his shop any more. He might have gone bankrupt. 31. It is
important that you (should) take the medicine regularly. 32. We were/have been accused
of painting the graffiti on the school walls. 33. Dan Brown’s new book has turned out to
be a great scuccess. 34. Am I supposed to introduce myself to all the members of the crew?
- 195 -
35. We would prefer our children not to eat so many sweets. 36. I never expected (that)
I would fall in love at first sight. 37. I will pay/am going to pay all my ovedue bills as soon
as I receive/have received my salary/pay. 38. Could the tragedy have been averted?
39. I advise you to take/I recommend that you take this ointment in case you get bitten by
mosquitoes. 40. You needn’t have paid the waiter. The food is free of charge. 41. It was
not wise/considerate/logical of you to invest all your money in shares. 42. Rather than
feel sorry for/pity yourself you should/ought to start a new life. 43. I am unable to lend
you money because I do not have any on me. 44. It’s strange that you prefer sitting in the
tent to playing football on the beach with us. 45. Having copied the classified data the
hacker infected the system with a virus. 46. David will boast about his muscles all the time.
This gets on my nerves. 47. He will be released from jail provided that someone puts up
a bail for him. 48. Though they have been/Despite having been neighbours for years
neither (of them) says hello to the other. 49. The man who set fire to the city hall is still
being looked for/being searched by the police. 50. Unless your behaviour at scholl is
better/improves you will not go to the camp. 51. If you should find/Should you find my
pendrive let me know, please. 52. Did you not regret not booking a ticket in advance?
53. You should not/ought not to have driven/have been driving so fast. You could
have caused an accident. 54. We expected James to propose to his girlfriend. 55. Has it
ever occurred to you to write an autobiography? 56. Why has he changed/did he change
his mind? They might/could have bribed him. (He might/could have been bribed.)
57. Doctor Baxter recommends that I (should) drink/my drinking a glass of water every
morning. 58. Jessica was the only person (who/that) I could rely on. / Jessica was the only
person to rely on. 59. Andy was known to have worked earlier as a secret agent. 60. Leila
is not used to working night shifts. 61. Mr Winters has been able to move better since he
got the prosthesis/artificial limb. 62. We could not afford to hire a guide. 63. Do you
mind our camping in your field? 64. You were to have shown the children round the town.
Why did you not do it? 65. In spite of being (a) disabled Greg loves practising sports.
66. I disapprove of writing a report every day. 67. No matter how hard she worked her
boss was never satisfied. 68. I had hardly finished washing the windows when it started
raining. / Hardly had I finished washing the windows when it started raining. 69. You may
not/are not allowed to use your phones during the exam under any circumstances. (Under
no circumstances may you/are you allowed to use your phones during the exam.) 70. Give
the book back to the library immediately you finish/have finished reading it. 71. Simon
was being operated on when his parents arrived in the hospital.
- 196 -
72. We will not/can not go any further. We have just run out of petrol. 73. We have been
warned not to enter/to avoid entering the airport area. 74. I do not believe everything
(that/what) Alice says. She is prone to make up/invent stories. 75. If it had not been for /
But for the other drivers’ help nobody would have survived the accident. 76. Our investors
insist on (our) resuming /that we (should) resume the production. 77. I was on the point
of leaving the beach when I heard someone calling for help. 78. Look at the puddles. It
must have been raining all night. 79. By the time the weather changes we will have gone
down the peak to our camp. 80. It is probable that our departure will be delayed. / Our
departure is probable to be delayed.
Tłumaczenie fragmentów zdań na język angielski

ZADANIE 3 1. Hadn’t we better employ Mark instead of Pete? Mike is not experienced
enough to cope/deal with the task/assignment. 2. Terrified as/though the man was he
jumped into the river full of crocodiles to rescue the drowning woman. 3. If it had not been
for a quick reaction of the passer-by, the elderly man would not have survived the heart
attack. 4. Unless you tell the detectives everyting (that) you know about the kidnapping
you may be detained by the police for at least twenty four hours. 5. You were to have
informed us about the date of your daughter’s wedding. You could have at least sent us
an e-mail. 6. David need not have carried this heavy package by himself. He risked injuring
/damaging his spine. 7. Were I to take part/participate in the conference in Toronto, that
would mean my having to take the nearest flight. 8. This old elevator is sure to break down
sooner or later. We suggest that you (should) replace it with a new one. 9. It’s been seven
years since Harry Grant got lost. He’s said to have been kidnapped by aliens. 10. Our
warehouse was broken into last night. But except a few bottles of mineral water nothing
was stolen. 11. In case some of you is/gets bitten by a poisonous snake I advise you to
give them this serum at once. 12. Will they have finished renovating the school by the time
the new school year begins? 13. It was thoughtless of them to come so close to the
sleeping bear. The animal could have attacked them. 14. Whether you like this idea or not
I expect you to clean the whole deck of the yeacht. 15. We’d rather you did not waste time
exploring the places that/which have already been explored. How about trying to discover
some new wrecks? 16. It’s difficult/hard to understand why this official/clerk took/made
such a controversial decision. He must have been given/offered a bribe. 17. Under no
circumstances may you/are you allowed to tell anyone what you have heard here. The
- 197 -
information is top secret. 18. Don’t you wish you had taken part in our performance?
You could have played (the part of) a sheperd and would not have had to say anything on
stage. 19. I can’t imagine working in such conditions. If I were you/in your place I would
pack my things and try to start a new living somewhere abroad. 20. The new government
is expected to solve all the problems in the country. But it’s highly unlikely to meet the
expectations of the whole society. 21. Should you come across/meet a meditating monk
on your way to the monstery I recommend your not disturbing/that you do not disturb/
that you should not disturb his peace. 22. Not till yesterday did we know/find out that
we would have to work during the weekend unless we managed to pack all the orders by
Friday. 23. Not all his suggestions are worth taking/being taken into consideration. He
tends to exaggerate and see everyting in dark colours. 24. Terence is really hard to
convince/persuade to try the new therapy. How about introducing him to someone whom
it helped? 25. Rather than watch these boring programs on TV, I would prefer to play
board games. 26. Despite being extremely tired, the rescuers did not stop searching
the rubble with a hope of finding a living person. 27. Contrary to what has been believed/
claimed for years, Amelia Earhart can/could/might have survived the plane crash and
spent many years in solitude on the desert island. 28. Our chef insists on our giving/that
we (should) give him half of the tips (that/which) we get from our clients. 29. No sooner
had we finished cleaning the deck than the captain ordered us to clean his cabin.
30. There was no need for us to segregate all the rubbish. David need not have brought so
many bags. 31. If it was not for your fooling around, we would be the best/nicest class in
school. Next year, I’ll have you behave properly. 32. Why don’t we take a taxi to the airport
instead of a city bus? I’d sooner be much earlier than risk coming too late for the departure.
33. I suggest that you (should) take some warm clothes just in case we have to walk back
after dark. 34. Little is known what (has) happened to the yacht and its crew. They’re
highly likely/probable to have drowned during the storm. 35. Hasn’t it occurred to you
that you might be offending someone by telling those racist jokes? 36. James might have
been rich and generous but it was Patrick who stole our daughter’s heart. 37. The pirates
hid their treasure in a cave on a desert island for fear that someone else would find it and
steal it. 38. We’ve been warned to avoid drinking water from the wells. The locals tend to
contaminate/poison them when they leave their villages escaping the rebels. 39. Not till
1784 did anyone hear of/know about the ancient (city of) Pompeii destroyed by the
Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD. 40. Mark ought not to have copied the classified military data.
Had anyone found out about it he might/could have been accused of spying.
- 198 -
41. No matter how quickly I answered the questions, my rival was always the first to score
a point. 42. Mr Dowson was looking forward to seeing his twin brother again. Over fifty
years had passed since they were parted/separated. 43. Not only does Betty work for the
foundation, she also runs her own business. 44. We have just been informed that our
daughter has won the qualifications. We’ll congratulate her on the success the moment
she returns home. 45. This unique place was sure to have been discovered before. There
was nothing more to explore because robbers had taken away/stolen all the riches from
the tomb. 46. Mind that you don’t scratch the neighbour’s car. Mr Grace is prone to get
angry easily. 47. There was nothing to be proud of. If only I had known that our national
team would lose all the games I would not have bought a single ticket. 48. Only when he
heard the sirens did Harry realize he was being followed by the police. 49. We found it
hard to understand Brian’s decision. Never before had he mentioned anything about his
plans of a change of the faculty. 50. I’d prefer to have played the part of Alice in our school
drama. But Mrs Teague insisted on my playing/that I (should) play the role of the Dutchess.
- 199 -
- 200 -

Matasek-Matura Bez Problemu

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Matasek-Matura Bez Problemu

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MATURA

Zadania ułatwiające przygotowanie

MATURA BEZ PROBLEMU to książka ćwiczeniowa adresowana do uczniów szkół

Atutem niniejszej pozycji jest niezwykle obszerny zakres praktycznych zadań

Zadania pogrupowane zostały zgodnie z typologią formularza egzaminacyjnego

Zadania odnoszące się do form gramatycznych powinny ułatwić zrozumienie zasad

Zapraszamy do rozwiązywania zadań i życzymy powodzenia na egzaminie.

Rozpoznawanie struktur gramatyczno-leksykalnych 55

Stosowanie struktur gramatyczno-leksykalnych 85

KLUCZ Odpowiedzi do zadań 181

Zadania tekstowe mają formę zamkniętą: prawda/fałsz, wielokrotny wybór

1. Most innovators achieve great successes.

2. Branco Bobic became a millionaire after selling his

3. Investors only bought Trevor Boylis’ clockwork radio

4. Iris Whyte has designed an innovative product for

5. Joshua Silver’s invention has helped billions of poor

1. Many kinds of addictions are like addiction to

2. The money that a shopping addict spends does

Shopping addiction is highly ritualized and follows a typically addictive pattern of

3. A shopping addict does not achieve much

Compulsive shoppers use shopping as a way of escaping negative feelings, such as

4. For many addicts shopping considers a long-term

5. Most shopping addicts avoid going shopping

1. In 2016 twice as many smokers used e-cigarettes as in the previous

3. Officials are sure that certain side-effects of e-cigarettes may discourage

4. Young people may want to pick up smoking traditional cigarettes after

1. Progress in vaccination has helped eradicate illnesses which were

2. In some developed countries cases of polio can still be dangerous

3. Certain discomforts and side-effects of a vaccination procedure

4. Vaccination gives protection against diseases not only to vaccinated

5. As an effect of vaccination, some patients may develop disabilities

4. Facebook opens a good opportunity for teenagers to compete about their

1. In modern times the influence of customers on the prices of products is

5. Wealthier consumers are less likely to consider food merely as a source

2. The paleontologists were surprised to discover a dinosaur that would have

Conventional antibiotics are overprescribed and overconsumed. Doctors carelessly prescribe

2. More and more types of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, including

3. Overdoses of conventional antibiotics weaken patients immunity and they

5. Bacteria stop producing toxins if their ways of communication within their

2. Different kinds of quipment are used by treasure hunters depending on

4. Lack of clues, mysteries that cannot be solved or failed searches usually

5. Even finds of minor value can be a profound gratification to treasure

Yet, it does not always mean enjoyment.

Disfunctions of the cardiovascular system among professional sportsmen are not

Surprisingly, though, many of the patients were not determined enough to

Stress-relieving physical exercises do not guarantee a long-lasting effect

As expected, human voice-processing areas responded most to human voices.

... despite being the proof of divergent paths of development.

The advantages of burning fat by means of regular physical effort cannot be

Besides, the philosophy cannot be traced back to any reliable sources.

Historically, the names of days were associated with natural phenomena or

Strong belief in extraterrestrial powers shaped ancient peoples’ minds.

In ancient times, dolphins were closely linked with gods.

On a number of occasions dophins have been observed as they broke up

Nevertheless, dolphins should always be perceived as wild creatures capable

A typical household expenditure on children’s needs makes a major part of all

No matter the risks, children should be taught to be a tough fighers.

Apart from being widely ignored and dismissed as ineffective by conventional

Currently, drugs contain either plant-derived materials, or synthesized materials

The role of staple foods cannot be overestimated, though.

even though the shoguns really ruled the country.

as opposed to destroying the power of the warriors.

which led to the creation of a drafted standing army.

21.1 It is typical of an assertive person to