BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTEMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION ON THE HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN GIMBO

WOREDA

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTS OF THE BA DEGREE IN
ECONOMICS

Student name ID

1. Worku Chanie ………………………………………….. …… 0247/13

2. Hilina Mekonnen………………………………………………… 0365/13

Advisor: Solomon K .

June, 2016

TOGETHER WE CAN.

Bonga Ethiopia
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

GDP- Gross Domestic Product

IDP- Irrigation Development Plan

NGOs-Non Governmental Organizations

SSI- Small Scale Irrigation

SSTI-Subsurface Textile Irrigation

WSDP- Water Sector Development Program

 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the study

Ethiopia's economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, which accounts for 50% of GDP and
85% of labor force employment (Yigezu Wendimu, 2021).

The Ethiopian agriculture is basically rainfall based and characterized by high variation
in magnitude and regularly incoming and forming period such unfavorable climate
condition often resulted in declining of agricultural production with the existing but
dwindle natural resource based under worsening climate conditions (Mekuria, 2020) .

It is the challenge facing in how to meet the increasing food demand. It is also play
crucial role in providing row material to the local industry. Growth in agriculture is often
the corner stone for overall economic growth in Ethiopian economy; other sector is also
dominated by agriculture that poor agricultural performance drags down the rest of the
economy (Seyoum, 2024).

Accordingly, Ethiopian has significant irrigation potential and realization its potential
development can contribute towards improving the welfare of the society in water limited
environments the potential for full irrigation decreasing with increased competition for
water from the domestic and industrial sector (Wendimu, 2023).

Those main challenges confronting both rain feed and irrigated agriculture is to improve
water use efficiency and securing sustainable water use for agriculture. (Zhang, 2023)

In the southern region the traditional schemes both at communal and household level of
better proportion from the point of land coverage. However, the management is at
rudimentary stage to enhance the contribution of the irrigation schemes in ensuring food
security through in come generation and satisfy nutritional needs of population and
improving productivity of the schemes is a prerequisite (Jembere, 2023).
the motivation of the researcher is to assess on irrigation and its impact on household
income in the study area.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Rain fed agriculture is the dominant form of farming in Ethiopia and government give
emphasis in irrigation development is a recent phenomenon (Effa, 2023)

Although traditional irrigation practices in high lands for centuries, it was only early
1950s. The modern irrigation technologies were adopted in large private and government
schemer primary in the Awash River basin (Tufa, 2021)

In Gimbo woreda most of the people major economical practice is agriculture where
production is largely substance and predominantly rain fed practiced. It is suffered from
the problem of local area, land size reduction, unproductively of land and there by
production reduction such unfavorable climate condition often result the decline in
agriculture production which turn leads to the decline household income through this
Woreda have some water resource which is sufficient to the sustainable food requirement
of some people (Berhanu, 2022).

Even if there is sufficient irrigable water resource in the study area the awareness of the
farmers or households is less. Agricultural irrigation practice system has been practiced
in some area of Gimbo with aim of insuring household requirement and improving the
living standard of the community (Belete, 2020).

According to (Wana, 2023), it is believed that irrigation both practiced during ancient
times in Ethiopian even if its exact date of emergency is unknown. Ancient use of
irrigation water was through use of surface methods and spate irrigation types. Modern
irrigation was started at the Awash River basin with bilateral cooperation of Ethiopian
and Dutch Company (SHELEMO, 2023).

Now a day, the policies and strategies of Ethiopia strongly supports the irrigation
development especially the small scale irrigation through the water sector development
program (WSDP) and Ethiopia irrigation development plan (IDP) (Kedir, 2021).
This irrigation development is mainly expressed in the development of small scale
irrigation (SSI) schemes by the government, donors & NGOs. Irrigation is believed as a
key for food security and poverty reduction in Ethiopian (Wendimu, 2023). Cash income
generated from irrigation farming has been an important source of investment on
productive asset of ruler households.

But there is empirical and variable gap that means there is no empirical works that assess
the role of agricultural extension and credit service which helps to facilitate irrigation
practice and for the researcher’s knowledge there is no empirical evidence regarding with
irrigation in the study area i.e. the society in the study area have no improved awareness
about irrigation which has a vital role on household income. Therefore the researchers
will attempt to fill the gaps on the role of irrigation practice, credit service and extension
services. And finally the researcher answers the following research questions.

•What are the major crops that are produced in the study area?

•Does irrigation brings an important impact on household income?

•Does the government give credit and extension service for the households in the
study area?

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective of the study

The general objective is to assess the role of irrigation to the household income in the
study area.

1.3.2 Specific objective of the study

The researcher will be attempt to the following specific objectives

•To assess the major crops growing in the study area.

•To determine the role of irrigation to the household income in the study area.
 •To assess whether the government give credit and extension service for
households in the study area

1.3 Significance of the study

This paper has many purposes, but the following are the major ones.

A) For the researcher

The study will be expect to give information about the contribution of irrigation to the
household income and give the awareness about the effect of irrigation in over the
economies.

B) For the government

The study will give prior information for the government policy maker about irrigation.
The research will give information about the factors affecting irrigation to increase house
hold income and make decision.

C) For the people

If use to help the people to understand the potential of irrigation and its contribution for
their income. And also it uses for the government prior information to make a policy
design on irrigation.

1.4 Scope of the study

The study will be conduct in Gimbo woreda with only some sample Kebeles. there are
35 kebeles in the woreda and the target population in the study area are 246 that conduct
in irrigation . So,four(4) kebeles are select to sample because of time and financial
constraints and that selected Kebeles are represent the other Kebeles. And the time is
restricted 2016 E.C, because of knowing the current situation of agricultural sector to
develop irrigation in the study area.
 1.5 Organization of the paper

This paper is organized in such away, the first chapter deals with introduction of the
study in which statement of the problem, research question, objective of the study,
significance of the study and scope of the study. The second chapter deals with the
review of some theoretical and empirical literature related to irrigation in general and its
contribution to the household income. The third chapter deals with materials and
methodology, description of the study area, types and source of data. The forth chapter
included work plan of the research.

Chapter Two

2. Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical literature

2.1.1Definition of irrigation

Irrigation is the process by which water is diverted from a river or pumped from a well
and used for the purpose of agricultural production (Zhu, 2023). Areas under irrigation
thus include areas equipped for full and partial control irrigation, spate irrigation areas,
equipped wetland and inland valley bottoms, irrespective of their size or management
type (Stanford, 2023). Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It
is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-
vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall
(Jankaro, 2023)

2.1.2 Source of water supply for irrigation

The major sources of fresh water for the irrigation purpose are surface water and ground
water.
Surface water: it is water on the surface of the earth such as in stream and river lakes. It
is also a chief source of water used for irrigation surface water comes mostly from in the
stream and river great quantity of snows accumulated on highlands and mountains during
winter in spring the snow melts and run and changed in to the surface water is canal
irrigation to use for the irrigation purpose (Pearce, 2018)

ground water: it is a water which stored beneath the earth’s surface in space between
rocks grain sound and other subsistence in soil (Gambo, 2024).materials of that in can be
penetrate, many of the best supplies of ground water is near rivers water from a rivers
seeps in to the ground and in to the quitter.

2.1.3 Types of irrigation

Various types of irrigation techniques differ in how the water obtained from the source is
distributed within the field. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly
with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too
little. There are five main types of irrigation systems.

•Surface irrigation: In surface (furrow, flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water
moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil
(Eisenhauer, 2021)

•Localized irrigation: Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under

low pressure through a piped network, in a predetermined pattern, and applied as a small
discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip irrigation, spray or micro-sprinkler
irrigation and bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation methods (Reddy,
2017).

•Subsurface textile irrigation: Subsurface Textile Irrigation (SSTI) is a technology

designed specifically for subsurface irrigation in all soil textures from desert sands to
heavy clays (Qiao, 2023)
•Drip irrigation: Drip (or micro) irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as
its name suggests. In this system waterfalls drop by drop just at the position of roots
(Eisenhauer, 2021).

•Irrigation using sprinkler systems: In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped

to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-
pressure sprinklers or guns (Chauhdary, 2023). A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or
guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set
irrigation system.

2.1.4 The main objective and benefit of irrigation

Irrigation may be seen as of achieving one or more of the following national objectives.
like; Setting drought victim and or land less people, Increase the proper use of farmed
area; Increase farmers income; The direct benefit drive from the incremental agriculture
production due to irrigation; The primary need of irrigation to the country is for increased
production of stable food; To achieve this objective the speed crop rotation in line with
irrigation possibilities intensity cropping with wet and dry season and increase yield.

2.1.5 Positive impact of irrigation

Irrigation is the potential growth of crops, which increase land productivity (Hussain,
2023). In addition on efficient utilization of irrigation water could enhance the efficient
allocation of the other productivity Inputs used in farming; consequently this could result
in an overall increase in agricultural production that is larger than the sum of
contributions of individual input used. There are other direct and indirect benefits that are
generated from backward and forward linkage of irrigation engineering and supply of
different manufactured equipment and machinery. Moreover it is larger area market for
non-agricultural product and services in the ruler economy (Mushtaq, 2023). It generates
employment due to its help for industrial growth and hence eliminate ruler under
employment and unemployment by releasing these creeps to the industrial sector. It
farther increases livestock population by supplying water for consumption and by
increasing food production.
2.1.6 The role of irrigation in food consumption

In irrigated agriculture water takes up crops in partly or totally provided agriculture

though human intervention. Irrigation is with draw from a water source (river, lave, or a
quitter) and lead to the filed though an appropriate convenience infrastructure. To satisfy
their water requirement irrigated crops benefit from both more and less unreliable natural
rainfall, and from irrigation water. Irrigation provides a power full management tool
against the vagaries of rainfall and makes it economically attractive to grow high yield
seed verities (Loiskandl, 2021).

2.2 Empirical literature review

Irrigation development in the world states that the world sustainable development plans
(WSDP) is show that irrigation development plan program will give emphasis to the
development of small scale irrigation (Melaku, 2022) .Also where possible priority shall
also give to the completion of ongoing and suspended large scale irrigation project have
been categorized according to the level of their studies feasibility, prefeasibility and
reconnaissance.

African irrigation does not currently play a significant role in African agricultural despite
highly reliable in many case insufficient rainfall and highly incidence of drought in food
production. Africa is entirely rain fed. Irrigation area as a total cultivate area is estimated
at only 6% for Africa compared with 37% for Asia and 14% for Latin America (Ibrahim,
2024). Moreover more than two third of existing irrigation areas concentrated in five
countries like Egypt, Madagascar, million hectares of irrigated areas.

For the remaining counties, the irrigated area varies from a few thousands hectare to
almost half of a million hectares each for Algeria, Libya and Tunisia (Lebdi, 2016).
Agricultural growth is clearly the key to ruler poverty reduction can make an important
contribution to achieving millennium development goal of having poverty by 2015
(Muhammad, 2023).

Irrigation in East Africa is a good soil in the eastern African highlands have favorable for
the development of intensive agriculture, although soil required conservation measures
because of steep slope less favorable land are cultivated under arid and semi-arid
conditions. Forest covers less than 20% of the total area of the sub-region due to land
scarcity (Rakotovao, 2022). The east Africa up land verities which have been developed
for the east African rain fed contribution have been growth since 1958 while the hole
scheme becomes operational.

Ethiopian has a very large resource potential. The development of these resources has
been impended for decades, first by agreement made by colonial power and by political
instability. The Ethiopian Blue Nile and other tributaries contribute over 80% of water in
Sudan and Egypt. The mobilization of these potential would have to take in to account
environmental and basin issues to mitigate the impact on downstream users (Elyamany,
2023).

Irrigation in south region of Ethiopian has more of potentially irrigable land. Despite
these potential of irrigation land only small part of these irrigable land is currently under
irrigation (Birhanu, 2023). The irrigable land can be further categorized in to traditional
and modern irrigation schemes. To traditional belong those schemes which are designed,
develop and operated by farmers themselves without any external assistance. They are
ancient in its history and farmer have developed their own indigenous knowledge and
skill ranged from designing, operation, maintenance and equitable sharing of water
resource synergistic both rain fed and irrigation farm activities to maximize benefits.
2.3 Conceptual frame work

• Increase crop yield, crop

area, cropping intensity,
crop diversification
• Opportunity for high value
crops, multiple cropping and
year round crop production

• Increased on farm and Production • Enhanced food availability

off-farm employment • shortfall, risk of crop failure,
opportunities and rural Access season ability effect
wages Employ Food • Stability of income
• Stabilization of To Irrigation
ment ACCESS OF IRRIGASecurity consumption and
employment employment
opportunities Income
• Increased income from crop
production, family
consumption of food
• Stabilization of farm family
income
• Reduced level of
consumption short fall, food
prices.

Source: Tedros Tsehaye, 2014

 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGIES

3.1 Description of the study area

Ginbo (sometimes spelled Gimbo) is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. The name Ginbo comes from one of the
provinces in the former Kingdom of Kaffa. That province, as well as the Kafficho
provinces Bonga and Manjo, became districts with the Ethiopian conquest in 1896, and
these districts were later merged to form the modern woreda (Alemu Senbeta, 2017).

Ginbo is surrounded by the Gojeb River, which divides it from the Oromia Region, to the
north, Decha to the south, Chena to the west, Gewata to the northwest, and Menjiwo to
the east. Ginbo is a part of the Keffa Zone. Ginbo include the towns of Diri, Gojeb, Ufa,
and Wushwush. Bonga town's surrounded by Ginbo. To develop Gewata, the western
portion of Ginbo was utilized.

3.2 Research design

The study will use descriptive research methods to look at how irrigation affects
household income in Gimbo Wereda. The study will use a combination of qualitative and
quantitative research methodologies. Key informant interviews are performed in a
qualitative manner to gather information about local perceptions and opinions regarding
the contribution of irrigation to household income. A semi-structured questionnaire was
used to gather quantitative data from sample homes on resource ownership, income
status, food security status, demographics, and other fundamental information. Reports
and papers from various Bureaus and Offices were also consulted.
3.3 Research approach

Mixed research approach will be used in the study since it is crucial to determine and
thoroughly examine the state and function of irrigation in household income. Primary
sources of information will be primarily used to obtain all the relevant information about
the field under which the research will be conducted. The majority of the data sources are
households that work in irrigation. Moreover, important informants, public servants, and
leaders in the community are used as information sources. Key informants consist of
well-informed individuals, local officials, and prominent members of the community.
These resources will assist the researcher in gathering pertinent and first-hand knowledge
regarding the actual state of irrigation. Interviews and questionnaires will be used to
collect data, both qualitative and quantitative. Structured questionnaires will be used to
gather quantitative data from sample households.

3.4 Data source and methods of collection

The researcher will gather primary and secondary data for the study from various sources.
The main sources of data for this study will a sample of respondents. We will create
questionnaires with questions about the respondents' socioeconomic status,
demographics, institutional features, and irrigation area in order to get primary data from
them. The questionnaire will be designed to measure the study's objective. After that,
under the authors' supervision, the enumerators will actually gather the data in order to
address any issues that may have come up. Secondary data are gathering through the
examination of various documents, such as books, research papers, office reports, and
journal articles authored by various academics.

3.4.1 Type of data

The type of data is cross sectional type. Researchers give their reason for using this is
that the data type on participation of household in small scale irrigation is qualitative and
such data is convenient with cross sectional data type than that of time series or panel
data.
3.5 Instruments of data collection

3.5.1 Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful

information about a given topic (Mohajan, 2020). When properly constructed and
responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which statements
can be made about specific groups or people or entire populations (Mehmood, 2024).

3.5.2 Interview

The interview is an important data gathering technique involving verbal communication

between the researcher and the subject (Khoa, 2023). Interviews are commonly used in
survey designs and in exploratory and descriptive studies.

3.5.3 Document analysis

Document analysis is the process of reviewing or evaluating documents both printed and
electronic in a methodical manner. The document analysis method, like many other qualitative
research methods, involves examining and interpreting data to uncover meaning, gain
understanding, and come to a conclusion (Adula, 2022).

3.6. Sampling Technique

The total household heads that are using irrigated agriculture at Hamani, Shomba Sheka ,
Shomba Kichib and Shomba Kebele are (34,16,21,17) respectively and total is 88. This
kebele are select because of availability of irrigation practices in the area .the researcher
will use Yamane’s formula (1967), in order to determine the sample size of the
population. This formula is reliable to 93% and has only 7 % margin error.

n = N / [1 + N ( e )2]
Where:

n = the sample size

N = size of population

e = the level of accuracy (e = 0.07)

then n = 88 / [1 + 88 ( 0.07 )2]=61

n=61

To calculate the size of the sample from each kebele the researcher will use the formola ;
nj= (Nj/N)n

where

nj is sample size from each kebele ,

Nj represents each kebele irrigation user,

N represents total household irrigation user in the four kebeles and

N is the total sample size and summing up each shares the total sample is determined.

By using the above formula the researcher will determine the sample size from each
kebeles as follows:

Where,

n1 wil take from Hamani kebele

n2 will take from Shomba sheka kebel and

n3 will take from Shomba kichib kebele.

n4 will take from shomba kebele. Then

n1= (34/88)61=24

n2= (16/88)61=11
 n3= (21/88)61=15

n4= (17/88)61=12

The total number of sample is 61 the summation for this calculation is 62 the difference
one is approximation error.

3.7 Method of data analysis

Data analysis is the computation of certain measures along with searching for
patterns of relationship that exist among the data group (Kothari, 2004). In this
research data was analysed by using descriptive statistics, comparing means, and
regression analysis to provide summaries of tables and figures. The collected data
was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows
because it is broadly used computer software which is employed to analyze
quantitative data. SPSS can electronically store collected data; generate descriptive
statistical data for the responses, create graphical figures of questionnaire data for
the reporting and presentations; and analyze relationships between responses to
different questions.

In order to determine the importance of irrigation in raising household income, the

quantitative data that has been gathered will be examined using descriptive techniques
such as tables and percentages derived from secondary data. The analysis of qualitative
data involves arranging the data in a methodical manner and focusing on the ideas,
desires, and opinions of the households in the research areas as well as the local
circumstances.

3.8 Ensuring Validity and Reliability

The primary focus of the researchers will be ensuring the quality of the data. Therefore,
the researcher will employ face-to-face interviews and questionnaire formats to assess the
validity of the tools. Items deemed irrelevant are changed as advisers provide feedback
 on instruments. Next, in order to reduce misunderstandings and communication obstacles
throughout the data gathering process, English versions of the questionnaires were
translated into Kaffa local tongues..

3.9 Ethical Consideration

The researcher will use all of the staff-provided information discreetly and fully
anonymize the respondents' identities. The researchers will conduct their work in
accordance with the Social Research Association's (2003) ethical standards and
guidelines. Informed consent, data protection, confidentiality, and anonymity are among
the common standards that must be followed. Fourteen checklists are offered to
encourage ethical reflection. Participants must be made aware of all potential risks and
advantages associated with the research activity. The researcher will take respondents'
ethics into account. The researcher will thus treat subjects with the utmost respect. As a
result, the researcher will only intervene with participants' agreement and collect
information about them without applying any pressure or influence. Inform respondent
about purpose of this study and use information researcher committed to privacy
informants. To respectful and increase respondents self-confidence, researcher use
interview in a private and safe place.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. TIME AND BUDGET SCHEDULE

4.1 Time schedule

Table 4.1Time schedule

n Activity November December January February March
o
1 Selecting 
title

2 Serving 
relate d
literature
3 Writing 
proposal
4 Proposal 
submissio
n
5 Data 
collection
6 Data 
analysis
and
interpretat
ion
7 Write 
research
8 Submissio 
n final
rese a r c h
4.2 Cost and budget schedule
Table4.2 Cost and budget schedule

No. Material requirement No. of unit requirement Unit cost birr Total cost

1 Paper 60 1.5 90

2 Pen 5 25 125

3 Pencil 1 10 10

4 Flash memory(16GB) 1 380 380

5 Telephone calls 5 10 40

6 Transports 4 20 160

7 printing 48(page) 5 240

8 Bending cost 4 10 40

9 Internet 10 25 250

10 Miscellaneous expense Like tea, Coffee, food… 400 400

11 Total cost - - 1775birr

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