ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTEMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

AND PRODUCTIVITY IN CASE OF ARBA MINCH ZURIA WOREDA

A Research proposal prepared in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Arts
Degree in Economics

Prepared by: Gebremariam Birhanu

ID NUMBER.............SSHR/943/12

Adviser:Alemayehu A.(Asst.professor)

April, 2023
Arba Minch, Ethiopia
 Abstract
The study seeks to examine the role technology in agricultural production and productivity in the
case of Arba minch zuria wereda Ethiopia. The study will be employed both quantitative and
qualitative approach to assess how the level of technology affect the agricultural production and
productivity of farmers or households in Arba minch zuria woreda .The general objective of the
study will be intended to asses on the role of technology in agricultural production and productivity .To
achieve this objective the study will be employed both primary and secondary source of data. primary
source of data will be obtained primary field survey and secondary source will be collected from
published and unpublished materials which includes books, journals, and scientific research works and
office records.The data will be analyzed descriptive method of data analysis.

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ACRONYMS

DAP……………..Di-ammonium Phosphate

EEA……………..Ethiopian Economic Association

FAO……………..Food and Agricultural Organization
GDP……………..Gross Domestic product
ICT………………Information communication technology
MFP……………..Multi factor Productivity
OECD………… .Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
SLM…………….Small Land Management
SNNPR………….Southern Nations ,Nationalities ,and Peoples’Region(SNNPR)
TFP……………..Total factor Productivity

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 Table Content
Pages
Abstract........................................................................................................................i
Acronyms....................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................3
1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................3
1.2. Statement of the problem.................................................................................4
1.3. Basic Research Questions..................................................................................7
1.4. Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.4.1. General objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.4.2. Specific objectives......................................................................................................8
1.5. Significance of the study....................................................................................8
1.6. Scope of the study.............................................................................................8
1.7. Organization of the study..................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO.
2. LITRATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................................10
2.1. Theoretical literature......................................................................................10
2.1.1. Level of agricultural productivity...................................................................11
2.1.1.1.SUbsistence level……………………………………………………………………………………11
2.1.1.2.Mixed farming………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.1.1.3.commercial farming……………………………………………………………………………….11
2.1.2.Agricultural practice and productivity in ethiopia..............................................11
2.2 Empirical review litrature......................................................................................13

2.2.1. International studies................................................................................................14

2.2.2. Developed countries……………………………………………………………………………………………..14
2.2.3 Developing countries………………………………………………………………………………14
CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.1 Description of the study .................................................................................16
3.2 Type and source of data..................................................................................16

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 3.2.1.Type of data………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
3.2.2.source of data……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
3.3 Sampling and Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………………17
3.4 Method of data analysis………………………………………………………………………………….18
CHAPTER FOUR work Plan and budget break down ………………………………………………….19
4.1. Work plan…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
4.2. Budget break down…………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

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 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Agriculture is the world most important industry which has many contributions in the economy.
It provides food, supplies raw materials for human basic need and industrial inputs of world
economy in Africa than does any other economy (Agunyai, 2023)

Agriculture is an important economic sector in Africa that constitutes the backbone of most
African economies, providing 60 percent of all employment; accounts for about 40 percent of the
continent's foreign exchange earnings; and in most countries, it is still the largest contributor to
Gross Domestic Product (GDP); and the dominant provider of industrial raw materials (Aniche,
2023) Even though agriculture is one of the important and dominant sectors in Africa, its growth
is still low. And subsistence production is dominant in Africa, partly on account of limited use of
improved technologies in production (SHUAIB, 2023).
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. The sector accounts 46.2 percent of Gross
Domestic product, 83.9percent of export, and 85 percent of total employment (Shekk, 2023) The
agricultural sector is dominated by small scale subsistence farming characterized by traditional
farming practices. It provides a significant employment to most of labor force. Farming mainly
depends on human and animal labor and farmers have few backward tools that cannot increase
production. However, nearly all the specific and scientific improvements in agriculture had
occurred in the industrialized nations. (Akinbode, 2022)

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The prevalence of poverty in Ethiopia is associated with slow growth and low productivity of
subsistence agriculture. Low productivity in turn, is associated among others with very low
technological progress (Balcha, 2023)

Like in many developing countries, poverty, food insecurity and poor nutrition are country’s
endemic social and economic problems. Inspite of tremendous efforts, Ethiopia is still among
developing countries with annual average per capital income of us$516 (Mgogo,
2021)Furthermore, around 29.2 percent of country’s population is below poverty line based on
conventional measure of poverty (us$1.25 per person per day) (Abu Khalaf, 2023)

However, agriculture is predominantly characterized by the traditional mode of farming with

very little change in farming practice over the past decades; it requires the availability and
efficient utilization of factors of production. Among the major factors behind the poor
performance of Ethiopia agriculture are inadequate and highly erratic rainfall, imperfect market
of inputs like fertilizer, improved seeds and pesticides. Attempts including various packages that
range from introduction of selected seeds, various irrigation schemes via water harvesting to
wide spread use of fertilizer has been attempted to improve the performance of agricultural
sector (Bhavsar, 2023)

sustainable agricultural development In Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region

(SNNP) of Ethiopia, agriculture is similarly critical to the livelihood of many rural households
(Aweke, 2023).Around 90% of the population in SNNP engages in smallholder farming, where
the majority face persistent challenges, such as high vulnerability to climate change, limited
access to improved varieties, and the paucity of agricultural extension services (Erekalo, 2023)
The case of kaffa zone gimbo Woreda within the south western is no different. Agriculture
forms the primary source of livelihood, despite limited access to and implementation of modern
technologies (Argaw, 2023).

This study, therefore, aims to assess the role of technology in agricultural production and
productivity kaffa zone woereda, focusing on the adoption and constraints experienced during
the implementation of these technologies. Furthermore, the study seeks to contribute to an

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evidence-based understanding of appropriate technological innovations that could foster within
the region.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The world's need for food has been rising steadily as a result of urbanization and population
growth (Zhu, 2023). As a result, the need for efficient agricultural output has become crucial to
ensuring the security of world food supplies. Innovative technology incorporated into farming
practices has been a major contributor to increasing agricultural productivity and meeting the
world's expanding food need. (Morchid, 2023)

Ethiopia, being one of the African countries characterized by a predominantly agricultural

economy, heavily depends on agriculture for its economic growth and food security. The
agricultural sector contributes about 37% of the country's GDP and employs over 70% of the
population (Dalwadi, 2023). Despite being a predominantly agrarian country, Ethiopia faces
significant challenges in terms of adequate agricultural production and productivity, partly due
to low rates of agricultural technology adoption (Lemecha, 2023).In Ethiopian agriculture, the
adoption of innovative agricultural technologies has shown a positive impact on agricultural
productivity and the overall economy (Bolfe, 2020).Technological interventions in the form of
improved seeds, irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pest management practices are vital in
enhancing crop yield, disease resistance, and tolerance to harsh climatic conditions (Ahmad,
2023)

At the regional level, one of the reasons for the persisting food insecurity in SNNPR is low level
and inappropriate use of improved farm inputs which act as a principal barrier to increase farm
productivity. Growth in agricultural production in the past was achieved through horizontal
expansion. Today, there is little scope for horizontal expansion because of high population
density in the region. According to (Yigezu Wendimu, 2021), with the rapidly expanding
Population, the average cultivated area per household declines over the years in Ethiopia. The
average cultivated area per household declined to less than one hectare in the late 1990’s.So
Future increase in agricultural production could be achieved by intensifying agricultural
improved technologies.

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In south western, agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood for most of its
population. The kaffa zone gimbo Woreda, located in the south western, also relies primarily on
agriculture for its sustenance. However, like other rural areas in Ethiopia kaffa zone gimbo
Woreda faces challenges in improving agricultural production and productivity due to the lack
of modern farming technologies.

Despite the evident benefits of adopting modern agricultural technologies, several challenges
persist that hinder their widespread use within the kaffa zone gimbo Woreda community.
These challenges include inadequate infrastructure, low financial capacity of farmers,
insufficient extension services, lack of awareness, and cultural beliefs (Adeyemi, 2023).

Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of technology in agricultural production and
productivity in kaffa zone gimbo Woreda. Specifically, the study will examine the current status
of technology adoption in kaffa zone gimbo Woreda's agricultural sector, identify the factors
hindering technology adoption, and analyze the potential impact of innovative technologies on
improving production and productivity. The willingness of people to use technology is varies
from place to place and also the same for kaffa zone gimbo woredas farmer. Few of them are
use technology properly and improving their living condition but majority of farmer are not use
technology properly and the remain are not use totally. So, the researcher want realize this gap
and the researcher will give direction by comparing technology user and not user in order to
motivate majority of farmer to use modern agricultural input then improve their living
condition and also they contribute high contribution to our national GDP.

1.3. Research Question

 What is the extent to technology adoption?

 What is the cause of subsistence nature of agriculture production?

 What is the relationship of education in relation to technology adoption?

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1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.1. General Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to investigate the role of technology in agricultural
production and productivity in case of kaffa zone gimbo woreda

1.4.2. Specific Objectives the Study

The following are the specific objectives of this study.
 To assess the extent of technology adoption.
 To examine causes of subsistence nature of agriculture production.
 To identify the relationship or level of education in relation to technology adoption.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The rationale behind conducting will to assess extent of modern agricultural innovations and its
goal in productivity; it is expected to have the following significance;
It will act as an informational input to farmer as adoption of technology leads to agricultural
production and productivity increased as witnessed from parts of the world where technology
will has been adopted.
A country can change from periodical shortages to net export if diffusion and dissemination of
new technological innovation takes place. This is possible if only the mass is enlightened.
The study will helpful for everyone who wants to know about the nature of agricultural
production and productivity and the role of technology in kaffa zone gimbo woreda.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study will be intended to conduct on Gamo zone Arbaminch zuria woreda around 449 km
(BEYENE, 2021) from Addis Ababa to identifying the role of technology related to agricultural
production and productivity and acquiring commercialization by taking some model kebele
from woreda. The core idea of the study will be to identify the role of technology on agricultural
production and productivity and identify the constraints and finding the solution related to the
use of technology. It covers the period from 2012 up to 2022 G.C.

1.7. Organization of the Study

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The research study will be composed of five chapters. Chapter one gives the introduction to the
study which contains, background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the
study, significance of the study, scope of the study, and organization of the study by itself.
Chapter two gives the theoretical and empirical review of literature related to agriculture
productivity. Chapter three of the study contains research design and methodology. Chapter
four contains result and discussion. The last chapter about conclusion and recommendation

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 CHAPTER TWO
Literature review

This section will presents the theoretical and empirical literatures about improved farm inputs
use and Productivity in agriculture. The theoretical literature will deals with concepts and
theories about the role of technology and agricultural productivity. The empirical literature
provides evidence from past studies related to the topic that we are going to study.

2.1 Theoretical review literature

Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs.
Its measures are subdivided into partial, multifactor and total. Partial factor productivity is the
amount of output per unit of a particular input. It only considers a single input in the ratio. For
example, it uses yields of crops to determine the productivity of field crops. Literature indicates
that it is easy to compute as it requires limited data, but it can be hard to identify factors that
cause productivity of field crops to change. Both (MFP) and (TFP) are defined as the ratio of
total agricultural output to a subset of agricultural inputs. They utilize more than a single factor.
Their measures reflect the joint effects of many factors including new technologies, economies
of scale, managerial skill, and changes in the organization of production to agricultural
production. TFP is preferred to MFP due to that fact that it captures the full extent of input use

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and output production. But due to the fact that it has proved to be a difficult method to use
MFP is thus used as an approximation of TFP (Garau, 2023).

Although the definitions of both these methodologies reflect the use of output and input
quantity, in reality using general total amounts is not an option. This is mainly because it is hard
to aggregate different quantities of different measurements (mass vs. volume). And even if the
output and inputs can be aggregated with the hope of deflating them, this will lead to a
situation where relative price ratios to that of the base year are distorted.
As a result the use of indices inhence methodologies are highly encouraged and preferred.
There are various types of indices. This includes the Laspeyres, Tornqvist-Theil, Paasche,
Malmquist and Fisher indexing methods. Laspeyres indexing method is a weighted base index
and cannot be used in productivity analysis as it distorts the relative price ratios.

2.1.1.Levels of Agricultural productivity

Levels of agricultural productivity are subsistence level, mixed farming level and commercial
farming level
2.1.1.1. Subsistence level: most outputs produced for family consumption, land and labor are
the main factors of production. While capital investment is minimum, it is threatened by the
failure of the rains, and the potential appropriation of the land by the money lender. Labor is
under employed most of the year, but highly occupied for planting, and harvesting. Farmers are
often resistant to technological innovation due to the limited access to credit insurance and
information; here is a lot of uncertainty and risk involved in subsistence farming.(Productivity
manual, 2009)
2.1.1.2. Mixed Farming: - this is the second stage or level of farming and transition from
subsistence to mixed type of farming and it transit to commercial farming. A successful
transition from subsistence to diversified farming depends on availability of credit, fertilizers,
crop information and marketing facilities. Farmers need to feel secure that his family will
benefit from the change in order to guarantee successful transition
2.1.1.3. Commercial Farming: - this is specialized and modern farming activity that used to
produce the demand of the market and is helped by highly technological and modernized tools.

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Transition to specialize; modern commercial farming can achieve highest level of agricultural
transformation. This type of farming usually emerges when other sectors of the economy such
as the industrial sector have already developed. It usually involves capital incentive and labor
saving techniques of production (Tandon, 2023)

2.1.2 Agricultural Practice and Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia

Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, contributing to nearly 40% of the GDP,
more than 80% of employment, and over 70% of export earnings (World Bank, 2020). However,
the agricultural sector in Ethiopia faces various challenges such as low productivity,
environmental degradation, limited access to resources, and a rapidly growing population. This
literature review examines the existing studies on agricultural practices and agricultural
productivity in Ethiopia to understand the critical factors affecting productivity and potential
solutions to improve agricultural outcomes. Land and Agricultural Practices A significant
determinant of agricultural productivity in Ethiopia is land management practices.

According (Liliwirianis, 2023), the country's land resources faced degradation due to high
population pressure, deforestation, and poor agricultural practices. (Mthethwa, 2023) found
that agricultural production is underutilized and traditional farming systems ssinhibit
productivity growth. Several studies (Abera, 2023)concluded that the adoption of sustainable
land management practices, such as using improved seed varieties, soil conservation
techniques, and irrigation, would significantly enhance agricultural productivity.Climate change
and environmental factors are critical challenges for Ethiopian agriculture. Farmers are highly
dependent on rainfed agriculture, which makes them vulnerable to climate variability (ABERA,
2023).
(Araya, 2023)highlighted the relationship between climate change, environmental factors, and
agricultural productivity, concluding that these challenges adversely affect crop yields and the
resilience of the agricultural system. These studies also emphasized the need to implement
adaptation strategies such as water management, drought-tolerant crops, and agroforestry to
improve rainfall utilization and so increase agricultural productivity.

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Socio-Economic Factors and Access to Resources Several socio-economic factors impact
agricultural productivity, such as access to extension services, finance, and markets. (Belay,
2023),found that access to agricultural extension services – providing information, training, and
tools – improved the adoption of agricultural innovations and contributed to increased
productivity. Similarly, (Kassa, 2023) reported that access to credit and finances has a positive
impact on Ethiopia's agricultural productivity. Access to markets is essential; for instance,
(Solomon, 2023)found that farmers benefiting from strong market linkages could increase their
incomes and agricultural productivity.Policy Interventions and Technological Innovations Policy
interventions and technological innovations play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural
productivity. (Wendimu, 2023)pointed out that Ethiopia's government has implemented several
policies, such as Agricultural Extension Policy, the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange, and the
Agricultural Transformation Agency, to facilitate agricultural improvements. (Ayele, 2023)
found that providing farmers with digital agricultural services, such as agronomic advice,
market information, and financial access through ICT technologies, significantly improved
agricultural productivity. Conclusion This literature review shows that agricultural practices,
climate change, socio-economic factors, and policy interventions all play significant roles in
determining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia.

2.2.EmpiricalReviewLiterature
A number of empirical studies have examined the productivity impacts of different land
Management practices, especially in Ethiopia and in developing countries in general. Most of
these studies, however, have tended to have a bias towards soil conservation pas a productivity
enhancing technology. In the case of Ethiopia, (Birhanu, 2023) research showed that plots with
soil conservation bunds produce higher yields than those without. Results from other countries
also support the importance of land management practices and specifically soil conservation
measures in enhancing land productivity. (Majaha, 2023) found that contour ridges have a
positive impact on land productivity in Zimbabwe. The results by (Mikha, 2023)also supported a
positive and statistically significant association between wheat yield and short- and long-term
soil conservation measures in Lesotho.

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Furthermore, some studies broadly generalize technologies without being specific about their
types.Policy recommendations resulting from such studies end up being characterized by little
variation across different agro ecologies. Further, the estimated productivity impacts of the
analyzed technologies will be biased if crucial factors, such as heterogeneity of environments,
are not controlled for. In this paper, we take into consideration the variations in the agricultural
ential of different areas when determining technology performance measured in terms of land
productivity. This makes it possible to craft well-informed policy recommendations that are not
based on generalizations. The importance of our analysis to the adoption literature is to
highlight the dangers of making blanket analyses and across-the-board policy recommendations
that disregard the heterogeneity of environments. As (Yakha, 2023)argued, such indiscriminate
policy recommendations potentially have negative impacts on poor people’s livelihoods.

2.2.1. International studies

There exists quite good literature on the trends of agricultural productivity, factors affecting
agricultural productivity and ways to improve agricultural productivity in both developed and
developing countries. However, there is dearth of work on the level of agricultural productivity
at regional and enterprise level in these countries. Studies on enterprise level productivity
specifically are mostly limited to Asian and Central Asian countries. Literature reviewed showed
that agricultural productivity increases more in developed countries compared to less
developed countries. This is due to high investment in research and development, labor, land
and capital and improvement in the use of inputs such as fertilizer, machinery increases and
others use of inputs such as fertilizer, machinery increases and others

2.2.2 Developed Countries

According to (Ahmad, 2023) the application of precision agriculture technologies, such as GPS-
based guidance systems, yield monitoring, and variable-rate technologies, has positively
impacted crop production patterns and profitability in developed countries. Digitization and Big
Data The digitization of agriculture has emerged as another significant trend, with the gathering
and analysis of large amounts of data enabling farmers to make more informed decisions about
crop management, pest control, and resource use. (Mousavi, 2024) argue that big data

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analytics can directly boost agricultural productivity by closing yield gaps, reducing the use of
fertilizers, and improving irrigation management.

Biotechnology Advancements in biotechnology have reshaped agricultural practices by

allowing for the development of genetically modified (GM) crops, which exhibit improved
resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stressors. Brookes and Barfoot (2015) provide
examples of the significant economic and productivity benefits of GM crops, particularly in
terms of increased yields and reduced pesticide use. Challenges and future directions Despite
promising evidence on the role of technology in driving agricultural productivity, researchers
also highlight potential challenges and areas for improvement.Adoption gaps While many
developed countries have widely adopted agricultural technologies, gaps remain between early
and late adopters. Tzounis et al. (2017) emphasize the need to focus on technology transfer and
extension services to ensure that all farmers can benefit from modern advancements. Alston et
al. (2010) argue that research and development should increasingly target technologies that
maintain or enhance environmental quality while boosting agricultural productivity.
2.2.3.DevelopingCountries
This paper provides an empirical review of the literature on the role of technology in
agricultural production and productivity in developing countries. We surveyed peer-reviewed
articles and other reports published during the last two decades to identify the main trends in
this area of research. Major Findings Technological progress is essential for promoting
agricultural growth and improving productivity, which in turn contributes to food security,
increased incomes, and poverty reduction in developing countries (Hazell, 2009; Maredia &
Raitzer, 2012).

The Green Revolution, which began in the 1950s, has had a profound impact on agricultural
productivity and food security for millions of people, primarily through the adoption of
improved seeds and crop management practices (Evenson & Gollin, 2003). Improved seed
varieties are associated with high yield potential, resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to
abiotic stresses, and improved nutritional quality (Pingali, 2012). 2. Use of irrigation

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technologies: Access to irrigation water is crucial for crop growth in areas prone to drought and
water scarcity (Rosegrant & Cline, 2003). The adoption of various irrigation technologies, such
as small-scale, sustainable low-cost drip irrigation systems, has contributed significantly to
increased agricultural production and productivity in developing countries (Kijima et al., 2006).

Mechanization of farm operations has been shown to improve agricultural production and
productivity in developing countries, helping to reduce the pdrudgery associated with
traditional labor-intensive practices (Binswanger et al., 1995). However, small farmers face
constraints in adopting mechanization due to the lack of access to credit and high costs
associated with the technology (Diao et al., 2010).. Use of (ICTs): ICTs such as mobile phones
and the internet play a crucial role in providing timely access to information on agricultural
markets, weather forecasts, and farming techniques in developing countries (Aker, 2013).
Innovations like e-extension services and market information systems have enabled farmers to
make more informed decisions, ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity (Mittal, 2016).

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 CHAPTER THREE

Methodology of Study

3.1 Description of Study Area

The study area was located in Kafa zone in the south-western Ethiopia. Geographical location of
Kafa was between North 6° 24 ꞌ – 8° 13 ꞌ latitude and East 35°48 ꞌ – 36° 78 ꞌ longitudes, at
elevation that ranges from 500 to 3,350 meter above sea level (Ayele, 2011). Kafa was gifted
with suitable and very attractive environment, which is conducive for settlement. The favorable
environmental conditions created an opportunity for the presence of intact natural resources
mainly natural forest including forest coffee that are backbone of Kafficho people. Moreover,
the environment of Kafa has various natural resources like waterfalls, spa and springs
(Misganaw, 2013). In Kafa zone, this study was specifically conducted in the Gimbo district. Its
geographical location are 7° 24' north latitude and 36° 13' 60 east longitude., which is located
18 km far from regional city of Bonga and 442km far from Addis Ababa. The district consists of
31 Rural and 5 urban Kebeles and has a total population of 117,588 of which 58,559 are men
and 50,059 are women (GDOARD, 2018). The district has total area coverage of 88,129
hectares. From this, 1064 hectare is arable land, 28,240 hectare is covered by forest, 30,531
hectare is covered by perennial crops, and 10,177 hectare is covered by annual crops, grazing
land covers 855 hectares, wetlands cover 7257 hectares and plantation forest (private) covers
1,259 hectares. Agriculture is the main source of income for majority of rural households.
Maize, pepper, coffee, finger millet, sorghum, rice, tea, and common bean are major crops
cultivated in the district (GDOARD, 2018). Ethiopian coriander (aframoum corrorima), a key
ingredient in the distinctive Ethiopian berbere (Capsicum) spice blend, is one of the regional
spices in Kafa. This spice blend also contains wild long pepper (Piper longum), which is stronger
than black pepper but has a sweeter, earthier flavor. Outside of Southeast Asia and Northern
Africa, the long pepper is not well known now despite formerly being highly coveted in Roman
times. Similar to an Indian masala, the berbere spice blend also contains toasted red chillies,
ginger, garlic, rue, cardamom, onions, cloves, cinnamon, ajawan, basil, and salt. Kafa Coffee
Biosphere Reserve (2009

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3.2. TYPE AND SOURCE OF DATA

3.2.1.Data type
In order to achieve the stated objective the researcher will be used both qualitative and
quantitative.

3.2.2.Source of Data
In order to achieve the stated objective the researcher will be used different data source. The
study will be employed both primary and secondary source of data. The primary source of data
from from primary field survey which will be focused data on the role of technology and
agricultural characteristics of the study area, and other related information that will have been
essential to research purpose will collected from resident of Arba minch zuria woreda and
official of the woreda rural and agricultural development office by distributing questionnaire and
asking interviews.Secondary data source will be collected from published and unpublished
materials, which includes books, journals, scientific research works and office records.

3.3. Sampling techniques And Sample size determination

Arba minch zuria woreda has 20 rural kebeles (Arba minch zuria wereda office ,2023) and Since
the woreda has 20 kebeles so,It is difficult to touch or will connected all the kebeles because ,the
populations are heterogeneous from them the researcher will be selected 4 kebeles from twenty
of the kebeles by using strata sample namely chano dorga,chano mile ,chano chaliba) and lantie.
The researcher will be classified the kebeles by technology user and by size of income.
Therefore, the total sample size selected will 100 from32595 of the total population of four
kebeles(Arba minch zuria wereda office, 2023).Allocation of samples in each kebele will be
determined by (Wudu, 2021) formula sample size the following

The formula of Wudu,T.=N/1+N(e^2)

When :n=sample size
N=total population of four kebeles e =error term, e =10%=0.1
N=32595
n=32595/1+32595(0.01)
n =32595/326.95 =99.69=100

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The researcher will be used this sample size because of budget and time constriants and selected
the respondants from four kebeles by stratified sampling formula as follows

n i = ( Ni / N ) * n N = total target population size, and

Ni = population size for i, Keble

n = total sample size

So by using the above stratified sampling formula the proportional number of respondent in each
Keble are calculated as follows.

1. From chanodorga¿ ( 32595

4172
)∗100=13
From chano mile¿ (
32595 )
9528
2. ∗100=29

From chano chaliba¿ (

32595 )
8261
3. ∗100=25

From lantie¿ (
32595 )
10634
4. ∗100=33

3.4.METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive technique or method will be used to analyze data collected from the field of study or
respondents. Information will be simplified in the form of tables, percentage and average in order
to collected data from the model farmers who use technology in arba minch zuria woreda.The
method of data analysis will be descriptive method of data analysis for the collected data from
both primary and secondary data sources are first edited, classified and organized heterogeneous
classes in to substrata based on their common characteristics. Percentage is the dominant tool for
this study, since it is an ideal instrument to measure and analyze the respondent, opinion and
assumptions against each statement.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Table 4.1.work plan

NO Material No of unit Unit of cost Total cost
requirement requirement
 Paper 150 2 300
 Pen 3 20 60
 Flash 1 350 350
memory(4Gb)
 Telephone cell 5 10 50
5. Typing and printing 50 3 150

6. Miscellaneous 350
expense
7. Total cost 209 385 1260

Table 2. Budget break down

NO Parts of research Month Time of work
1 Chapter one Mar5-Mar26 3weeks

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2 Chapter two Mar25-Mar29 4 days

3 Chapter three Mar29 –Apr10 Around 2 weeks

4 Chapter four May5-Jun15 Six weeks
5 Chapter five Jun16-Jully20 Four weeks

REFERENCE

Agrekon, Vol44, No1, March 2005, p 41-44leTripathi, A and Prasad, A.R. (2008).
Agricultural Productivity Growth in India.Journal of Global Economy An International
journal, ISSN:0975-3931, 2008.

Agricultural Development Led Industrialization Pathway and Regional Growth in Ethiopia: Case of
Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State. International Journal of Social Economics,
46(8), 982–999. Klerkx, L., van Mierlo, B., & Leeuwis, C. (2012).

Awulachew, S.B., & Yilma, A.D. (2007). Assessment of the Development Potential of Agricultural Water
Management in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia. Working Paper Series 119.

Bezu, S., Kassie, G. T., Shiferaw, B., & Ricker-Gilbert, J. (2014). Impact of improved maize adoption on
welfare of farm households in Malawi: A panel data analysis. World Development, 59, 120-131.
Chang, H. and Zepeda, L. (2001).Agricultural Productivity for Sustainable
Food Security in Asia and the Pacific: the Role of Investment.
Chaves, J. (2001). An International Analysis of Agricultural Productivity.FAO Corporate
Document Repository, Economic and Social development Department, 2001
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Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. FAO. (2017).The future of food and
agriculture - Trends and challenges. Rome. Gebre, B., & Workneh, A. (2019).

FAO. (2017). The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. Rome. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Liebenberg, F. and Pardey, P.G. (2010).South Africa Agricultural Production
and Productivity Patterns. The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research andInformation Center,
Iowa State University Ames, Iowa, 2010

Moseley, W. G., & Battersby, J. (2017). The vulnerability and resilience of African food systems, food
security, and nutrition in the Anthropocene. In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies (pp.
1-38). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Thirtle, C., Piesse, J. and Gousse, M (2005).Agricultural technology,productivity and

employment: policies for poverty reduction

Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable
intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264.

World Bank. (2020). World development indicators: Ethiopia. Retrieved from

https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

APPEDEX
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

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 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

Research questionnaire to be filled by Arbaminchzuriaworeda farmers and agricultural office

♠Dear sir/madam

This questioner is designed to assess the role of technology in agricultural production in

Arbaminchzuriaworeda. The objective of the study is purely academic and hence the questionnaire
is prepared to secure relevant data which is believed to come up with valuable recommendation for
problems observed/if any. Therefore, your valuable support in responding to the questions raised is
of paramount importance to the success of the study. Thus, you are kindly requested to fill the
questionnaire carefully and return at your earliest as convenient. Information provided will be
treated confidential.

♠NOTE

1. There is no need to write your name.

2. Please indicate your response by putting “x” mark where necessary for close ended question and
explanation for open ended questionnaire.

♦Section 1

Back ground information of the respondents

1. Sex A) Male B) Female

2. Age A) Below 20 B) 21- 30

C) 31-40 D) 41-50 E) Above50

3. Marital status A) Marred B) Single C) Divorced D) Widowed

4. Education background A) Illiterate B) 1-4 C) 5-8

D) 9-12 E) Above 12

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♦ Section two;

1) Questionnaire to be filled by farmers, it is related to land usage and cultivation.

I. How much hectares of productive land do you have?

II. DO you produce enough? Yes no
Explain your answer above?
III. How many time do you cultivate you land within a year?
A, 1 B, 2 C, 3 D, 4
IV. How many times do you cultivate the land for one production time?
A, 1 B, 2 C, 3 D, Above 3

Which type of method do you apply for cultivation?

A, family labor B, animal labor C, tractor

2) Questionnaire related to agricultural usage of technology in production.

I. Are you aware of new technology? Yes, No,

II. Do you use improved seed, pesticides, fertilizer and irrigation? A)

A) Yes B) No,

III. If your response is no, explain why

IV. Do you get improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizer regular on time and sufficiently?
A) Yes B) No
If your response is no explain, why?

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