HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE

AXIAL LOADING
Mechanics of Materials I
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE

FACTOR OF SAFETY 0R DESIGN FACTOR DF

Stress values are meaningful only in regions meaningful away from concentrated
loads, where there is stress concentration (recall the concept of stress
trajectories)

To cater for higher stresses in these regions, as well as fabrication errors,

geometric variations, overloads, material strength variations and inaccuracy of
analysis, an allowable stress (using a factor of safety or design factor) is
employed instead of the yield strength
𝑆Y
𝜎allow =
𝐷𝐹
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS

The equations of equilibrium alone are not sufficient to calculate the internal
forces when there are more unknowns than the available equilibrium equations

Physically, this occurs when there are more supports than are required to ensure
equilibrium

Such problems are called statically indeterminate problems

The degree or statical indeterminacy is equal to the difference between the

number of unknown forces and the number of available equations of equilibrium

This difference must be made up using compatibility (kinematics) of the problem

 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE

THE DISPLACEMENT METHOD

The first of two methods to deal with SIPs

The kinematic/compatibility equation is

derived from the geometry and constraints
of the problem, which ensure a certain
relationship between displacements

This relation can be converted into the

𝑃𝐿
force equation using 𝛿 = , which along
𝐴𝐸
with the equilibrium equation is used to
calculate the internal forces

For statical indeterminacy of degree 2, two

compatibility equations are required in
addition to the equilibrium equation
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE
A bimetallic bar is made of two linearly elastic materials, aluminum (𝐸1 =
EXAMPLE 6 70 GPa ) and steel ( 𝐸2 = 200 GPa ), that are bonded together at their
interface as well as with rigid plates at the two ends, as shown. Determine
the normal stress in each material if the force 𝑃 = 200 kN is applied such
that the two materials undergo equal deformation. Take ℎ = 60 mm and
𝑏 = 80 mm.

Answer:
𝜎1 = 18.6 MPa
𝜎1 = 53.2 MPa
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE
The concrete column is reinforced using four steel reinforcing rods, each
EXAMPLE 7 having a diameter of 18 mm. Determine the stress in the concrete and the
steel if the column is subjected to an axial load of 800 kN. 𝐸st = 200 GPa,
𝐸c = 25 GPa.

Answer:
𝜎st = 65.9 MPa
𝜎c = 8.2 MPa
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE
If the gap between C and the rigid wall at D is initially 0.15 mm, determine
EXAMPLE 8 the support reactions at A and D when the force 𝐹 = 200 kN is applied. The
assembly is made of solid A-36 steel cylinders.

Answer:
𝑅𝐴 = 180 kN
𝑅𝐵 = 20 kN
 HASAN AFTAB SAEED, PhD, PE
The three suspender bars are made of A992 steel and have equal cross-
EXAMPLE 9 sectional areas of 450 mm2 . Determine the average normal stress in each
bar if the rigid beam is subjected to the loading shown.

Answer:
𝜎𝐴𝐷 = 79.6 MPa
𝜎𝐵𝐸 = 96.3 MPa
𝜎𝐶𝐹 = 113 MPa