CE 101-2

SURVEYING 1
Engr. Meriam P. Leopoldo
CE 101-2 Surveying 1
Engr. Meriam P. Leopoldo
Professor
CE 101-2 Surveying 1
Lecture 1

Apply principles and theories of

surveying on determining
measurements of distances.
(MO11)
CE 101-2 Surveying 1
Lecture 1

1. Introduction to Surveying
a.Brief History of Surveying
b.Categories of Surveying
c.Types of Surveys
 Introduction to Surveying

►Definition:
Surveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions
of points above, on, or beneath the
earth’s surface and locating the
points in the field.
 Brief History of Surveying:
1. Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
▪ Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation.
Divisions were washed away by annual floods.
▪ “ROPE-STRETCHERS” Egyptian surveyors were created to
relocate the land divisions (measurements were made with
ropes having knots at unit distances).
▪ Extensive use of surveying in building of Egyptian
monuments
2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed
Geometry.
▪ Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments
– Diopter (a form of level).
 Brief History of Surveying:
3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to
create the Roman roads, aqueducts, and land
division systems.
▪ Surveyors held great power, had schools and a
professional organization
▪ Developed several instruments:
• Groma – cross instrument used to determine lines and right angles
• Libella – “A” frame with a plumb bob used for leveling
• Chorobates – 20’ straight edge with oil in notch for leveling
4. Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in
Europe.
▪ Quadrans – square brass frame capable of turning angles
up to 90° and has a graduated scale developed by an
Italian named Von Piso.
 Brief History of Surveying:
5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need
for mapping and marking land claims caused
extensive surveying, especially by the English.
▪ 1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public
lands into one mile square sections
• 30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System
(also called the Rectangular System)
▪ 1807: United States Geological Survey founded to
establish an accurate control network and mapping
▪ Famous American Surveyors: George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson, George Rogers Clark, Abe Lincoln and many
more.
 Brief History of Surveying:
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced,
population increased, and land value caused
development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
▪ Educational requirements for licensure began in the early
1990’s
▪ Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning
using global positioning systems, construction machine
control, and lidar (scanning) mapping
▪ Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and
geographic information systems (GIS)
▪ Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into
the 21st century
 2 Categories of Surveying:
1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base
for fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a
flat horizontal surface.
▪ Generally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity is very
nearly parallel to that at any other point within the radius
and thus horizontal lines can be considered straight.
2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to
determine relative positions of widely spaced points,
lengths, and directions which require the
consideration of the size and shape of the earth.
(Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)
 The work of the surveyor
consists of 5 phases:
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and
final point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements
and recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or
stakes in the proper locations in the field.
 Types of Surveys:
1. Cadastral Surveys – are usually closed surveys which
are undertaken in urban and rural location for the
purpose of determining property lines and
boundiries, corners, and areas.
 Types of Surveys:
2. City Surveys- are surveys of areas in and near a city
for the purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, fixing
references monuments, determining the physical
features and configuration of the land and preparing
maps.
 Types of Surveys:
3. Construction Surveys - are surveys which
undertaken at a construction site to provide data
regarding grades, reference line, dimension, ground
configurations.
 Types of Surveys:
4. Forestry Surveys – a type of survey executed in
connection with forest management and
mensuration, and the production and conservation
of forest land.
 Types of Surveys:
5. Hydrographic Surveys – refer to surveying streams,
lakes, reservoir, harbor, oceans and other bodies of
water.
 Types of Surveys:
6. Industrial Surveys– sometimes known as optical
tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques
in ship building, construction and assembly of
aircraft, lay-out and installation of heaving and
complex machinery, and in other industries.
 Types of Surveys:
7. Mine Surveys – are surveys which are preformed to
determine the position of all underground excavation
and surface mine structures, to fix surface
boundaries of mining claims, determine geological
formation, to calculate excavated volumes, and
establish lines grades for other related mining works.
 Types of Surveys:
8. Photogrammetric Surveys– mapping utilizing data
obtained by camera or other sensors carried in
airplanes or satellites.
 Types of Surveys:
9. Route Surveys – involves the determination of
alignment, grades, earthworks quantities, location of
natural and artificial objects in connection with
planning design, and construction of highways,
railroads, pipelines, canal, transmission lines and
other related project.
 Types of Surveys:
10. Topographic Surveys – are those surveys made for
determining the shape of the ground, and the
location and elevation of the natural and artificial
features upon it.
End of Lecture 1