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Chapter 4: Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Section 4.1 Exponential Functions
Exponential vs Quadratic
An exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥
A quadratic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Variables in base vs in power
Example 1
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
-3 0.125
-2 0.25
-1 0.5
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
Exponential Growth
When a > 1, the function f ( x) = a x has the set of all real numbers as its
domain. Its graph has the shape shown in the following figure and all five
of the properties listed below.
1. The graph is above the x-axis.

2. The y-intercept is 1.
3. The graph climbs steeply to the right.
4. The negative x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
5. The larger the base a, the more steeply the
graph rises to the right.
Figure 4.2
Example 2
−x
Consider the function g ( x) = 2 .
(a) Rewrite the rule of g so that no minus signs appear in it.
x
−x 1 1
Solution: By the definition of negative exponents, g ( x) = 2 = x =   .
2 2
(b) Graph g ( x).
Solution: Either use a graphing calculator or graph by hand in the usual

way, as shown in Figure 4.3.
Exponential Decay
When 0  a  1, the function f ( x ) = a x has the set of all real
numbers as its domain. Its graph has the shape shown
here and all five of the properties listed.
1. The graph is above the x-axis.

2. The y-intercept is 1.
3. The graph falls sharply to the right.
4. The positive x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
5. The smaller the base a, the more steeply the
graph falls to the right.
Figure 4.4
Summary; Exponential functions
When 0  a  1, When a > 1,
Example 3
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 on the same set of axes and
explain how the graphs are related.
1 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = ( )
2
𝑓 𝑥 is the mirror image of 𝑔 𝑥
1𝑥
Y axes is a mirror for 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑎−𝑥 or
𝑎
Example 4
explain how the graphs are related
𝑓 𝑥 = 31−𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3−𝑥
𝑎 𝑥+𝑐 is 𝑎 𝑥 shifted 𝑐 unit to
the right if 𝑐 > 0
𝑎 𝑥+𝑐 is 𝑎 𝑥 shifted 𝑐 unit to

the left if 𝑐 < 0
Example 5
explain how the graphs are related
𝑓 𝑥 = 20.6𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 20.6𝑥 = (20.6 )𝑥 = (1.51)𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑎𝑐𝑥 is more steeply than

𝑎 𝑥 if 𝑐 > 1
𝑎𝑐𝑥 is less steeply than

𝑎 𝑥 if 𝑐 < 1
Example 6
A: 2.3; B:1.8; C:.75

D:.4; E:.31; F:3.2
The most famous exponential function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 = 2.71
Example 7
Health When a patient is given a 300-mg dose of the drug cimetidine
intravenously, the amount C of the drug in the bloodstream t hours later is
given by 𝐶 𝑡 = 300𝑒 −0.3466𝑡 .
How much of the drug is in the bloodstream after 3 hours and after 10
hours?
Example 8
Example 8
Section 4.2 Applications of
Exponential Functions
Exponential Growth/Decay Function
Under normal conditions, growth can be described by a
function of the form
f ( t ) = y0e kt or f ( t ) = y0 b t ,
where f ( t ) is the amount present at time t, y0
is the amount present at time t = 0, and k and b are constants
that depend on the rate of growth.
Exponential Growth/Decay Function
f ( t ) = y0e kt or f ( t ) = y0 b t ,
When f ( t ) = y0 e , and k > 0, we describe f ( t ) as modeling

kt
exponential growth, and when k < 0, we describe f ( t )

as modeling exponential decay.
When f ( t ) = y0bt , and b  1, we describe f ( t ) as modeling

exponential growth, and when 0  b  1, we describe f ( t )
as modeling exponential decay.
Example 8
Finance When money is placed in a bank account that pays compound
interest, the amount in the account grows exponentially. Suppose such an
account grows from $1000 to $1316 in 7 years.
(a) Find a growth function of the form f (t ) = y0b that gives
t
the amount in the account at time t years.

(b) How much is in the account after 12 years?
Example 8
(a) Find a growth function of the form f (t ) = y0b that gives
t
the amount in the account at time t years.

Solution: The values of the account at time t = 0 and t = 7
are given; that is, f (0) = 1000 and f (7) = 1316.
Solve the first of these equations for y0 :
f (0) = 1000
y0b0 = 1000 Rule of f
y0 = 1000 b0 = 1
So the rule of f has the form f (t ) = 1000b .
t
Example 8
Now solve the equation f (7) = 1316.
f (7) = 1316
1000b7 = 1316 Rule of f
b7 = 1.316 Divide both sides by 1000.
1
b = (1.316 )  1.04 Take the seventh root of each side.
7
So the rule of the function is f (t ) = 1000 (1.04 ) .

t
Example 8
(b) How much is in the account after 12 years?
Solution: f (12) = 1000 (1.04 ) = $1601.03.
12
Example 9
Example 9
Example 10
f (t ) = y0bt
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡
Example 10
1990 == 0 −−→ 2012 == 22
𝑓 0 = 1000 −−→ 𝑓 𝑡 = 1000𝑏𝑡
𝑓 22 = 2663 −−→ 𝑓 22 = 2663/1
Example 10
Example 11
Example 11
Section 4.3 Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
If a  0 and a  1, the logarithmic function with base a
is defined as
f ( x) = log a x. Read: log base a of x
Where, y = log a x means a = x .

y
f(x) is the exponent that a should be raised to produce x
y = log a x means a y = x .
=5
=0
Graphing Logarithmic Functions
When a  0 and a  1, the function f ( x) = log a x has the set of nonnegative
real numbers as its domain. Its graph has the shape shown below
and the properties listed.
1. The graph is below the x-axis when 0 < x < 1 and above the x-
axis when x > 1.
2. The x-intercept is 1. In other words, log a 1 = 0 for all a such that
a  0 and a  1.
3. The graph climbs to the right and then grows more slowly.
4. The y-axis is a vertical asymptote.
5. The larger the base a, the less steeply the graph rises to the right.
Graphing Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions
Logarithm with base 10
We don’t write base when it is 10. So, log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥
y = log x means 10 y = x .
log 10000 =?
log1 = 0 because 100 = 1;

1 1
log.01 = −2 because 10 = 2 = −2
= .01;
10 100
1
1
log 10 = because 10 = 10 . 2
2
Logarithm with base e (Natural Log)
Read: el n of x
y = ln x means e y = x.
log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =ln x and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 on the same axes
Figure 4.19
Properties of Logarithms
Let x and a be any positive real numbers, with a  1,
and r be any real number. Then
(a) log a 1 = 0; (b) log a a = 1;
(c) log a a r = r ; (d) a

log a x
= x.
The Product, Quotient, and Power
Properties
Let x, y, and a be any positive real numbers, with a  1.
Let r be any real number. Then
log a xy = log a x + log a y Product property

x
log a = log a x − log a y Quotient property
y
log a x r = r log a x Power property
Change-of-Base Theorem
For any positive numbers a and x (with a  1),
log 𝑏 𝑥 ln x
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
log 𝑏 𝑎
log a x = .
ln a
Summary
log a 1 = 0; log a a = 1;
log a a = r;
r
a log a x
= x.
log 𝑏 𝑥
log a xy = log a x + log a y log 𝑎 𝑥 =
log 𝑏 𝑎
x ln x
log a = log a x − log a y log a x = .
y ln a
log a x r = r log a x
Example 12

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Chapter 4: Exponential and

Variables in base vs in power

1. The graph is above the x-axis.

Solution: Either use a graphing calculator or graph by hand in the usual

1. The graph is above the x-axis.

𝑓 𝑥 is the mirror image of 𝑔 𝑥

𝑎 𝑥+𝑐 is 𝑎 𝑥 shifted 𝑐 unit to

𝑎𝑐𝑥 is more steeply than

𝑎𝑐𝑥 is less steeply than

A: 2.3; B:1.8; C:.75

When f ( t ) = y0 e , and k > 0, we describe f ( t ) as modeling

exponential growth, and when k < 0, we describe f ( t )

When f ( t ) = y0bt , and b  1, we describe f ( t ) as modeling

the amount in the account at time t years.

the amount in the account at time t years.

So the rule of the function is f (t ) = 1000 (1.04 ) .

𝑓 0 = 1000 −−→ 𝑓 𝑡 = 1000𝑏𝑡

𝑓 22 = 2663 −−→ 𝑓 22 = 2663/1

f ( x) = log a x. Read: log base a of x

Where, y = log a x means a = x .

f(x) is the exponent that a should be raised to produce x

log1 = 0 because 100 = 1;

(a) log a 1 = 0; (b) log a a = 1;

(c) log a a r = r ; (d) a

log a xy = log a x + log a y Product property

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