My Research Report Entrepreneurship

A look into the tendency of students to pursue entrepreneurship post
studies and the dimensional factors that affect it.
Student Name: ASHWATH ATHREYA VASAN
Student ID: 16064727
Research Project Submission
BSc (Hons) Business management

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work has been done by myself and no portion of the work contained
in this research project assignment has been submitted in support of any application for any
other degree or qualification of this or any other university or institution of learning.
<Ashwath Athreya Vasan>
<16064727>
Abstract
Every single student search for a perfect opportunity to start their career after the
completion of their study. The trends of entrepreneurship are growing among students. The
1st chapter of the research based on the trends of entrepreneurship, will help to understand
the dynamics, benefits, and significance of the study. The study aimed to find out the
influencing factors behind the trends. Chapter 1 has also discussed the scope and how the
researcher will benefit from the study.
In Chapter 2, the overview of the concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur is given along
with advantages and disadvantages of the concept. This chapter also includes the theoretical
framework of the concept, particularly the innovative theory along with the research
hypothesis and literature gap.
Chapter 3 discusses the methodology that the researcher has followed throughout the topic.
The researcher has taken quantitative methodology and descriptive research design for the
study. The primary research has enabled the researcher to gather relevant information about
the topic.
The research paper has covered areas such as introduction, literature review, and
methodology.
Table of Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................4
Background.............................................................................................................................4
Research Problem...................................................................................................................5
Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................6
Objectives...............................................................................................................................6
Research Question..................................................................................................................7
Research Significance............................................................................................................7
Scope of Study........................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................8
Introduction............................................................................................................................8
Conceptual framework...........................................................................................................9
Concept of entrepreneurship...................................................................................................9
Factors contributing to the tendency....................................................................................12
Importance of studying entrepreneurship for students.........................................................13
Theoretical framework.........................................................................................................13
Variables...............................................................................................................................14
Research hypothesis.............................................................................................................14
Literature gap........................................................................................................................15
Summary...............................................................................................................................15
Chapter 3: Methodology..........................................................................................................15
Research Paradigm...............................................................................................................15
Research design....................................................................................................................16
Population and Sample.........................................................................................................16
Instruments and Measurement..............................................................................................17
Data Collection Procedures..................................................................................................19

Data analysis strategy...........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.................................................................20
4.2 Pilot Test.............................................................................................................................20
4.2.1 Demographic Data.......................................................................................................20
Frequency Analysis...........................................................................................................20
Reliability..........................................................................................................................23
Bayesian Correlation......................................................................................................30
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSION.................................31
5.1 Chapter Overview......................................................................................................31
5.2.........................................................................................................................................32
5.3 Recapitulation of the Study’s Purpose.......................................................................32
5.4 Discussion of Hypothesis..........................................................................................32
5.4.1 Self-Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intention..................................................32
5.4.2 Relationship between Family support and Entrepreneurial Intention................33
5.4.3 Relationship Peer Influence and Entrepreneurial Intention...............................34
5.4.4 Relationship Institutional Support and Entrepreneurial Intention.....................34
5.5 Implications....................................................................................................................35
5.5 Limitations.................................................................................................................36
5.6 Recommendations for Future Research.....................................................................37
5.7 Conclusion.................................................................................................................38
References................................................................................................................................39
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background
Having a compatible professional career is very essential for students, and the career
path of the students is based on their professional choices. Among all the career paths that are
preferred by students, being an entrepreneur can be regarded as one of the best choices for
them (Pech, Rehor & Slabová, 2021). However, several factors are responsible for
influencing students to choose entrepreneurship as a career path. One of the most primitive
ideas about an entrepreneur is that it is an individual that is responsible for establishing a new
business regardless of risks as well as enjoys the most reward. However, this selection of
aspects limits the range of being an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are also referred to as
pioneers, and innovators, as well as leaders, and inventors. The entrepreneurs are also
responsible for making a palace of their ideas in the competitive economy, along with
developing original and innovative ideas. Thus, being an entrepreneur provides sufficient
independence to showcase the ability and innovative approach, and most of all it provides a
strong sense of security (Longva, Strand & Pasquine, 2020). These are some reasons that
make students attracted to the career path of entrepreneurship. The professional path of an
entrepreneur also provides the students with autonomy with financial choices, as well as
selecting sufficient resources. These are the applicable areas that make the students attracted
towards the career of being an entrepreneur.
One of the most common problems that are faced by students in their career path is the aspect
of insecurity, lack of independence in presenting innovative ideas, and decision-making
approaches. In this regard, the choice of being an entrepreneur provides hot-blooded students
with a platform of showcasing their ideas, and also makes them to be independent in the
decision-making approach. In this way, a career in entrepreneurship becomes the best choice
for students (Erlangga, 2022). In this regard, the approach of entrepreneurship is also closely
connected with the innovative approach of the students and also represents an independent
career path or place that can help them to channel their creativity into a fruitful outcome in
this competitive world. Thus, entrepreneurship is also part of major study courses of several
universities, and it also attracts a lot of attention from the students. The study of
entrepreneurship has also provided several benefits to the students with enhancing their
innovative approach towards the analytical approach as well as their logical skills. These
activities also help the students to understand the importance of these skills and career paths
to develop their career, along with enhancing problem-solving skills (Troise et al., 2022).
However, just like any other career path, the path of reaching to be an entrepreneur also
needed to be followed by some specific factors. These factors are very important in choosing
the career path because it not only shows the mindset of the students, but the demands and
expectations of the students regarding their future career path.
Research Problem
This research will focus on finding the factors that are responsible for influencing
students to choose entrepreneurship as a career path. In this regard, it is also very important to
have a concept about the career path of an entrepreneur, along with the related dynamics so
that the overall concept of understanding the factors can become easier (Ahn & Winters,
2022). The dynamics can be regarded as one of the important aspects that are responsible for
highlighting the areas including the advantages and disadvantages of the entrepreneurship
career path. Thus, not having the details of the dynamics along with advantages and
disadvantages can create confusion in understanding the factors. This research will also
describe the importance of the factors that are responsible for influencing students to take
entrepreneurship as their career path. One of the other aspects of this research is that it will
also discuss the related variables of these factors. The description of this variable can also be
regarded as an important explanation as with the description of the variables, this research
can easily touch the highest scope of the study while without the description of the variables,
the scope of this research also becomes very limited (Nguyen et al., 2021). One of the other
aspects that carry importance is the theoretical approach that focuses on aligning with the
preferences of the students' choices towards entrepreneurship. The selection of a suitable
theory is also a very important aspect that can make the structure of this research much more
stable and also smoothly describes the range of the factors.
Aim and Objectives
The main aim of this research will be to find out about the factors that are responsible
for influencing students to select entrepreneurship as a career path. The research will also go
through describing the overall concept of entrepreneurship, along with the dynamics, as well
as advantages and disadvantages. The description of those components will help this research
with a detailed outlook. With the description this research will provide a complete outlook
towards the approach of entrepreneurship, and it will also help to understand the factor far
more quickly. Apart from the overall concept of the components of entrepreneurship, this
research will also aim to discuss the factors briefly to make a formative approach that
influences the students. Besides these descriptions, this research will also describe the
importance, as well as the variables of these factors that contribute to the tendency of the
students that make them attracted towards the career path of entrepreneurship. Thus, this
research will aim to cover their areas regarding entrepreneurship as well as the aspects and
situations that make them more attracted to making entrepreneurship as a career.
Objectives
 To understand the concept of entrepreneurship.

 To identify the factors that influence the students towards entrepreneurship.
 To recognize the importance and variables of the factors.
Research Question
 What is the concept of entrepreneurship?

 What are the factors that influence students to select entrepreneurship as a career?
 What are the importance and variables of these factors?
Research Significance
The subject matter of this research can be regarded as one of the aligned research that
will focus on the education system, career approaches by the students, and the changed
mentality of the students (Nikolaev, Boudreaux & Wood, 2020). In the process of exploring
the factors that are responsible for contributing to the tendency of students to choose
entrepreneurship as their career path, this research will also highlight several related
dynamics, and the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship. With the description of
the dynamics, the research will easily connect with the factors, whereas the advantages and
the disadvantages will easily justify the factors. In this way, this research will also provide a
formative outlook on the choices of the students in choosing a career in entrepreneurship. Not
only that, the research will also explain the students in choosing entrepreneurship with the
part of importance, as well as the variables. The role of importance is to justify the factors
that relate with choosing this career path, whereas the variable part of this research will
explain. Knowing the factors that have a role in the tendency of students in choosing an
entrepreneurship career path will serve as the descriptive and supportive value (Maritz, Eager
& De Klerk, 2021). In the process of doing this research, it will also present a methodological
outlook with proper tools. The choice of using mythological tools in conducting this study
will present this research with a high amount of accountancy, and it will also become more
acceptable. The use of the methodological approach will also boost the research process,
increase the efficiency of this process, and accurately decipher the factor based on dynamics
of the entrepreneurship. In this way, the outcome of this research will be more productive,
while being systemically granted as well.
Scope of Study
The increasing tendency of selecting entrepreneurship as a career path by the students

is the subject of this research. In this regard, it can be said that the scope of this research not
only limits the aspect of the selection of the students, but also focuses on describing the
conditions in multiple areas (Bradley et al., 2021). The first area that will be recognized by
the description of this research is the financial conditions and their trends. Financial trends
and conditions are one of the factors that make students decide to cover such a career path.
This research will describe the mindset of the students, along with the demands and
expectations of their career path that make them attracted to entrepreneurship. Although this
research process starts with identifying the factors that make contributions to the selection of
the students, gradually it makes its way towards the financial conditions, together with the
educational trends that influence the choice of the students (Berglund, Bousfiha & Mansoori,
2020). The scope of this research becomes wider with the completion of this research that
only provides the description of the factors behind the selection, in addition to the financial
and educational trends. This research will also provide sufficient information in this area.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Entrepreneurship is a process of invention or launching a new business and the role of

entrepreneurs is significant because this category of people brings new products and services
into the market, keeps the market competition stable, and offers products at cheap prices.
However, the concept of entrepreneurship involves both pros and cons such as work
flexibility, following a passion, and taking control of all business. The cons are being solely
responsible for the failure or success of the business, having no work-life boundaries and
more.
Conceptual framework
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
(Source: Self-created)
Concept of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is a method of initiating, building, and scaling a business from

scratch that requires a creative and innovative mind with the potential to work hard. This
process involves a thorough study of the specific business, market analysis, individual
potential analysis, and the feasibility of the business goal (Nambisan & Baron, 2021). The
whole procedure requires activities such as initial ideas, business planning, arranging funds,
marketing the business, and optimizing business operations. This stream of study is one of the
most popular subjects in the education field. The main motive of an entrepreneur while
setting up a business is to make the business scalable, innovative, and profit-driven. However,
before conceptualizing the concept of entrepreneurship, one must understand the concept of
an entrepreneur. Entrepreneur refers to someone who intends to build a business by creating
products or providing services. Building and developing a business involves financial, legal,
and ethical risks (Berger et al., 2021). The main objective of an entrepreneur is to mitigate
and optimize business risk in order to make their vision a reality. The two important traits of
entrepreneurs are that they need to be dynamic, and develop business models that can adapt
to social and market change. Their diverse and unique ideas should help the business, while
also bringing something new to society. However, similar to any other profession, there are
many variations of entrepreneurs in the market, including startup business founders, small
and medium business owners, bloggers, freelancers, content creators, and many more. The
border ideology is that any individual, who has the vision, and enthusiasm to build
something, make it grow, and wants to work for them, has the potential to become an
entrepreneur, and the individual job role is defined as entrepreneurship (Hinderer &
Kuckertz, 2022). There are some perks of being an entrepreneur, such as work flexibility,
independence in work, experimenting with and implementing new ideas and innovations in
business, gaining knowledge about financial management, and more.
Figure 2: Conceptual model on Entrepreneurship
(Source: Hinderer & Kuckertz, 2022)
There are some important advantages and disadvantages to entrepreneurship.
The advantages are as follows:
1. An entrepreneur enjoys work flexibility; they could work according to their convenience
and from the office as well as from a remote location based on their preference.
2. An entrepreneur relishes the opportunity to follow their passion, such as hobbies, and can
convert it into a career option, preferably business. For instance, a painter who sells and
teaches painting has made their hobby into an earring profession (Nicolaou, Phan & Stephan,
2021).
3. The entrepreneur exercises full control over their business, including taking important
administrative decisions, arranging investors, sanctioning company budgets, and more.
4. It is not possible for an entrepreneur to build a business without fostering vision and
creativity. Unlike big organizations, small independent entrepreneurs enjoy the ability to
address business challenges with creative and experimental ideas.
5. Entrepreneurs have infinite earning opportunities in an open market. There are endless
possibilities for an entrepreneur to earn fortunes like Bill Gates or Elon Musk.
The disadvantages are as follows:
1. An entrepreneur is solely responsible for the financial arrangements of the company. The
individual is responsible for arranging investors and shareholders for the growth of the
company and making the company profit-driven (Eesley & Lee, 2021). However, if the
individual idea fails and the business ceases to perform, then the entrepreneur will have to
incur capital losses along with mental disappointment.
2. Unlike working for a company where individuals work for particular hours and
entrepreneurs have no dimension of work hours, the individual has to make their business
their number one priority and might have to work on holidays or on vacation. There is no
rigid work schedule available for entrepreneurs.
3. There is a huge burden of responsibility to make the business successful and profitable for
their own consciousness. Setting business aims and objectives and taking important decisions
regarding the business may be stressful at times.
4. The stiff market competition imposes huge work pressure on an entrepreneur, as the person
is solely responsible for the density of the business (Lounsbury et al., 2021). The situation is
similar for unique businesses as well because the market is full of startup companies along
with other small and medium businesses.
5. One of the biggest challenges that entrepreneurs have to face is a lack of stable income. It
is true that successful businesses earn hefty profits, but the process takes time to grow and
most entrepreneurs invest their profit in the growth of the business.
Factors contributing to the tendency
The most important factor that contributes to this tendency is the entrepreneurial
mindset. This mindset involves creative and innovative ideas, skills and talents, and eagerness
to turn the idea into reality. The main attributes of entrepreneurial mindset are as follows: a
curious mindset, which is an effective tool as an individual with this type of mindset often
questions particular things, theories, or systems, and sometimes their ideas contradict the
general thinking (Abrar ul Haq, Victor & Akram, 2021). An entrepreneur often enjoys
freedom and mostly independent minds take the risk of investing capital finance or time in
building something new as per their vision. The adventurous mindset takes such crucial risks
in their career. For instance, there are people who quit jobs or certain courses in order to
become an entrepreneur. There are some external factors that also influence individuals on
becoming entrepreneurs such as a mindset that focuses on helping others or building
something that would benefit others. For example, there are private NGOs or old age care
homes which are run by entrepreneurs with a moral mindset. It is often seen that children or
students grow this idea of becoming entrepreneurs by reading or idealizing some big
businessmen or in the case of a family business, they might get influenced by their parents.
Figure 3: Factors for choosing Entrepreneurship
(Source: Abrar ul Haq, Victor & Akram, 2021)
Importance of studying entrepreneurship for students
There is various significance of studying entrepreneurship and innovation, and

creative skill, which helps to develop individual interpersonal skills. Moreover,
entrepreneurship courses try to build the student well rounded and makes them well efficient
to start and build a productive business. It adds effective dimensions to students' careers and
future endeavors (Santos, Fernandes & Ferreira, 2021). Some of the important benefits of
studying entrepreneurship are as follows: it teaches individuals to earn and scale from
something they love; entrepreneurship as a disciple also encourages students to never stop
learnin; learn effective business skills for every element of business; application of theoretical
knowledge into practical implementation; become more agile, the ability to analyze business
opportunities; learn skills that are effective in addressing daily life challenges, and teach the
student to leverage their creative and innovative ideas.
Theoretical framework
The innovative entrepreneurship theory
There are important theories related to entrepreneurship, such as innovative,

economic, sociological, physiological, opportunity-based, resources based, anthropological
and the process of stage entrepreneurship theory. However, the most important among them is
the innovative theory of entrepreneurship (Gubik, 2021). This theory raises an important
question of what are the factors or values that make an entrepreneur different from common
businessmen. The answer to this question is the key value of the theory, the innovative
mindset or business idea that not only helps to tell its business model but at the same time
implements innovative ideas to address the risk of the business. According to the economist,
Joseph Alios, the innovative theory is one of the important elements of an entrepreneurial
mindset, and this theory has changed the course of perspective from an entrepreneurial
viewpoint. According to Schumpeter, this theory helps businesses to become cost effective
and thus, increases the business profitability.
Figure 4: Diagram on innovative entrepreneurship theory
(Source: Gubik, 2021)
Variables
The variables that impacted entrepreneurship are as follows: the first variable is the
entrepreneurial mindset. Sometimes a person inherits or develops the entrepreneurial mindset
which is dynamic and enveloping and its effects on business. For instance, if a person starts a
business his vision, ideas, financial, and management knowledge will give dimensions to the
business and make it profitable (Joseph, Aboobaker & KA, 2023). However, if his idea fails
to produce results in reality then he will solely suffer financial and mental loss. Some external
variables such as influential behavior, often impact the individual or business both negatively
and positively. To clarify, sometimes the entrepreneurs forget to assess the feasibility of their
business ideas because of being overly encouraged by other success.
Research hypothesis
Students with a curious and adventurous mindset often tend to become entrepreneurs
in their life, because entrepreneurship demands a strong mindset from people who are ready
to take financial and mental risks this will be a quanti study. Hypothesis 1
Literature gap
In this study, the aims and objectives of entrepreneurship, the skill set that is required
for entrepreneurship, and its benefits are included as the other studies in research lack in
finding out why students choose entrepreneurship in a specific location. Although the study
includes the advantages and the disadvantages of entrepreneurship, their implication on
business is not mentioned in detail as that is not relevant in this specific study. Moreover, the
other theory of entrepreneurship is discussed in the study.
Summary
From this above literature review, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship is an

important field of study; it builds around and develops their interpersonal skill. It teaches
them how to build a successful business which will not only incur profit but at the same time,
teach them how to build an ethical and sustainable business that will positively impact society
and community as a whole. The internal factors that affect entrepreneurship are individual
mindset, skill, and talent, and there are some external factors such as individuals focusing on
helping other,s or getting influenced by others' successful business.
Chapter 3: Methodology
Research Paradigm
The researcher will choose positivism as his research paradigm (Nyein et al., 2020).
The researchers will choose a single reality to study that can be measured and will be able to
understand at the end of the research. Here, in this research topic, the reality is that students
are more inclined to study entrepreneurship. Therefore, to search this reality, the researcher
will use quantitative methods throughout his study. The researcher will first propose a
hypothesis at the start of the study. Then he will set the target audience and will gather data
from those audiences in support of that hypothesis. The researcher will thereafter analyze the
data and will conclude (Alharahsheh & Pius, 2020). The finding results that come after the
completion of the research may support the hypothesis or may decline the hypothesis. The
paradigm of positivism will help the researcher to form the objectives of the study, statistical
investigation of the whole matter, and to find out the real reason for the research problems
(Palanski et al., 2021). The researcher will find out the relationship between the different
variables that are instigating students to perform entrepreneurship. The researcher will be able
to form his view that can help similar studies in future.
Research design
The researcher will use a descriptive research design throughout his study. The
descriptive research design is focused on gathering the information systematically (El-Adl
& Alkharusi, 2020). The research design will discuss the phenomenon of the growing
demand for entrepreneurship among students concerning the situation, society, and the
population. More specifically, it will discuss where, when, and how questions with respect to
the research problem rather than focusing on the why. The research design is preferably used
where the researcher will use quantitative data. The descriptive design will not manipulate
any data as per the researcher's choice and will help to bring out the authentic result. The
researcher will use only those variables that will be observed, identified, and measured
authentically. Surveys and analysis of the data based on observation are two prime factors of
the descriptive research design (Benninger et al., 2020). The researcher can make both offline
and online surveys. However, in this research the researcher will only use offline surveys.
The survey tools will collect and gather data according to the research objective.
Population and Sample
Study population
The study population refers to the group of people that are selected as the targeted
participants for the survey. The researcher will target college students above the age of 18
because as per the current trends, most of the students follow entrepreneurship after
completing their studies. The researcher will collect different data related to their opinion and
choose entrepreneurship as their career path. For completing any research, it is very
necessary to set the age and the quality of the targeted populations. Before conducting the
survey, the researcher will make sure that the targeted population will agree to the questions
the researcher will ask. Researchers will not ask any sensitive questions to the students that
they would hesitate to answer and will maintain clarity, while collecting data from the
students. The question the researcher will ask would be aligned with the research objectives
and will reflect the psychology of the students behind choosing entrepreneurship as their
career path. Any sensitive and useless content would be eliminated by the researcher.
Sampling frame
The sampling frame refers to a list of the research participants that are selected for the
sampling frame. It refers to the group of parameters that the research will use to choose the
participants for the survey. Here the researcher will collect the details of the students of those
two universities and their contact details to connect with them in future. The researcher can
connect with the student also at the universities for the survey, with the prior permission of
the authority of the university. The researcher will collect details about the students and their
likes, dislikes, and their motives, and then he will select suitable participants based on the
collected data. The researcher will not choose those participants who have planned something
different for the future rather than entrepreneurship. That will help the researcher to avoid
unnecessary and relevant data from the very beginning of the research procedures.
Sample size
The sampling frame is a collection of units. It is a description of the participants

targeted for the survey. It is a perfect scenario that gives a complete description of the
population selected for the sampling. The researcher here will collect data from the two
different universities situated in Malaysia. The researcher will choose fifteen individual
students from each university that has orientations towards entrepreneurship. Then, the
researcher will ask significant questions related to the research objectives. The students must
have attained the age of 18. The researcher will be curious to collect the relevant information
from the thirty individual students. Choosing this sample size will help the researcher to
generate ideas and opinions about the current trends of choosing entrepreneurship after
completing the study.
Instruments and Measurement
Measurement Scales/Techniques (Instrument)
Research instruments will help the researcher to collect, analyze, and measure the
collected data with respect to the research topic. The researcher here will include a survey as
its research instrument (Ma’ruf, Wahyu & Sopandi, 2020). The researcher will only use
valid and relevant data topics as the survey questions. Researchers must have prior
knowledge of the topic and must know how to connect the different variables of the research
study. The researcher will possess the quality that he will be able to test the hypothesis at the
end of the research. The researcher will provide definite and clear instructions in the
questionnaires. The researcher will ask questions that will be based on the guided response
and closed-ended questions with multiple options. The researcher will not take more than 20
minutes from individual students. The researcher will use the nominal scale for the
measurement of the data. The researcher will divide the students into two categories based on
their genders (Parulla et al., 2022). It is a kind of sorting operation that will help to measure
the trends of entrepreneurship and how it varies with respect to gender. The main benefit of
using the nominal scale is that the researcher can differentiate their views and opinion on
some given parameters. The nominal scale includes opposite attributes such as male-female,
disagree-agree or partly agree, unaware- aware or simply yes-no questions. Such
measurement scale will help the researcher because of its standard of numerical labels and
categorized division of data.
Validity and Reliability
The researcher will maintain reliability and validity throughout the research. The
researcher will not ask different questions to the different students. The researcher has to
maintain the similarity in the questions (Taherdoost, 2021). The researcher has to follow the
same research method throughout his study. The researcher will not disclose the contact
information of the students and will maintain ethics regarding any confidential data that will
be used in the research study. The researcher cannot force the student to do the survey and
should perform the survey only if the student agrees with the survey procedures. The
researcher will not ask for any sensitive content from the student during the time of the
survey that may break the privacy of the student and hamper their dignity. The researcher will
also take prior permission from the authority if he wants to survey the university premises.
The researcher will also identify the validity of the research objective in the present context.
The researcher will go through the time scale that he will choose for the completion of the
research, the method of sampling, the characteristics of the study, and the scale used in the
study. The researcher will also check the validity of whether the research is going to help
other researchers in future or not.
Pilot Test
A pilot test refers to a study arranged on a small scale to assume the effectiveness of
the research. The researcher can take a small study based on the above-mentioned
methodology on 35 students. Here, he will select a combination student from the random
universities in malaysia later that he would like to continue the research on. Then, he can
conduct the survey based on the same questionnaire that he would prepare for the survey. By
doing that, he will form the idea about the responsiveness of the student on the selected
research objectives. He will also be able to measure the standard of the methodology that he
will use in their research to analyze data. The pilot study will help the researcher to form a
concept of research objectives. He will be able to identify the risk that can negatively impact
his research procedure. The researcher will gain more knowledge to mitigate those issues and
for the successful completion of the study. He will be able to list the participants based on
their future planning more effectively. He will be able to use the resources and time to his
best and will be able to successfully manage the primary data he will gather from the survey.
A pilot test will also increase the efficiency of the researcher.
Data Collection Procedures
The data collection method for the primary methods refers to the direct collection of
data from the main sources. The researcher will choose the survey and questionnaire as his
data collection method. The data researcher will gather directly from the students of the two
local universities in Malaysia. The researcher will collect data with the help of questionnaires
from the thirty individual students, and fifteen students from each university. The researcher
will contact the students based on the contact details provided by the universities. The
researcher can also contact the students and survey the university premises (Davies, 2020).
The researcher will ask the multiple choice close-ended question that is best aligned with the
research topic. The researcher will also ask the exact similar question to each participant of
the survey. The researcher will eliminate all those students from the preferred list who has no
intentions of choosing entrepreneurship as their career path. By doing that, the researcher will
be able to avoid unnecessary and irrelevant information.
Data analysis strategy
The researcher will use inferential statistics as his data analysis method. These
methods will include regression analysis, cross-tabulation, ANOVA and so on. With the help
of the regression analysis, the researcher can identify the correlations between the different
variables. The researcher will be able to measure the different factors that are influencing the
trends of entrepreneurship. The researcher will use linear and non-linear regression analysis
(Amin, 2021). Cross tabulation compares the demographic groups. So, the researcher will be
able to compare the trends of entrepreneurship between males and females. ANOVA will help
to identify in what respect a group and its thinking differ from each other. With the help of
inferential statistics, researchers can reduce the smaller factors which are easier to analyze
and interpret.
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.2 Pilot Test
4.2.1 Demographic Data
Frequency Analysis
Gender
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Male 6 6.0 17.1 17.1
Female 29 29.0 82.9 100.0
Total 35 35.0 100.0
Missing System 65 65.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 1: Gender Demographic Analysis
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Cumulative frequency generally starts at 0% for a particular database (Göttlein, 2020). In this present
distribution, the value of 17.1 means that approximately 17.1% of the data points or observations in
the distribution have values equal to or less than the corresponding value on the x-axis.
Figure 1: Gender Bar chart

(Source: IBM SPSS)
The above bar chart represents that the present dataset consists of 17.14% Male along with the
majority of 82.86% of Female.
Age
Cumulative
Valid 16-18 3 3.0 8.6 8.6
18-21 6 6.0 17.1 25.7
21-23 23 23.0 65.7 91.4
23 and Above 3 3.0 8.6 100.0
Total 35 35.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 2: Age Demographic Analysis
(Source: IBM SPSS)
In this table, the cumulative percentage value of “23 and above” and “21-23” is calculated as two
highest among the other values. This can be interpreted in such a manner that a majority of the values
of the entire distribution falls under these two values.
Figure 2: Age Bar chart

(Source: IBM SPSS)
Figure 2 outlines the presence of a majority for the age group of 21-23 along with the group of 16-21.
Nationality
Cumulative
Valid Malaysian 5 5.0 14.3 14.3
Non-malaysian 30 30.0 85.7 100.0
Total 35 35.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 3: Nationality Demographic Analysis
(Source: IBM SPSS)
The fact can be interpreted from Table 3 addressing the dominance of the group of non-Malaysian
acquiring the highest cumulative percentage value.
Figure 3: Nationality Bar chart
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Following the instances of Table 3, Figure 3 also indicates the presence of dominance of the
nationality group of non-Malaysian.
Education
Cumulative
Valid Pre-U 3 3.0 8.6 8.6
Undergraduate 32 32.0 91.4 100.0
Total 35 35.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 4: Education Demographic Analysis
(Source: IBM SPSS)
The fact can be interpreted from Table 4 addressing the dominance of the group of Undergraduate
acquiring the highest cumulative percentage value.
Figure 4: Education Bar chart

(Source: IBM SPSS)
Following the instances of Table 4, Figure 4 also indicates the presence of dominance of the
nationality group of Undergraduate.
Reliability
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 35 35.0
a
Excluded 65 65.0
Total 100 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Table 5: Case Processing Summary of All Variables
(Source: IBM SPSS)
The table shows that out of 100 cases, 35 (35%) had no missing data on any variables and were
included in the analysis. The remaining 65 cases (65%) had missing data on at least one variable and
were excluded.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.941 .946 23
Table 6: Reliability Statistics
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Cronbach's Alpha of 0.946 suggests a high correlation within the items of the distribution. This value
also indicates the higher standards of internal consistency for the pilot test carried out for the present
study (Amirrudin, Nasution & Supahar, 2021). On the other hand, the value 0.946 indicates the
presence of homogeneity in terms of measuring the core objectives without introducing much
variability.
Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Gender 1.83 .382 35
Age 2.74 .741 35
Nationality 1.86 .355 35
Education 1.91 .284 35
PreferEntre 2.74 .657 35
ReasonEntre 1.97 1.524 35
OwnBiz 4.26 1.421 35
PurseOwn 4.49 1.173 35
DecideOwn 4.46 1.197 35
Determination 4.43 1.243 35
FamHappy 4.60 1.006 35
FamLove 3.03 .514 35
FamHelp 4.60 1.006 35
FamLoveProc 4.49 1.121 35
FriendDiscour 3.89 1.694 35
FriendBelong 4.60 1.006 35
FriendRecog 4.66 .906 35
Mentor 4.60 .946 35
Counsel 4.63 .877 35
AlignFuture 4.57 .979 35
AttractEntre 4.60 1.090 35
AdvantEntre 4.54 1.221 35
Return 4.57 1.170 35
Table 7: Item Statistics
(Source: IBM SPSS)
A standard deviation of 0.382 suggests that data points are clustered around the average, and there is
not much spread or dispersion. A standard deviation of 1.243 indicates a moderate amount of
variability or dispersion in the data.
Summary Item Statistics
Maximum /
Mean Minimum Maximum Range Minimum Variance N of Items
Inter-Item Correlations .435 -.605 1.000 1.605 -1.652 .203 23
Table 8: Summary Item Statistics

(Source: IBM SPSS)
A variance of 0.203 suggests the values are relatively close to the mean. In this context, 0.435 is the
central point around which other values tend to cluster.
Scale Statistics
Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items
88.06 250.703 15.834 23
Table 9: Scale Statistics
(Source: IBM SPSS)
A variance of 250.703 suggests that the values of the dataset are spread out from the mean to a
significant extent.
Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
Gender 86.23 247.593 .246 . .943
Age 85.31 243.634 .282 . .943
Nationality 86.20 249.224 .121 . .943
Education 86.14 248.303 .259 . .943
PreferEntre 85.31 231.692 .929 . .937
ReasonEntre 86.09 278.610 -.594 . .963
OwnBiz 83.80 213.694 .842 . .935
PurseOwn 83.57 219.782 .850 . .935
DecideOwn 83.60 219.129 .851 . .935
Determination 83.63 218.417 .836 . .935
FamHappy 83.46 220.903 .963 . .934
FamLove 85.03 252.264 -.112 . .945
FamHelp 83.46 220.844 .965 . .934
FamLoveProc 83.57 219.134 .913 . .934
FriendDiscour 84.17 234.617 .255 . .949
FriendBelong 83.46 220.844 .965 . .934
FriendRecog 83.40 224.894 .920 . .935
Mentor 83.46 224.491 .894 . .935
Counsel 83.43 226.429 .890 . .936
AlignFuture 83.49 222.081 .948 . .934
AttractEntre 83.46 219.726 .922 . .934
AdvantEntre 83.51 215.551 .939 . .934
Return 83.49 217.845 .911 . .934
Table 10: Item Total Statistics
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Table 10 indicates the presence of weak correlation based on the variable nationality for this
particular distribution. On the contrary, for AlignFuture, the table indicates a strong correlation along
with a stronger redundancy for the distribution.
Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
G O Fa Fa Fa
e Na Ed Pre Rea w Pu De Det m Fa m mL Frie Frie Fri M C Ali Att Ad R
n A tio uc fer son n rse cid erm Ha m H ove ndD ndB end e ou gn ract van et
d g nal ati Ent Ent Bi O eO inati pp Lo el Pro isco elo Rec nt ns Fut Ent tEn ur
er e ity on re re z wn wn on y ve p c ur ng og or el ure re tre n
Gen 1 0 0.2 0.6 0.1 - 0. 0.1 0.1 0.22 0.1 - 0. 0.13 0.46 0.1 0.1 0. 0. 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.
der . 48 73 71 0.4 3 26 76 1 99 0. 19 1 8 99 65 2 33 69 42 42 0
5 63 12 9 9 1 2
6 4 3 8
6
Age 0. 1 0.0 0.5 0.2 - 0. 0.3 0.3 0.47 0.2 - 0. 0.11 0.25 0.3 0.3 0. 0. 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.
5 8 91 22 0.6 14 85 68 4 52 0. 33 9 7 31 91 3 34 9 24 59 1
6 05 8 36 1 5 6 4
6 6 2
Nati 0. 0 1 0.1 0.0 - 0. 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0. 0. 0.03 0.51 0.0 0.0 0. 0. 0.0 0 0.1 -
onal 2 . 67 9 0.2 07 3 2 82 18 08 2 82 26 1 20 73 16 0.
ity 4 0 25 5 4 2 7 2 0
8 8 5 1
Edu 0. 0 0.1 1 0.3 - 0. 0.2 0.2 0.19 0.2 0. 0. 0.22 0.28 0.2 0.2 0. 0. 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.
cati 6 . 67 51 0.5 27 17 05 88 01 28 7 5 88 25 1 22 81 76 23 0
on 7 5 49 5 7 8 9 3 6
3 9 7 3
1
Pref 0. 0 0.0 0.3 1 - 0. 0.7 0.7 0.71 0.9 0. 0. 0.89 0.26 0.9 0.8 0. 0. 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.
erE 1 . 9 51 0.5 82 78 52 5 52 11 95 3 3 52 85 8 79 75 2 49 9
ntre 7 2 65 9 2 2 9 2
1 2 4 3
2
Rea - - - - - 1 - - - - - 0. - - - - - - - - - - -
son 0. 0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0. 0.4 0.4 0.41 0.5 07 0. 0.47 0.50 0.5 0.5 0. 0. 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.
Entr 4 . 25 49 65 49 03 12 2 45 6 54 4 3 45 19 4 44 21 85 97 4
e 6 6 9 5 5 8 8
3 0 7 5
5
Ow 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.8 - 1 0.6 0.6 0.66 0.8 0. 0. 0.91 0.24 0.8 0.7 0. 0. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.
nBi 3 . 75 75 29 0.4 64 72 8 35 07 83 6 5 35 79 7 73 22 28 49 8
z 1 99 5 5 9 2
4 7 8
8
Purs 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.7 - 0. 1 0.9 0.96 0.7 - 0. 0.8 0.14 0.8 0.7 0. 0. 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.
eO 1 . 3 17 78 0.4 66 69 3 93 0. 81 7 18 98 7 72 51 55 76 7
wn 2 3 03 4 07 8 3 4 5
6 8 3 7 6
5
Dec 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.7 - 0. 0.9 1 0.97 0.8 - 0. 0.83 0.18 0.7 0.7 0. 0. 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.
ide 1 . 2 05 52 0.4 67 69 1 16 0. 79 8 6 92 46 6 69 76 91 7
Ow 7 3 12 2 11 2 8 9 5
n 6 6 8 6 3
8
Det 0. 0 0.0 0.1 0.7 - 0. 0.9 0.9 1 0.7 - 0. 0.77 0.13 0.8 0.7 0. 0. 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.
erm 2 . 1 9 15 0.4 66 63 71 76 0. 8 5 6 87 7 71 84 38 53 7
inati 2 4 12 8 15 2 6 3
on 1 7 8 5 6
4
Fam 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.9 - 0. 0.7 0.8 0.77 1 - 0. 0.93 0.3 0.9 0.9 0. 0. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.
Hap 1 . 82 88 52 0.5 83 93 16 6 0. 97 4 71 1 8 86 56 5 72 9
py 9 2 45 5 09 1 4 2
9 5 1 7 4
2
Fam - - 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0. - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0.0 0.1 0.
Lov 0. 0 84 17 1 76 07 0.0 0.1 0.15 0.0 0. 0.02 0.26 0.0 0.2 0. 0. 0.2 21 15 0
e 1 . 73 18 8 91 09 5 7 91 31 2 30 09 7
2 3 1 1 2
4 6 8
6
Fam 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.9 - 0. 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 - 1 0.88 0.24 1 0.9 0. 0. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.
Hel 1 . 82 88 52 0.5 83 18 92 71 0. 1 9 75 9 89 26 23 48 9
p 9 3 45 5 09 0 3 2
9 3 1 9 4
1
Fam 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.8 - 0. 0.8 0.8 0.77 0.9 - 0. 1 0.24 0.8 0.8 0. 0. 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.
Lov 1 . 32 27 93 0.4 91 38 5 34 0. 88 7 81 06 7 75 92 1 19 8
ePr 3 1 74 6 02 1 4 7 8
oc 1 1 5 3 1
9
Frie 0. 0 0.5 0.2 0.2 - 0. 0.1 0.1 0.13 0.3 - 0. 0.24 1 0.2 0.2 0. 0. 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.
ndD 4 . 1 85 63 0.5 24 47 86 6 0. 24 7 49 42 3 38 6 45 16 2
isco 6 2 03 5 26 9 3 6 1
ur 8 5 7 8 2
7
Frie 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.9 - 0. 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 - 1 0.88 0.24 1 0.9 0. 0. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.
ndB 1 . 82 88 52 0.5 83 18 92 71 0. 1 9 75 9 89 26 23 48 9
elon 9 3 45 5 09 0 3 2
g 9 3 1 9 4
1
Frie 0. 0 0.0 0.2 0.8 - 0. 0.7 0.7 0.78 0.9 - 0. 0.80 0.24 0.9 1 0. 0. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.
ndR 1 . 26 25 85 0.5 77 98 46 7 1 0. 97 6 2 75 9 90 91 7 65 8
eco 6 3 19 9 23 5 3 8 8
g 5 9 1 4 4
1
Me 0. 0 0.1 0.1 0.8 - 0. 0.7 0.6 0.72 0.8 - 0. 0.74 0.33 0.9 0.9 1 0. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.
ntor 2 . 75 97 24 0.4 75 37 86 5 47 0. 90 3 8 09 34 98 9 1 05 8
9 3 57 7 21 9 6 2
3 5 8 4
2
Cou 0. 0 0.2 0.2 0.7 - 0. 0.7 0.6 0.71 0.8 - 0. 0.75 0.38 0.8 0.9 0. 1 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.
nsel 3 . 02 23 99 0.4 73 24 99 6 6 0. 89 7 6 93 08 9 05 93 98 7
3 3 48 9 30 3 8 8
1 4 2 6 6
6
Alig 0. 0 0.0 0.1 0.8 - 0. 0.7 0.8 0.78 0.9 - 0. 0.89 0.36 0.9 0.8 0. 0. 1 0.9 0.9 0.
nFu 2 . 73 81 75 0.5 82 51 4 56 0. 92 2 26 91 8 90 37 14 9
ture 6 2 21 2 20 6 9 5 1
9 9 9 3
Attr 0. 0 0 0.0 0.9 - 0. 0.7 0.7 0.73 0.9 0. 0. 0.91 0.24 0.9 0.8 0. 0. 0.9 1 0.9 0.
actE 0 . 76 2 0.4 82 55 76 8 5 02 92 5 23 7 8 79 37 64 9
ntre 4 1 85 8 1 3 1 3 9
2 2 1
4
Adv 0. 0 0.1 0.2 0.9 - 0. 0.7 0.7 0.75 0.9 0. 0. 0.91 0.21 0.9 0.8 0. 0. 0.9 0.9 1 0.
ant 1 . 16 23 49 0.4 84 76 91 3 72 11 94 9 6 48 65 8 79 14 64 9
Entr 4 1 97 9 5 8 0 8 5
e 2 5 5
9
Ret 0. 0 - 0.0 0.9 - 0. 0.7 0.7 0.73 0.9 0. 0. 0.88 0.21 0.9 0.8 0. 0. 0.9 0.9 0.9 1
urn 0 . 0.0 63 23 0.4 82 56 53 6 24 07 92 1 2 24 84 8 78 13 91 5
2 1 1 85 8 4 2 6
8 4 4
Table 11: Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Table 11 indicates the presence of negative value for the variable ReasonEntre. This particular
inverse relationship indicates the inverse proportional relation between two different items.
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
OwnBiz Between Groups 5.186 1 5.186 2.695 .110
Within Groups 63.500 33 1.924
Total 68.686 34
PurseOwn Between Groups 2.201 1 2.201 1.631 .211
Within Groups 44.542 33 1.350
Total 46.743 34
Table 12: One Way ANOVA
(Source: IBM SPSS)
The F-statistic for OwBiz is 5.186, with a p-value of 0.110. This means that there is some evidence of
a difference between the OwBiz and RussOwn groups, but it is not statistically significant at the
conventional alpha level of 0.05. The F-statistic for RussOwn is 1.631, with a p-value of 0.211. This
means that there is no statistically significant difference between the OwBiz and RussOwn groups.
Bayesian Correlation
Posterior Distribution Characterization for Pairwise Correlationsa
Gender Determination
Gender Posterior Mode .218
Mean .200
Variance .024
95% Credible Interval Lower Bound -.105
Upper Bound .500
N 35 35
Determination Posterior Mode .218
Mean .200
Variance .024
95% Credible Interval Lower Bound -.105
Upper Bound .500
N 35 35
a. The analyses assume reference priors (c = 0 ).
Table 13: Bayesian Correlations
(Source: IBM SPSS)
Structurally, posterior probability can be viewed as the calculation of the occurrence of a certain event
driven by the occurrence of another event in a consecutive manner (van de Schoot et al. 2021; Liu et
al. 2020). The first row of the Table 13 shows the results for the analysis of the correlation between
gender and "Posterior". For this instance, the mode is 0.218, the mean is 0.200, and the variance is
0.024. The “95% credible interval” is from -0.105 to 0.500. This means that there is a 95% chance
that the true correlation between gender and "Posterior" is between -0.105 and 0.500.
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Chapter Overview
The research objectives and how well the survey results align with it and the findings of the
data analysis are described in this chapter. The purpose of the study is restated then, the
Hypothesis is discussed Individually the correlation and relationship between variables are
examined and compared to previous literature to conclude what findings are supported. The
Innovative Entrepreneurship theory framework is applied to each hypothesis to further fortify
this study's conclusions.
However, there is a chance that there are certain consistencies when juxtaposed with studies
in the past. After that, how these factors affect a student's choice to choose entrepreneurship
post studies a is explored. Additionally, limitations are addressed, and recommendations
made for future research. Finally, the key data analysis findings are concluded.
H1
There is no relationship between the level of students' self-motivation and the tendency of
students to pursue entrepreneurship, all else being equal.
H2
There is no relationship between the level of students' family support and the tendency of
H3
There is no relationship between the level of students' peer influence and the tendency of
H4
There is no relationship between the level of students' institutional support and the tendency
of students to pursue entrepreneurship, all else being equal.
5.2
5.3 Recapitulation of the Study’s Purpose
The basic purpose of conducting this research is to investigate the relationship Linking, Self-
Motivation, Family support, Peer Influence, Institutional support, and Entrepreneurial
Intention. Data from 227 responses were collected in the form of a questionnaire using
google forms and then it was analysed using SPSS. Understanding the tendency of students to
pursue entrepreneurship post studies and the dimensional factors that affect it.is pivotal for
students, their family, and investors. The aim that this research fulfills provides a theoretical
foundation to examine the relationship between the Hypotheses and it fills a research gap
therefore the findings can aide researchers identify the necessary predictors that will help
identify the tendency in this context.
5.4 Discussion of Hypothesis
5.4.1 Self-Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intention
H1: There is no relationship between the level of students' self motivation and the tendency
This study demonstrates that Self-Motivation significantly impacted entrepreneurial
intention. Referring to image 4.2.11 it can be observed that there is enough evidence to reject
the null hypothesis. Hence there is a strong positive relationship observed between self-
motivation factors on entrepreneurial Intention.
previous studies support these studies conducted by (Shahzad et al., 2021) as well as
(Thesey,2020) create sufficient references to support the study’s results. The information
these studies reinforce that Self-motivation is one the pivotal determinants for entrepreneurial
Intention and this increase a student likelihood to choose entrepreneurship.
As Entrepreneurial intention is a degree of how strong one's desire is to be an Entrepeneur or

to undertake an entrepreneurship journey and it also shows how much effort the person takes
to realize his or her desire in entrepreneurship to purse it out of self-interest and motivation.
According to (Shahzhad,et al 2021) Self-motivation which is a necessary factor that keeps
entrepreneurial intention in line. It correlates to the challenge-oriented ability of individuals,
which motivates them to initiate and pursue a new project despite even searching for a job or
not having the capital to succeed in ventures.
This innovative entrepreneurship theory emphasizes that innovation and New Ideas are key
characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. An underlying key characteristic is self-
motivation that cause the entrepreneurial intention underlying premise seems to be that
entrepreneurs are driven by internal motivation to develop new businesses and bring novel
ideas to market.
5.4.2 Relationship between Family support and Entrepreneurial Intention
H2: There is no relationship between the level of students' family support and the tendency
This study demonstrates that Family support significantly impacted entrepreneurial intention.
Referring to image 4.2.11 it can be observed that there is enough evidence to reject the null
hypothesis. Hence there is a strong negative relationship observed between self-motivation
factors on entrepreneurial Intention. This finding shows how Family support is detrimental in
the development of the Entrepreneurial Intention and the tendency of students to choose
entrepreneurship post studies.
On the contrary, studies such as Tsukanova, T. (2016) show that family support in the form of
financial or social support plays a major role in students to pursue entrepreneurship post
studies. This difference of opinion backed by statistical evidence are due to certain
factors/limitations of this study such as sample size etc. Which will be discussed in the
following section (Limitations of study).
5.4.3 Relationship Peer Influence and Entrepreneurial Intention.
H3: There is no relationship between the level of students' peer influence and the tendency
This study demonstrates that Peer Influence did not significantly impact entrepreneurial
intention. It can be observed in Image 4.2.11 that the significance level is 0.209, which is not
in the rejection region, thus indicating that there is not enough evidence found to reject the
null hypothesis and that the variance in the dataset cannot be linked to peer influence. In
detail, the variance in the dataset to peer influence occurs just by chance and that there is no
relationship found by the study. Studies indicate that self-motivational factors play a much
more important role than peer influence in entrepreneurship decision-making (Peer Effects
and Entrepreneurship.,2008, January 31). This could be linked to the understanding that it is
the entrepreneur that bears the risk of failure thus the internal factors make up a major part in
the tendency to pursue entrepreneurship. The analysis done on the study shows limitations in
our understanding on the detailed relationship between this Individual variable and the
findings of this study to back H3 since other studies indicate a link between peer influence
and entrepreneurial intention in a positive environment (Portyanko, S., Reinmoeller, P.,
Hussels, S., & Turner, N. ,2022).
5.4.4 Relationship Institutional Support and Entrepreneurial Intention.
H4: There is no relationship between the level of students' institutional support and the
tendency of students to pursue entrepreneurship, all else being equal.
This study demonstrates that institutional support significantly impacted entrepreneurial

intention. Referring to image 4.2.11 it can be observed that there is enough evidence to reject
the null hypothesis since the tendency of the students to pursuit entrepreneurship increases by
0.713 unit for every 1 unit increase in institutional support and this result is significant at 1%
level (p-value = <0.001). Hence there is a strong positive relationship observed between
institutional support factors on entrepreneurial Intention. This finding shows how institutional
support is pivotal in the development of the Entrepreneurial Intention and the tendency of
students to choose entrepreneurship post studies. Studies done by (Xiao, Z., Chen, X., Dong,
M. C., & Gao, S., 2022) align with our study’s findings as a direct link was found between
Entreprenurial action and their motivation stemming from close proximity external factors
such as the support and opinions of teachers and parents etc. The study concluded that these
factors are essential for helping students gain awareness of the possibilities of
entrepreneurship.
As an illustration, the correlation coefficient of -0.463 between the variables "ReasonEntre"

and "Gender" shows a somewhat negative linear association between them. This indicates
that the chance of being male (coded as 1) falls and vice versa as the value of "ReasonEntre"
rises.
It's crucial to remember that a connection does not indicate a cause. It is not always the case
that one variable causes the other to decline when there is a negative connection between
them. It simply indicates that the two variables have a consistent association, and that more
research is required to identify the reason for this link.
5.5 Implications
The conducted investigation of the relationship between Self-Motivation, Family support,

Peer Influence and entrepreneurial Intention gives valuable insights to a group of people it
such as Students, Entrepreneurs, employers, and researchers, this will aide them in
recognizing and spotting the importance of these factors and identify which factors help in
increasing Entrepreneurial Intention, what factors have an Inverse relationship on
entrepreneurial Intention such as family support where when family support goes up
entrepreneurial Intention decreases and what factors have a lack of data therefore it can't be
concluded whether there is a positive or negative influence this applies to Peer Influence.
This comprehension helps Students, Entrepreneurs, employers, and researchers to gain a
deeper understanding in the role of Entrepreneurial Intention and the affect it has on choosing
Entrepreneurship post studies.
Self-Motivation should be looked at as a key factor when deciding a career path as and it
should also be a metric used for Hiring as self-motivation as this factor shows the
determination and drive an individual must accomplish something without. however, this
should not be the only criteria as students who does not possess a high degree of self-
motivation in specific cases can have entrepreneurial intent that can stem from other factors.
The findings from this study related to family support can be greatly used by universities to
persuade parents into allowing their kids to pursue entrepreneurship post studies. This is
specifically important in ASEAN countries, where entrepreneurship is perceived in a negative
light (Lee, Y., Kim, J., Mah, S. & Karr, A. , 2023). Parents understanding the fact that their
actions and support plays a major role in their son/daughter’s pursuit of entrepreneurship
would not only increase the chances of successful entrepreneurs emerging out of studies but
will also tighten the bond and relationship between the parents and their kids.
This can also be linked to institutional support as universities/schools helping their students
pursue entrepreneurship would benefit the school’s status in producing highly successful
individuals into society and in the future, would lead to heavier investments from the various
legislative bodies.
5.5 Limitations
Primarily, the sample size of 227 respondents, while providing useful data at the Initial stage,
remains small for making broad generalizations. Additionally, the sampling is heavily skewed
towards university students rather than incorporating a wider diversity of backgrounds and
demographics such as students from different countries only students from a particular part of
Malaysia the Sunway area was capture and this part of universities are some of Malaysia's
most expensive universities, therefore the students are well to do ranking well into terms of
socioeconomic factors. Therefore, the entrepreneurial motivations explored may not represent
the full spectrum of influences experienced across broader society. Furthermore, use of a self-
reported survey questionnaire introduces possibilities of exaggerated or aspirational
responses from students on their perceived entrepreneurial ambitions which can be far from
reality. More direct behavioural measures could help validate findings against actual
entrepreneur activities undertaken after studies and the steps taken by them to pursue their
dreams of being an entrepreneur. Additionally, restricting survey variables to a limited set of
drivers fails to consider for other situational and contextual factors shaping real-world
venture founding rates post-graduation. Furthermore, incorporating open-ended Perspectives
that have qualitative elements could reveal supplementary influences on entrepreneurship
past pre-selected questionnaire categories. The cross-sectional nature of the data provides
only a snapshot of students' viewpoints rather than tracking shifts over time and tracking of
their actions. In addition, Participants being Longitudinally traced across not only their
studies but also what they do for post-graduation careers would give richer insight into how
nascent entrepreneurial goals translate into tangible new enterprises and Entrepreneurial
ventures. As such, the current findings remain conceptual rather than linking attitudes directly
to realized ventures and proof of any past ventures. In conclusion, Longitudinal tracking over
time could help, expanding sample diversity, qualitatively capturing wider perspectives, and
incorporating behavioural outcomes, strengthens this research and mitigate limitations in
connecting student survey responses to the manifestation and implementation of
entrepreneurial pursuits post studies. Addressing these areas could elevate future
contributions in this domain for researchers to get a better understanding on what translates
into entrepreneurial pursuit.
5.6 Recommendations for Future Research
Primarily, enlarging the sample size and diversity of participants could offer a more Robust
findings. Conducting Surveys on students longitudinally across more universities, academic
disciplines, and education background- as well as incorporating young professionals who
were once a part of the education system - would provide greater and accurate representation
of the factors potentially stimulating entrepreneurial Intention and ambitions.
In addition, complementing the survey instruments with some qualitative elements such as
interviews as well as focus groups could reveal important supplementary drivers as well as
nuances over the standardized questionnaire structure. This may uncover, unexpected
Behavorial or cultural variables giving richer context and deep insights to dry quantitative
findings. Furthermore, tracking concrete post-graduate entrepreneurial activities and
surveying the results would help validate and link early expressed interests and claims to
eventual new venture undertakings and whether the answers ended manifesting into actions.
Monitoring and tracking venture founding rates over 5-10 years would strengthen this study's
credibility in tying intentions to actions. Partnerships with university alumni organizations
could enable that data access and.
Finally, comparing results across national and cultural contexts through multi-country
replications and international student population will aide in identifying societal-level
influences on embarking upon entrepreneurship. As motivations vary across regions, global
collaborations could lead to more universally applicable models and policies to effectively
support entrepreneurs.
5.7 Conclusion
In conclusion, this study is aimed at examining the key factors that shapes students'
tendencies to pursue entrepreneurship as a post-graduation career path. Using survey data
from 227 university students collected through a questionnaire, the analysis found students'
self-motivation levels and institutional support mechanisms to be positively associated with
greater entrepreneurial ambitions. Conversely, higher levels of family support correlated with
lower entrepreneurial intentions. Peer influence did not demonstrate a statistically significant
impact Therefore could not be told if positive or negative. These results align with past
research emphasizing internal drivers like motivation and external validation through
organizations as critical for forming entrepreneurial mindsets. The data contrasts with
assumptions that family backing universally enables business ventures which is the
perception in society. Demographic variables showed a reasonable gender balance and
distribution across age ranges and nationalities, though heavily concentrated amongst
undergraduate populations as they were the target. For students and universities, these
findings spotlight self-driven visions, risk-taking appetite and scaffolding systems as vital to
converting conceptual entrepreneurial desires into real-world ventures. Specifically, fostering
individual determination, highlighting entrepreneurship rewards, and formalizing institutional
backing could stimulate wider business founding rates post-graduation. Simultaneously,
increased promotion efforts targeting family and peer ecosystems may further unlock
entrepreneurial potentials constrained by social uncertainties and Imbalances.
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‌
Questionnaire
Reflection
As a student of BBM, I have developed a good experience while conducting this
project and also it provided me with several benefits in numerous ways. Undertaking this
research project particularly helped me to enhance my research skills and critical thinking
abilities as well as develop concepts over the business. This particular research report was
completed in three different chapters and while constructing these three chapters I have
encountered different challenges and opportunities to make the growth which is covered in
this reflective report.
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter 1 is the first chapter of this research project and it includes a brief of research
problems and objectives. In my prime, the development of these problems and identifying the
research objectives became a major challenge for me which required a critical analysis of
existing literature and formulating the research questions for effectively contributing to the
field of business and marketing. While developing this chapter I have understood the
importance of conducting a thorough literature review for establishing an author framework
for conducting the research project. Apart from this I also understood the significance of
clearly defining all the key terms and concepts which brought clarity and coherence in my
research project. At the same time, this enhanced my writing skills and allowed me to pay
close attention to every single detail so that this could be understood by the readers.
Chapter two: Literature review
The literature review chapter is the second chapter of this research project and while
developing this literature view chapter I have encountered challenges in synthesising and
analysing past amounts of literature data which is regarding entrepreneurship and marketing
as well as consumer behaviour. This is also required for developing strong analytical skills to
evaluate the relevance and credibility of all the sources included in this literature review. As
coined by Ferreira et al. (2021), it is also important for developing key themes and trends as
well as making a proper integration in this literature review chapter of a research project.
Although apart from challenges I have also obtained some of the advantages such as learning
the importance of organising the literature review in a logical and structured way. It has also
helped me to present the concepts and theories in a system which will guide the readers
through the theoretical body of the research. It also allowed me to enhance my academic
writing skills and how to include citations to maintain accuracy and consistency in the
reference process.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
In the research methodology chapter, I faced the challenges of designing a research
strategy which would produce high results for addressing the research objectives. At the same
time, I learnt the importance of ethical considerations in the research such as taking consent
from the participants and ensuring the high-end confidentiality while minimising the potential
harm. This allows me to adhere to ethical guidelines and principles outlined by renowned
academic institutions and professional organisations.
Chapter 4 of this present research is carried out to derive structured information from
the channels of pilot test. In this instance, I have considered the responses from 35
participants by selecting in a random manner from the actual dataset. I think this operation
helps me to understand the depth of the dataset that has been incorporated within this study.
For example, I have calculated reliability statistics for interpreting the overall effectiveness
of the entire dataset. On the other hand, in my opinion the item statistics calculation creates
the scenario to understand the impacts of different variables on the core of the selected
dataset and its analysis.
For Chapter 5, the main idea is to extract insights from the calculation of Chapter 4.
As mentioned by Meeker et al. (2022) the fundamental idea of interpreting the calculation is
attached to the instances of meeting the core research objectives of a particular study or
research. In this manner, I think that this chapter creates the impulse related to the succession
of this study through various manners such as hypothesis testing, objectives, and others. I
also think this chapter manifested the effectiveness of the interpretation of Chapter 4 helping
to answer the core research questions and I tried constantly to make the whole process
simpler so that I do not get confused like what happened to me in chapter 3 where I brought
in mediator variables and made it more confusing.
Impact on future career prospects
As a student of BBM, it has become highly beneficial for me to engage in this
research project and it has strengthened My analytical and problem-solving skills which are
highly valued in the core business world. At the same time, this research experience has
enhanced my communication and presentation skills while allowing me to convey complex
ideas and findings to both academic and non-academic audiences. On the other hand,
engaging in this research allowed me to develop a deeper understanding of various business
conception theories which I can apply in the real-world scenario in my future career. Overall,
this hands-on experience creates a differentiation for the employer to select me and other
candidates in this competitive job market and also will position me as a valuable asset for the
employers.

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A look into the tendency of students to pursue entrepreneurship post

studies and the dimensional factors that affect it.

Student Name: ASHWATH ATHREYA VASAN

Student ID: 16064727

Research Project Submission

BSc (Hons) Business management

<Ashwath Athreya Vasan>

Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................6

Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................8

Factors contributing to the tendency....................................................................................12

Importance of studying entrepreneurship for students.........................................................13

Population and Sample.........................................................................................................16

Instruments and Measurement..............................................................................................17

Data Collection Procedures..................................................................................................19

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.................................................................20

4.2 Pilot Test.............................................................................................................................20

4.2.1 Demographic Data.......................................................................................................20

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSION.................................31

5.1 Chapter Overview......................................................................................................31

5.3 Recapitulation of the Study’s Purpose.......................................................................32

5.4 Discussion of Hypothesis..........................................................................................32

5.4.1 Self-Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intention..................................................32

5.4.2 Relationship between Family support and Entrepreneurial Intention................33

5.4.3 Relationship Peer Influence and Entrepreneurial Intention...............................34

5.4.4 Relationship Institutional Support and Entrepreneurial Intention.....................34

5.6 Recommendations for Future Research.....................................................................37

Aim and Objectives

 To understand the concept of entrepreneurship.

 What is the concept of entrepreneurship?

The increasing tendency of selecting entrepreneurship as a career path by the students

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Entrepreneurship is a process of invention or launching a new business and the role of

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

Entrepreneurship is a method of initiating, building, and scaling a business from

(Source: Hinderer & Kuckertz, 2022)

There are some important advantages and disadvantages to entrepreneurship.

The advantages are as follows:

Factors contributing to the tendency

Figure 3: Factors for choosing Entrepreneurship

(Source: Abrar ul Haq, Victor & Akram, 2021)

Importance of studying entrepreneurship for students

There is various significance of studying entrepreneurship and innovation, and

The innovative entrepreneurship theory

There are important theories related to entrepreneurship, such as innovative,

(Source: Gubik, 2021)

From this above literature review, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship is an

Population and Sample

The sampling frame is a collection of units. It is a description of the participants

Instruments and Measurement

Measurement Scales/Techniques (Instrument)

Validity and Reliability

Data Collection Procedures

Data analysis strategy

4.2 Pilot Test

4.2.1 Demographic Data

Figure 1: Gender Bar chart

Figure 2: Age Bar chart

Figure 4: Education Bar chart

Summary Item Statistics

Table 8: Summary Item Statistics

5.1 Chapter Overview

5.3 Recapitulation of the Study’s Purpose

5.4 Discussion of Hypothesis