Social Issues Module 3 & 4 Impact of Globalisation On Indian Society

Social Issues
Module- III & IV

Impact of globalisation on Indian Society
Index
Globalisation: Impact :
● Meaning of globalization ● Political
● Definition ● Socio-cultural
● Background ● Financial
● Elements of globalization ● Environmental
● Reason of spread
● Factors/Duality of Globalization
● Contemporary Issues
Subject-Matter
Indian Society:
● Urban Society
Characteristics of Indian
● Rural Society Society
● Tribal Society
impact of Impact of Globalization

globalization on on Religious Diversity
Caste System Effects of
Effect of globalization Effects of Globalization on Globalization on
on Patriarchal system Species Diversity Cultural Diversity
Community :
 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
 Minority
 Elderly population/Senior Citizen
 women and children
 unorganized sector workers
Subject Matter
Globalization and other chapters:
 Urbanization and Poverty
 Role of women in Globalization
 Communalism
 Secularism
 Population dynamics
Previously Asked Questions
Q. Critically examine the impact of globalization on the elderly
population in India.
(200 words) 2013
Q. Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women
in India.
2015
Q. To what extent has globalization affected the origin of cultural
diversity in India? Explain. 2016
Q. Globalization is usually said to promote cultural homogeneity, but it strengthens cultural specialties.
Explain.
15 Marks (250 Words) 2018
Q. Are we losing our local identity for global identity? Discuss.
Q. Are diversity and pluralism in India in danger due to globalization? Give a reasonable answer.
(250 words) 2020

Globalization
Globalization is a social,
economic and political process
that brings people, markets,
goods, services, culture, ideas,
technology and capital closer to
each other and increases
interaction between them.
Meaning of Globalisation
● Globalization is the process by which regional economies,

societies and cultures are integrated through global networks
of communication, transport and trade. Globalization
envisages a borderless world.
Meaning of Globalisation
● Globalization is such a link, through
which the impact of events happening
miles away can be clearly seen on the
developments in India as well. It is an
attempt to make the whole world one or
create a border free world.
● In simple words, “Globalization is the
free flow of any goods, services, capital,
labour, intellectual property, principles
and ideas from one country to another
or their globalization”.
Definitions of Globalisation
 According to Shrikant Soman, “Globalization refers to the integration of an
economy with the world economy.”
 According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalization is a process that transforms the
institutions associated with modernity in a universal direction.”
 According to Thomas Mathew, “Globalization is a process of change that
occurs due to the growth of cross-border actions and the spread of information
technology and which facilitates communication on a global scale.”
Background of Globalisation
There are generally two types of views regarding the history
of globalization:
 The first view is that of the famous economist
Amartya Sen, who believes that globalization is not
a new concept. For thousands of years people
living in different parts of the world have been
buying and selling things from each other.
 For example, in the Middle Ages there was trade
between the people of China, Europe and India
through the Silk Route. India had close trade
relations with the Roman Empire in ancient times.
Background of Globalisation
 According to the second view of globalization, the process of
globalization has occurred due to the spread of liberalization,
privatization and capitalism and this concept became even
more powerful after the Second World War, especially for
institutions like GATT, GATS, TRIPS, IMF, WTO and World
Bank etc. After construction it went on getting stronger.
 As a result, one after the other, all the countries gradually
started adopting globalization and due to the present
communication system, the whole world has been
transformed into a global village.

Elements of Globalisation
● Liberalism:
 The Origin of Ideology: Ideology originated in the 17th-18th centuries - John
Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill
 Philosophy of Ideology: Political Philosophy of Support of Individual Liberty
 Policy of Free Trade and Intervention in the Economic Area (Laissez-Faire)
 Role of State : Role of Welfare State
● Capitalism:
● Globalization, Privatization and Liberalization:
● Industrialization:
● Militarism:
● International and International Relations:
Reason behind the spread of Globalisation
● No single factor is responsible for the spread of globalization, yet advanced
technology is considered to be the main reason for globalization.
● The new inventions of telegraph, telephone and microchip, internet have
started the communication revolution all over the world.
● Globalization has also been encouraged due to international cooperation in
global problems related to environment like tsunami, earthquake, climate
change etc.
● The economic events happening in different countries of the world also have
an effect on the economic condition of other countries.
Globalization and Duality/Paradoxical Factors/ Binary Factors)
● Universalization vs. Specialization

● Homogenization vs differentiation
● Integration vs Disintegration
● Centralization vs Decentralization
● Multiculturalism vs. Cultural Homogeneity / Coordinating Culture
Risk Society Theory
● According to the concept of risk society, postmodern society has created risks for
itself and modern society has developed a pessimistic view of developmental
thought. While the modern society developed many values and benefits in the
interest of the society, the postmodern society has created and developed many
risks, which create a comparatively great crisis.
● The recently released Global Risk Report 2022 (released by the World Economic
Forum) presents risks in five categories such as economic, environmental,
geopolitical, social and technological. According to the report, social and
environmental risks have increased the most since the start of the Covid pandemic.
Risk Society Theory
● Loss of social cohesion, livelihood crisis and decline in mental health

are the three major risks seen as the biggest threats to the world in
the next two years.
● Also There are significant risks such as debt crisis, cyber security
failure, digital inequality and backlash against science.
Examples of Risk Within a Risk Society
● The development in agriculture has promoted the condition of having

a plentiful amount of food. However, an increase in processed food
has led to unhealthy diets, obesity and other health problems.
● Nuclear power has helped produce abundant energy, but nuclear
waste and the potential for nuclear accidents pose serious health
risks.
Glocalization
 Glocalization is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization".
The term is used to describe a product or service, which is developed and
distributed globally. It is also customized to accommodate the user or
consumer in the local market.
 A common example of this is cars that are sold globally but are adjusted to
meet regional norms such as emission standards and steering wheel
condition.
 It may also focus on greater cultural aspects; For example, a global fast
food chain offering a globally exclusive menu item that takes into account
the interests of the local people.
Anti-globalisation Movement
• Anti-globalization movement or anti-globalization is a social movement for economic
globalization.
• Its participants believe that it is not good to have large multinational corporations that
gain excessive political power through trade agreements and deregulated financial
markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of attempting to maximize profits by
compromising the safety conditions and standards of work, workers' recruitment and
compensation standards, environmental protection principles, and the independence and
sovereignty of national legislative authority.
• Many anti-globalization activists do not oppose globalization in general and call for such
forms of global integration; In which the principles of democratic representation, promotion
of human rights, fair trade and sustainable development have been adopted.
Neo-Localism
• Neo-localism seeks to encourage regional culture and re-circulate it in
response to the uncertainty of the modern world.
• Neo-localism means localization and giving more and more control to the
common people over the effects of globalization. It talks about increasing
economic prosperity; At the same time, it talks about taking along other
aspects of people's lives such as family and culture.
Neo-Colonialism
Neo-colonialism is a system of financial and cultural exploitation, in
which one country exerts aggressive power and control over another.
Example - China
Globalisation in India
Globalisation in India
● Today no country is untouched by the effects of globalization. Its effect
is definitely visible in some form or the other on all countries.
Globalization has also had an impact on the life, culture, interests,
fashion, preferences, etc. of the Indian people.
● On one hand it has tried to improve the standard of living of the
people by accelerating economic development and expanding
technology, while on the other hand it has also tried to impose foreign
cultures on India by breaking into the local culture and tradition.
● The era of global change is still going on in the country. Globalization
has had different effects on Indian politics as India is still a developing
country and can take advantage of the positive trends of globalization
on the path of development to match the developed countries.
Impact of Globalisation
● Globalization is a continuous process, whose impact is visible in all
fields like economic, political, socio-cultural and environmental etc.
● Let us understand the historical background of the advent of
globalization, privatization and liberalization in India and understand the
impacts of globalization on the above mentioned areas in turn:
Historical background of the advent of globalization, privatization and
liberalization in India
● Globalization has a long history in India. India has been an importer of finished
goods (especially Indian textiles) and exporter of raw materials since ancient
times.
● Taking lessons from the experience with Britain after independence, India decided
that we would end the dependence on other countries, for which India adopted
the policy of protectionism and tried to encourage the producers of its country.
● This led to development in some areas but some areas were left behind in the
stream of development and India started lagging behind in comparison to other
countries. In 1991, a new economic policy was adopted to overcome the financial
crisis.
● In July 1991, the then Prime Minister Narasimha

Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh
initiated globalization in India. Thus by adopting the
new economic policy in 1991, India joined the
process of globalization and liberalization.
● Rupee was made fully convertible from 1992-93
and necessary steps were taken for capital market
and financial reforms. While reforming the import-
export policy, various restrictions related to it were
removed.
● The World Trade Organization was established in the year 1995 and
India became its member by signing it.
● After signing this agreement, India began to eliminate many of the

regulations and formalities that had remained a hindrance to economic
development over the years.
● Changes in tax structure – border tax, income tax etc.
● Changes and reforms in industrial policy.

● Foreign exchange reforms.

● Creation of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) - Tax Free Zone
● Change in financial structure
● Initiation of initiatives like disinvestment and FDI.
● Lack of Qualitative Control - 1991 to 2001
● The end of the license raj.
Impact of Globalisation
Economic impact of Globalisation
● Almost all goods and services in India were freely imported and
exported.
● Reform quota permits.
● Entry of MNCs: Changes in Competition Rules; crony capitalism;
monopoly/acquisition; buying and selling; merger or takeover; (merger)
/ market competition.
● Internationalization of Money – Digitalization and Electronic Capital
● Globalization of Capital - Security market and stock market are getting
linked to the international market.
● Agriculture related issues - increasing influence of WTO,
international pressure and pressure from food and seed
companies.
● Weakening of agriculture of small or marginal farmers leading to
problems like migration to cities, Naxalism, suicide, drug
addiction, psychiatric problems.
● Change in poverty alleviation strategy - NFSA - 67% - BPL +
APL - BPL - about 29%
● Middle class expansion.
● Working class - labor laws and increasing exploitation of the
unorganized sector.
● Colonialism and its impact on the market.
● Cottage Industries - Some companies like Shree Mahila Griha
Udyog repeatedly lag behind in the competition, leading to
losses and eventual closure.
political impact of Globalisation
● Rise of International Organizations - SAARC, ASEAN and BRICS
● Change in policy planning and policy implementation effort - Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao, up to 70% of the expenditure in advertising and taking cooperation of media
and NGOs.
● Expansion of the notion of accountability- federalism (in the accountability of the

executive, judiciary and legislature).
● Decentralization of power - Panchayat or local self-government - increased

awareness and participation.
● Increasing importance of pressure group; For example the withdrawal of the Farmers Acts.
● NGOs - Liaison & New Laws - FCRA
● Role of organizations like FICCI, ASSOCHAM etc.
● Change in the nature of planning.
● Expansion of the concept of sovereignty through an international draft constitution. Change in the size
and form of corruption.
● Rise of New Concepts; such as neo-localization and mass empowerment.
● change in the method of voting; Like the effect of EVMs and social media.
● Article 356 is less widely used than before because economic prosperity
depends on political stability.
● To develop a better understanding of foreign capital investment.
● International issues like Naxalism, terrorism and grants

Socio-cultural impact of Globalisation
Effect on the institution of marriage:
•Legal acceptance and protection of live-in relationships and legal rights of
children born out of this relationship.
•Increase in inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.

Dowry :
•Challenge
•Entry of capitalism
Marriage :
•No longer a sacramental relationship, turning into a contractual relationship -
protecting human rights, etc.
•The problem of divorce.

Family :
• Change in the role and size of the family
• Husband-wife relationship
• Joint family or nuclear family
• Filio-centric family
• Double income and no kids - DINK (double income no kids) family.

Rise of the Global City:
New types of social problems:
•Human trafficking
•Drug abuse
•Cyber crime etc.
Increase in reasoning and scientific approach:
•Education based on change and innovation in the nature of education.

➢ Status of women – Binary Impact
➢ New opportunities - Egalitarian ideas - Building an egalitarian society.
➢ New opportunities - objectification - violence - insecurity.
Health - Duality
Better options available to The emergence of new

solve problems. types of diseases.
➢ Religion –
➢ Rationalism, higher education - Secularism, nature worship, atheism.
➢ Insecurity - Fundamentalism/Religious Revivalism
➢ Information received through satellite information society / Internet - to believe

without verifying the facts.
➢ Spread of Rumors / Fake news – post truth world

➢ Change in tradition – Loss v/s Revival
➢ Expansion of Intelligence:
•Development of intellectual consumerism: reading-learning, printing,

innovation.
➢ Culture - material and non-material - duality
 Art - dance - music - drama - ancient forms in danger of extinction.
 Art – Dance – Music – Drama – Realization and revival of the global stage.
 Freedom from various types of ancient evils and socio-cultural traditions which
are harmful to the society, such as Sati system, slavery system, human sacrifice
etc.
Environmental impact of Globalisation
Positive:
•The emergence of international organizations, alliances and conferences on

environmental issues; such as IUCN, IAEA, WWF and UNFCCC
•Carbon trading
•Green energy
•Easy to disseminate research and new technology
•It is possible to discuss environmental issues at the local level too - senior citizens and
schools etc.
Environmental impact of Globalisation
Negative:
Pollution :
 Aquatic pollution (frequent disappearance of fisheries)
 Terrestrial, air, noise and radiation pollution (phone towers and nuclear power)
 Cross-border pollution (oil pollution)

Question:- ‘Globalisation is generally said to promote cultural homogenisation

but due to this cultural specificities appear to be strengthened in the Indian
society.’ Elucidate. 15 Marks (250
Words) 2018
Question:- Are we losing our local identity for global identity? Discuss.
Question:- Are diversity and pluralism in India in danger due to globalization.

Give a justified answer.
(250 words) 2020

Modal Answer Approach
● Cultural homogeneity, an aspect of cultural globalization, is listed as one of its main features. It
reduces cultural diversity through popularity and dissemination not only by material goods but also
by a wide range of customs, ideas, values and cultural symbols.
● It is the process by which local cultures are transformed by an external culture. Cultural
homogenization is also called the identity of global culture. Theoretically, homogenization could serve
to break down cultural barriers and assimilate into a global single culture.
● Two different questions arise when discussing the concept of cultural homogeneity: whether
homogenization is taking place and whether or not it is good.
● Cultural homogeneity can affect national identity and culture, which may eventually perish under
the influence of global cultural industries and multinational media. That is why the term is usually
used to refer to a Western culture that dominates and destroys other cultures.
● The process of cultural homogenization is also known as McDonaldization in the context of the
dominance of Western (American), capitalist culture, and has been criticized as cultural imperialism
and neo-colonialism. This process has been opposed by many indigenous cultures.
● However, some scholars criticize this process and acknowledge the dominance of American culture
and corporate capitalism in modern cultural homogeneity, while others maintain that the process of
cultural homogeneity is not one-sided, but involves multiple cultures interacting with different
elements.
● Critics of the cultural homogenization theory state that as different cultures mix, there is less
homogeneity in the spread of one culture, as in the case of mixing different cultures, as people
become exposed to other cultures and adopt their elements.
● A culturally heterogeneous or multicultural society means that the regional culture has widely
accepted other societies and cultures and has increased cultural diversity in the local society. This
may result in rich countries giving incentives to poor countries to protect their natural environment
and adopt more sustainable or sustainable methods/processes.
● Indian classical dance and music has received a boost in recent years through the efforts of
organizations such as SPIC MACAY. Local customs and festivals are being celebrated with more
enthusiasm than ever before by tribal groups in North-East India.
● Indian culture has also spread its influence on the world level. Yoga traditions and
practices are not only being practiced by Indians, but people all over the world are
adopting them.
● The Indian system of Ayurveda is being promoted by a large section of the society
as an alternative to Western medicine and treatment.
● However, the process of globalization also has some negative sides. Sometimes in
the name of revival of caste, creed and cultural identity, chaotic tendencies take
birth and hurt the peace and harmony of the society. As a response to globalization,
excessive emphasis on cultural specifics can lead to the spread of protectionism,
conservatism and bigotry.
● The concept of heterogeneity may be an ideal solution to protect smaller cultures
from the domination of larger/major cultures. Heterogeneity is also an aspect of
cultural globalization, which means that cultures can coexist and have a certain role
in the world.
● In fact, the culture in today's world is absolutely diverse and mixed. Heterogeneity is
a network-like structure in which certain cultural dimensions are linked to each other
through knots. Nevertheless, it creates barriers that prevent cultures from becoming
more or less equal, which can slow global flows or generate cultural conflicts.
Thank you

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Social Issues

Module- III & IV

impact of Impact of Globalization

Globalization and other chapters:

 Urbanization and Poverty

 Role of women in Globalization

15 Marks (250 Words) 2018

Q. Are we losing our local identity for global identity? Discuss.

15 Marks (250 Words) 2019

(250 words) 2020

● Globalization is the process by which regional economies,

globalization has occurred due to the spread of liberalization,

privatization and capitalism and this concept became even

more powerful after the Second World War, especially for

institutions like GATT, GATS, TRIPS, IMF, WTO and World

Bank etc. After construction it went on getting stronger.

 As a result, one after the other, all the countries gradually

started adopting globalization and due to the present

communication system, the whole world has been

transformed into a global village.

● Universalization vs. Specialization

● Loss of social cohesion, livelihood crisis and decline in mental health

● The development in agriculture has promoted the condition of having

● In July 1991, the then Prime Minister Narasimha

● After signing this agreement, India began to eliminate many of the

● Changes in tax structure – border tax, income tax etc.

● Changes and reforms in industrial policy.

● Foreign exchange reforms.

● Rise of International Organizations - SAARC, ASEAN and BRICS

● Expansion of the notion of accountability- federalism (in the accountability of the

● Decentralization of power - Panchayat or local self-government - increased

● NGOs - Liaison & New Laws - FCRA

● Role of organizations like FICCI, ASSOCHAM etc.

● Change in the nature of planning.

● Rise of New Concepts; such as neo-localization and mass empowerment.

● To develop a better understanding of foreign capital investment.

● International issues like Naxalism, terrorism and grants

Effect on the institution of marriage:

•Legal acceptance and protection of live-in relationships and legal rights of

children born out of this relationship.

•Increase in inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.

•No longer a sacramental relationship, turning into a contractual relationship -

protecting human rights, etc.

•The problem of divorce.

• Change in the role and size of the family

• Joint family or nuclear family

• Double income and no kids - DINK (double income no kids) family.

Rise of the Global City:

New types of social problems:

•Cyber crime etc.

Increase in reasoning and scientific approach:

•Education based on change and innovation in the nature of education.

➢ Status of women – Binary Impact

➢ New opportunities - Egalitarian ideas - Building an egalitarian society.

➢ New opportunities - objectification - violence - insecurity.

Better options available to The emergence of new

➢ Rationalism, higher education - Secularism, nature worship, atheism.

➢ Insecurity - Fundamentalism/Religious Revivalism

➢ Information received through satellite information society / Internet - to believe

➢ Spread of Rumors / Fake news – post truth world

➢ Change in tradition – Loss v/s Revival

•Development of intellectual consumerism: reading-learning, printing,

➢ Culture - material and non-material - duality