Major lobe

Minor lobe

Each hybrid orbital having two lobes - major lobe & minor lobe.

Maximum electron density is concentrated in major lobe so hybrid

orbitals are more directional than atomic or non-hybrid orbitals.

Hybrid orbitals always form stronger bond than atomic orbitals and
they always form sigma bond.
No.of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry of molecule
orbitals
sp
Linear 180°
2 (s+p)

Bond Angle : 180 (1)

EXAMPLE CO2
 No. of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry of molecule
orbitals
sp2
Trigonal Planar
3 (s+p+p) 120°

Bond Angle : 120 (3)

EXAMPLE BF3
No. of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry of molecule
orbitals
sp3
109.5°
4 (s+px+py+pz) Tetrahedral

Bond Angle : 109.5 or 10928' (6)

EXAMPLE CH4
 No.of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry of molecule
orbitals
sp3d 90°
Trigonal
5 (s+px+py+pz+dz2) bipyramidal
120°

Bond Angles : 120 (3)

90 (6)
180 (1)

EXAMPLE PCl5
No. of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry
orbitals of molecule
sp3d2
6 90°
(s+px+py+pz+dz2+dx2-y2)

Bond Angles : 90 (12)

180 (3) 90°

EXAMPLE SF6 Square Bipyramidal /

Octahedral
No.of hybrid Hybridisation Electronic Geometry
orbitals of molecule
sp3d3
7 (s+px+py+pz+dz2+dx2-y2 + dxy) 90°

72°
Bond Angles : 72 (5)
90 (10)
180 (1)
Pentagonal
Bipyramidal
EXAMPLE IF7
 Prediction of Hybridisation state

Method-I

Number of Hybrid Orbitals = Number of  bonds of central atom +

Number of lone pair on central atom

Side/Terminal atoms  –H, –R, –X (Halogens), –NH2, –OH, O, S, N

Valency  1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3
 Prediction of Hybridisation state

Method-II

1
Number of hybrid orbital = [Ve– + SA ± C]
2

Ve– = Total number of valence e- in the central atom

SA = Total number of monovalent atoms
C = Charge
EXAMPLE

CCl4
EXAMPLE

SF6
EXAMPLE

PCl5

IF7

CO2
EXAMPLE

SO2