PSGCAS

VEHE 2023

VALUES & ETHICS FOR HUMAN EXCELLENCE

(22AECU201)
2022 - 2023

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course - I

(Part IV)

NAME

ROLL NO.

DEPARTMENT
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PREFACE

“The most important human endeavour is striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very
existence depends on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life”
- Albert Einstein -

Education system worldwide is facing several changes and challenges. Responding appropriately to these
by meeting the needs of increasingly diverse audiences has resulted in a strong institutional differentiation. To
bring about change we have to channelize human values through education, and work towards creating
ethically responsible, and intellectually strong citizens who can positively impact society.

As the law of ecology states, the rate of learning must be greater than or equal to the rate of change in the
environment, for an organism (and/or organization) to survive. But, the development is not about growing,
but outgrowing. A new way of thinking or paradigm must be integrated into institutional structures when we
aspire for substantial and sustainable changes.

PSG, as an institution always believes that education offers significant possibilities for character building
among its stakeholders. PSG CAS functions in line with this philosophy, nurturing loving kindness
(அன்பு), continuous pursuit of knowledge (அறிவு), and sense of duty and commitment (பணி) in the
young minds. As a progressive step forward, a curriculum on ethics and values for human excellence was
designed to nurture intellectually curious, emotionally stable, ethically, and socially grounded young minds,
and enabling them to live a fulfilling life, in harmony with oneself, with family, society and the nature.

Wish the curriculum gets strengthened and refined, with every teaching-learning experience
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Values & Ethics for Human Excellence
Under Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course
(Applicable for the students admitted from the academic year 2022-2023 & onwards)
Course Design
Objective of the course
The objective of the foundation course is
(I) to understand human aspirations,
(ii) to discover what is truly valuable in life,
(iii) to facilitate the critical ability of the learner,
(iv) to distinguish between essence and form,
(v) to move from discrimination to commitment, and
(vi) to develop trust : the foundation value to reach love, the complete value through justice.
Need for Value Education

Education is the core of developing people, who are in the society. If the education is right, the
resulting society will be harmonious and fearless. Education should prepare students with a larger view of
life. Education should sensitize the students and equip them with an understanding of self and society, so a
change is needed in the education system, and it can be carried out in two steps. In the first step, human values
can be introduced in existing value education, and in the second step, entire education can be remoulded. The
students need guidance because the drive for physical facilities has become the sole goal of the young people.
The result is an intense pressure on young people to perform at the cost of everything else, whereby the very
purpose of life and living itself tends to get neglected. The purpose of education is to enable the students to live
a responsible and happy life- in harmony with family, society as well as nature.
The role of educators should be to draw attention of the students to major issues and to enable them to
distinguish between the essential and superficial. The best way to lead the students to introspect and discover
for themselves what they really want. Education must prepare students to understand and deal with these
issues. It must begin with developing their understanding regarding themselves, their family, society and then
work place.

What is LEAP Guidebook for ?

LEAP guidebook is an activity-based manual, which extends a helping hand to all learners to and
imbibe values in life. It is structured in such a way that the learners may get activated either by self- analysis
or group analysis or through help from teachers. This book is an ideal comprehensive study material to give an
orientation into the various value beliefs and systems practised across various situations in life.
What does LEAP guidebook contain ?
Human beings are born with a sublime nature and with a specific purpose in life. Since early
childhood, he/she learns to get himself/herself adopted to the environment and has been forced to imbibe
certain values in life. However, these values may be viewed as right or wrong according to the tradition
practiced at home. These values are the inner forces, which direct him/her for productive –living and towards
human excellence.
LEAP guidebook contains exercise based them lessons, with the specific purpose of orienting the
student learners to inculcate values in life. These lessons are structured in such a way as to have a holistic
development. The following are the contents of this guidebook.

Part-I Yoga Practices: The beauty of yoga is that one doesn't have to be a yogi or yogini to reap the
benefits. Whether you are young or old, overweight or fit, yoga has the power to calm the mind
and strengthen the body. Yoga is for everyone. In this component, the students are initially trained
in certain fundamental yoga practices to keep the body and mind free from ailment and
disturbance.
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Physical Education : We endorse the fact that physical well-being of a student is concomitant to his or her
performance in academics and endow students with opportunities to develop a physically active lifestyle and
essential values like cooperation, teamwork and sportsmanship. Physical education nurtures and inculcates
in students the desire and commitment to continue to enjoy, improve and achieve in line with their own
personal capacities throughout their lifetime.The exercises are great for beginners as they help improve
coordination, enhance lower limb muscle flexibility, and boost upper body muscle strength.
Part-II Value Learning Exercises
1. Personal Human Values: Analyzing the needs of individuals and the requirements for
societal survival, values like power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction,
universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security are identified. This
component involves the basic values that one ought to possess in transformation from
animal consciousness to human consciousness which is very much needed to mutual
happiness and prosperity through self- awareness, self -exploration, self- verification
and self-regulation.
2. Family Values: Relationship already exists- we don't have to create it; rather we have to
recognize and fulfill it. Justice begins from the family and extends to the world family,
leading to undivided society. The family is the basic unit of human- human interaction.
This component involves the value belief practices, which are accepted as the best within
the Indian family context and also brings out the values, like trust, respect, affection, care
and guidance and glory and attitude which are most essential for a meaningful and
universal living.
3. Social Values: At the level of society, the human goal is right understanding and right
feeling (happiness) in every individual, prosperity in every family, fearlessness (trust) in
society. The scope of the society is from family order to world family order passing
through family cluster order, village order, village cluster order and nation order through
co-existence (mutual fulfillment) in nature. This component includes the values needed
for right understanding, the harmony in society, empathy, commitment and service,
tolerance and sacrifice and to live accordingly.
4. Constitutional Values: The Constitution of any country serves several purposes. It lays
down certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that citizens aspire to live in.
A country is usually made up of different communities of people who share certain
beliefs, but may not necessarily agree on all issues. A constitution helps serve as a set of
principles, rules and procedures on which there is a consensus. These form the basis
according to which the people want the country to be governed and the society to move
on. This component deals with the values of justice, liberty, equality, righteousness, non-
violence and citizenship values.
5. Adolescent and young adult challenges: Adolescence is a turbulent period for most
people. Understandably many are saddled with decisions about career, lifestyle and sex.
Planning life can be especially difficult if students are ill-equipped on how to deal with
situations that they face. In order to enjoy a crisis-free adolescence and emerge as a
responsible adult, it is paramount that they possess skills such as decision-making,
assertiveness and goal-setting skills. This component projects the subtle challenges that
the adolescent young adult group has to face and the methods to overcome those
obstacles.
6. Professional Ethics: Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior of a
person or group in a working environment. Like values, professional ethics provides
rules on how a person should act towards other people in institution an environment. This
component highlights on the fundamental, professional and work ethics by inculcating
leadership qualities, team spirit, temperance, time management and morality.
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7. Future challenges: Future challenges involve everything from producing more food
with fewer resources, feed a rapidly increasing global population, to developing
environmentally sustainable solutions in response to climate change. This component
projects the challenges that the human society has to face, in personal, political, spiritual
and cultural aspects, along with sustainability and measures to be taken to manage them.
Part-IIIGuest lecture/ Situation Analysis
This Component provides an opportunity to the learners to listen to the discourse of eminent
scholars and guides and to interact with them for a better living. The Class teacher will guide through
activities and the progress of the student learners will be monitored and assessed periodically.
Note: The class teacher will guide and lead the student learners individually and collectively by
presenting the anecdotes and gathering individual views about the review questions raised. Further
the teacher will initiate the class on the discussion points raised in the activity section of the anecdote.
As far as the life experience part is concerned, the student learners are expected to follow the values
discussed during the subsequent days and observe the experiences and make note of them separately
for further discussion.
Following this, the class would be divided into groups and would be initiated to discuss on the
guided values and the students should come out with an anecdote. These may be presented in a
creative manner. When a group is presenting its point of view, the other groups are expected to make a
note of the important incidents/events/details in the sheet meant for that purpose.
Student learners are also expected to attend one guest lecture arranged, actively involve
themselves and submit a report of the guest lecture for evaluation. Students are given a situation for
analysis from any one value from the syllabus and asked to submit a report individually. The class
teacher shall evaluate the individual monitor sheet for its content, comprehension and depth of
applications. The evaluation will be done as per the following guidelines:

S.No. Component Marks

I Attendance - 20 Marks
95% and above - 20 Marks
90% to 94% - 15 Marks
85% to 89% - 10 Marks
75% to 84% - 5 Marks
II Life experience exercise - 35 Marks
III Participation in group activity - 15 Marks
IV Report for Guest lecture - 5 Marks
V Report for situation analysis - 10 Marks
VI Participation in yoga practice - 5 Marks
VII Participation in Physical Education - 5 Marks
VI Semester - end test - 5 Marks
(1 hr for 20 marks )

Multriple Choice Questions 10 x 1 = 10

marks
Either or type Questions 2 x 5 = 10 marks

Total -100 Marks

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Foundation Course - I
Values

Curriculum Structure
Chapter Learning Task Contact Learning Learning Content
No. Hours Hours
Part I Yoga Practices
1 Essence of Yoga 10  Body Flexibility Practice

 Surya Namaskar
 Basic Asanas
 Basic Pranayama
 Yogic Relaxation
2. Physical 10  Aerobics
Education  Calisthenics
 Minor Games
 Asanas
 Zumba Dance
 Stretchingexercise

Part IIValue Learning Exercises

1 Personal Human 2 6 days x 1  Self- Awareness
Values hour (Life
 Experiences)  Self- Exploration
  Self- Verification
 Self- Regulation

2 Family 2 6 days x 1  Trust

Values hour (Life
experience)  Respect

  Affection
 Care & Guidance
 Glory & Gratitude

3 Social Value s 2 6 days x 1  Right Understanding

 hour (Life
experience)  Empathy

 Commitment & Service
 Harmony
 Tolerance & Sacrifice
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Chapter Learning Task Contact Learning Learning Content

No. Hours Hours
4 Constitutional 2 6 days x 1  Justice & Liberty
Values hour (Life
experience)  Equality

 Righteousness

 Non-Violence
 Citizenship Values
5 Adolescent and 2 6 days x 1  Role Identity
Young Adult hour (Life
Challenges experience)  Managing emotions
  Building relationship

 Peer pressure

  Nature of growing up

6 Professional 2 6 days x 1  Leadership qualities

Ethics hour (Life
experience)  Team Spirit

  Time management
 Morality
 Temperance

7 Future challenges 2 6 days x 1  Personal (Laws of life)

hours (Life
 experience)  Political (Law abiding)

 Spiritual &Cultural
Sustainability

Part III Guest Lecture & Situation Analysis

1 Guest Lecture 1 -  Sharing experiences

2 Situation Analysis 1 -  Individual Report


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Learning Content
Lesson Plan
Each lesson will have the following components.:

1. Introduction : ()

This section will have the basic information about the values that are mainly focused in the particular
chapter and its sub-topics.
2. Anecdote: ()

Anecdotes are the foundations that impart values to the student learners. Moral truths are conveyed
through incidents and stories which reach the learners on deep emotional, mental and spiritual levels.
Therefore, one or two anecdotes selected or drawn from various sources are presented for self -
evaluation and discussion.
3. Review : ()

This section opens up for the evaluation of the activities, based on the tasks conveyed and the
questions put forth in the anecdotes for self - analysis and positioning.
4. Activity (Points to discuss): ()

Added to the review made by the learners about the tasks projected in the anecdotes, he/she will also
have to workout a strategy or plan and process the activities projected in this section for deeper
understanding of the values mentioned.
5. Life Experience (Individual activity): ()

This section guides the learner to have experiential learning by presenting a series of value structures
which are experienced in their daily life.
6. Group Activity: ()

This involves each and every learner in a group discussion or a group plan to create an anecdote of the
value discussed and project the same through different creative models of presentation.
7. Guest Lecture / Situation Analysis : ()

A series of guest lectures or workshop or presentations would be organized periodically on the topics
related to value education and the student learners would be encouraged to clarify their queries and
the doubts they have on the value system by interacting with the speakers. The student learners are
expected to submit a report of the content of the speech delivered by the speakers, in a workshop or a
conference. Students should submit an individual report on any one the values at the end of the
course, by analysing a given situation in a particulars context.
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Part - I
Essence of Yoga

What is yoga?
Yoga is a system of living with sense and science, of the realisation of the ultimate values and altruistic
missions of life. Yoga evolves harmonious order in mind, matter and man. Yoga is an absolute departure from
the basic animal tendencies. It is a state of aloofness from the artificialities of life and relationship. Yoga is the
culture of tomorrow.
Yoga is usually defined as union between the limited self and the cosmic self. The aim of yoga is to make
one realise his identity with the greater self, to make one know and tune in with his existing inner nature. It is
the method or path which one adopts to attain the realisation of one's true identity in life.
Yoga is integration and harmony between thoughts, words and deeds, or integration between head, heart
and hands. It can be defined as a science of developing deeper aspects of the personality; as the science of
being.
The Origin and Development of Yoga :
The origin of yoga lies hidden in the midst of prehistory. It has slowly evolved and was developed by the
ancient sages and it has been modified to suit regional languages, social ideas and so on. The essence of yoga
is explained in different symbols, analogies and languages. The yoga that we know, that which was developed
in India, was utilised, at least in its elementary form, more than five thousand years ago. The most
authoritative and classic book on Raja yoga contains 196 yoga sutras of Rishi Patanjali. The whole subject of
Raja yoga is treated in a most scientific manner starting from moral precepts, leading onto the physical and
mental aspects, and finally self-realisation.
The Structure of Yoga :
There are many different paths of yoga. Most of these paths have only slight variations in few basic forms
of yoga practice. These numerous variations arise from modifications designed to suit the temperaments and
beliefs of everyone. The many variations of yoga can be broadly classified into five basic groups. These cater
to the most prominent aspects of one's personality.
1. Hatha Yoga - The path of balancing the physical, mental and subtle forces of the body.
2. Karma Yoga - The path of activity
3. Bhakthi Yoga - The path of devotion
4. Gnana Yoga - The path of enquiry
5. Raja Yoga - The path of self-discipline
Any other form of yoga can be placed under these five headings. A brief outline about these is presented
below.
Hatha Yoga:
The word 'hatha' is composed of two syllables, namely 'ha' and 'tha'. 'Ha' means the 'moon' and 'tha'
means the 'sun'. Yoga means communion. Thus Hatha Yoga means the harmony between the sun and moon
based on the aspects of our being. The right nostril is connected with sun aspects; the left is associated with the
moon aspect. The moon rules over the mental functions, while the sun controls the vital and physical
functions. This applies to everyone and is a basic tenet of yoga. The two nostrils have deeper association with
the flow of prana, within our being. It is this flow of prana that ultimately influences the mental and physical
functions. The basic aim of Hatha Yoga is to balance these two. Hatha Yoga is roughly divided into different
groups as follows:
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1. Shatkarmas - Concerned with cleansing the body
2. Asanas - The physical postures of yoga
3. Pranayama - The regulation of breath
4. Mudras - The special physical positions of the body or parts of the body which induces deeper
physiological, psychic and mental changes in one's being.
5. Bandhas - The physical locks which perform the same function.
Karma Yoga:
This is the yoga of action, the system of attaining awareness through activity. It relates to the
performance of our daily work with constant awareness and without any expectation of reward. It is this living
in the present which enables far more effective, efficient and powerful action. By totally absorbing the self in
the work at hand we tend to reduce the power of the ego. This is the essence of Karma Yoga and results in less
emotional and mental upsets in life.
Bhakthi Yoga:
This is the yoga of devotion. It is the channelling of emotions into devotion, directed towards a Guru,
the ultimate master. In this way, the emotions are given an outlet, instead of suppressing them or disintegrating
them in different directions. The bhakth absorbs himself completely in his object of devotion, losing his
individuality or ego. Emotional and mental problems disappear, concentration increases and the path to higher
awareness and self-realisation is opened.
Gnana Yoga:
This is the path of enquiry. It attempts to transcend the limitations of the intellect or logical facilities of
each individual. It is the path towards illuminative knowledge. In the path one enquires about the essence of
existence and one's true nature.
Raja Yoga:
This is the path of self-discipline. It progressively attempts to transcend the outer environment of the
physical body and create awareness in the inner environment. Patanjali Yoga is often identified with Raja
Yoga. The system of Patanjali Yoga consists of eight steps which the aspirant must progressively master on the
path of self-realisation.
1. Yama - Self-restraint
2. Niyama - Self-observance
3. Asanas - Postures
4. Pranayama - Regulation of breath
5. Prathyahara - Disassociation of consciousness with the outside environment.
6. Dharana - Concentration
7. Dhyana - Meditation
8. Samadhi - Identification with pure consciousness
Yoga practices give direct and tangible benefits to everyone regardless of their spiritual aims. Physical and
mental therapy is one of yoga's most important achievements. What makes it so powerful and effective is the
fact that it works on the holistic principles of harmony and unification. Yoga has succeeded as an alternative
form of therapy for diseases such as asthma, diabetes, BP, arthritis, digestive disorder and other ailments of
chronic and constitutional nature.
Beyond the needs of the individual, the underlying principles of yoga provides a real tool to combat social
malaise. It is an aid to establishing a new way of life which embraces both inner and outer realities. However,
this way of life is an experience which cannot be understood intellectually and will only become living
knowledge through practice and experience.
To conclude, it is emphasised that one path should not in general be practised to the exclusion of the others.
Choose a main path, but supplement it to some degree by the practice of other paths. In fact, integration of all
the paths would be ideal.
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Yoga component
Narrate your personal experience based on the beneficial aspects of practising Yoga

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Part - II
Chapter - 1
Personal Human Values


Human values are the basis for any practical life within society. These human values have the effect of
bonding, comforting, reassuring and procuring serenity. They build capacity for an initiative, a movement
towards one another, which leads to peace. In simple term, human values are described as universal and are
shared by all human beings, whatever their religion, their nationality, their culture, and their personal history
may be.
Personal values are broad desirable goals that motivate people's actions and serve as guiding principles in
ones' lives. Everyone has values, but each person has a different value set. These differences are affected by
an individual's culture, personal upbringing, life experiences, and a range of other influences. Personal
Human Values helps people understand and accept who they are and why they do what they do, which
improves self‐esteem, communication, and relationships. Self-exploration can increase self‐awareness,
which is the ability to self-evaluate and allow to deepen our understanding of emotional triggers,
sensitivities, and best self-care practices.
Exploring these values helps to:
 Calm down when something exciting or upsetting happens
 Focus on a task
 Control impulses
 Develop ability to build better relationships
 Regulate reactions based on negative emotions such as frustration, anger, and embarrassment
 Disengage from preconditioning or biases
 Remain flexible, maintain open communication and adapt to situations
 View challenges as opportunities
Self-awareness
Self-awareness is the ability to perceive and understand the things that make a person who you are as an
individual, including their personality, actions, values, beliefs, emotions, and thoughts. Self-awareness is the
ability to focus on oneself and how one's actions, thoughts, or emotions do or don't align with one's internal
standards. Developing self-awareness is important because it allows an individual to assess their growth and
effectiveness and change course when necessary.

Two states of self-awareness

Public self-awareness/External self-awareness: Being aware of how we can appear to others leads to
adherence of social norms and behave in ways that are socially acceptable. When we look outward, we
understand how people view us. People who are aware of how people see them are more likely to be
empathetic to people with different perspectives.
Private self-awareness/Internal self-awareness: Being able to notice and reflect on one's internal state,
when we look inward, we can clarify our values, thoughts, feelings, behaviours, strengths, and weaknesses.
We are able to recognize the effect that we have on others. It is associated with higher job and relationship
satisfaction, personal and social - control happiness. It is negatively related to anxiety, stress, and
depression.
Self-exploration

Self-exploration is the practice of examining one's own thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, identity,
background, views, and emotions, with the purpose of a better understanding of oneself. Self-exploration is
the practice of taking a look at one's own thoughts, feelings, behaviours and motivations and asking why. It's
looking for the roots of who we are — answers to all the questions we have about ourselves.

At its core, self-exploration is about better understanding of who you are and what makes you. Once you
understand why you feel the way you feel, you may also be able to communicate your needs and feelings to
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others, which can strengthen relationships and help you preserve better boundaries. Self-exploration can help
improve self-awareness, self-esteem, communication, empathy, emotion and self-regulate.
Content of Self-exploration
It involves two aspects:
 My Desire (Aspirations)
 My Program (Process to fulfil my aspirations)
Process of Self-exploration
Following points to be kept in mind during the process of self-exploration
 Whatever is stated is a proposal
 Don't start by assuming it to be true or false
 Verify on your own right
 Don't just accept it or reject it based on preconditioning or biases
Two step process of self-exploration
1. Verify the proposal on the basis of Natural Acceptance. Natural Acceptance is the process of seeing
and observing attentively and then using inner conscience to get answer from within. Natural
Acceptance does not change with time, place, pre-conditioning or beliefs. It is always within us and
same for all of us.
2. Live according to the proposal to validate it experientially.
Outcome of self-exploration:
The process of self-exploration results in 'Realisation” and 'Understanding' in us. Realisation and
understanding leads to the following answers – Assuring, Satisfying and Universal with respect to time,
space and individual.
Self-regulation
Self-regulation is the ability to control one's behaviour, emotions, and thoughts in the pursuit of long-term
goals. Self-regulation allows us to be more resilient and bounce back from failure while also staying calm
under pressure. In other words, self-regulation is to think before acting. Self-regulation is a useful skill that
helps individuals cope with certain emotional behaviours and physical movements during stressful
situations. Self-regulation allows one to act in accordance with deeply held values or social conscience and
to express oneself appropriately. In addition, self-regulation helps individuals stay focused and attentive
during times of stress.
A thermostat's goal is to maintain a certain temperature throughout in a specific room or home. Its job is to
keep track of any changes in temperature and to understand when a room needs to be heated or cooled.
Similar to a thermostat, we also have a point during which we need to maintain a certain level of control and
regulate our emotions.
Every human being is the co-existence of the self and the body and there is an exchange of information
between the two. Self-regulation is the responsibility in the self for nurturing, protection and right utilisation
of the body. Body is an instrument that needs nutrition, protection from the environment and proper
utilisation to work as an efficient tool for the right purpose. Body acts according to the suggestions given by
the self. All the human feelings of happiness, sorrow, pain, excitement etc are all experiences by self and not
the body.
To self-regulate:
 Practise being a good role model. Practise what you preach, making environments that are
trustworthy, safe and living with good values.
 Be open to change. Dealing with change with a positive outlook can improve one's ability to adapt to
changing situations while remaining positive.
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 Commit to self-discipline. Stay persistent in achieving goals and Keep moving forward
 Identify what your triggers are. This will help you become more self-aware and will help you figure
out a good plan of action if you encounter your triggers.
 Work on taking a step back when your thoughts and feelings become negative. Analyse these
negative feelings and thoughts and replace them with positivity.
 Keep cool in tense situations. You can remove yourself from the situation until you're able to deal
with it with a calm mind.
 Think about the consequences.
 Work on self-confidence. This can help improve your self-efficacy and can allow you to focus on
one's own abilities.
Self-verification
Self-verification is the process of evaluating a person against a model for continuous improvement, in order
to highlight what has been achieved and what needs to improve. The human beings aspire for a happy life,
with full of success. For this it is essential to understand – what is really valuable for human beings and how
to realize it. Self-development refers to self-exploration, which includes understanding skills, attitudes and
knowledge. This is an ongoing, systematic and intentional process which is achieved through right
understanding , knowledge, skills and attitudes which enhance confidence in oneself towards one's future
plan. It also creates a better quality of life physically, mentally and spiritually. The value of a human being is
his participation in maintaining the harmony with the society. Self-verification is process to understand
oneself, one's aspirations, and one's happiness and to understand the innate interconnectedness of their
existence with that of the others.
 Place the proposal for the self-verification of the student.
 Help them to verify the proposals, rather than to assume them to be right or wrong
 Give them time and opportunity to explore, to seek clarifications, ask questions etc.
 Ensure this process does not involve preconceived notions, dilemmas, contradictions and
compulsions, either internal or external
Proposals:
1. Desire to buy a product based on an advertisement :
Nice house or Luxurious house

Anecdote 1: Self-Exploration
Raju struggles with creating a quarterly report at work, and he frequently produces subpar results. He
notices the discrepancy between his targets and performance and engages in self-evaluation to determine
where it comes from and how to improve.
He asks himself what makes the task so hard for him, and he realizes that he never seems to have trouble
doing the work that goes into the report, but rather, writing it up cohesively and clearly.
Raju decides to fix the discrepancy by taking a course to improve his writing ability, having a colleague
review his report before submitting it, and creating a reusable template for future reports so he is sure to
include all relevant information.

Review Questions
1. What do you understand from the narration?
2. If you had been there, what would you have done?
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Anecdote 2: Self-Awareness
Monica is having relationship problems with her dad, Mohan. She thinks Mohan takes her for granted
and does not share enough affection. They fight about this frequently. Suddenly, she realizes that she may be
contributing to the problem. She looks inward and sees that she doesn't show Mohan appreciation very often,
overlooking the nice things he does around the house for her to show his care and affection.
Monica considers her thought processes when Mohan misses an opportunity to make her feel caring
and notes that she assumes, he purposely avoids doing things that she likes. She spends time thinking and
talking with Mohan about how they want to show their care and affection, and they begin to work on
improving their relationship.
Let's introspect:

Individual Activity

Aspirations(what you want to achieve) Concerns (what you want to get rid of)
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Group activity
Day Order: Date:

(Each group is expected to give a brief note of the group's activity and also the observations made
thereof for the activity).

Group: Activity:
Journaling is a practice in self-reflection that can help you notice the ways in which you tend to think and
behave, and even which areas in your life you may wish to improve. You may use these prompts:
1. What did I do well today?
2. What challenges did I face?
3. How did I respond? In retrospect, would I have responded differently?
4. What is my intention for tomorrow?

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Pick out a situation/scenario(s) you would like to receive feedback on. In Column 1 make a list of words
to describe your attitude and behaviours at the time. Then, ask your feedback partner to do the same and
record those responses in Column 2 Look out for discrepancies. You may have some blind spots that need
attending.
Scenario:

How I see myself in that situation How others see me in that situation

Names of members of group: Signature of student

 PSGCAS
Part - II VE HE 2023
Chapter - 2
Family Values
()

Human values are universal, and they are hidden in every human being. One cannot acquire them from
the outside; they have to be elicited from within. Family is the first institution of the human society; it is the
foundation on which values are built. A kid learns his behavior by modeling what he/she sees around him/her.
Family is the first social organization that provides the immediate proximity from which the kid can learn
his/her behavior. While a student needs to be given training on various subjects related to material world, the
student should also cultivate character. Some of the greatest scandals, atrocities etc. that we see in the world
are committed by people of high intellectual and reasoning caliber. Thus, it can be inferred that superior
academic qualifications and IQ, if misguided, can cause harm to others. It is a common approach to hanker
after procedures, systems, controls etc. during times of trouble. While newer regulation is born, it rarely
provides the necessary effect, a reason being that a procedure, system or control is sound/ unsound as the
individuals who create them (Nandagopal, & Ajith Sankar, 2010).

The following is a conversation between a husband and a wife:

Husband to wife : Today is Sunday, I am going to enjoy…
Wife : How?
Husband : I've got three movie tickets…
Wife : But, we are only two, so why three tickets??
Husband : One for you, and two tickets for your parents!

While this conversation is meant to bring in an element of fun, it is also an indication of the state of affairs that
is part of the modern family, where there is little connectedness/understanding among family members.
Society is made up of individuals. Society is the effect of individuals who operate in a particular manner. If the
society as a whole is failing, it means a collective group of individuals are failing. Any transformation in the
society has to begin with the individual itself.
If there is righteousness in the heart
There will be beauty in character;
If there is beauty in character
There will be harmony in the home.
When there is harmony in the home
There will be order in the nation.
When there is order in the nation,
There will be peace in the world.

This quote of Sathya Sai Baba sums up the role of family in building a nation. More importantly, the quote also
indicates the relationship between character and world peace.
Relationship is a responsibility - the very usage of the term Viväha (marriage) comes from the Sanskrit root,
which means 'to carry'. It means to take special responsibilities that go with married life. One of the basic
secrets to a successful marriage is presented in Viväha Gita (Wedding Greetings by Swami Tejomayananda):

prati dinam navam prema vardhatam

sata gunam kulam sadä hi modatam

Day by day, may you discover new love for each other.
May it grow a hundred-fold and may your family ever rejoice.

Swami Tejomayananda says:

“Love before marriage is common, but love in a married life is more important. Trust strengthens love.
Unobstructed by doubt and mistrust, love matures and grows. Fed by renewed feelings of tenderness, care and
concern, love is nourished and blossoms. Love should never be stale and its expression gross, routine or
mechanical.”

Any relationship that is driven by love and faith liberates an individual than holding back; love without
freedom or respect is bondage. Love is love, only when I can love them independent of their imperfections,
and it can't be based on their perfections. It may break anytime, for no one is perfect.
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One of the major causes of family problems is suspicion and mistrust. Marriage is a blessing but many
people make it a curse due to lack of understanding. Discussing mutual problems will give them confidence to
live together with better understanding. Family members or people in a relationship will not disclose the
darker side of his or her nature for the fear of losing the other. Any personal shortcoming is discreetly swept
under the carpet, so to speak, so as not to jeopardize their chances of winning each other. People in love also
tend to ignore their partner's faults, thinking that they will be able to correct them after marriage, or that they
can live with these faults, that "love will conquer all.

" A fracture well cured makes one stronger; a small injury left uncared, becomes an infection. Same
with handling people, and relationships…”

What is told, when, and how it is told, makes a lot of difference in a relationship. S K Chakraborty, in
his book, Management by Values, speaks about the key points related to communication that he has derived
from the works of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. These guidelines can be helpful in making communication
process genuine and respectful. They are (Nandagopal, & Ajith Sankar, 2010):

1. Never utter a word when you are angry.

Don't allow the impulse of speech to assert itself too much or say anything without reflection - speak always
with conscious control...

1. If there is gossip about others and harsh criticism, don't join in - they only lower the consciousness
from the higher level.
2. Cultivate the habit not to throw yourself out constantly into spoken words.
3. The less one speaks of others - even in praise - the better it is. Already it is difficult to know exactly
what happens in oneself, how to know when with certainty what is happening in others.
4. You must criticize nothing unless you have at the same time a conscious power and an active will in
you to dissolve or transform the movements you criticize.
5. To discourage is wrong. But false or wrong encouragement is not right... Very often if an inner
communication has been established, a silent pressure is more effective than anything else.
6. What is needed for success in the outward field... is the power to transmit calmly a force that can
change men's attitude and the circumstances, and make any outward action at once the right thing to
do and effective.
7. Outburst of anger or temper means the tongue is projecting bad vibrations into the atmosphere...
nothing is more contagious than the vibration of sound.
8. One must state only what one wishes to see realized.

Strong families have open lines of communication where all family members feel heard and
respected; one of the best ways to strengthen the family relationship is by increasing the listening skills of
other family members.

Between what is said and not meant, and what is meant, and not said, most of love is lost
- Khalil Gibran –

An environment of trust, respect, affection, care and guidance is essential for understanding
(Knowing) to take place. Without such an environment at home, at school and in the community, only some
learning (assuming) may take place, not understanding (UHV Team, 2022).

This reminds of “ubuntu”, an African philosophy which emphasizes that one's sense of self is shaped
by our relationships with others. It's a way of living that begins with the premise that “I am” only because “we
are.”

Let's discuss the following elements that hold the family relationship intact: Trust, Respect,
Affection, Care and Guidance.

Trust is an essential element in any family relationship. It is the foundation upon which all other
aspects of the relationship are built. When there is trust in a family, it creates a sense of safety and security that

S K Chakraborty, Management by Values, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004

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allows family members to feel comfortable sharing their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with one another.
Trust enables family members to feel confident in their relationship and to rely on one another for support and
guidance.

Without trust, family relationships can become strained and distant. When family members do not
trust one another, it can possibly lead to misunderstandings, conflict, and even emotional or physical abuse.
Trust is especially important in situations where family members are responsible for caring for one another; it
is also important for trust to be established and maintained between parents and children, as this helps to foster
a strong, healthy relationship.
Trust, thus is a crucial element in any family relationship. It allows family members to feel connected
and supported, and it helps to create a positive and nurturing environment for all members of the family.

Respect is another significant element in family relationships since it helps to create a healthy
environment within the family. When family members show respect towards each other, it can foster trust,
understanding, open-communication, and promote cooperation within the family. Additionally, respect can
contribute to the overall well-being and happiness of each individual family member. It allows everyone to
feel valued and appreciated, which can lead to stronger and more fulfilling relationships. Respect thus helps to
create a positive and supportive environment where everyone can thrive.

Affection is an important element in any relationships since it helps maintain / strengthen the bond
between family members. When family members show affection towards one another, it demonstrates love,
care, and respect for one another; it can also help to create a sense of belonging and security within the family,
which can lead to better overall mental and emotional well-being for all members. Additionally, affection can
help to foster a sense of unity and togetherness within the family, which can be especially important during
times of stress or conflict.

Care and Guidance is one another element in family relationships which helps to create a supportive
and nurturing environment for all family members. This can include providing emotional support, setting
boundaries and rules, and offering guidance and guidance as needed. Care and guidance also help to foster
healthy communication and relationships within the family and can also help to build trust and strengthen
bonds between family members. It is especially important for children and teenagers to receive care and
guidance as they grow and develop, as this can help them to feel supported and valued and can also help to
prevent any issues of concern such as substance abuse or mental health issues from developing.

In addition to all these elements mentioned above, there is a need to foster a sense of pride and
appreciation within families - Glory and Gratitude. Glory refers to the honor and respect that is given to family
members for their achievements or contributions to the family. This can be shown through recognition or
praise for their efforts, and can serve as a way to motivate and encourage family members to continue to strive
for excellence.

Gratitude, on the other hand, refers to the appreciation and thankfulness that is expressed towards
family members for their support and love. This can be shown through verbal expressions of thanks or
through acts of kindness and generosity. Gratitude helps to strengthen the bond between family members, as it
shows that each member is valued and appreciated within the family.

Anecdote 1:
Prapti moved out of her New Delhi house to pursue further studies. She was deeply attached to her
family and it was tough sailing the first few months. She missed her mother's meals but then she learnt fixing
up a meal on her own. She missed having someone to talk to at odd hours but then she found friends like
family. Calls back home became infrequent and one day the parents stopped complaining too. Three years
later when she returned home, she realised how distant she had grown to her family. "I missed the life I had
created for myself and craved to go back. Mealtime conversations with the family were becoming boring and I
was constantly on the phone with my friends. I feel guilty saying this but I wasn't comfortable in my own
home. Not only me, my parents had changed too. I realised they had created their own world in my absence
and I had little space there." – Prapti felt.
Review Questions

1. Where do you think Prapti missed establishing her relationship with her family?
2. What other methods she could have followed in not distancing herself from her own family?

Anecdote 2:

Abhinav was among the 50-odd passengers who alighted from the bus traveling from Delhi to Manali.
He took a taxi to the Mountain Bike Club where he was all set to join as a new member. Abhinav's family
wanted him to join their family business but Abhinav's heart was in the mountains. No matter how hard he
tried, he couldn't convince them of his dreams. Frustrated, he left his home one day after a bitter fallout.

Nestled in nature, Abhinav didn't take much time to settle in the rhythm of his new life. One day, after a
daily meet-up at the club, he went up to Suresh, to ask some questions. Suresh was a 35-year-old man, who
had devoted the last 10 years to the club. A jolly character, he was seen as a mentor for rookie bikers. But that
day Suresh seemed to be in a hurry. “Can we discuss tomorrow? I have to rush home now.” “I hope everything
is alright, sir,” Abhinav asked concernedly. “Oh yes, actually my younger brother is back home after many
years,” Suresh responded. “Was he living in a different city?” Abhinav was curious. “You can say that.
Actually, he had run away from home to become an actor. My father was against it,” Suresh said with a sigh.
“But now he is coming home on his birthday. I can't wait to see him,” he said. “We may have differences but
family is family.”

Abhinav was taken aback. He hadn't been in touch with his family for months. He wouldn't respond to
their calls or messages. Nor did he reach out to them.
But today was different. Suresh's words echoed in his mind as he texted his mom after months: “Mom. I am
okay. I miss you.”

Review Questions

1. Was Abhinav right or wrong in deciding his career? Justify your answer.
2. Can a human being live the life of a loner, without his family members? Why isn't it possible?

Anecdote 3
Ego is something that we always talk about when we handle people – it seems there was a lion in the
jungle; he caught hold of a rabbit, roared at him, and asked him 'Who is the king of the jungle?”. The rabbit
was so scared and says…. it's you…you. The lion was pleased and let him go… Then the lion caught a fox and
asked the same question (he said - of course, you) – the lion's ego was all bloated, he went further, there was a
huge tusker / elephant standing in front. The lion tried the same stunt with the elephant - roared at him and
asked – who is the king of this jungle - the elephant didn't even bother – lion's ego seemed hurt – he again
raised his voice and asked – the elephant took his trunk, rolled him up and threw him – lion's back was broken
– lion softly said - you could have just told that you are the king…!!

Lot of people are like this lion, thinking that managing and handling people is all about throwing their
weight around. We need to command respect in a relationship, and not demand respect – when we demand
respect, it's no more different from begging..!

Individual Activity

Try giving a one liner description to the following:

 Who according to you is a father, mother, brother, sister, grandparent?

Remember – they would also have their own description / definition to who a son / daughter / sister /
brother / grandchild is…! If the descriptions you both hold are complementary, the relationship is stronger, for
the quality of belief defines the quality of relationship.
 Group Activity

Day order: Date:

Indulge in a role play/puppet show of being in a family, enacting the role of the members of the
family.
(OR)

Try writing a gratitude journal – thanking each of your family members for what they are. Make sure
to have a meal together - have each person at home say one nice thing about the other - write a note
telling a family member you appreciate them.

Each group will present the individual journal and observe the other member, thereby finally
discussing each other's work and observation

Observations on the anecdote:

Names of members of group: Signature of student

 Part - II PSGCAS
VE HE 2023
Chapter - 3
Social Values

Social values are a set of moral principles defined by society dynamics, institutions, traditions and
cultural beliefs. These values are implicit guidelines that provide orientation to individuals and corporations
to conduct themselves properly within a social system. Society or human society is the set of relations among
people, including their social status and roles. By extension, society denotes the people of a region or country,
sometime even the world, taken as a whole.

Used in the sense of an association, a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of
functional interdependence, possibly comprising of characteristics such as national or cultural identity,
social solidarity, language or hierarchical organization. Human societies are characterized by patterns of
relationships between individuals sharing a distinctive culture and institutions. Like other communities or
groups, a society allows its members to achieve needs or wishes they could not fulfill alone.

The world society may also refer to an organized voluntary association of people for religious,
benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purpose. Today the term society is currently used
to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations.

Right Understanding

Right understanding is necessary for human beings, for all human beings. When one does not have
the right understanding one remains disturbed and also acts in a manner so as to create disharmony with other
human being as well as with rest of nature.

Right understanding is the foundation for developing a proper sense of values, so sorely lacking in our
age. Without right understanding our vision is dimmed and the way is lost; all our efforts will be misguided
and misdirected, all our plans for individual and social development must flounder and fail.

Empathy

Empathy is the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another being. One may
need to have a certain amount of empathy before being able to experience accurate sympathy or compassion
for others.

The English word "empathy" is derived from the Ancient Greek word (empatheia), "physical
affection, passion, partiality". It was later translated into the German language as "Empathie", and is still in
use there. Empathy has many different definitions that encompass a broad range of emotional states, such as:

- caring for other people and having a desire to help them;

- experiencing emotions that match another person's emotions;
- discerning what another person is thinking or feeling;
- and making less distinct the differences between the self and the other.

The ability to imagine oneself as another person is a sophisticated imaginative process. However, the
basic capacity to recognize emotions is probably innate and may be achieved unconsciously. Yet it can be
trained and achieved with various degrees of intensity or accuracy.

Empathy necessarily has a "more or less" quality. The paradigm case of an empathic interaction,
however, involves a person communicating an accurate recognition of the significance of another person's
ongoing intentional actions, associated emotional states, and personal characteristics in a manner that the
recognized person can tolerate. Recognitions that are both accurate and tolerable are central features of
empathy.

Empathy is distinct from sympathy, pity, and emotional contagion. Sympathy or empathic concern is
the feeling of or or concern for another, the wish to see them better off or happier. Pity is feeling that another is
in trouble and in need of help as they cannot fix their problems themselves, often described as "feeling sorry"
for someone.
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Empathy can be divided into two major components:

1. Affective empathy: the capacity to respond with an appropriate emotion to another's mental state.
Our ability to empathize emotionally is supposed to be based on emotional contagion: being affected by
another's emotional or arousal state.

2. Cognitive empathy: the capacity to understand another's perspective or mental state. The terms
cognitive empathy and theory of mind are often used synonymously, but due to a lack of studies, comparing
theory of mind with types of empathy, is unclear. Whether these are equivalent.

Commitment & Service

Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical principles during the activities. First
of all, one must believe in one's action performed and the expected end results (confidence). It means one
should have the conviction without an iota of doubt that one will succeed. Holding sustained interest and
firmness, in whatever ethical means one follows, with the fervent attitude and hope that one will achieve the
goals, is commitment. It is the driving force to realize success.
This is a basic requirement for any profession. For example, a design engineer shall exhibit a sense of
commitment, to make his product or project designed as a beneficial contribution to the society. Only when
the teacher (Guru) is committed to his job, the students will succeed in life and contribute 'good' to the society.
The commitment of top management will naturally lead to committed employees, whatever may be their
position or emoluments. This is bound to add wealth to oneself, one's employer, society, and the nation at
large.
True social service never anticipates any profit or returns. The seven great philanthropists of the
Sangam age have never said no to those who asked for their patronage. In the Tamil epic 'Manimekalai', the
protagonist Manimekalai attempted to eradicate hunger and starvation with the help of 'Amuthasurabi', a
bowl that never went empty of food. She delighted in the hearty laughter of the people saved from hunger.
Fortunately, the present society abounds with charitable values like donation of eyes, blood etc. Mahakavi
dreamt of helping the society to transcend through great learning. The Government also desires to allocate the
wealth of education through Sarva Siksha Abhyan, Abolition of child labor and distribution of Educational
Scholarships to the socially downtrodden.

Harmony
Social harmony is what a society or a country aspires for. Social relations among different groups are
really an important aspect for any society to develop as a whole. As an Indian, it's our responsibility to
develop such harmony in our society.
Harmony in the family is the building block for harmony in the society. Harmony in society leads to
an undivided society when we feel related with each and every human being. Our natural acceptance,
however, is for relatedness with all and we can very naturally expand into the world Family. This is the basis
of an undivided society, a feeling of relatedness with all. As we begin to understand and become aware of the
harmony at this level in our living, identification of the comprehensive human goal in order to facilitate the
fulfillment of the basic aspirations of all human beings in the society is understood.
1. Right understanding is necessary for the human beings, for all human beings. When one does not have the
right understanding one remains disturbed and also acts in a manner so as to create disharmony with other
human being as well as with rest of nature.
2. Prosperity is needed in every family. Prosperity in the family means that the family is able to identify its
needs and is able to produce/ achieve more than its requirements.
3. Fearlessness/Trust in society means every member of society feels related to everyone else and therefore
there is trust and fearlessness.
4. Co-existence in nature means there is a relationship and complementarity among all the entities in nature
including human beings. This is the comprehensive human goal. With little exploration, we find that all
four are required for human society. We are not satisfied with anything less than this.
This is the basic minimum requirement to ensure sustainable happiness and prosperity. We can't cut
down any of them. This is the minimum level that each one of us wants, and also the maximum we can think
 PSGCAS
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of. We can't think of anything more than this. This is the target for each one of us, the whole human race and
the human tradition. The moment we leave anyone of them out, there will be loss of continuity, and the goal
cannot be achieved.
Tolerance & Sacrifice
Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree or
approve of it. Tolerant people show strength that they can deal with different opinions and perspectives.
Tolerance doesn't just make peaceful coexistence possible. Another advantage is that being open to other
ways of thinking can help with personal development.
Being able to accept one another's differences can have positive effect on one's well being. Being
tolerant removes one's self-imposed barriers and allows one to think more broadly and enjoy greater inner
peace. Tolerance leads to less stress and greater happiness in the overall community. Intolerance should be
discouraged and tolerance should be encouraged among people. Tolerance can be promoted by using various
methods. Intimate inter-group contact enhances personal experiences to each other and reduces intolerance.
Intimate inter-group contact should be continued to make it effective and useful.
Ours is a culturally diverse society. We should tolerate and respect people of all religions, castes, and
gender wholeheartedly. Even if we have different living habits, cultures, and environments, we should love,
understand, and respect everyone. This will result in a peaceful and tolerant society. If you look around, India,
in essence, is a tolerant nation. People have been living peacefully in this country for centuries because of
tolerance. We thus have to maintain this tolerance in society.
A ritual of religious rites, a bundle of acts and practices that have a symbolic significance, carried out
by man in a particular time and place, entails adherence to religious rules defined by jurisprudence. Sacrifices
and the like exist in all different cultures and civilizations, and spin in one circle, starting with, the cause of
sacrifice, the material of the sacrifice time and place of sacrifice, and the fate of sacrifice. Does the
community benefit in any form (food, clothing, drink) or is this sacrificed material not beneficial to man,
because it is given to God - or gods - or super powers?
Anecdote 1: The Tolerance of Chhatrapati Shivaji
Once Chhatrapati Shivaji (who was a famous King in India during the reign of Aurangzeb), was
riding in his horse in the forest for hunting. While he was going, suddenly a big stone hit his head. Being a
king, he became extremely angry, thinking who had the audacity to throw a stone at him. He was looking
around to see who did this, but he could not see anybody.
Slowly, an old woman came in front of him and told that it was she who threw the stone. When he
asked her the reason, she said, "I am sorry my Lord. I wanted to pluck those mangoes from this tree, but I
could not reach them. Hence, I threw a stone to hit them. But unfortunately, it hit your head. Please forgive
me."
Normally Shivaji himself or any other person would have become angry and punished the offender.
But by Lord's mercy, Shivaji got a nice realization.
He thought, "If a tree, which is not a highly elevated living entity, can be so tolerant and merciful to
give sweet mangoes even when hit by anyone; being a King, should I not be more merciful and tolerant than
the tree?"
Thinking this way, he donated a handful of gold to the old woman.
Review questions
1. What is the moral of the tolerance story?
2. What is your understanding of tolerance?
Anecdote 2: The Pursuit of Happiness
There was once a group of 100 people attending a seminar on personal development. In the middle of
their talk, the speaker stops and decides to run an impromptu group activity. He hands out a balloon to each
attendee and tells them to write their name on it. The balloons are then collected and placed in an adjacent
room. The speaker then instructs the 100 attendees to enter that room and, within 5 short minutes, find the
balloon with their name on it. Pandemonium breaks loose as they charge in, pushing and colliding with each
other as they desperately search for their name. The 5 minutes pass and nobody succeeds. The speaker then
tells each person to pick up any random balloon and give it to the person whose name is written on it. Within a
few minutes everyone has their balloon back. He then said, “What just happened with those balloons is
exactly what happens in our search for happiness. We frantically look for it all around us, not knowing where
it is.” “Yet our happiness lies in the happiness of others. By giving them their happiness, you get yours.”
Moral of the story: Happiness and fulfilment rarely come from selfish pursuits, but almost always comes
from doing good deeds for others. By helping others, we help ourselves.

Individual Activity

The activities may be simple gestures of responsibility & care

1. Helping an old / infirm person.
2. Operation plastic - free zone.
3. Rainwater Harvesting.
4. Visiting the municipal Corporation School to help the children learn better.
5. Planting / rearing tress in your neighbourhood.
6. Arranging for a thanks giving day for the everyday service rendered by people like the postman etc.
7. Visiting the neighbourhood elders (to offer them emotional anchorage) whose children are away.
8. Behaving in a becoming way in public transportation / market place / cinema halls / departmental stores.
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Group activity
Day Order: Date:

(Each group will present an anecdote through narration or role play or documentary or puppet show or any
other creative medium for the activity suggested and each member is expected to give a brief note of the other
group's activity and also the observations made thereof for the activity).

Group : Activity :

Brief note on the anecdote:

Observations on the anecdote:

Names of members of group: Signature of student

 Chapter 4 PSGCAS
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Constitutional Values
(

The constitution of a country may be regarded as the fundamental law of the land, pertaining to the
institution of the state and government of the country. It not only states various human rights as fundamental,
but thereby upholds human values. Our population is not homogeneous. But our constitution is framed in a
successful manner providing equality to all its people including minorities, Dalits, backward classes,
indigenous people, irrespective of diverse languages, cultures religions, customs, habits, and way of living.
The main objective of the Indian constitution is to promote harmony to maintain the integrity of the nation.
Justice and Liberty
The preamble of our constitution is the goal setter of it. It reads as:
“We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist,
secular, democratic, republic and to secure all its citizens: Justice-social, economic, political; Liberty of
thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among
them all; Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual.”
Part III of our constitution speaks about Fundamental Rights from Articles 12 to 35 and also in part IV.
All are equal before law irrespective of caste, religion, sex, and colour. Like that, equal justice to all is also the
aim. Hence, Article 21 provides Right to Free Legal Aid and Right to Speedy Trial also. Right to Free Legal
Aid at the cost of the state to an accused who cannot afford legal services for reasons of poverty, indigence or
incommunicado situation; is part of fair, just and reasonable procedure.
Even though right for a speedy trial is not a fundamental right, it is implicit in the board sweep and
content of Article 21. As far as liberty is concerned, no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty.
This liberty is available to non-citizens and transgenders also.
Liberty to:
Freedom of speech Freedom to assemble peaceably without arms;
To form associations or unions; To move freely throughout the territory of India;
To reside and settle in any part of India; To practice any profession;
To carry on any business, trade or occupation.
Equality
Article 14 states that the state shall not deny to any person equality before law or the equal
protection of laws to the citizens. Equality when enforced, conditionally says that, “No citizen shall be
discriminated based on his religion, race, sex, caste, and place of birth.
The right to equality provides for the equal treatment of everyone before the law, prevents
discrimination on various grounds, treats everybody as equals in matters of public employment, and
abolishes untouchability, and titles (such as Sir, Rai Bahadur, etc.).
Righteousness
It refers to the power which upholds the universe and society. Although there is no direct single-word
translation for dharma in European languages, it is commonly translated as "righteousness", "merit" or
"religious and moral duties" governing individual conduct. The benefits of righteousness are inestimable.
Righteousness brings a man closer to God, as it enhances fellowship with the Almighty God. Adam enjoyed
divine fellowship with God before he fell, because of unrighteousness. There is also power and authority in
righteousness, as it gives victory in battles. Human values would survive by righteousness only. Living with
integrity and dignity leads to righteousness.
Non-violence
Our country as a whole need to deal with law and order in a non-violent positive way and convince
others that it is the right thing to do. In a democratic republic country, if violence and any violation of human
rights are opened, the entire society will be put to risk.
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Even though, non-violence is not added in the preamble, the time has come now, to do it considering the
changing trends. Half of Indian population are women. Even now, they are suffering in silence. Gender
equality, as an ideal, has always eluded the constitutional provisions of equality before law or equal
protection of law.
In the case of Neera Mathur vs LIC, the supreme court was shocked to learn that LIC questionnaire
sought information about the dates of menstrual cycle and past pregnancies. And the petitioner was
terminated for not providing correct information to the LIC. The supreme court held that, the questionnaire
amounted to invasion of privacy.
The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides for the payment of equal remuneration to men and
women workers. Our constitution knows that its vision would not be a reality if the children of the country are
not nurtured and educated. The following national policies help the children to lead an upgraded life: National
Children Policy, National Child Labour Policy; National Education Policy and National Policy of
Handicapped.
Article 24 of the constitution restricts that no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to
work in any factory, or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. To strengthen the above said
th
restriction through its 86 amendment, our constitution introduces Article 21-A providing 'Right to
Education'. The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all the children between the age of six
and fourteen years. So, by compulsory education to the children, prevention of child labour and equal
opportunities to women in all walks of life, the purpose of preamble is able to secure and protect the human
values.
Citizenship values
Citizenship is important for developing a strong moral code in individuals, but it's also important for
creating a safe, supportive society while protecting democracy. Being a recognised citizen of a country has
many legal benefits, which may include – depending on the country – the rights to vote, to hold public office,
to social security, to health services, to public education, to permanent residency, to own land, or to engage in
employment, amongst others. Part of being a good citizen means abiding by the community code and learning
how to engage in debate respectfully so we can all be safe and enjoy being together in the community. Having
respect means to listen, cooperate, and choose your actions, attitudes and behaviours appropriately.
A good citizen must:
1) Be an active volunteer in the community. 2) Be honest and trustworthy to everyone.
3) Be a leader by following rules and laws. 4) Be respectful of other's rights.
5) Be compassionate. 6) Be accountable and take responsibility for his actions.
Anecdote 1
The Supreme Court judgment in 2014 recognising transgenders as the third gender marked a major
victory for the community that was facing social stigma and negligence in society. However, seven years on,
the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) judgment is yet to bring about the change in society that the
transgender community hoped for, particularly with regards to education and employment opportunities.
2014 recognising transgenders as the third gender marked a major victory for the community that was facing
social stigma and negligence in society. However, seven years on, the National Legal Services Authority
(NALSA) judgment is yet to bring about the change in society that the transgender community hoped for,
particularly with regards to education and employment opportunities.
Remember Gauri Sawant who was seen in an advertisement for Vicks India? She was the first
transgender to become a petitioner in the NALSA case, in which the Supreme Court had directed state and
central governments to take steps to include them in the mainstream by ensuring access to welfare schemes,
creating separate public toilets and extending reservations.
Sawant, who was born in Pune as Ganesh, is a transgender activist and runs Sakhi Char Chowghi
Trust, which she founded in 2000. Not only did she become the first transgender to file a petition in the
Supreme Court for adoption rights of her community, but also the first to have made her way into motherhood.
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In 2001, Gauri Sawant adopted a daughter of a sex worker who succumbed to AIDS (acquired
immuno-deficiency syndrome). Gauri Sawant said acceptance within the family was the foremost thing that
would bring a change in society. “The community is still fighting for having identity cards even after the court
recognised our gender,” she said. “Even before Covid-19, there was hardly anything being done on the
ground by the government in terms of schemes for us. A human resource policy should be there for us. For
transgender persons, partner diversity should be accepted,” Gauri Sawant said.
But Gauri Sawant is not the only one who has been relentless in ensuring that the community gets its
rights. There are other activists, including but not limited to transgender persons and their families, who are
fighting the battle on behalf of, and for, the entire community.
Review questions
1. What are the acts meant for LGBTQ?
2. Identify the renowned third genders who represent the whole community and stand for their cause and
identity?
3. What change does the transgender community hope for? As individuals, how far can you help them?
Anecdote 2
Pushpa's story is an extraordinary one. This 40-year-old woman from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, has led a
life of transformation. She was a child labourer; she became an empowered domestic worker and is now a
leader. Her life is a testimony to the powerful role of social movements and the impact that women's
leadership can produce! The youngest of the five siblings, Pushpa was the only daughter to her parents.
Having lost her father at a young age, as a young girl Pushpa not only supported her mom in the household
chores but also assisted her at her workplace. A typical day for Pushpa started with accompanying her mother
every morning to distribute milk packets to individual households, followed by proceeding to work as a
domestic worker in a four-member household.
During the one and a half hours she spent there, the young Pushpa had to wash clothes, clean the house
and the courtyard, and support in the kitchen. Then she would rush back home to attend to the needs of her
brothers at home and later prepare for school. Often reaching school late, Pushpa would regularly be punished
by the teachers! When the school day ended at school would go to work again in the evening shift. The
demands on her time impacted her school work, and she couldn't clear her Board exams!
Marriage didn't bring much cheer to Pushpa's life. Her husband was physically abusive and dependent
on alcohol. Balancing her work and personal life was very difficult for her. In 2007, Pushpa came in contact
with a community activist from the National Domestic Workers' Movement (NDWM), Action Aid India's
ally, who was mobilizing domestic workers to join the Tamil Nadu Domestic Workers' Union. Pushpa
immediately joined the union.
“The fact that domestic workers are discriminated against, and excluded from legal protection and
recognition used to disturb me hugely. It is during the first union meeting I attended that I realized that our
work too merits dignity and respect. And that is when I felt it was justified on my part to be seeking a pay hike;
I thereafter made a request to my employer for the same. However, what it led to was the termination of my
services. But I chose not to lose courage and further resolved to assert my rights,” recollects Pushpa.
Through regular participation in leadership development and legal awareness programmes organized
by NDWM, Pushpa gained rich perspectives on women's rights, labour rights, and the causes of exclusion
and poverty. Today, Pushpa is a part-time field mobilizer at NDWM. She is also actively facilitating the union
members to access social benefits under the various State schemes.
Review Questions
1. How will you define justice? Mention the factors that determine justice for the underprivileged?
2. Discuss the impact of social media on the present-day teenagers.
3. What are the laws enforced for the protection of women and child and how do you think that it has made a
change in the society?
Individual Activity
As a responsible citizen of India, what can you change and how ?
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Group activity
Day Order: Date:
(Each group will present an anecdote through narration or role play or documentary or puppet show or any
other creative medium for the activity suggested and each member is expected to give a brief note of the other
group's activity and also the observations made thereof for the activity).
Group: Activity:
Brief note on the anecdote:

Observations on the anecdote:

1.

2.

Names of members of group: Signature of student:

 PSGCAS
Part - II VE HE 2023
Chapter - 5
Adolescent and young Adult Challenges

Adolescence

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of transition when the individual changes - physically, emotionally,
psychologically, and socially - also from a child to an adult, and various other transitions involving education, training,
employment and unemployment, as well as transition from one living circumstance to another. It also plays a decisive
role in the formation of prosocial / antisocial adults. It is a phase when the rapid physiological and psychological
changes demand for new social roles to take place. The adolescents, due to these changes often face a number of crises
and dilemmas - move from dependency to autonomy. The view that adolescence represents a critical period of
development where interventions might be especially beneficial has received growing attention and support in recent
years.

Theories on Adolescence: Erik Erikson believed that each stage of life is marked by a specific crisis or conflict
between competing tendencies. Only if individuals negotiate each of these hurdles successfully can they develop in a
normal and healthy manner. During this phase adolescents must integrate various roles into a consistent self-identity. If
they fail to do so, they may experience confusion over who they are. To understand adolescence we have to consider the
psychological change that they undergo.
Three distinct changes can be identified in the psychological development of adolescents. First, during early
adolescence (ages 11 - 13) developments usually centers on their new 'self-image'. They make use of their newly
acquired skills of logical thinking. The mid-adolescent period (ages 14 - 15) is marked by loosening ties with their
parents, they become adventuresome, and experiment with different ideas. In India, although adolescents do most of
the work themselves, the final decision regarding various domains of life is taken by their parents. Hence, adolescents
battle over their own set of values versus the set established by their parents and other adults. During the late
adolescence (ages 16 and above) they have a newer, stable sense of their identity and their place in the society.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, adolescents go through the stage of 'conventional
morality' where they internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models and become aware of their power to
make choices and decisions about their lives only through their discussions. They become aware of the wider rules of
the society, so judgments concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, children's early experiences with parents influence later
interpersonal adjustment. Children develop a sense of security and autonomy when parents are affectionate, sensitive,
and supportive. In the context of this type of relationship, children develop expectations for the availability of
significant others and a sense of personal value. Early experiences with parents also influence a youth's ability to
develop close relationships with other individuals. Parental support is linked with a number of important outcomes in
childhood and adolescence.

Adolescence and Mental Health: The mental health of adolescents is of considerable importance since it greatly
influences behavior patterns in adulthood. Some symptoms common among adolescents are: attention deficit disorder;
personality disorder; oppositional disorder; conduct disorder; disorders of affect: moodiness, anxiety, depression;
cognitive disorders: confusion; somatic disorder (tics); hypochondria; epilepsy; sleep disorder; anorexia nervosa;
bulimia; schizophrenia and suicide ideation, in addition to drug addiction. The term “depression” is often used in daily
conversation to refer to bouts of sadness, moodiness or disappointment that last for a few days. However, this is not
depression, which is a specific, clinically recognized condition diagnosed by psychologists or psychiatrists. It is logical
to expect mental health problems that accompany the drastic and rapid physical, biological, sexual, mental and social
changes that occur in adolescence.

Adolescence and Diseases: During adolescence and youth, boys and girls are receptive to different trends depending
on the influence exercised by various factors, whether social, economic, cultural, technological, religious, even
fundamentalist or extremist. This transitional phase in human life makes youth and adolescents more adventurous and
risk-taking so they are more susceptible to risky and unsafe behaviors such as sexual practices, substance intake
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(smoking, alcohol consumption, marijuana or weed, cocaine) which leads to behavioral diseases such as AIDS and
other STDs, fatty liver, heart diseases, cancer, etc. The problem is that the young are the pillars supporting the future of
their countries, and when they contract such deadly diseases as AIDS or cancer, the loss is not only personal but also
national and societal. Although it is known that AIDS affects all age groups, it specifically targets the young. Two-thirds
of all AIDS cases occur before the age of 25 (i.e. between 15 and 25) and this is a particularly productive age group in
society.

Adolescence and Interpersonal Relationships: Interpersonal relationships are the strong bonds individuals develop
with mothers, fathers, siblings, peers, and other non-parental adults. The quality of these relationships can have
implications on children's well being. Youth who do not have supportive interpersonal relationships or struggle to
develop these relationships and are at risk for poor academic, social, behavioral, mental, and physical health outcomes.
(i) Mentors: A well-established mentoring relationship may enhance the capacity for youth to develop more effective
interpersonal relationships. Mentors who model effective adult communication create a context that promotes socio-
emotional skill development. Over time, these skills may generalize to other relationships within the youth's social
network.
(ii) Significant non-parental adult: A significant non-parental adult is any adult in the youth's life with whom they feel
they have a meaningful positive connection. Over the course of development, youth may seek out non-parental adults
as a source of support and guidance. Non-parental adults may serve as a resource for youth in ways that are both similar
and distinct from parents.
(iii) Peers: Peer connectedness refers to the degree of positive feelings toward peers, positive engagement with peers,
and a sense of social acceptance. It is clear that peers play a significant role in youth development. Positive experiences
with peers are associated with health, wellbeing, and academic success while negative experiences are associated with
poor psychosocial and academic adjustment

Adolescence and Stress: Stress is the body's reaction to a challenge, which could be anything from outright physical
danger to academic pressure or trying out for a sports team, etc. The situations and pressures that cause stress are known
as stressors. Many adolescents today experience numerous potential stressors throughout the process of growth and
development. The types of stressors experienced in adolescence can broadly be divided into three categories. These
categories are normative events such as internal and external changes related to pubertal development, psycho-social
changes related to school, family, peers and academical demands. Non-normative events such as divorce / parental
separation, illness, injury or natural disasters. and daily hassles like minor, irritating, and frustrating events are typical
of daily interactions between individuals and their environments.

Stress Management:
 Daily physical activity, regular exercise and a sufficient level of physical fitness protect against a variety of
negative physical and psychological conditions, and promote positive health, and well-being during
adolescence.
 Learn relaxation exercises (abdominal breathing and muscle relaxation techniques).
 Develop assertiveness training skills. For example, state feelings in polite, firm, and not overly aggressive or
passive ways: ("I feel angry when you yell at me.” "Please stop yelling.”)
 Learn practical coping skills. For example, break a large task into smaller, more attainable tasks.
 Decrease negative self-talk: challenge negative thoughts - with alternative, neutral, or positive thoughts. "My
life will never get better” can be transformed into "I may feel hopeless now, but my life will probably get better
if I work at it and get some help.”
 Take a break from stressful situations. Activities like listening to music, talking to a friend, drawing, writing, or
spending time with a pet can reduce stress.

Anecdote
Sandhya was the only child to her parents. She was brought up in a wealthy manner. Both her parents were
employed. Though they loved their daughter, they could not take care of her properly. They could not find time to share
things with their daughter. They offered all materialistic things to her but could not shower love on her. Naturally she
longed for someone who really cared and loved her. This troubled her particularly during her adolescence. She longed
to tell her mother about the changes that she underwent in her body and mind. But her mother did not find time to listen
to her daughter’ s words. She was studious earlier, but the psychological changes and fluctuations confused her which
made her loose concentration in her studieds. She started browsing and spending most of her time, chatting with her
friends on Facebook.
 PSGCAS
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Some of her friends suggested a drug named heroine which would relieve her of loneliness. Slowly she was addicted to
it and started spending lavishly. When her parents questioned about it, she became rebellious. They were shocked to
notice the sudden change in their daughter’s behaviour. So they monitored their daughter without her knowledge. They
very soon came to know of their daughter’s habit which made them regret it.

They decided to give their daughter proper counselling to get rid of her habit. Gradually Sandhya became normal and
started concentrating on her studies. Her parents also decided to spend more time with their daughter.

Moral : This story enables us to understand that love and affection is needed to mould an individual in his/her
adolescence.

Review questions
1. Should the childeren be taught the importance of hard earned money.
2. What was the reason behind Sandhya’s change?
3. Is counselling enought to make Sandhya come out of her addiction?

Individual activity

1. What do you expect from your parents?

2. Do you accept that peer pressure is to be overcome? If yes, how?
3. As an adolescent, what disciplines do you follow?
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Group activity

Day Order: Date:

(Each group will present an anecdote through narration or role play or documentary or
puppet show or any other creative medium for the activity suggested and each member is expected
to give a brief note of the other group’s activity and also the observations made thereof for the
activity).

Group : Activity :

Brief note on the anecdote:

Observations on the anecdote:

1

Names of members of group: Signature of student

 PSGCAS
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Part II
Chapter 6
Professional Ethics

The personal and organizational norms of conduct anticipated by professionals are included in
professional ethics. Being professional is defined as working and acting in a way that makes other people
perceive you as knowledgeable, dependable, and respectful. Professionals not only reflect well on
themselves but also on other people.
The word ethics is derived from the ancient Greek word ēthikós (ἠθικός), meaning "relating to one's
character", which itself comes from the root word êthos (ἦθος) meaning "character, moral nature" Ethics or
moral philosophy is a division of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending
concepts of right and wrong behaviour". Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining
concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, and justice and crime.

Professional ethics are values that guide how an individual or group behaves in a professional setting.
Professional ethics offer guidelines for how one should behave toward other individuals and institutions in
such a setting, similar to values. Professional ethics are the guiding principles that assist a person in carrying
out their duties at work.
Professional Ethics is based on:
 Self-awareness
 Consciousness
 Honesty
 Trustworthiness
 Loyalty
 Mercy
 kindness
 Volunteering
 Unity
 Oneness
 Respect for others
 Obedience to the law

1. Leadership:
Leaders inspire and enable followers to improve their own lives and advance the greater good. These
ideals strengthen the abilities of the leader to uphold the fundamental principles. Your employability will
go up and you'll be in a better position to take advantage of improved job prospects, if you demonstrate the
virtues of solid work ethics.

2. Team Spirit:
Team Spirit is defined as the co-operative effort taken by the members of a group or a team to achieve a
common goal in the organization. The word TEAM is an acronym, which means 'Together Each
Achieves More'.
Teamwork is a key organisational value that increases productivity and encourages employees to share
responsibility. It enhances workplace connections and gives employees fantastic learning chances. The
personnel can concentrate on a single goal because of the synergy it creates. As a result, teamwork unites all
employees and promotes networking and open communication, all of which are crucial for the organization's
success.
Accountability, diligence, discipline, flexibility, a positive outlook, and teamwork are evidently the key
fundamental characteristics that are necessary for the workplace to excite the workforce and serve as
nutrients to improve the organization's health.
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3. Temperance:
Temperance in its modern use is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint. It is typically
described in terms of what an individual voluntarily refrains from doing. This includes restraint from revenge
by practising non-violence and forgiveness, restraint from arrogance by practising humility and modesty,
restraint from excesses such as extravagant luxury or splurging, and restraint from rage or craving by
practising calmness and self-control.
Temperance has been described as a virtue by religious thinkers, philosophers, and more recently,
psychologists, particularly in the positive psychology movement. It has a long history in philosophical
and religious thought. It is generally characterized as the control over excess and expressed through
characteristics such as chastity, modesty, humility, self-regulation, hospitality, decorum, abstinence, and
forgiveness.
4. Time Management:
Time management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific
activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity. It involves various demands
upon a person relating to work, social life, family, hobbies, personal interests, and commitments with the
finite nature of time. Using time effectively gives the person choice on spending or managing activities at
their own time and expediency.
Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when
accomplishing specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time management
referred to, just business or work activities, but eventually, the term broadened to include personal activities
as well. A time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods.
Time management is usually a necessity in any project management, as it determines the project completion
time and scope.
The major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following:
 Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness (in terms of cost-benefit, quality of results, and
time to complete tasks or projects)
 Setting of priorities
 The related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities
 Implementation of goals
5 essential time management techniques are:
1. Be intentional: Keep a to-do list.
2. Be prioritized: Rank your tasks.
3. Be focused: Manage distractions.
4. Be structured: Time block your work.
5. Be self-aware: Track your time.

5. Morality:
Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular
philosophy, religion, or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal.
Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness".

Anecdote -1
The Story of an Elderly Carpenter
An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer-contractor of his plans to leave the house-
building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family. He would miss his
pay check, but he needs to retire. The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could
build just one more house as a personal favour before his leave.
The carpenter said “yes”, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He resorted to
shoddy workmanship and used inferior materials. It was an unfortunate way to end his career. When the
carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed over the house
key to the carpenter. "This is your house," he said, "It is my parting gift to you."
What a shock! What a shame! If only he had known he was building his own house, he would have done it all
so differently. Now he had to live in the home he built none too well.
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Review Questions:
1. Have you found yourself in a similar situation as the carpenter?
2. How can we as individuals and organizations regain our focus?

Anecdote 2

“Values in Action” Stories.

(Park Howell - The Business of Story)

When teaching about values, it is all about the “walk” and never about the “talk.” Values are best taught
by example. One of our EMSL students called me about a job he was interviewing for and asked if he could
share his presentation with me. As his business was storytelling and coaching, I was honoured. In his
interview, he actually used a power point, and to great effect, with just the right story about himself as the
mentor who could help this agency (the hero) in his new role.

He began with a photo of a painting by a Navajo artist Landis Bahe called ‘The Gift’ which expresses the
value of sharing one's talents with their community. This was the moral of his story: a value he expressed
through the work he had done sharing his talents with his community in the Four Corners region of America.

He felt the interview went well, but as often happens, it took a few weeks for the people to respond. He got
anxious. Finally, he received the call.The man on the phone said, “I have some bad news and I have some
good news. The bad news is you didn't get the job. We promoted from within. The good news is that we were
so taken by your presentation, that we have created a position just for you.”

The caller went so far as to mention the painting and his point about sharing his talents with his people.

Review Question:
What is your understanding of the value of this story?

Anecdote 3

"Whatever You Need"

(Martin Rutte - Chicken soup for the soul at work: 101 stories of courage, compassion, and creativity Book).

That which cometh from the heart goes to the heart. I, Jeremiah Burroughs was working as a consultant in
a beer company, helping the president and senior vice presidents formulate and implement their new strategic
vision. It was an enormous challenge. At the same time, my mother was in the final stages of cancer. I worked
during the day and drove 40 miles home to be with her every night. It was tiring and stressful, but it was what I
wanted to do. My commitment was to continue to do excellent consulting during the day, even though my
evenings were very hard. I didn't want to bother the president with my situation, yet I felt someone at the
company needed to know what was going on. So I told the vice president of Human Resources, asking him
not to share the information with anyone. A few days later, the president called me into his office.

I figured he wanted to talk to me about one of the many issues we were working on. When I entered, he
asked me to sit down. He faced me from across his large desk, looked me in the eye, and said, "I hear your
mother is very ill." I was totally caught by surprise and burst into tears. He just looked at me, let my crying
subside, and then gently said a sentence I will never forget: "Whatever you need." That was it. His
understanding and his willingness to both let me be in my pain and to offer me everything were qualities of
compassion that I carry with me to this day.
Review Question:
Distinguish the value and kindness of a team member.
Individual Activities required for a better understanding: Read
1. Thirukkural – Thiruvalluvar - Adikaram -
2. Chicken Soup for the Soul at Work: 101Stories of Courage, Compassion, and Creativity in the Workplace -
Author : Canfield, Jack
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Group Activity

Day Order : Date:

1. Each group will deliver a teamwork-based exercise (oral, written, or brief video) that involves the
team's connection, its association, its structures, the people's ideals, and how they relate to one
another, as well as their internal understanding.
OR
2. Speak with a patient who was critically ill when they brought him into the ICU but eventually got his
life back.
OR
3. Find an ambulance driver and ask him about some life-changing events her witnessed during his
career.

Observations :

Name of Members of Group Signature of Student

 Part - II PSGCAS
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Chapter - 7
Future Challenges

“In the agricultural era, schools mirrored a garden. In the industrial era, classes mirrored the factory, with
an assembly line of learners. In the digital-information era, how will learning look?”
Introduction:
We are facing unprecedented challenges – social, economic, spiritual, cultural and environmental
driven by accelerating globalization and a faster rate of technological developments. The future is uncertain,
and we cannot predict it; but we need to be open and ready for it. The children entering education in 2020 will
be young adults in 2030. Schools and colleges can prepare them for jobs that have not yet been created, for
technologies that have not yet been invented, to solve problems that have not yet been anticipated. It will be a
shared responsibility to seize opportunities and find solutions. To navigate through such uncertainty, students
will need to develop curiosity, imagination, resilience and self-regulation; they will need to respect and
appreciate the ideas, perspectives and values of others; and they will need to cope with failure and rejection,
and to move forward in the face of adversity. Their motivation will be more than getting a good job and a high
income; they will also need to care about the well-being of their families and friends, their communities and
the planet. Students must shape themself and contribute to the lives of others through sustainability.
Need for new solutions in a rapidly changing world societies are also changing rapidly and
profoundly. Future challenges can be mainly focused on Personal, Political, Spiritual & Cultural,
Environmental, Economic and Sustainability.
1. Personal - (Law of life):
The Law of Life is that, as we think, we speak, and act towards others, so will others think, and speak,
and act towards us. Personal values are important because they help us to grow and develop. They help us to
create the future we want to experience.
Life skills go hand in hand with development and can assist students to succeed later in life. The
essential life skills play a vitally significant role in a student's success in college and future life, beyond
academics. The procurement of these skills is a much more likely to be the indicator of future success than the
conventional measure like taking a test and assigning homework, which can be developed through
intentional, regular activities.
Decision-Making Skills:
The right decision-making skills is to make simple and wise decisions quickly.
Communication:
Students require to learn how to read social cues and listen carefully and they must consider what they
wish to communicate and the most effective way to share it.
Focus And Self Control:
Students thrive on schedules, habits, and routines, which not only generate a feeling of security,
however, also assist students in learning self-control and concentration. It is vital to talk with students about
what to expect each day.
Resilience and Positive Thinking:
The students should be able to learn enough on how to bounce back from failures and not take them to
the heart or let it define them for life. Developing these vital life skills assists them to keep going, set goals,
encourage themselves, and look for the silver lining even when they face challenges.
Problem Solving:
Solving real-world problems with a method such as Solution Fluency is vital to surviving and
thriving in the present and future.
Critical Thinking:
It is about thinking responsibly, independently, and productively. One of the perfect ways to build
critical thinking skills is through rich, open-ended play. With the help of play, students formulate, take risks,
make mistakes, try out their ideas, all vital elements in building critical thinking.
Self-defense:
Safety is security and it is the most vital and foremost priority in everyone's life. Teaching the students
this vital life skill of self-defense will not only make them independent but also safe and to protect
themselves, this life skill must be included in their curriculum.
2. Political – (Law abiding):
Laws protect our general safety and ensure our rights as citizens against abuses by other people, by
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organizations, and by the government itself. The future generation may be more engaged, thoughtful,
respectful, and compassionate as citizens.
The educational system as a whole should implement initiatives to encourage law-abiding behaviour
among students. To achieve this objective, it is vital to establish a climate of respect in the institutions that
precludes any disorganization or deviant behaviour on the part of students, such as violence, drug use, and
addictive behaviour Moreover, for a country to prosper economically and socially, it must have trustworthy
and law-abiding individuals. For this, every student needs to adopt the mindset that discipline is valuable in
order to encourage compliance, maturity, and responsibility in the context of academic norms.
One of the important aspects of complete education is that it must include the knowledge of all the
laws or the rules and regulations that are in function for the smooth functioning of the society, and it must also
include the knowledge as to why following and respecting these laws is very crucial for development of the
society, we must know the adverse effects if we don't comply to the set rules. These rules are in place so as to
ensure harmony for all of us together, and if we don't comply then it results in negative aspect.
Take for example, traffic rules, we can see for a fact that places where traffic rules are respected and
observed properly translates into smoother traffic, less accidents and on the other hand where individuals
break even smaller traffic rules, it results into traffic jams and more accidents. This logic applies to any rule
and regulation that are set for citizens to respect and obey.
3. Environmental:
Climate change and the depletion of natural resources require urgent action and adaptation. One of
the biggest threats to our generation (and future generations) is the deterioration of the environment. Since
this issue affects everyone, there must be more urgency in our communities to help the environment. This is an
enormous problem for one person to change, so working in community is essential. We can create online
information sources, put up posters, and host events to promote environmental awareness and action. The
community could start a garden or plant trees for everyone to enjoy. If every household just changed some
little things — for example, car sharing, unplugging devices, and changing to energy efficient lightbulbs — it
would add up to a big difference in our environment.
4. Economic:
Scientific knowledge is creating new opportunities and solutions that can enrich our lives, while at the
same time fueling disruptive waves of change in every sector. Unprecedented innovation in science and
technology, especially in biotechnology and artificial intelligence, is raising fundamental questions about
what it is to be human. It is time to create new economic, social and institutional models that pursue better
sustainable lives for all.
Financial interdependence at local, national, and regional levels has created global value chains and a
shared economy, but also pervasive uncertainty and exposure to economic risk and crises. Data is being
created, used, and shared on a vast scale, holding out the promise of expansion, growth and improved
efficiency while posing new problems of cyber security and privacy protect
Sustainable Development goal 8, contextualizes the call for decent work. For young people, the issues
of unemployment, underemployment and poor job quality have proven to be persistent and daunting. Many
young people are engaged in low-paying, precarious or informal work. The challenges of securing and
retaining decent work are even more serious and complex for vulnerable and marginalized youth, including
young women, those living in humanitarian settings, youth with disabilities, migrant youth, and transgender
youth.
5. Religious/Spiritual:
Religious/spiritual struggles are an important part of the life stories of many people, past and present.
These struggles loom large in the narratives of the world's religious exemplars- the great moral temptations
Siddhartha Gautama faced before he became the Buddha to the Dalai Lama's resistance to the efforts of the
Chinese regime to stifle Buddhist thought and expression in Tibet. Religious/spiritual struggles can also be
found in the biographies of notable scientific and literary figures: Galileo, Leo Tolstoy, Charles Darwin, and
Virginia Woolfe, to name a few. Swami Vivekananda, by the time he passed on at the Belur Mutt, on July 4,
1902, had launched a revolution that still resonates around the world.
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8. Sustainable concrete:
The production of cement alone creates an immense amount of carbon dioxide, accounting for about
8% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Concrete production also requires large amounts of water.
Bamboo, wood, rammed earth etc can be used as alternative sources
9. Efficient Lighting:
Lighting is responsible for about 15% of our home's electricity consumption. Efficient LED lighting
has been gradually replacing traditional systems.
Beyond these major challenges there are many other challenges awaiting for the students to get
themselves prepared,
Lack of Equality:
Lack of equality between races and genders is something that is learned, not natural. Or as Nelson
Mandela once said, “No one is born hating another person.” The lack of equality globally requires real-world
action rather than online thoughts and prayers. Worldwide, women are still fighting for equal representation,
credibility, and even the right to their own bodies. On social media of course, we see so much on Twitter or
Instagram about how people of a colour or a particular community are treated unfairly, and yet we fail to act
outside of our comments and hashtags. But Instagram is neither a credible source nor a useful response. A
repost is not good enough. Real issues like these need real awareness.
Resistance to Change :
Often, people have their own, fixed ways of seeing and doing things. When things have been done in a
certain way for a long time, it becomes the norm. This easily leads to people becoming blind to possible
inefficiencies in their own work and commonly used processes. Innovation involves almost always a certain
amount of risk and uncertainty.
Not communicating the purpose :
Most of our time awake, is spent at work. Without a larger purpose for what we're doing, people can
easily start seeing their job as just another pay check. It can also be difficult to get people give their best at all
times. Without purpose, there's no direction, and without direction, there's really no chance of reaching the
destination.
The workplace is ever-changing :
Employers are demanding increasing flexibility, adaptability, short-term contracts, and project-based
work, while workers are increasingly demanding job security, higher wages, and better work conditions. Both
from the supply and demand side of the work equation, we are experiencing very challenging times ahead for
both employers and workers within the context of increasing business competition, automation, and aging
population. Unfortunately, this gap will only increase over time in the future.
Automation :
Automation will constantly transform or eliminate jobs and careers. Tasks within the jobs and skills
needed to perform jobs will look very different in five years. Without a doubt, there will be more over-
qualified job seekers and graduates going after fewer available job vacancies mainly due to automation and
the aging population.
Competitive Business Environment :
In response to a very competitive business environment, employers are constantly restructuring and
practicing just-in-time hiring and contracting. They are increasing their use of short-term skilled workers or
contractors as and when the need arises without the headaches of fixed overheads and permanent workforces.
This gives employers the business flexibility to pivot and adapt to the ever-changing customer needs and
competitors actions.
Graduates :
For over-qualified graduates, they can remain under-employed for a very long time. Under-
employment of over-qualified graduates will be problematic for many countries especially when job
vacancies are fast diminishing with an increasing number of young people coming into the job market. Job
specialization will be another key for the future of work. Generalist will find it harder to secure a job in the
future.
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Development :
To do this shift and transformation well, students will have to increase their capability and capacity to
perform well even while at school, college or university. They must aspire to gain relevant employable skills
and experience by doing voluntary work, internships, or even taking a gap year straight after school. This
could also apply to existing workers who need to constantly transform themselves with future-ready skills,
experience, and knowledge.
Apart from having work-related and technological skills that could be transferred to other jobs, there
will also be growing emphasis on soft skills (e.g., social and emotional skills), and enterprise or higher
cognitive skills (i.e., problem-solving, communication, teamwork, creativity, etc.) as interaction with
technology and machines become more prevalent.
Humans will have to specialize in areas where robots and machines don't have a competitive edge
over humans. For example, understanding human emotions or creating and sustaining meaningful social and
human interactions.
Anecdote- 1
Swami Vivekananda said, “Give me hundred truly dedicated people and I will change the face of this
country.” At that time it seems there were two hundred and thirty million people in this country, but he could
not find a hundred truly dedicated people. A man like Vivekananda is a phenomenon. He does not happen
every day. When he comes, we could not even give him a hundred people in this vast country. It seemed like a
great tragedy for this culture and this country. One person had tremendous vision and because of one person's
vision, so many things have happened. His religious and cultural belief was blend with patriotism. Even
today, in his name, so much is happening for human well-being. A lot has happened because of his vision. All
the others who lived at that time, where are they? But his vision is still working in some way. Much well-being
has come because of it.
If thousands of people had carried the same vision, much better things would have happened. One
Gautama Buddha or one Vivekananda having vision is not sufficient. Only when a large section of the
population the future has vision, really beautiful things will happen in society, more harmony in nature and
existence.
Anecdote- 2
Indra Nooyi, the former CEO of PepsiCo, may have headed a multi-billion-dollar corporation but
when it came to managing her household, she was told to “leave her crown outside” by her mother. Sharing an
anecdote, Nooyi, in a 2017 LinkedIn post, recalled how she realised the importance of work-life balance
when was reminded by her mother of the same. Story in Indra Nooyi's Words – “I'll never forget coming home
after being named President of PepsiCo back in 2001. My mother was visiting at the time.
“I've got great news for you,' I shouted. She replied, 'It can wait. We need you to go out and get some
milk.” “So, I go out and get milk. And when I come back, I'm hopping mad. I say, 'I had great news for you. I've
just been named President of PepsiCo. And all you want me to do is go out and get milk. “Then she says, 'Let
me explain something to you. You may be President of PepsiCo. But when you step into this house, you're a
wife and mother first. Nobody can take that place. So, leave that crown in the garage.''
This should be expected in both genders, sharing the responsibilities of the family, society thereby
nation and the harmony of the world. It can be achieved by self-exploration and right understanding.
Review Questions:
1. Narrate your views about swami Vivekananda's vision?
2. Right understanding leads to family relationship and lack of right understanding leads to domination –
Write your comments.
Individual Activities:
1. List a few challenges that you feel as significant in future.
2. Give a brief on a person who influenced you by facing challenges in his/her life to reach his / her goal.
3. Draw/Stick the picture of future transportation from your imagination. (Hybrid and Electric vehicles,
Green technology companies of 2023).
 Group Activity

Day order Date :

1. Give a list of a few of your dreams and aspirations and the challenges that you expect in
achieving them.
2. What is life ? Express your opinion on the basis of your observation. For example from the life
experiences of your grandparents, parents, neighbours, family friends etc.

Observation

Names of Members of Group Signature of Student

 Life Experience Chart
Indicate, with an open mind, for each value, any specific action / thought that you have experienced (one value
- per week - between Ist day order and
6th Day Order). Fill it up briefly ( 7x5=35 )
Sl. Introspection (Life Experience) Observation Signature of Staff
No Values Marks

1. Personal Human Self-Exploration

Self-Regulation

2. Family Trust
Gratitute

3. Social Empathy
Harmony

4. Constiutional Law abiding citizenship

values

5. Adolescent and Young Managing Emotions

Adult Challenges Peer Pressure

6. Professional Ethics Team Spirit

Morality

7. Future Challenges Law abiding

privacy

Open - ended observations

PSGCAS
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 PSGCAS
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PART - III

Guest Lecture

Guest Lecture : Date :

Topic : Speaker:
Observation :

Remark of the Teacher : Marks for 5

Signature of Staff
 PART - III PSGCAS
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Situation Analysis

Situation Analysis Report : Date :

Topic :
 PSGCAS
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Remark of the Teacher : Marks for 5

Signature of Staff
 Life Experience Chart
Sl. Habits Damage
No

1. No break fast People who do not take breakfast are going to have a lower blood sugar level. This leads to
an insufficient supply of nutrients to the brain causing brain degeneration.

2. Overeating It causes hardening of the brain arteris, leading to a decrease in mental power.

3. Smoking It causes multiple brain shrinkage and leads to alzheimer disesase.

4. High sugar consumption Too much sugar will interrupt the absorption of proteins and nutrients causing malnutrition
and may interfere with brain development.

5. Air pollution The brain is the largest oxygen consumer in our body. Inhaling polluted air decreases the
supply of oxygen to the brain. bringing about a decrease in brain efficiency.

6. Sleep deprivation Sleep allows our brain to rest. Long term deprivation of sleep will accelerate the death of
brain cells.

7. head covered while sleeping Sleeping with the head covered increases the concentration of carbon dioxide and decreases
concentration of oxygen that may lead to brain damaging effects.

8. Working your brain during illness Working hard or studying with sickness may lead to a decrease in effectiveness of the brain
as well as damage to the brain.

9. Lacking in stimulating thoughts Thinking is the best way to train our brain. lacking in brain stimulating thoughts may cause
brain shinkage.

10. Talking rarely Intellectual conversations will promote the efficiency of the brain.
PSGCAS
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