Conduct and internent sarve and prepare a detil Report on and

Its Application

Introduction
Internet has become a lifeline to most of us. The world not only revolves
around it but also ‘in’ it. Almost every decision achieves fruition with the
able interference and assistance of the internet. Coronavirus has made us
acutely realize the importance of internet. The internet helped businesses
tide through the tough lockdowns, individuals connected with each other,
used the opportunity to learn and acquire new skills and provided much
needed meaning and reason to carry on.ICUBE is an annual syndicated
study of Kantar to measure the reach and frequency of Internet usership in
India. Launched in 1998, the study is in its 23rd year. ICUBE 2020 covered
about 75,000 respondents across 390+ cities and urban locations and
about 1300+ villages. The study represents all States and all Union
Territories of India barring Lakshadweep. The data collection for the study
was conducted between June to September 2020. ICUBE has been playing
a key role in spotting important trends related to e-commerce,
entertainment usage, social media, digital payments, etc. Apart from IAMAI,
several companies, media, and government organizations extensively use
the insights from ICUBE, which has helped them make appropriate and
profitable decisions regarding their operations.

A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System
(GPS) to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset
to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular
intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit,
or it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or internet-
connected computer, using a cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite
modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be
displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the
track later, using GPS tracking software.
Internet in India: Size and Penetration
The number of active internet users in India continued to grow at a steady
pace in spite of a challenging year. As per ICUBE 2020 estimates, of
population of 1433 million individuals in India, 622 million individuals are
active internet users (AIU: those who have accessed internet in the last one
month). This translates to about 43% of the total population across urban
and rural India have used Internet at least once in the last one month.The
number of active internet users will continue to grow, and Kantar estimates
that 2025, there will be 900+ million active internet users in India.

Internet Usage Behavior

Mobile phone remains the most used device for accessing internet with
almost 100% of the active internet users opting for mobile phones to
access internet. 17% of the AIU accesses internet using a personal
computer and 6% chooses to access internet using other devices such as
tablet, steaming device, smart speaker, smart TV. Mobile phones are
omnipresent. Cheaper and faster data plans, availability of the content in
Indic languages have trigged the universal usage of mobile phones by AIU
to access internet content in both Urban and Rural. However, personal
computer as a means of accessing internet is more prominent in urban
India. While 22% of the urban AIU use internet on a personal computer, 13%
of the rural India uses personal computer to access internet. Only 5% of the
rural AIU uses other devices to access internet. This number stands at 7%in
urban India.
9 out of 10 active internet users access internet every day; On an average,
they spend around 107 minutes (~1.8 hours) actively on the internet daily
Though the proportion of daily users is marginal higher in Urban India as
compared to Rural India, AIU in Urban India are spending 17% more time as
compared to Rural India
Additional activities on internet
Accessing OTT, online gaming, digital payments, and online learning are the
other activities done on the internet. Since entertainment is the key activity
done online, it was observed that AIUs are spending more time on OTT.
With the penetration of 95% among AIU, OTT stands to be the top-most
activity done. Penetration of OTT usage is similar across both Urban and
Rural India. Online gaming has seen a lot of growth in the recent times.
Almost half of the AIU in India are into online gaming. 72% of urban AIU are
into online gaming whereas only 31% of the rural AIU are into online gaming.
Digital payments have seen a wider acceptance among active internet
users in India. 46% of the active internet users make digital payments.
While 3 out of 5 active internet users in Urban India are doing digital
payment, only 33% are doing in Rural India. Almost 1 out of 10 active
internet users (11%) are doing activity related to online learning. While only
9% of AIU in rural India use internet for online learning, the same number
stands at 13% in urban India. Though the extent of growth has come down
as compared to the last year, the extent of usage has grown significantly.
Growth of Digital payment, online shopping has accelerated in the last one
year. COVID has acted as a catalyst for driving the growth.
While the proportion of male to female among OTT users remain at the
same levels as that of the AIU, the proportion of male across other
activities is higher. Similar is the case of Urban and Rural split. Across the
activities other than OTT, the proportion of users from Urban India is higher.

A look at AIU from urban India, make it clear that the top four metro cities
and small towns have a lion share of AIU. While the proportion of town
classes remains more or less similar when it comes to OTT, there is
relatively higher proportion of Top 9 metros for the other activities. Also, 3
out of 5 AIU from urban India carrying are male.
There is no difference in the proportion of village classes in Rural India. In
Rural India, more than four out five AIU are from villages having population
more than 1000 and, it has been observed that at least 3 out of five AIU are
male conducting these activities. However, there is marginally higher
proportion of males when it comes to digital payments, digital commerce
and online learning.

Non-Active Internet Users

Non-active internet users continue to decline. This is an outcome of spread
of internet infrastructure and more individuals opting to embrace internet
for various purpose. Number of non-active internet users is estimated at
812 million which is around 57% of Indian population. At an overall level,
there has been a decline of almost 100 million in the last 2
years.Penetration of non-active Internet users in Rural is more than 2X of
Urban. While 33% of urban population does not actively use internet, 69% of
the rural population does not use internet actively.
Not owning an internet connection at home, difficulty in using the internet
and non-awareness about the benefits of internet makes up the Top 3
barriers for not accessing internet.

Among urban non-active users of internet, 20% individuals attribute not

accessing internet to lack of interest and 20% individuals attribute it to
difficulty in understanding and use. Not owning an internet connection at
home comes at close third reason with 19% individuals claiming it to be the
reason for not using internet.

In case of rural non-active users, reasons such as not owning internet at

home, difficulty in understanding and usage account for 23% and 22%
individuals not accessing internet actively. 20% of the individuals in rural
India, do not use internet actively because they do understand the benefits
of the interne
Uses of GPS System
GPS systems are very flexible & we can found this system in every industry
sector. At present, GPS plays a key role to map forests; assist farmers in
harvesting their fields & pilots uses airplanes to navigate the earth
otherwise in the atmosphere. These systems are essential parts of military
applications & for crisis crews to situate people in need of assistance.
These technologies are frequently working in several regions that we do
not usually consider.Generally, GPS systems fall into five main categories
which include the following.

 Location is used to determine a location

 Navigation is used to get from one place to another

 Tracking is used to monitor the object otherwise personal movement

 Mapping is used to create maps of the globe

 Timing is to bring an exact time to the globe

In each case, using a GPS is mainly depends on measuring the distance of

individuals from numerous satellites. GPS is simply one of the different
satellite groups which are used to decide a location. The four major
satellite groups used worldwide are GPS, GLONASS, Galileo & BeiDou.
These technologies mainly employ signals using these satellites to
determine the distance of individuals from all these satellites. So, these
measurements can recognize wherever an individual is within the world &
how to find the way to another position.Thus, this is all about an overview
of the GPS system, working, components, advantages, disadvantages & its
applications. GPS system is mainly used to determine extremely specific
timing through rubidium clocks over every satellite. These clocks allow the
satellites to recognize their exact location at very exact times. The
information of time can be used in a variety of applications like precision
agriculture, marine autonomous & vehicle hydrography.
GPS TRANSMITTER

Operation

This transmitter is in the GPS satellite. GPS satellites transmit using PN

(Pseudorandom sequence) codes.

All the GPS satellites transmit a C/A code, called L₁ code at the same
carrier frequency of 1575.42 Hz. The type of modulation used is BPSK, The
L₁ frequency is 154 times the master clock frequency of 10.23 MHz

L₁ = 154 x Master clock frequency

L154×10.23 MHz = 1575 42 MHz

The C/A code has a clock rate of 1.023 MHz and the C/A code consists of
1023 bits, Hence the time duration of PN sequence is,

Time duration of PN 1 /1.023 x 10⁶×1023

=10-³S or 1 msec

The P code is transmitted at the carrier frequency equal to La, using the
BPSK modulation.

L₁ = 120 × 10.23 MHz = 1227 MHz

Fig. shows the generation of L₁ and L₂ signals by a GPS satellite.

All the GPS satellites transmit the P and C/A codes in the L₁ and L₂
frequency bands. Therefore GPS becomes a Direct Sequence Spectrum (DS
- SS) System.

The C/A codes transmitted by the GPS satellites are 1023 bit gold codes.

Each multiplier in Fig. 5.9.3, produces a sum signal containing the sum of
the input signals to it.

The I and Q signals are the inphase and quadrature components of L₁ or L₂

carrier.

As seen from Fig. 5.9.3, the L₁ and 2 output signals are as follows:

L₁ output = L₁ + P + NAV + C/A

L₂ output = L₂ + P + NAV

A unique C/A code is allocated to each GPS satellite.

GPS RECEIVER

A circularly polarized patch antenna receives the signal transmitted by the

GPS satellites. A GPS receiver can pick up signals from as many as 12
satellites at a time.

The received signal is applied to a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) that amplifies
the received signal to an adequate level.

The LNA is followed by a mixer (down converter) and an oscillator, which is

similar to a superheterodyne receiver.

The mixer down converts the carrier frequency to a lower intermediate

frequency (L.F.) without altering the information contents.

The IF signal is applied to an IF. amplifier with high gain and adequate
bandwidth of about 2 MHz

The IF amplifier output signal is sampled in the A/D converter using the I
and Q sampling techniques and

processed digitally using DPS (Digital Signal Processor) and

microprocessor.

The digital processing includes C/A code generator, a correlator and a

microprocessor. The digital processing makes the timing measurements
and calculates receiver's position.

All GPS receivers use a 12-channel IC chip set to process the 12

simultaneous signals it can receive from as many GPS satellites.

Applications of GPS:

1 GPS is used by military FORCES.

2. Navigation. The driver of a car can find the location of his vehicle.

3. GPS gives the location and database uses this information to find a path
to the destination.

4. Surveying.

5. Geological applications.

VSAT SYSTEM
The basic concept behind the VSAT system is to convey the
telecommunication services directly to the end user with no intermediate
distribution hierarchy.

In many areas of the world, the users are widely distributed. To meet the
requirements and demand for new users the current telecommunication
infrastructure does not have the ability of expansion. This situation occurs
in many developing countries.

To avoid the traditional expansion of analog telephony completely, the

geostationary satellites related to microwave cellular technologies have
been used. In this type of solution VSAT distribution architecture is
combined with wireless local loop (WLL). The schematic concept of
VSAT/WLL is as shown in Fig.

In large city, the geostationary satellite is used to connect a large number

of VSATs and the main switching centre. In the rural areas and villages, the
VSAT acts as the link to the local switching center.

VSAT network allows multimedia traffic to be conveyed directly to the end

user. Normally VSAT systems handle only small traffic streams.

Purpose
A wide range of tracking systems has been developed so far tracking
vehicles and displaying their position on a map, we can also use the system
that has been developed to tracks the mobility of a human being. Now a
day's tracking a person's mobility has become a crucial issue these days be
it tracking a criminal came on payroll or a detective going to detect a case
or any other utility.

Scope
Global Positioning System has numerous applications. The earliest
application was military. Boaters were the first civilians to use GPS
extensively for navigation, as dead reckoning is prone to error. Many high-
end cars have a GPS navigation system which serves much the same
purpose as a marine GPS. Some athletes are turning to GPS to track speed
and distance. A few digital cameras have a GPS receiver which records the
location where the picture was taken. So far, I've listed only one-way
applications. Two-way applications include cell phones when calling the
emergency number and vehicle tracking.

Objective
The global positioning system, more commonly referred to as GPS, is a
radio frequency navigation system operated by the U.S. Department of
Defense. GPS was originally developed for military purposes, but has since
become available to nonmilitary personnel worldwide as well. According to
the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation
and Timing, the objectives of GPS are to provide accurate positioning,
navigation and atomic timing services on a continuous and free basis.

Literature Survey

Components
GPS is comprised of three main segments: space, control and users. The
space segment consists of a constellation of U.S. satellites, placed so that
at least three satellites are positioned above the horizon from any point on
earth. PNT states that as of October 2009, 35 GPS satellites were in use.
The control segment includes monitoring stations located worldwide
charged with monitoring the GPS system. The user segment is made up of
GPS receivers.

Positioning
GPS provides the user with a precise location by utilizing radio frequencies.
The GPS receiver translates the information from at least three GPS
satellites to provide the user with a two-dimensional location of latitudinal
and longitudinal position on earth. If a fourth satellite is available, then the
receiver can provide the user with three-dimensional location information,
which includes altitude in addition to latitude and longitude.

Navigation
Navigation enables a user to process his current location based on GPS
data and travel to his desired location, also based on accurate GPS data.
Any user with a working GPS receiver can navigate to a particular
destination, whether traveling on foot, by automobile, by airplane or by ship.
GPS navigation is even accurate underground.

Timing
Time is the fourth dimension that GPS is set up to provide, by
synchronizing each GPS receiver to the GPS satellites to provide accurate
time to the user. The time is accurate to one hundred-billionth of a second.
GPS receivers are able to perform this function because each GPS satellite
includes several atomic clocks.

What is GPS System & Its Working

The navigation system based on satellite like Global Positioning System
(GPS) is made up of a 24 satellite network located into orbit through the
U.S. DoD (Department of Defense). This system is mainly designed for
military applications; however, the government made the system
accessible in the year 1980 for civilian use. This system performs in any
kind of environment around the world for 365 days at any time. The GPS
includes 24 satellites that rotate around the sphere one time for every 12
hours to offer worldwide time, position & velocity information. The main
function of GPS is to identify the locations on the globe precisely by
determining the distance from the satellites. This system lets you create
otherwise record exact locations on the globe & assist you to navigate from
those locations. Basically, this system was mainly designed for military
applications but in the year 1980, it was made accessible for civilian use.
This article discusses an overview of the GPS system and its working &
uses.

How does GPS System Work?

The GPS consists of three segments

The space segment: the GPS satellites

The control system, operated by the U.S. military,

The user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and their
GPS equipment.

Space Segment
The space segment is the number of satellites in the constellation. It
comprises 29 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in
altitude. The function of the space segment is utilized to route/navigation
signals and to store and retransmit the route/navigation message sent by
the control segment. These transmissions are controlled by highly stable
atomic clocks on the satellites. The GPS Space Segment is formed by a
satellite constellation with enough satellites to ensure that the users will
have, at least, 4 simultaneous satellites in view from any point at the
Earth’s surface at any time.

Control Segment
The control segment comprises a master control station and five monitor
stations outfitted with atomic clocks that are spread around the globe. The
five monitor stations monitor the GPS satellite signals and then send that
qualified information to the master control station where abnormalities are
revised and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas. The
control segment also referred to as a monitor station.
User Segment
The user segment comprises the GPS receiver, which receives the signals
from the GPS satellites and determines how far away it is from each
satellite. Mainly this segment is used for the U.S military, missile guidance
systems, civilian applications for GPS in almost every field. Most of the
civilians use this from survey to transportation to natural resources and
from there to agriculture purpose and mapping too.

How Accurate GPS is?

At present, GPS receivers are very accurate and their accuracy mainly
depends on numerous variables which include the ionosphere, the available
satellites, the urban environment, etc. There are some factors that obstruct
GPS accuracy like the following.

Physical Obstructions
The measurements of arrival time can be skewed through large masses
such as buildings, mountains, trees, etc.

Atmospheric Effects
GPS devices mainly affected by solar storms, heavy storm cover,
Ionospheric delays, etc.

Ephemeris

In a satellite, the orbital model could be inaccurate otherwise outdated,

even though this is becoming increasingly rare.

Artificial Interference
Artificial interference mainly comprises spoofs or GPS jamming devices. In
open places, the accuracy of the device is high with no contiguous big
buildings that can obstruct signals. So, this effect is called an urban canyon.
Once a device is enclosed through large buildings, first the satellite signal
can be blocked, after that bounced off a tall building, wherever it is lastly
read through the device to result in faults of the satellite distance.signal’s
travel time & cause mistakes.

Receiver CLK Errors

An in-built GPS clock in the receiver may include small timing mistakes as it
is low accurate as compared to atomic clocks over GPS satellites.

Orbital Errors
The reported place of the satellite may not be correct.

Number of Satellites Noticeable

The accuracy mainly depends on when a GPS receiver notices a number of
satellites. Once a signal is blocked, then you may get location errors.
Usually, GPS units will not work underground, however, new receivers with
high-sensitivity are capable to follow some signals once in buildings
otherwise under tree-cover.

Satellite Geometry or Shading

Satellite signals are very effective once satellites are placed at broad
angles instead of in a tight grouping or line.

Selective Availability
Once the U.S. DoD is applied SA (Selective Availability) to satellites, then
signals will be less accurate to maintain ‘enemies’ by using GPS signals
which are extremely accurate. To enhance the accuracy for civilian GPS
receivers, then the government turned off Selective Availability in the year
2000, which enhanced the civilian GPS receiver’s accuracy.

Codes & Services of GPS

Every GPS satellite is used to transmit two signals with different
frequencies like L1 & L2. A simple technique like Trilateration is used to
find the location like the Longitude, Latitude & Elevation of the GPS receiver.
This technique is also used to measure the location of an unidentified point
using three identified points

GPS Codes
GPS codes are available in two types like the following.

C/A code or Coarse Acquisition Code

P-Code or Precise Code

The C/A code can be defined as the signal with ‘L1’ frequency is changed
through 1.023 Mbps pseudo-random bit series and it is utilized by the
public. Similarly, the signal with ‘L2’ frequency can be changed with a 10.23
Mbps pseudo-random bit series, so this is known as precise code. This
code is mainly utilized in military positioning systems. Usually, this type of
code is transmitted within an encrypted format, called Y code.The P-code
provides superior measurement as compared to coarse acquisition code,
as the bit rate of this code is higher as compared to the bit rate of Coarse
Acquisition Code.

GPS Services
GPS system provides two kinds of services like the following.

 PPS or Precise Positioning Service

 SPS or Standard Positioning Service

The precise positioning service receivers always track the two codes like
C/A code & P-code on both the signals with two frequencies like L1 & L2. At
the receiver, the Y-code is decrypted to get P-code whereas, SPS receivers
track simply coarse acquisition code on a signal with L1.

Using a GPS Receiver

In the GPS system, there exists simply one-way communication from
satellite to consumers. So, each user does not require the transmitter,
however simply a GPS receiver. It is mostly utilized to discover the precise
location of an entity. It executes this task through the signals obtained
from satellites. The GPS receiver’s block diagram is shown below where
each block’s function is present within the receiver that is stated below.

Receiving Antenna
This antenna gets the satellite signals and it is mostly an antenna with
circularly polarized.

LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)

This kind of amplifier amplifies the weak received signal

Down Converter
This kind of converter changes the signal’s frequency which is received to
an IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal.

IF Amplifier
This kind of amplifier is used to change the IF (Intermediate Frequency)
signal.

ADC
Analog to digital converter is used to perform the signal conversion from
analog to digital. Analyze the two blocks namely the sampling as well as
quantization which are present within Analog to Digital Converter.

DSP
The digital signal processor produces the coarse acquisition code.

Microprocessor
The microprocessor executes the computation of position & gives the
timing of the signal to manage the process of adding digital blocks. It
transmits the useful data toward the display unit to exhibit it on the display.

There are several different models and types of GPS receivers. While
working with a GPS receiver it is important to have :

 A compass and a map.

 A downloaded GPS cable.

 Some extra batteries.

Knowledge about the memory capacity of the GPS receiver to prevent loss
of data, decrease inaccuracy of data, or other problems.An external
antenna whenever possible, especially under the tree canopy, in canyons, or
while driving.A setup GPS receiver according to incident or agency standard
regulation; coordinate system.Notes that describe what you are saving in
the receiver.

GPS Error
There are many sources of possible errors that will degrade the accuracy of
positions computed by a GPS receiver. The travel time taken by the GPS
satellite signals can be changed by atmospheric effects; when a GPS signal
passes through the ionosphere and troposphere it is refracted, causing the
speed of the signal to be different from the speed of a GPS signal in space.
Another source of error is noise, or distortion of the signal which causes
electrical interference or errors inherent in the GPS receiver itself.

The information about satellite orbits will also cause errors in determining
the positions because the satellites are not really where the GPS receiver
“thought” based on the information it received when they determine the
positions. Small variations in the atomic clocks onboard the satellites can
translate to large position errors; a clock error of 1 nanosecond translates
to 1 foot or 3 meters user error on the ground.

A multipath effect occurs when signals transmitted from the satellites

bounce off a reflective surface before getting to the receiver antenna.
During this process, the receiver gets the signal in a straight-line path as
well as the delayed path (multiple paths). The effect is similar to a ghost or
double image on a TV set.

Selective Availability (SA)

Selective Availability occurs when the DOD intentionally degraded; the
accuracy of GPS signals is introducing artificial clock and ephemeris errors.
During the implementation of SA, it was the largest component of GPS
error, causing an error of up to 100 meters. SA is a component of the
Standard Positioning Service (SPS).

Advantages
1. Navigation

2. Emergency Response

3. Time synchronisation

4. Precision agriculture

5. Outdoor recreation

6. Surveying and mapping

7. Wildlife tracking

Disadvantages
1. Dependency

2. Signal Interference:

3. Power Consumption:

4. Limited Coverage
 5. Cost

6. Accuracy Issues:

7. Security Risks

Application
1. Navigation

2. Mapping and Surveying

3. Fleet Tracking

4. Emergency Response

5. Military Applications

References
1. www.google.com

2. www.chartGPT.app

3. www.cbsnews.com

4. www.booksopticalnetworkandsatellitecommunication.com