Gartner IT Infrastructure, Operations & Cloud Strategies Conference

09 – 12 December 2019 / Las Vegas

The Limits of Public Cloud

Computing – Regional
Differences
Henrique Cecci

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 Infrastructure Everywhere

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 Cloud Everywhere?

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Key Issues

1. What are the regional differences in public cloud?

2. What are the main factors impacting regional differences in cloud?
3. What are the best practices for selecting regional cloud services?

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Key Issues

1. What are the regional differences in public cloud?

2. What are the main factors impacting regional differences in cloud?
3. What are the best practices for selecting regional cloud services?

4 © 2019 Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. and its affiliates.
AWS, Azure and GCP Global Regions
Paris
Ireland
United Kingdom
Netherlands Ningxia
Oregon Iowa
Illinois Frankfurt Beijing
Magdeburg
Toronto Stockholm
Finland
Quebec
Norway

Montreal Seoul
Switzerland
Ohio Tokyo
California Belgium Bahrain
Osaka
Virginia Mumbai Shanghai
Marseille
Arizona
UAE North Taiwan

Texas Hong Kong

UAE Central
Chennai
South Carolina
Pune
Sydney
Singapore
AWS Sao Paulo

Microsoft Azure South Africa North Melbourne

South Africa West Canberra

Google Cloud Platform

Sources: https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regional-product-services; https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/global-infrastructure/services; https://cloud.google.com/about/locations (Retrieved 04 October 2019)

AWS = Amazon Web Services, Azure = Microsoft

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Azure, GCP = Google Cloud Platform
Regions Have Different Public Cloud Growth Rates
2018 2023
Poland
United
States
15% 15%
Spending on Public Cloud Services

Canada
Percentage of Total IT Enterprise

Netherlands
United United
Kingdom France
States
Brazil
10% Canada 10% Australia Germany
United China
Kingdom Turkey
Russia India
Netherlands Germany Italy
South Korea Mexico
Brazil
5% Australia France 5% Spain
South Korea
Indonesia
China Russia Spain Japan
Argentina
Indonesia Turkey
Japan
0% 0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% 20% 30%

Public Cloud Spending Growth Public Cloud Spending Growth

Sources: “Forecast: Public Cloud Services, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 2Q19 Update” (G00377253) and “Forecast: Enterprise IT Spending by Vertical Industry Market, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 2Q19 Update” (G00383563 )

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Public Cloud Spending per Country (2017-2023)

70.0%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2019
Netherlands Brazil Rest of World
65.0% 61.9% 1.6% 1.5% 6.8%
60.9% 61.1% 60.4% 59.8% 59.2% 58.7%
60.0% Australia
United States 2.3%
55.0%
France
3.0%
50.0%
Canada
45.0% 3.3%

40.0% Japan
4.0%
35.0%
Germany
30.0% 4.1%

25.0% China
4.8%
20.0%

15.0% United Kingdom China United Kingdom

7.3% 7.5% United States
10.0% 8.1% 7.9% 7.5% 7.3% 7.1% 7.0% 61.1%
6.9%
3.1% 4.1% 4.8%
5.0%

0.0%

Source: “Forecast: Public Cloud Services, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 2Q19 Update,” (G00377253)

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The Mix of Public Cloud Services Differ by Region
2018 2023
80% 80%
Percentage of SaaS on Total Cloud Spending

Turkey Australia Russia

70% 70% Turkey
Australia Russia
Indonesia Netherlands
60% Canada Netherlands 60%
Poland Canada
Germany France
France Germany
50% India 50% United Poland
United India
Kingdom
Kingdom United States Indonesia
40% Japan 40% Brazil United States
Italy
South Korea Mexico
Brazil South Korea
30% Mexico Italy 30%
China
Spain Spain Japan
Argentina Argentina China
20% 20%

10% 10%

0% 0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Percentage of IaaS + PaaS on Total Cloud Spending Percentage of IaaS + PaaS on Total Cloud Spending

Sources: “Forecast: Public Cloud Services, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 2Q19 Update” (G00377253) and “Forecast: Enterprise IT Spending by Vertical Industry Market, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 2Q19 Update” (G00383563 )

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Distributed Cloud and Multicloud
Strategies Are Becoming
Increasingly Important

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Distributed Cloud Distributed “cloud stations”
(as needed in specific
physical edge locations)
Fully
Distributed

IoT
Edge
Public Cloud
Distributed Architecture and
Subset Management

Like-for-
Like
Hybrid
Custom

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Cloud Regional Implementations
Distinctions and Terminology Differences Example of VMs in an Availability Set Configuration

Fault Domain 1 Fault Domain 2

Data Data
Centers Centers
Update Server 1 Server 1
Domain
Availability Availability
1
Zone/Zone Zone/Zone

Infrastructure

Infrastructure
Server 2 Server 2

Server 3 Server 3
Data Update
Data Centers
Centers Domain
2
Availability Server 4 Server 4
Zone/Zone
Azure Region
AWS, GCP and Azure Region (No Availability Zone)
Server 5 Server 5
Update
Domain
3
Server 6 Server 6

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Cloud Regional Implementations
AWS, Azure and GCP Region Architecture Microsoft Azure No AZ Region Architecture

your-app.com
Traffic Manager
your-app.com

Availability Zone A Availability Zone B Region

Azure Region Azure Region

Fault Domain 1 Fault Domain 2 Fault Domain 1 Fault Domain 2

Instance/VM
Web Role Availability Set Web Role Web Role Availability Set Web Role
Scaling Group
Instances/VMs Instances/VMs
VM1 Update Domain 1 VM2 VM1 Update Domain 1 VM2

VM3 Update Domain 2 VM4 VM3 Update Domain 2 VM4

DB Role Availability Set DB Role DB Role Availability Set DB Role

Asynchronous
Synchronous Replication
VM1 Update Domain 1 VM2 VM1 Update Domain 1 VM2
Replication

Database Database VM3 Update Domain 2 VM4 VM3 Update Domain 2 VM4

Greater Than 60 Miles (100 km) Apart

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Key Issues

1. What are the regional differences in public cloud?

2. What are the main factors impacting regional differences in cloud?
3. What are the best practices for selecting regional cloud services?

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Polling Question 1 of #
Poll Type: Multiple Choice (Choose Three)
What are the main factors impacting regional differences in cloud?
• Latency
• Regulatory Compliance
• Cloud Products Availability
• Costs Differences
• Resiliency Options (i.e., Availability Zones/Zones)
• Cultural, Political and Economic Factors
• Others
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 Main Factors Impacting Cloud Regionally
Latency and
Network Performance Regional Costs Differences

Cloud Financial
Products Availability Planning Challenges

Cloud
Regional
Differences
Regulatory
Local Constraints Compliance

Cultural, Political and

Resiliency Options
Economic Factors

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Latency and Network Performance
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Network Latency Interregional Latencies

Request

Data
Source Destination

Physical Distance 304 ms

Tokyo
Law of Physics
(Speed of Light)
Virginia

Cloud Architectural and Connectivity Differences

334 ms
138 ms Sydney
Sao Paulo
Frankfurt Singapore

eu-central-1
AWS = 121 ms ap-south-1

Microsoft Azure = 128 ms india-west

germany-central
Source: https://www.cloudping.co (04 October 2019)
GCP = 351 ms
europe-west3 asia-south1

Sources: Microsoft PsPing (04 October 2019)

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Local Public Cloud Product Costs
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Regional Cost Differences Regional Pricing AWS

Instance: m5.xlarge, On-Demand
$0.28
AWS vs. Azure vs. Google Cloud: $0.26
$0.24
• Cloud Product Costs On-Demand Pricing per Region

USD / Hour
$0.22
$0.20
(General Purpose/Four CPUs/Similar $0.18
• Labor/Qualified Skills Costs RAM/Linux) $0.16
$0.14
$0.12

• Telecom Costs/Data-Egress Fees $0.10

• Regulatory Compliance Costs

• Taxes (e.g., Sales Tax, Value $0.28
Microsoft Azure
VM: B4ms, General Purpose
$0.28
Google Cloud Platform
VM: n1-standard-4

Added Tax or VAT, etc.) $0.26

$0.24
$0.26
$0.24

USD / Hour

USD / Hour
$0.22 $0.22
$0.20
$0.20 $0.18
$0.18 $0.16
$0.16 $0.14
$0.14 $0.12
$0.12 $0.10
$0.10

Source: Gartner Cloud Decisions (https://clouddecisions.gartner.com/pricing) (Retrieved 09 October 2019)

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Example: Cloud Availability Costs
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Availability Zone A Availability Zone B

your-app.com
(Route 53)

Amazon
EC2** Instances Instances
Auto Scaling
Group
Read EBS* Snapshot
Access

Amazon
CloudWatch Amazon
Write ElastiCache
access

Relational S3*** Bucket

Database Multi-AZ RDS Multi-AZ RDS

NoSQL
Database DynamoDB DynamoDB
* Elastic Block Store
** Elastic Compute Cloud
*** Amazon Simple Storage Service
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Financial Planning Challenges
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Capex vs. Opex

Exchange Rates Variation

Multicurrency Challenges 0.95

U.S. Dollar/Euro
0.84
U.S. Dollar/British Pound

0.90 0.79
Cloud Expenses  U.S. Dollar 0.85 0.74

Budget  Local Currency 0.80 0.69

Currency Hedging Costs/Options?

U.S. Dollar/Japanese Yen U.S. Dollar/Australian Dollar
116 1.52

1.42
111
Purchasing-Power Parity (PPP) 1.32

106 1.22
e.g., “The Big Mac Index”
One “Big Mac” Price:
U.S. Dollar/Brazil Real U.S. Dollar/Argentinian Peso
Switzerland US$6.54 (+21.5%) 4.65 78

United States US$5.74 baseline 4.15 58

United Kingdom US$4.10 (-28.5%)
3.65 38
China US$3.66 (-43.3%)
3.15 18
South Africa US$2.18 (-59.4%)
Russia US$2.03 (-62.2%)
Source: The Economist July/2019 (https://www.economist.com/news/2019/07/10/the-big-mac-index ) Source: Investing.com

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Local Cloud Products Availability
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Compute Features Availability

AWS Microsoft Azure Google Cloud Platform Services and Features Availability
m5.xlarge B4ms n1-standard-4
Asia Pacific (Hong Kong) Australia Central Belgium (Europe-west1)
Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Australia Central 2 Finland (Europe-north1)
Asia Pacific (Osaka-Local) Australia East Frankfurt (Europe-west3)
Asia Pacific (Seoul) Australia Southeast Hong Kong (Asia-east2)
Google
Asia Pacific (Singapore) Brazil South Iowa (Us-central1)
AWS Microsoft Azure
Asia Pacific (Sydney)
Asia Pacific (Tokyo)
Canada Central
Canada East
London (Europe-west2)
Los Angeles (Us-west2)
Cloud Platform
AWS GovCloud (US-East) Central India Montréal (Northamerica-northeast1)
AWS GovCloud (US-West) Central US Mumbai(asia-south1) AWS GovCloud (US-East) 38.1% Australia Central 46.0% Korea South 53.5% Belgium(europe-west1) 91.7%
Canada (Central) China East N. Virginia(us-east4) North Central US
China (Beijing) China East 2 Netherlands(europe-west4)
AWS GovCloud (US-West) 51.1% Australia Central 2 43.2% 79.3% Finland(europe-north1) 66.7%
China (Ningxia) China North Oregon(us-west1) Bahrain 33.5% Australia East 90.6% North Europe 94.4% Frankfurt(europe-west3) 75.0%
EU (Frankfurt) China North 2 Osaka(asia-northeast2)
EU (Ireland) East Asia São Paulo(southamerica-east1) Beijing* 30.7% Australia Southeast 68.5% South Africa North 68.5% HONG Kong(asia-east2) 87.5%
EU (London) East US Singapore(asia-southeast1)
EU (Paris) East US 2 South Carolina(us-east1) Frankfurt 82.4% Brazil South 76.5% South Africa West 45.5% Iowa(us-central1) 91.7%
EU (Stockholm) France Central Sydney(australia-southeast1)
Middle East (Bahrain) France South Taiwan(asia-east1) Hong Kong 38.6% Canada Central 79.3% South Central US 89.2% London(europe-west2) 91.7%
S East (Ohio) Germany Central Tokyo(asia-northeast1)
Ireland 92.6% Canada East 64.8% South India 59.2% LOS Angeles(us-west2) 91.7%
South America (Sao Paulo) Germany North Zurich(europe-west6)
US East (N. Virginia) Germany Northeast London 73.3% Central India 77.0% Southeast Asia 89.7% Montréal (northamerica-northeast1) 91.7%
US West (N. California) Germany West Central
US West (Oregon) Japan East Montreal 61.9% Central US 77.9% Switzerland North 60.1% Mumbai(asia-south1) 83.3%
Japan West
Korea Central Mumbai 68.2% China East 44.1% Switzerland West 46.9% N.Virginia(us-east4) 95.8%
Korea South
North Central US
Ningxia 30.7% China North 48.4% UAE Central 42.7% Netherlands(europe-west4) 66.7%
North Europe
Northern California China North 2 UAE North 66.2% Oregon(us-west1) 70.8%
South Africa North (Example: 65.3% 46.0%
South Africa West Northern Virginia 97.7% East Asia 79.8% UK South 84.0% Osaka(asia-northeast2) 79.2%
South Central US General Purpose /
South India Ohio 83.0% East US 94.4% UK West 63.8% São Paulo(southamerica-east1) 83.3%
Southeast Asia 4 CPUs / similar US DoD Central
Switzerland North Oregon 96.0% East US 2 88.7% 37.1% Singapore(asia-southeast1) 75.0%
Switzerland West RAM / Linux) Osaka France Central US DoD East 35.7% South Carolina(us-east1) 95.8%
UAE Central 19.9% 71.8%
UAE North Paris 57.4% France South 46.0% US Gov Iowa 31.9% Sydney(australia-southeast1) 87.5%
UK South
UK West São Paulo 52.3% Germany Central 40.4% US Gov Texas 49.8% Taiwan(asia-east1) 70.8%
US DoD Central
US DoD East Seoul 72.2% Germany North 36.6% US Gov Virginia 74.6% Tokyo(asia-northeast1) 100.0%
US Gov Arizona
US Gov Iowa Singapore 80.1% Germany Northeast 36.6% West Central US 71.8% Zurich(europe-west6) 75.0%
US Gov Texas
Stockholm 52.8% Germany West Central 60.1% West Europe 98.1%
US Gov Virginia
West Central US Sydney 84.7% Japan East 86.4% West India 52.1%
West Europe
West India Tokyo 85.8% Japan West 68.5% West US 87.3%
West US
West US 2 Korea Central 74.6% West US 2 89.2%
Source: Gartner Cloud Decisions (Retrieved 2019-OCT-09)
Sources: https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regional-product-services; https://azure.microsoft.com/en-
us/global-infrastructure/services; https://cloud.google.com/about/locations (Retrieved 04 October 2019)

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Local Regulatory Compliance and Security
Cloud

Local Laws
Regional
Differences

Security, Privacy, Compliance, Transparency

Where the data will be stored? The Evolving Patchwork of Privacy Laws
Who owns the data?
How the data will be secured?

Government Industry Regional

CJIS 23 NYCRR Part 500 BIR 2012 (Netherlands)
CNSSI 1253 CDSA C5 (Germany)
DFARS CFTC 1.31 (US) CCSL/IRAP (Australia)
DoD DISA L2, L3, L5 DPP (UK) CS Mark (Gold) (Japan)
DoE 10 CFR Part 810 EBA (EU) Cyber Essentials Plus (UK)
EAR (US Export Adm.Reg.) FACT (UK) Canadian Privacy Laws
FedRAMP FCA (UK) DJCP (China)
FIPS 140-2 FDA CFR Title 21 Part 11 EN 301 549 (EU)
IRS 1075 FERPA ENS (Spain)
ITAR FFIEC (US) ENISA IAF (EU)
NIST 800-171 FINRA 4511 EU-Model-Clauses
NIST CSF FISC (Japan) EU-U.S. Privacy Shield
Section 508 VPATS FSA (Denmark) GB 18030 (China)
GLBA GDPR (EU)
GxP G-Cloud (UK)
HIPAA/HITECH IDW PS 951 (Germany)
HITRUST ISMS (Korea)
MARS-E IT Grundschutz Workbook (Germany)
MPAA LOPD (Spain)
NERC MeitY (India)
PCI DSS MTCS (Singapore) Comprehensive Data Protection Law
SEC 17a-4 My Number (Japan) Enacted
SOX NZ CC Framework (New Zealand)
TruSight PASF (UK)
Pending Bill or Initiative to Enact Law
PDPA (Argentina) No Initiatives or No Information
TRUCS (China) Source: David Banisar — August 2019

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Local Factors and Differences
Cloud
Regional
Differences

Local Constraints Local Resiliency Options Cultural, Political and

Economic Factors
Local Infrastructure Constraints Disaster Recovery Local Culture
High-Availability
Qualified Skills Options Political and Economic Factors

Example: Example: YES NO Example:

Central US Australia East
East US Australia Southeast
Cloud Implementation Services East US 2
France Central
Brazil South
Canada Central
Local Pragmatism and
Limited availability
Japan East
North Europe
Canada East
Central India
Conservatism
Cloud Implementation Services Baseline Assumption
zones architecture Southeast Asia East Asia
Migrate Data/Storage to the Cloud UK South Japan West
Mature Economies Emerging Economies per region West Europe Korea Central Market share for cloud IaaS in
West US 2 North Central US
Large Organizations 75% 10% to 15%
South Africa North China -
SMB Organizations 25% 6% to 8% South Central US
South India
Alibaba Cloud: 42%*
UK West
West Central US
West India
West US
Source: “Forecast: Cloud Consulting and Implementation Services, Source: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/availability-zones/az- Source: * “Magic Quadrant for Cloud Infrastructure as a Service,
Worldwide, 2017-2022” (G00352884) overview Worldwide” (G00365830)

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Regional Aspects of Providers Differences

Maturity Hybrid and Edge Big Data

Scale Identity and Technology

Access Management and Network

Ecosystem and
Scale Financial
Marketplace
Incentives

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Key Issues

1. What are the regional differences in public cloud?

2. What are the main factors impacting regional differences in cloud?
3. What are the best practices for selecting regional cloud services?

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Best Practices for Cloud Region Selection

Regulatory: Support to Specific Requirements

Products: Machine-Type and Services Availability

Latency: Requirements vs. Measured

Resiliency: Availability Zones and Services

Check First
If the Region …
Pricing: Total Costs (Including Taxes, Fees, etc.)

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Best Practices When Using Cloud Regions

Cloud Governance: Regional Polices

Privacy and Security: Regional Factors

Cloud-Enabled WAN: Interconnects and Options

Design: Multi/Distributed Cloud and Portability

Execute
KISS: Keep It Simple and Safe

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Recommendations

Don’t Trust. Verify. Avoid assumptions in the cloud.

Understand the regional differences of cloud services you plan on using.
Create your own unique regional cloud evaluation criteria set.
Always obtain a legal guide for individual country requirements.
Move from selection to provider management.
Never sit idle. Global and regional cloud options are changing fast.
Reevaluate periodically and prepare for a multi/distributed cloud strategy.

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Recommended Gartner Research

 Market Trends: Cloud Spending Data Shows Divergent Geographic Priorities

Ed Anderson and John-David Lovelock (G00405543)
 Key Services Differences Between AWS, Azure and GCP: Availability and Network
Elias Khnaser and Angelina Troy (G00366739)
 Networking Across Multiple Cloud IaaS Regions and Providers
Simon Richard (G00354918)
 Beyond GDPR: Select and Control Your Service Providers to Ensure Privacy
Protection
Bart Willemsen (G00319944)
 Formulate a Cloud Strategy in the Context of Your Overall Strategy
David Smith (G00385758)

For information, please contact your Gartner representative.

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