SUPER 100

-Full SST Syllabus-

LESSON OUTCOMES:
● 100 Most Important
Questions
● Important MCQ Quiz
@VedantuClass910
 SUPER 100
-Full SST Syllabus-
5 Marks
(Most Important Questions)
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe Highlight the reasons for the growth of nationalist
tensions in the Balkan region before the First World
War. (CBSE SQP, 2020-21)
5 Marks
OR. Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in
Balkans after 1871 in Europe. (2018)

OR. Briefly trace the geographical and ethnic variations

1 of Balkan region. Why did this region become politically

very explosive? (2014)

OR. What is meant by Balkan? Why did it turn into a

perennial source of tension and proved the battlefield of
the first World War? (2012)
 (i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern-day
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro.

Solution (ii) The inhabitants of these regions were known as Slavs.

(iii) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire while some other parts
were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a complex problem.
(iv) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the
disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(v) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalities struggled for
their independence. The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on
nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(vi) The Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over expansion of territory. The Balkan
states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of
others.
(vii) At the same time the Balkan region also became the source of big power rivalry among the
European powers over trade, colonies and military might.
(viii) The big powers – Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary—were keen on countering
the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.
(ix) This led to the series of wars in the region and finally became the cause of the First World War.
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Describe steps taken by French revolutionaries to
create a sense of collective identity among the
5 Marks French people? (2017, 16, 12, 10)

How did the French Revolution play an important

role in creating the Idea of Nation state ?
Explain.(2023)

2
 1. The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French
Solution Revolution in 1789.
2. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were
determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood
3. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father
land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on
addressed as citizens (citoyen).
4. They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing
liberty, equality and fraternity
5. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly.
6. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated all in the name of the nation.
7. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
8. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken
and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
 Who hosted ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the
Ch-1
main changes brought by the ‘Vienna Treaty.’ [Delhi:
Rise of Nationalism in Europe 2017]

OR. How did conservatives establish their power after

5 Marks 1815? (2016,12)

OR. Explain the objectives of the Treaty of Vienna.

(2011,12)

3 OR. How did the Treaty of Vienna change the map of

Europe? (2012)

OR. Explain any three provisions the treaty of Vienna

of 1815. (2012)

OR Analyze the decisions taken by the conservatives

at the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815.(SQP 2024)
 ➔ A New-Conservatism prevailed after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The new
conservative order was established through the Treaty of Vienna 1915.
Solution ➔ The objectives of the Treaty of Vienna 1815 were to undo the victories of Napoleon
and restore Europe to the revolutionary era with restoration of monarchies to
establish a new conservative order.
➔ Congress of Vienna was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815.

The following changes were made to redraw or change the map of Europe.:

● The Bourbon Dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution,
was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
● A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French
expansion in future. Thus,
● The kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north
and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
● Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria
was given control of northern Italy.
● The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was
left untouched
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Explain any five social and administrative reforms
introduced by Napoleon in regions under his control.
5 Marks
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the
administrative system more efficient in the territories
ruled by him?(2014,2015,2023)

4 How would you evaluate Napoleon as an administrator

who created a more rational and efficient system?
Elucidate with suitable examples.(SQP2023-24)
 Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to
Solution make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually
known as the Napoleonic Code.
1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth,
establishing equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and
manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found
freedom.
7. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods in particular began to
realize that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a
common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange
of goods and capital from one region to another.
 Ch-5
Print Culture and the Modern World
Print led to feeling of Nationalism in India.
Explain.
5 Marks

5
 Printing press played a major role in shaping the Indian society:

Solution (a) It made people aware about various social issues and problems. For example, it created
intense debate and controversy between social and religious reformers and the orthodox
Hindus.
(b) The ideas of reformers reached the wider population of the common people through
printed reading material. For example, the “Sambad Kaumudi” carried the ideas of Raja
Ram Mohan Roy.
(c) The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling the
Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives

The print culture had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in India.

(i) In spite of passing a Vernacular Press Act, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers.
(ii) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
(iii) The British Government tried to put down the criticism but there were more protests.
(iv) Punjab revolutionaries were deported,’ Tilak wrote in Kesari.
(v) It led to his imprisonment in 1908 provoking large protest
 Ch-1
Resource and Development
What is sustainable development? Why is it essential
for development?
5 Marks (2010, 2011, 2014, 2019, 2020)

Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the

development of a country'. Explain with suitable

6 examples.

“ There is enough for everybody’s need and not for

anybody’s greed” explain the essence of this statement
Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional
energy resources ? Explain.
 Sustainable development means development should take place without

Solution
damaging the environment and development in the present should not
compromise with the need of future generations.

Need for conservation of resources/ Need for sustainable development:

(i) Resources are vital for any developmental activity.

(ii) The irrational consumption and overutilization of resources may lead to socio-
economic and environmental problems.

(iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources led to global ecological crises such as

global warming, environmental pollution, etc.

(iv) The greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern
technology is the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.

(v) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries
continues, the future of our planet is in danger
Study the pie diagram
representing the land use data of
India for the year 1960-61 &
2014-15 and answer the following
questions:

a. Mention the percentage of land

under the net sown area in
1960-61 & 2014-15 respectively.

b. Why maximum share of land is

under Net Sown Area in India?
Give two reasons.

c. State why 33 % of the

geographical area should be under
forest as mentioned in the
National Forest Policy of 1952?
Give two reasons.
 a. The percentage of land under the net sown area in 1960-61 & 2014-15 respectively was

Solution ●
●
1960-61: 45.26%
2014-15: 45.5%

b. Maximum share of land is under the net sown area in India because:

● The growing food demand to feed the growing population of India is

responsible for the maximum share of land under the net sown area.
● To achieve food security the share of land under the net sown area is more.

c. The reasons are:

● 33 % of the geographical area should be under forest as it is essential for

maintaining ecological balance.
● It provides a livelihood to millions of people who live on the fringes of these
forests and depend upon it.
 Ch-2
Forest & Wildlife Resources
How have communities conserved and protected
5 Marks forests and wildlife in India? Explain

8
 ● Conservation of forests has been a part of Indian culture and folklore and it
has been prevalent among the village communities since ancient times.
Solution ● Many tribal communities and other government officials have raised their
voice towards protection of forests and wildlife in the name of certain beliefs.
● For example, the inhabitants of five villages in Alwar district in Rajasthan have
announced 1200 hectares of land as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’ as
protection of wildlife from hunting by anyone.
● Some trees and animals were considered sacred by certain communities
which helped in the species preservation of forests and wildlife. For example,
The Mundas and Santhals of Chhota Nagpur worship mahua and kadamba
trees. The tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship tamarind, and mango trees
during weddings.
● Other trees like tulsi, neem and peepal are also considered sacred. Certain
animals like macaques and langurs are found in some temples.
● The Bishnoi tribes of Rajasthan played an important role towards
preservation of black buck, nilgai and peacocks. Thus, conservation was
considered as an essential part of the community and any damage caused to
the trees and animals had serious repercussions.
 Ch-3
Water scarcity is on an increase day by day:” Justify
Water Resources the statement citing three reasons. (2017)

5 Marks Explain any four reasons responsible for water

scarcity in India. (2015)

‘Water scarcity in most cases is caused by

over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access

9 to water among different social groups’. Explain the

meaning of the statement with the help of
examples. (2014)

Q. Water is available in abundance in India. Even

then scarcity of water is experienced in major parts
of the country. Explain it with four examples.
 I. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to
the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.
Solution II. Over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different
social groups.
III. Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and
consequent greater demands for water.
IV. A large population means more water to produce more food. Hence, to
facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over
exploited to expand irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture.
V. Most farmers have their own wells and tubewells in their farms for irrigation to
increase their production. But it may lead to falling groundwater levels,
adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.
Thus, inspite of abundant water there is water scarcity.
 Ch-3
Water Resources
Describe any four traditional methods of
5 Marks rainwater harvesting adopted in different
parts of India. [CBSE 2014, 2015, 2016]

10
 Methods of rainwater harvesting used in India are:

(i) Guls and Kuls: People built guls and kuls in hilly and mountainous regions to divert water.
Solution These are simple channels. They are mainly used in the Western Himalayas.

(ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting: Commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In
Tamil Nadu there are legal provisions for it.

(iii) Inundation Channels: These channels developed in the flood plains of Bengal to irrigate
fields.

(iv) Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, some agricultural fields were converted
into rainfed storage structures. These structures are found in Rajasthan.

(v) Tankas: The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected
to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down
the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not
collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent
showers was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas.

(vi) Bamboo Drip Irrigation system: It is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring
water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through
gravity.
 Ch-4
Agriculture
Explain any five institutional and technical
5 Marks reforms brought by the government to improve
the condition of Indian Agriculture.
(2010,2011,2012,2014, 2022)

11
 Institutional reforms:

● Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation, and abolition of zamindari,

etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms after Independence.

Solution
● Laws of land reforms were enacted.
● Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
● Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and banks for providing loan
facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
● Introduction of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
(PAIS).

Technological reforms:

● Green revolution and white revolution (operation flood)

● HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides were provided.
● Methods of irrigation modernized.
● Latest agricultural equipment introduced.
● Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced on
Radio and Television.
● Announcement of minimum support price (MSP), remunerative and procurement
prices for important crops.
 Ch-5
Minerals & Energy Resources
"Minerals occur in various forms". Support this
statement with examples. (2020)
5 Marks

12
 A homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal
structure is called mineral. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging
from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
Solution ● Minerals can occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks as veins and lodes.
Examples include tin, copper, zinc, and lead.

● Minerals can also occur in sedimentary rocks as beds or layers. Examples

include gypsum, potash salt, and sodium salt.

● Some minerals are formed through the decomposition of surface rocks,

leaving behind residual material. Bauxite is an example.

● Alluvial deposits in sands can also contain minerals. Gold, silver, tin, and
platinum are examples.
 Ch-6
Manufacturing Industries Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for
5 Marks preserving the natural environment and resources.
[2015]

13
 NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for
EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.
The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment
Solution and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up
power plants.

This has been possible through

1) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading

existing equipment.
2) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the
question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
4) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash
water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its
power stations.
 Civics
Ch-2
Federalism What is the meaning of decentralisation? Explain
any four provisions that have been made towards
decentralisation in India after the Constitutional
5 Marks Amendment in 1992. (2012,2016,2017)

14
 Decentralisation: When power is taken from ‘Central and State Governments
Solution and is given to the local government, it is called decentralisation. The
Constitution was amended in 1992 to make the third tier of democracy more
powerful and effective.
Provisions of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 are:
1) Now it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government
bodies.
2) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of
these institutions for SCs, STs and OBCs.
3) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
4) An independent institution called State Election Commission has been
created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
5) The state governments are required to share some powers and
revenue with local government bodies.
 Civics
Ch-2
Federalism Mention any five main features which makes India
a federal country. (2011, 2012,2013,2014)
5 Marks

15
 Main Features of Federalism:
1) There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels.
Solution 2) Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation,
taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens.
3) Power and functions of each tier of government is specified and
guaranteed by Constitution.
4) The Supreme Court has been given power to settle disputes between
different levels of governments.
5) Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by anyone
level of government. It applies to India also.
6) Sources of revenue between different levels is specified by the
Constitution, There is mutual trust and agreement between the
government at different levels.
 Civics
Ch-3 Women face disadvantage, discrimination and
Gender, Religion, and Caste oppression in various ways even today.
Assess the statement by giving five suitable
arguments. [CBSE 2018]
5 Marks
Explain any five methods to raise the political
representation of women in India. [AI 2019]

16 Women still lag much behind men in India despite

some improvements since
independence. Analyse the statement. [CBSE 2019,
32/1/1]

Describe the ways of discrimination faced by women

in India. [2020]
 Ours is a patriarchal society (ruled by father) where women face disadvantages,
discrimination and oppression in many ways

Solution ● Low female literacy rate : (2011 census) 65.46% for women and 82.14 % for
men. Parents prefer boys over girls in sending schools. Girls drop out before
going for higher studies.
● Low proportion of women in paid jobs:
There is very small share of women of women in highly paid and valued jobs
● Unpaid work of women is not valued:
An Indian woman works one hour more than an average man yet her unpaid
work is generally not given importance.
● Crime against women:
Urban areas are becoming unsafe for women. Women face domestic violence,
exploited and harassed at work places.
● Disparity in salaries and wages for the same job:
The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides for equal wages for the same work
yet women are paid less than men in almost all areas of work – from sports and
cinema to factories and fields.
 Civics
Ch-4
Analyse the role of political parties in India. (5
Political Parties marks) (2022)

5 Marks Describe the necessity of political parties in

democracy. (5 marks) (2020)

Assess the importance of political parties in

17 democracy? (3 marks) (2017)

“Political parties are a necessary conditions for

a democracy.” Analyze the statement with
examples. (3 marks) (2017)
 ● We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation
without parties. Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one
will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy
Solution changes.
● Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies for what
they do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country runs.
● India also has non-party-based elections to the panchayats in many states.
Although parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village
splits into more than one faction, which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates.
● This is exactly what the party does. That is why we have political parties in
almost all the countries in the world.
● The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative
democracies. Large-scale societies need representative democracy. Large
societies need some way to bring various representatives together so that a
responsible government can be formed.
● Thus we can say that parties are a necessary condition for democracy.
 Civics
Ch-5 Describe the importance of democratic
Outcomes of Democracy government as an accountable and
legitimate government. [Delhi Set-I, 2019]

5 Marks How is democratic government known as

responsive government? Explain with an
example. [2014]

18 “Democratic government is legitimate

government.” Support the statement with
arguments. (2017, 16, 14)

“Democratic governments in practice are

known as accountable.” Support the
statement with arguments. [2016]
 Accountability:
● Democracy produces an accountable government because it is
Solution answerable to the people.
● If they do not work according to the wishes of the people, then the
people have the right to change their representatives at the time of
next general elections.
Responsive:
● Democracy produces a government, which is responsive to the needs
and expectations of the people. It can be said that before taking any
decision the government has to keep in mind the views expressed by
the people.
Legitimate:
● A democratic government is a legitimate government because it is
elected by the people and is formed under the norms provided by the
constitution of the country.
● it may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but is
people’s government
 Economics
Ch-2
Sectors of Indian Economy
Give five reasons for the rising importance of the
tertiary sector in production. (2012,2015,)
5 Marks
Explain why the service sector is gaining more
importance in the global economy. [2019,2017]

19
 The following factors are making the tertiary sector important in India.

Solution
(a) Basic services: In any country, several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post
and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal
corporations, defence, transport, banks and insurance companies, are required. These can be
considered as basic services. In a developing country, the government has to take responsibility for
the provision of these services.

(b) Development of primary and secondary sector: The development of agriculture and industry
leads to the development of services such as transport, trade and storage. The greater the
development of the primary and secondary sectors, the more would be the demand for such
services.

(c) Rise in income levels: As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many
more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools and professional
training centres. We can see this change quite sharply in cities, especially in big cities.

(d) Rise in information technology: Over the past decade or so, certain new services, such as those
based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The
production of these services has been rising rapidly.

(e) Globalization: Due to globalization, people have become aware of new services and activities,
and communication because of which the tertiary sector has gained importance.
 Ch-3
Money & Credit
“Self –help groups eliminates poverty and
5 Marks empowers women”. Substantiate with
suitable answer.

20
 ● Self Help Groups help the poor to become self-reliant in terms of savings and
generating income. They avail the facilities of loans from formal sources like banks
Solution at low rate of interest. They do not demand collateral and so it is easy to access
by the poor.
● Self-help groups are exclusively meant for rural women to make them
Economically independent through self-employment opportunities. Helps to
improve other development factors such as literacy levels, improved healthcare
and better family planning. Economic empowerment.
● SHGs provide women with a platform to save and access credit at affordable
rates, which enables them to start and expand small businesses. Thus improving
the standard of living.
● Skill development: SHGs in India have also been successful in providing skill
development and training opportunities to women. Through training
programs,women are equipped with the necessary skills to start and run
successful businesses.
● Social empowerment. By providing a platform for women to come together, share
their experiences, and support each other, SHGs have empowered women to take
charge of their lives and become active participants in their communities.
 Ch-3
Money & Credit Money by providing the crucial intermediate
step eliminates the need for double coincidence
of wants. Justify the statement.
5 Marks
What do you understand by the Double
Coincidence of Wants?

21
What is the Barter system? What are the
limitations of the Barter system?

What is money? How does money eliminate the

need for a double coincidence of wants?

Why is money called a medium of exchange?

 In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double
coincidence of wants is an essential feature.
Solution In contrast, in an economy where money is in use, money by providing the crucial
intermediate step eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants. -People with the
help of money can purchase whatever he needs. No goods or other items are needed for
exchange any more. Since money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, it is
called a medium of exchange.
● Modern forms of money include currency — paper notes and coins. Unlike the
things that were used as money earlier, modern currency is not made of precious
metals such as gold, silver and copper. And unlike grain and cattle, they are neither
of everyday use. The modern currency is without any use of its own.
● It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the
government of the country. In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency
notes on behalf of the central government.
● As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency.
Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot
be refused in settling transactions in India. No individual in India can legally refuse
a payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of
exchange.
 Ch-3
Money & Credit
A farmer has borrowed money from a
money lender at a high rate of interest, as he
5 Marks could not pay the interest, he was forced to
borrow from another landlord to settle the
amount for the interest borrowed to the

22 money lender.
State the consequences he may face in this
situation.
 The situation described where a farmer borrows money at a high rate of interest
and subsequently borrows more to settle the interest with another landlord can
Solution lead to several adverse consequences for the farmer.

The Farmer has fallen into “Debt trap”, He is in a situation where he will not be
able to repay the debt incurred because:
● The Informal sector was the source of credit opted by the farmer, where the
Rate of interest is high,
● no proper documentation is sought,
● no set of rules and regulations will be followed,
● the lenders were often punished and will be ill-treated,
● the prime motive of the informal sources of this kind of credit is to make
profit.
 Economics
Ch-2
Sectors of Indian Economy
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in
the organised and unorganised sector. [2023]
5 Marks Or
How do the workers of the organized sector receive
the benefits of employment security? Explain with
examples. [2021C]
23 Or
Why do people prefer to work in an organized
sector? Explain. [2015]
 Organized Sector:
● In the organized sector, there are rules set by the government that employers must follow.
These rules cover things like working hours, wages, and safety.
Solution ● Everything in this sector is done in a formal way. This means there are clear steps for hiring
people, making contracts, and solving problems. There's a structure in place, and everyone
knows their job.
● Workers in this sector have more job security. They usually work full-time and get benefits like
medical care, paid time off, and retirement savings. Employees have set hours for work and get
paid extra if they work more. They also get breaks and days off.

Unorganized Sector:
● The unorganized sector doesn't follow many government rules. There are no formal contracts,
and workers often don't know what they're entitled to.
● Work in this sector is informal. It's made up of small businesses where people might work for a
day or get paid for each thing they do.
● There's no guarantee of a steady job or benefits. Jobs in this sector often pay very little and
aren't steady.
● Workers might have to work long hours without extra pay. They also don't usually get benefits
like healthcare or retirement savings. Workers here don't have much job security.
● They can be let go at any time without any legal protections. Overall, the organized sector is
better for workers because it follows rules, offers more security, and provides benefits. The
unorganized sector, on the other hand, can be tough for workers since there are fewer rules
and protections in place.
3 Marks
(Most Important Questions)
 Ch-5
Print Culture and the Modern World How did access to books create a new culture of
reading ? Explain. (2023, OD 2019]

5 Marks "Printing brought the reading public and hearing

public closer." Substantiate the statement with
an appropriate argument. [2019 C]

How did a reading public emerge with the

24 printing press? Express your opinion (2015, 16)

How did the oral culture enter print and how was
the printed material transmitted orally. Explain
with suitable examples. [CBSE 2008 (F), Sept.
2012]
 Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier reading was restricted to
Solution the elite.
● Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read
out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally.

The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read books
individually and silently. The reasons behind this culture were:

● The books were expensive

● The books were produced in fewer numbers
● The literacy rate was low in most European countries.

To bridge the gap between these two public, printers began publishing popular
ballads and folk tales, and such books were illustrated with pictures. These were
then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in towns. Oral culture thus
entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe Explain the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the
Unification of Germany. (2020)
5 Marks

25
 Otto von Bismarck was the architect of Germany as he played an important role in the
unification of the country with the help of army and tactful diplomacy.
Solution (i) The revolution of the liberals led by middle-class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the
different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state. It failed in its goal.

(ii) After the failure of the revolution of 1848, Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von
Bismarck, with the help of the army and bureaucracy, carried out the task of unification.

(iii) Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian
victory and completed the process of unification.

(iv) On 18th January 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William I was proclaimed German
Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in the presence of important officials, army
representatives and Otto von Bismarck.
 Ch-5 Democracies do not appear to be very
Outcomes of Democracy successful in reducing economic
inequalities”. Justify the statement. [ 2019
5 Marks
Evidence shows that in practice, many
democracies did not fulfil the expectations

26 of producing economic development in the

country. Validate the statement with the
help of relevant examples. (2016)
 Democracies are expected to reduce economic disparities. There should be
Solution just distribution of goods and opportunities. But the democracies are not
successful in reducing economic inequalities.

❖ We find growing economic inequalities with some very rich and some
very poor
❖ A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of
wealth. Their share in the total income of the country is has been rising
❖ Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend on.
Sometimes they find it difficult to meet the basic needs of life-food,
clothing, house, education
❖ The political parties do not appear keen to address the questions of
poverty.
❖ Example- In Bangladesh more than half of people lives in poverty
 Ch-5
Minerals & Energy Resources Consumption of energy in all forms has been
rising all over the country. There is an urgent
5 Marks need to develop a sustainable path of energy
development and energy saving. Suggest and
explain any three measures to solve this burning
problem. (2011,2015 & 2016)

27 “Energy saved is energy produced”. Support the

statement with suitable examples
 The following steps can be taken for saving energy:

Solution 1. Judicious use of energy resources.

2. Use of public transport/ carpool.
3. To use bicycle for short distances.
4. Switching off electrical gadgets when not in use.
5. Regular cleaning of gas burners and switching off the gas regulator when
not in use.
6. Avoid using refrigerator/ A. C. when not needed.
7. Creating awareness in neighbourhood with catchy slogans.
8. As India has been blessed with abundance of sunlight, water, wind and
biomass, we must use these to overcome present day energy crisis.
 Ch-5
Minerals & Energy Resources
“Non-conventional resources are the best option to
conserve the natural resources” Substantiate this
5 Marks statement with Examples
OR
Why is there a pressing need to use
non-conventional energy resources ? Explain.

28
 Non-conventional sources of energy are those forms of energy which is
renewable and unlimited. It doesn’t cause environmental pollution. Solar energy,
Solution Wind, Tide, Biomass and energy from waste material are the non-conventional
sources of energy.
Various reasons to prove why it is necessary to use non-conventional sources of
energy:
❖ As the country is developing, the consumption of energy is also growing
which led to an increase in the use of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. This
caused serious environmental problems.
❖ As the prices of the oil and gas are increasing and also, increasing usage of
such energy sources might lead to its shortage which will affect the security
of energy supply for the future generation.
❖ This will cause various consequences on the growth of the national
economy of the country.
 Ch-5
Print Culture and the Modern World What is a manuscript? List any four shortcomings
of manuscripts. (2013)

5 Marks

29
 ● India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten
Solution manuscripts—in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and other vernacular
languages.
● Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade
paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.

Shortcomings of manuscript:
● Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile and could not be
carried around easily.
● Production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the
ever-increasing demand for books.
● Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming
business.
● Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive
network of village, primary schools, students very often did not
read texts. They only learnt to write.
 Ch-3
Water Resources
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of
multi-purpose river valley projects.
5 Marks
List any three advantages and three disadvantages
of multipurpose river project. [2014, 13, 12]

30
 Advantages:
● They provide water for irrigation.
● They provide water for electricity generation
Solution ●
●
Provide water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
Helps in flood control.
● Provide recreation
● Helps in inland navigation.
● Useful for fish breeding.

Disadvantages:
● Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive
sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats
for the rivers’ aquatic life.
● Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
● The dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and the release of excess
water during heavy rains.
● Multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases, and pests, and lead to
pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
● Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water-intensive
and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.
● The dams increase the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
● The dams create inter-state water disputes with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the
multi-purpose project
 Civics
Explain the role of Election Commission in the
Ch-4 ‘registration and Recognition’ of political
Political Parties parties in India. (3 marks) (2022)

How are political parties recognized as

5 Marks regional and national parties in India? Explain
with examples. (1 1/2 + 1 1/2 = 3) (2019)

Which organisation does recognise ‘recognise’

31 in India? (1 mark) (2017)

Evaluate the significant distinction between

the national and regional parties and assess
the requirements for a regional party to
become a national party(SQP 2024)
 Registration: Approves party applications, assigns unique symbols.
Recognition: Grants national/state status based on election performance, offering
Solution benefits like reserved symbols and funding.
Conditions required for a party to be recognized as a regional political party:
(i) A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the
legislative assembly of a state.
(ii) Wins at least two seats in the legislative assembly.
For Example, Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Janta Dal, Trinamool Congress, Shiv Sena, etc.

Conditions required to be a national political party:

(i) A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in general elections of Lok Sabha or
assembly elections in four states
(ii) A party that wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha.For Example, BJP, Indian National
Congress.

Regulation: Settles disputes, monitors finances, enforces election code.

Promotes: Inner-party democracy and fairness in the political landscape.
 Civics
Ch-5
Outcomes of Democracy Establish the relationship between
democracy and the development. (2016, 12)
5 Marks
Economic development depends on several

32 factors along with democracy. Name them.

 ● Democracies are expected to produce economic development.
Solution ● Inability of Democracy to achieve higher economic development is a
matter of worry
● The economic development depends on several factors like-
a. Population size of the country
b. Global situations
c. Cooperation from other countries
d. Economic priorities and policies of govt
● The dictatorships are slightly better from democracies in terms of
economic achievements
● But it is better to prefer democracy because it has many other positive
outcomes.
 Economics
Ch-2
Sectors of Indian Economy Suggest way to solve under-employment
situation in rural areas. (2013,2015)
5 Marks Or
What is disguised unemployment? Suggest any
two measures to reduce unemployment.

33
 ● The government can spend some money or banks can provide loans to
construct wells etc. which will reduce the dependency of farmers on rains and
Solution they will be able to grow two crops a year.

● Construction of dams and canals can lead to lot of generation of employment

in agricultural sector itself.

● If government invests some money on transportation and storage of crops or

makes better rural roads it can provide productive employment not just to
farmers but also to others who are in services like transport or trade.

● If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the small and marginal-farmers
they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time.

● Another way to solve this problem is to identify promote and locate industries
and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be
employed
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe Explain the process of unification of Italy. (2023,
2019)
5 Marks Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the
Unification of Italy.(2020)

34
 ● Italy faced political fragmentation over its long history. Italy was divided into
seven states over the middle of the 19th century.
● Out of seven states only one state was ruled by Italian princely house i.e.
Solution Sardinia-Piedmont.
● Giuseppe Mazzini wanted to put a programme to unify Italy in the 1830’s. To
spread his goals a secret society called Young Italy was formed.
● The responsibility of unifying Italy through war fell on the ruler King Victor
Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, after the failure of revolutionary uprising in
1831 and 1848.
● The ruling elite thought that they would get political dominance and economic
development after unification of Italy.
● The Austrian forces were defeated in 1859 by Sardinia-Piedmont, after a
diplomatic alliance was made with the French, by Chief Minister Cavour.
● In order to drive out the Spanish rulers from the Southern regions of Italy, in
1860, a large number of armed volunteers under Garibaldi marched into the
Kingdom of two Sicilies and South Italy. They won the support of Peasants. Hence
in 1861, Italy had a new king, Victor Emmanuel II.
 Economics
Ch-2
Sectors of Indian Economy In what ways can employment be increased in
urban areas ?
5 Marks

35
 1. Strengthening the tourism sector: By opening more hotels, amusement
Solution parks, and restaurants, the demand for employment in this sector will
increase.

2. Improving infrastructure: Opening more schools, hospitals, and providing

transportation facilities will generate more employment in urban areas.

3. Strengthening the information technology sector: This involves opening

more call centres, cyber cafes, and software development units.

4. Providing Credit at reasonable rate of interest so people can open their own
businesses

5. Education and Health

 Economics
Ch-3
Money & Credit Why do we need to expand formal sources of
credit in India? Explain
5 Marks OR
Why do banks and cooperative societies need to
lend more? Explain(2011,2012,2014)

36
 We need to expand formal sources of credit in india because:
● There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the

Solution
informal sector.
● There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
● Formal sources of credit are less risky and they charge less rate of interest.

The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.

Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more:

● This would lead to higher incomes

● People could borrow cheaply for a variety of needs.
● They could grow crops and set up small-scale industries etc.
● Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development
● It is also important to save and reduce the dependence on informal sources of
credit.
 Economics
Ch-4
Globalization & the Indian Economy Define the term liberalization. Explain the
reasons why the Indian Government started the
policy of liberalization in 1991. (2014 D)
5 Marks Or
‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment
were removed to a large extent in India since

37 1991’. Justify the statement. (2016 D)

 Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and
foreign investment is what is known as liberalization.
Solution The Indian government, after Independence put barriers to foreign trade and
foreign investment to protect the producers within the country from foreign
competition
The Indian Government removed these barriers because:

● Liberalization of trade and investment policies allows Indian producers to

compete with producers around the globe leading to an improvement in
performance and quality of products.

● After the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a
large extent, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign
companies could set up factories and offices in India. This has led to an
increase in trade with different countries.

● Businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to
import or export due to the liberal policies of the government.
 Ch-4
Agriculture
Explain any two features of Primitive
Subsistence farming. [2023]
5 Marks
Explain the features of primitive subsistence and
commercial farming in India. (2023, 2020)

38
 Explain the features of primitive subsistence and commercial farming in India.
Primitive subsistence farming
Solution 1. Primitive subsistence farming is one of the earliest farming techniques to be
practised since it makes use of primitive tools and is carried out on a small scale.
2. Primitive subsistence farming is only sufficient to feed the farmer and their family
3. It is labour intensive since most of the activities are done by human labour
4. Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised through primitive subsistence
farming

Commercial farming
1. Commercial farming makes use of modern tools and technology such as
pesticides, fertilisers, HYV seeds and is carried out on a large scale.
2. Commercial farming is done with the view to sell the crops and gain profit.
3. It is capital intensive since it depends on machines to get the work done.
4. Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, tea, jute etc are raised through commercial farming.
 4 Marks
(Case Based Most Important Questions)
 Read the Following Passage and Answer the Questions (CBSE 2020)

39 'Modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation- states. It also meant a
change in people's understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging.
New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.
In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process. How did this consciousness
emerge in India? In India and as in many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately
connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their
struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied
many different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their
experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under
Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But unity did not emerge
without conflict.

(A) What was people's understanding of the nation?

(B) How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement?
(C) How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain.
(A) What was people's understanding of the nation?

Peoples' understanding of a nation meant understanding of who they were and what
defined their identity and sense of belonging. Through new symbols and icons, new songs
and ideas that forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.
(B) How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial
movement?

Modern nationalism was intimately connected with the anti-colonial movement because
people began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The
sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many
different groups together and thus led to a common understanding of forming nations.
(C) How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain.

People in India developed a sense of belongingness and identification as they grew closer
during their struggle against colonial rule. The common sense of being oppressed by a
foreigner who did not have any rights on this land and its resources compelled them to
identify each other as true owners of their own country which triggered a sense of
collective belonging.
 Read the Following Passage and Answer the Questions

40 Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and
movements control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to
choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of
competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and
social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to
contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a
democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and
industrial workers. They also will have share in governmental power, either through participation in
governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision-making process.

1 ‘Power sharing is an essential component of democracy.’ Give one example to prove the statement.
2 How is alliance building an example of power sharing?
3 How Political parties, pressure groups and movements help in controlling or influencing those who
are in power?
(A) ‘Power sharing is an essential component of democracy.’ Give one example to prove
the statement.

i. It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups.

ii. power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order
(B) How is alliance building an example of power sharing?

i. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections or to form a government
is called as sharing of power.
ii. Alliance could be between regional and national parties which is again an example of
power sharing
iii. Political ideas are shared
(C) How Political parties, pressure groups and movements help in controlling or
influencing those who are in power?

i. Freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties.

ii. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among
different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.
 Read the Following Passage and Answer the Questions
The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world there is a tendency in political
parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership
registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary
41 members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. They do not have the
means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to
make decisions in the name of the party. Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those
who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles
and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Since most political parties do not
practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker
to rise to the top in a party. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour
people close to them or even their family members. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by
members of one family. This is unfair to other members of that party. This is also bad for democracy, since people
who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power. This tendency is
present in some measure all over the world, including in some of the older democracies.

(A) Mention any one reason which cause the challenge of lack of internal democracy in political parties.
(B) Mention one consequence of dynastic succession
(C) The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Substantiate this statement in 40 words.
(A) Mention any one reason which cause the challenge of lack of internal democracy in
political parties.

A lack of internal democracy in political parties is caused because the leaders assume
greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
(B) Mention one consequence of dynastic succession

Due to dynastic succession, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the
top, in a party. Hence, more people start to lose their trust in political parties
(C) The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Substantiate
this statement in 40 words.

The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties and the second is dynastic
succession. When decision- making power is concentrated in the hands of a few
individuals, it can lead to a power imbalance within the party. Dynastic succession refers to
the practice of political power being passed down within families, often from one
generation to another. This challenge arises when political parties promote and prioritize
family connections and inheritance of leadership positions, rather than merit-based
selection or open competition which is also directly related to the lack of interval
democracy.
 Read the Following Passage and Answer the Questions (2023)

42 LANGUAGE DIVERSITY OF INDIA

How many languages do we have in India? The answer depends on how one counts it. The latest information
that we have is from the Census of India held in 2011. This census recorded more than 1300 distinct
languages which people mentioned as their mother tongues. These languages were grouped together under
some major languages. For example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi,
Rajasthani and many others were grouped together under 'Hindi. Even after this grouping, the Census
found 121 major languages. Of these 22 languages are now included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution and are therefore called 'Scheduled Languages! Others are called 'Non-Scheduled Languages.
In terms of languages, India is perhaps the most diverse country in the world.

(A) Explain the importance of language diversity in India.

(B) Differentiate between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages.
(C) 'The fusion of languages has united the country into one cultural entity.' Explain the statement
with an example
(A) Explain the importance of language diversity in India.

Language diversity in India helps in preserving the unique identities and cultures of different
communities. This makes people feel included and represented in a democracy like India.
(B) Differentiate between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages.

The languages which have been included in the Eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution
are called Scheduled languages. Any other language is an unscheduled language.
(C) 'The fusion of languages has united the country into one cultural entity.' Explain the
statement with an example

The given statement means that the plethora of diverse languages and cultures of India
have blended together to create a shared united sense of national identity. This can be
described using the example of Indian democracy and its philosophy of Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam. The Indian democracy recognises and respects different languages and
cultures. This recognition has encouraged the formation of harmonious social bonds among
people and united them together as one entity.
 Read the Following Passage and Answer the Questions(2023)

43 Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi purpose projects, water
harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India,
along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water
harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide
ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local
ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels
like the 'guls' or 'kuls' of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. Rooftop rainwater harvesting' was
commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people
developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were
converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the
'khadins' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads' in other parts of Rajasthan.

(A) Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative?

(B) Describe the process ess of 'rooftop rainwater harvesting."
(C) Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation.
(A) Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative?

It is a viable alternative because it does not induce Earthquakes unlike Multipurpose dams
and does not cause displacement of people or destroy the ecosystem.
(B) Describe the process ess of 'rooftop rainwater harvesting."

The process of rainwater harvesting involves the collection and the storage of rainwater
with the help of artificially designed systems that run off naturally or man-made catchment
areas like- the rooftop, compounds, rock surface, hill slopes, artificially repaired impervious
or semi-pervious land surface.
(C) Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation.

Two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation are as follows:

(1) Diversion channels called Guls or Kuls were constructed.

(2) Storage structures like Khadins in Jaisalmer.

 Read the given text and answer the following questions: (SQP 2021-22)

‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject
44 of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for
intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active … ‘Satyagraha is not
physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction
… In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the
very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with
knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that
India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-God and they can
all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can
never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own …’

1. Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma?

2. How was Gandhian satyagraha taken by the people who believed in his philosophy?
3. Why was Gandhian satyagraha considered as a novel way to resist injustice?
1. Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma?

Gandhiji adopted nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of life. According to him
philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the weak; it is a weapon, which can be tried by all.
2. How was Gandhian satyagraha taken by the people who believed in his philosophy?

A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction. In the
use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will.
3. Why was Gandhian satyagraha considered as a novel way to resist injustice?

(i) One could win the battle through nonviolence.

(ii) This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iii) People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of
being forced to accept
 Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow :
Maharashtra is a state located in western India, with a population of over 110 million people. The state is
home to several large cities, including Mumbai, and has a significant agricultural sector. However, the state
is facing a severe water crisis, with its water resources coming under increasing pressure due to climate
45 change, industrialization, and urbanization. The main challenges faced by water resource management in
Maharashtra are:
i.Overexploitation of groundwater: Maharashtra is one of the most groundwater stressed states in India,
with the demand for water exceeding the supply. Overexploitation of groundwater for agriculture and
urban use has led to a decline in water levels, which has severe implications for the sustainability of water
resources.

ii.Pollution of surface water: Industrialization and urbanization have led to the pollution of surface water
bodies such as rivers and lakes. The pollution has led to water quality degradation, which poses risks to
human health and the environment.

iii.Inefficient irrigation practices: The agricultural sector is the largest user of water in Maharashtra,
accounting for around 80% of total water use. However, traditional irrigation practices such as flood
irrigation are inefficient and lead to the wastage of water.

1. Mention any two reasons for the water crisis faced by the state of Maharashtra.
2. Despite being the second highest rainfall-receiving state of the country, Maharashtra still faces
water crisis. Substantiate this statement in 40 words.
3. Propose any one solution to mitigate the water crisis faced by Maharashtra state.
1. Mention any two reasons for the water crisis faced by the state of Maharashtra.

Ans: Two reasons for Maharashtra facing a water crisis are overexploitation of groundwater and
pollution of surface water bodies due to industrialization and urbanization.
2. Despite being the second highest rainfall-receiving state of the country, Maharashtra still
faces water crisis. Substantiate this statement in 40 words.

Ans: Despite receiving the second-highest rainfall in the country, traditional irrigation practices
like flood irrigation leading to water shortages in Maharashtra. This is because flood irrigation
involves excessive water use, and the water gets lost due to runoff, leading to less water available
for other uses.
3. Propose any one solution to mitigate the water crisis faced by Maharashtra state.

Ans: To mitigate the water crisis in Maharashtra, one solution could be to promote the adoption
of more efficient irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems, that use less
water and are more targeted in their delivery. The state can also use rain water harvesting system
to improve ground water levels along the western side of western Ghats which receive maximum
rainfall. This will increase the efficiency of water use in the state of Maharashtra
 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. They resent discrimination. All these
46 are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income
or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or
material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the
quality of our life also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it is not obvious
to you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire their friendship.
Similarly, there are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.
These are often ignored. However, it will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be
measured is not important. Consider another example. If you get a job in a far off place,
before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as
facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job
may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of
security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time
for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

1.Do you think an enhanced income is the only goal of one’s life? Substantiate your answer with
any two examples.
2.Which factors would you consider before you accept a job?
1.Do you think an enhanced income is the only goal of one’s life? Substantiate your answer
with illustrations.

Equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. All these are important goals besides
an enhanced income. We don’t live by just material needs. Friends in our lives are very important
and their friendship mean a lot in our lives.
2.Which factors would you consider before you accept a job?

I would consider accepting a job which gives me the required pay along with facilities for my
family and the time to spend with them. It should have a good working atmosphere enabling
good opportunity to learn and job security. I should have a sense of security and freedom.
2 marks
(Most Important Questions)
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe
How did the Greek war of independence
mobilize nationalist feelings among the
3 Marks educated elite across Europe? Explain.(2020,
2011)

How did the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832

recognize Greece as an Independent Nation?

47 Explain (2023)
 ● Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

Solution
● The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821

● Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and
mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.

● The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war,
where he died of fever in 1824.

● Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an

independent nation.
 Ch-1
Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Examine the significance of the Statue of
2 Marks Liberty in Frederic Sorrieu paintings, ‘The
Dream of the worldwide Democratic and
Socialist Republics.

48
 Statue of Liberty in Frederic Sorrieu's paintings shows the people of Europe and
Solution America marching towards the Statue of Liberty and paying homage to it. Liberty
is personified as a female figure which holds charter rights in one hand and the
torch in other.
In his painting people of the world are grouped together distinct nations,
identified through their flags and national costumes.
 Ch-2
Nationalism in India

What was the main reason to withdraw the

3 Marks Non-cooperation Movement? (2013 OD)

49
 Reasons behind calling off the Non-cooperation Movement
Solution
● The movement had turned violent.
● The immediate cause was the Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur.
● On February 5, 1922 police fired at the people who are agitating in favour
of Non-cooperation Movement.
● The people rebelled against the police and burnt the police station. As a
result, 22 policemen were died
● Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12 February,
1922.
 Ch-2
Nationalism in India ‘Salt is something that is consumed by the rich and the
poor alike across India.’

3 Marks Which step by Viceroy Irwin enraged Gandhi to launch a

nationwide protest movement using this essential item as
a symbol? Elaborate with example.

Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that

50 could unite the nation.Support the statement with three

arguments (2023,2022)

Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the ‘Civil Disobedience

Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country ?
Explain (2019)

How did the Salt March become an effective tool of

resistance against colonialism? Explain. (Term-II 2015)
 ● Mahatma Gandhi found in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the
Solution nation. Salt is consumed by all sections of the society, by the rich and the
poor alike. It is one of the most essential items of food.
● On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to the Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven
demands. he most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
● Mahatma Gandhi declared that tax on salt and government monopoly over
its production was the most oppressive step taken by the British
government.
● Mahatma Gandhi choose salt because all sections of the society could
identify with it and everyone could be brought into a united struggle.
 Ch-3
The Making of Global World
‘The silk routes are a good example of vibrant
3 Marks pre -modern trade and cultural links between
distant parts of the world.’Substantiate the
statement with illustrations.

51
 ● The routes on which cargoes carried Chinese silk to the west were known as
Solution ‘Silk routes’.

● Historians have discovered several silk routes over land and by sea, covering
vast regions of Asia and connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa.

● Even pottery from China, textile and spices from India and South Asia also
travelled the same route.

● In return, precious metals like gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
The traders along with trading items carried knowledge, ideas, values, skills,
inventions, lifestyles, food habits, religious beliefs, etc.

● Culturally, Buddhism emerged from Eastern India and spread in several

directions through the silk routes. Thus, silk route not only played a major
role in linking distant parts of the world, but also promoted pre-modern
trade and cultural links.
 Ch-3
The Making of Global World
In what ways did food items offer scope for
long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
3 Marks
[Term-I, 2016-17]

52
 (i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
Solution
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.

(iii) Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy in the 5th century.

(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize,
tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors.
 Ch-3
The Making of Global World
Explain how the global transfer of disease in
the pre-modern world helped in the
3 Marks
colonisation of the Americas? (2011)

53
 Global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of
Solution the Americans:

(i) America was not conquered and colonised by Europeans with the help of
superior firepower alone.

(ii) Germs, such as those of smallpox were helpful to a great extent.

(iii) Americans had no immunity against them as a result of long isolation. Once
introduced, the germs spread deep into the continent decimating whole
communities and paving way for conquest.
 Ch-5
Print Culture and the Modern World
“The production of handwritten manuscripts could
not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.”
2 Marks Give reasons to support this statement.

Explain any three factors responsible for the

invention of new printing techniques.

54 Mention any three reasons for the limited

circulation of manuscripts in Europe before Marco
Polo introduced the printing technology. (2017)

Why were manuscripts not widely used in everyday

life? Give three reasons. (2014)
 i) The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing
Solution demand for books.

(ii) Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.

(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around
or read easily.

(iv) Their circulation was limited.

 Ch-5
Print Culture and the Modern World “The print culture created the conditions within
which the French Revolution occurred.” Support
the statement by giving necessary arguments.
3 Marks

55
 The print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution
occurred:
Solution ● Print popularized the ideas of enlightened thinkers like Voltaire and
Rousseau. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the
despotic power of the state. They wanted the rule of reason, questioning,
and rationality.
● Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. This resulted in the
re-evaluation of the values, norms, and institutions. Within this public
culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.
● By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the
royalty and criticized their morality. Cartoons and caricatures typically
suggested that the monarchy remained only in sensual pleasures while
the common people suffered immense hardships.
 Ch-1
Resource and Development
“Planning is the widely accepted strategy for
judicious use of resources in a country like India”.
3 Marks
Justify this statement with two relevant points
and an example. (2012,2014,2015)

“In India, some regions are rich in certain types of

56 resources but deficient in some other resources”.
Do you agree with the statement? Support your
answer with any three examples and what can be
done to overcome this limitation?
 India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Through
Solution planning, regions which have shortage of vital resources and those having
adequate quantities, receive equal attention.

1. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources

but are deficient in some other resources.
For example: Arunachal has abundance of water but lacks in
infrastructural development.
2. There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient
in terms of availability of resources. For example: The states of
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in
minerals and coal deposits.
3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of some
vital resources.
For example: The state of Rajasthan is well endowed with solar
and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
 Ch-2
Forest & Wildlife Resources
Suggest and explain ways to protect the land
3 Marks from degradation in various states of India.

57
 Measures to control land degradation:
Solution
● Afforestation and proper management of grazing should be done.
● Planting of shelterbelts of plants and control overgrazing should
be done.
● Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
● Control of mining activities and proper management of waste
lands should be done.
● Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
after treatment
 Ch-4
Agriculture
Hriday is talking to his grandmother about an
agricultural crop which grows very well in his state -
3 Marks Punjab and is harvested in bright sunshine .
Identify this crop and mention any two geographical
conditions required for its growth.

58
 Wheat is the 2nd most important food crop of India. It is the crop of temperate
region. In India it is grown in winter.
Solution It is more dependent on climate than soil. The geographical condition required for
Wheat Cultivation are mentioned below:-

● Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall is required for wheat cultivation. In the

primary stage cold moisture rich climate and at the time of harvesting
bright hot climate is required.
● Soil: Fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil is ideal for wheat cultivation.
 Ch-5
Minerals & Energy Resources
Explain the reasons for concentration of iron
3 Marks and steel industries in and around
Chotanagpur region.(2019, 2016, 2015, 2014)

59
 Factors responsible for concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota
Nagpur Plateau:
Solution
(i) Low cost of iron-ore

(ii) High grade raw material in proximity.

(iii) Cheap labour.

(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market.

(v) Good transport connectivity.

(vi) Availability of water resources.

 Ch-5
Minerals & Energy Resources
How is the mining activity injurious to the
health of the miners and the environment?
3 Marks Explain. (Delhi 2015)

OR

Analyze the impact of mining activities on the

60 local environment and the health of the
surrounding communities.
 ● Mining activities can lead to respiratory diseases and other health issues
for miners due to the inhalation of dust and toxic fumes.
Solution
● The roofs and walls of mines can pose a risk of collapsing, leading to
accidents and injuries.

● Flooding and fire hazards are common risks in mining operations.

● Mining can result in the contamination of water bodies with mineral dust,
affecting aquatic life and human consumption.

● The dumping of waste and slurry from mining operations can degrade the
land and contribute to environmental pollution.
 Ch-6
Manufacturing Industries
Why does the textile industry occupy an
3 Marks important position in the Indian
economy ? Explain(2019,2014,15,16,12)

61
 The textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy because it
contributes:
Solution
● Significantly to industrial production
● It generates employment 35 million persons directly.
● Earns foreign exchange
● It contributes to a larger amount towards GDP
● Only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.
 Ch-6
Manufacturing Industries
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to
3 Marks concentrate in Southern states of India in
recent years ? Give three reasons.

62
 In recent years, there is a tendency among the sugar mills to shift and concentrate
in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra because of the

Solution
following reasons:

1. The sugarcane produced here has a higher sucrose content, thus yields
greater quantity of sugar.

2. The cooler climate here ensures longer crusting season as it prevents drying
of cane.

3. Sugar mills are best suited for the cooperatives that are more successful in
these states.
 Ch-6
Manufacturing Industries
Explain any three steps to be taken to minimize
3 Marks environmental degradation by industries.
(2012,2013,2014)
Or
Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.

63 Justify the statement with 3 suggestions.

Or
Suggest steps to minimize the environmental
degradation caused by the industrial development
in India. [CBSE 2016]
 Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial
development in India are: Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry
Solution pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater.

● Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or

more successive stages.
● Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirement.
● Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
● Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators.
 Ch-6
Manufacturing Industries
The jute-textile industry is mainly concentrated
5 Marks in the Hooghly basin. Mention five factors or
reasons for the same. (SQP 2018, Board 2016,
14, 12, 11, 09, 08)

64
 ● Proximity of the jute producing areas. Raw jute is easily available as
West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in the world.
Solution ● Abundant water for processing of jute. This industry requires a lot of
water.
● Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of
Bihar, Orissa, UP
● Cheap water transport and good network of roadways, railways
facilitate movement of goods
● Port facilities. Kolkata port is used for export purposes
● Kolkata is a metro city with good services of banking, insurance and
other commercial facilities.
 Civics
Ch-1
Power Sharing Elaborate upon three Prudential and
Moral reasons of Power sharing
3 Marks

65
 Power sharing is necessary in democratic form of government. Prudential and
Moral reasons of power sharing are as follows:
Solution Prudential Reasons:
(1) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups. For
example, seats in legislative assemblies and parliament have been reserved for SCs
and STS.
(2) Power sharing is good way to ensure political stability (stable government) in
the country.
(3) Imposing the will of majority community over the minority may undermine the
unity of the nation in long run. For example, in civil war between Tamils and
Sinhala in Sri Lanka, killed lakhs of people from both the communities.
Moral Reasons:
(1) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy.
(2) It involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise.
 Civics
Ch-1
Power Sharing What are the two conditions to accommodate
social diversities in a democracy? Mention any
one exception to this. [2015]
3 Marks
Why is democracy not considered simply a rule
of majority. Explain

66
 ● Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions
in order to ensure social diversity and harmony.
Solution ● Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion: The majority always
needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent
the general view.

● Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of

religion or race or linguistic group, etc: Different persons and groups may
and can form a majority, democracy remains democracy only as long as
every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

● An exceptional example of Sri Lanka- Here the policy of majoritarianism is

followed.
 Civics
Ch-2
Federalism Describe the three-fold distribution of
legislative power between the Union
Government and State Governments of
3 Marks India. (2014, 2018)

67
 The three-fold distribution of legislative powers:
Solution
● Union list: Union lists consist of 97 subjects. It includes subjects of
national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs,
banking, communication and currency.

● State list: State list consists of 66 subjects. It contains subjects of state

and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and
irrigation.

● Concurrent list: Concurrent list consist of 47 subjects It includes

subjects of common interest to both such as education, forest, trade
unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
 Civics
Ch-2
Federalism
Why has Federalism succeeded in India?
Which were the policies adopted by India
3 Marks
that ensured this success? Explain.

68
 The policies adopted by India that ensured this success are:

● Linguistic states: Many old states have vanished and many new states have been
Solution created. Areas, boundaries, and names of the states have been changed. This was
done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
Some states were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or
geography.
● Language policy: Indian constitution did not give the status of national language
to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. Besides Hindi,
there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the
Constitution. States too have their own official languages.
● Division of powers between the Centre and States: India has a federal system
where powers are divided between the Centre and States. The Constitution of
India lists out the powers of the Centre and States in the Union List, State List and
Concurrent List. This division of powers ensures that the Centre and States work
together for the overall development of the country.
● Decentralization: In 1992, the Constitution was amended to make the third tier of
democracy more powerful and effective. The local government includes
Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas
 Civics
Ch-3
Gender, Religion, and Caste What was the Feminist Movement?
Explain the political demands of the
3 Marks Feminist Movement in India. (2012,2015)

69
 Feminist Movement was a radical movement which demanded equality
Solution for women in personal and family life also apart from politics, society and
educational field. The political demands of the Feminist Movements in
India were: More women representatives in local government.
● More political representatives for women by having elected women
representatives.
● Reserving at least one-third of the seats in Lok Sabha and
Legislative Assemblies for women.
 Civics
Ch-3 Explain the status of women's
Gender, Religion, and Caste representation in India's legislative bodies.
What can be done to improve the situation.

3 Marks

70
 The proportion of women in the legislature has been very low.
➔ Central Legislature: The percentage of elected women members in Lok
Solution Sabha has touched 14.36 % of its total strength for the first time in 2019.
➔ State Legislature: Less than 5% of its total strength is women.
➔ Local Government: 1/3rd of the seats are reserved for women in
Panchayats and Municipalities.
If we want to increase the women participation following measures can be
taken:
● It should be legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the
elected bodies.
● There should be the reservation of at least one third of seats in the Lok
Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women.
 Civics
Ch-3
Gender, Religion, and Caste Explain the major factors responsible for
the rigid caste system disappearing from
India. Give two suggestions of your own.
3 Marks
How has caste system in modern India
undergone great change? Explain. [2023]

71 Explain the factors that have led to the

weakening of the caste system in India.
[2019 C, 2014, 2016, 2017]
 Economic development, education, occupational mobility etc have been
weakening the Caste-hierarchy
Solution
● Leaders like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B R Ambedkar and Periyar
Ramaswami Naicker worked to establish society which is not based on
Caste inequalities
● Urbanisation and growth of literacy and education has helped in the
weakening of Caste institutions
● Occupational mobility (choice of occupation) is breaking the old notion
of Caste hierarchy
● Weakening of the position of landlords in villages has also contributed
to the decline Caste hierarchy
● The Indian Constitution also prohibits Caste based discrimination.
 Civics
Ch-3
Gender, Religion, and Caste
“Secularism is not an ideology of some
political parties or persons, but it is one of
3 Marks the foundations of our country.” Examine
the statement.

72
 Meaning of Secularism

Solution Secularism means no special status is given to any religion. The state with no
any official religion is called a secular state. It is just not an ideology of some
parties or persons. The ideology of Secularism is one of the basic and
foundational structure of the Indian Constitution.

Secular Provisions of the Constitution

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian states, unlike the status of
Buddhism in Sri Lanka, or that of Islam in Pakistan.
(ii) The Constitution provides freedom to all to protest, practice and
propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows state to intervene in the matters of religion in
order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans
untouchability.
 Civics
Ch-4
Political Parties Define multi-party system. Explain its merits and
demerits.(1+2+2=5) (2023)

3 Marks Why has India adopted a multi-party system ?

Explain. (2 marks) (2022)

73 Why has India adopted a multi-party system ? (3

marks) (2016,2017)

What is a multi-party system? Why has India

adopted a multi-party system? Explain. (3 marks)
(2015)
 Multiparty system:

Solution If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a
reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in
alliance with others we call it a multi-party system.

Merits:

1. This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political

representation.
2. People can make a choice between several candidates.

Demerits:

1. No one party is likely to gain power alone. Therefore it leads to

difficulty in formation of government.
2. Leads to political instability and often appears to be very messy.
 Civics
Ch-4
Political Parties
No party system is ideal for all countries and in
3 Marks all situations.” Justify the statement (2016)

74
 Parties are a necessary condition for a democracy. The rise of political parties is

Solution directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.

Party system is not something any country can choose. It evolves depending on
the nature of society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and
system of elections.Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its
special circumstances.

For example, India has evolved a multi-party system, because of its social and
geographical diversity which cannot be easily absorbed by two or three
parties.Political parties make policies to promote collective good and there can be
different views on what is good for all. Therefore no system is ideal for all
countries and situations.
 Civics
Ch-4
Political Parties ‘Lack of internal democracy within parties is
the major challenge to political parties all
3 Marks over the world.’ Analyse the statement.
(2015)

Or

75 The first challenge faced by the political

parties is lack of internal democracy within
parties. What do you understand by the
statement? Explain. (2016
 Lack of internal democracy in political parties is the major challenge to political

Solution parties as:

(i)All over the world,there is a tendency in political parties towards the
concentration of power In one on few leaders as the top.
(ii)Parties do not keep membership registers do not conduct meetings and do
not contest elections regularly.
(iii)Do not hold organizational meetings.
(iv)Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information.
(v)One or few leaders exercise prominent power in the party.
 Economics
Ch-1
Development Describe any three possible development goals of
landless rural labourers. (2016)
Or
5 Marks
Explain how the development goals and aspirations
of landless rural laborers, prosperous farmers, and

76
poor farmers who depend only on rain are different.
 The three possible development goals of landless rural labourers are:
Solution I. Have basic facilities and more days of work.
II. Better wages.
III. Quality education to their children in the nearby government school.
 Economics
Ch-2
Sectors of Indian Economy
Why didn’t shift out of primary sector happen in
case of employment although there has been a
5 Marks change in the share of the three sectors in GDP?
(2016,2018)
OR

77 Name the sector that is the largest employer in

India. Why does this sector produce only a quarter
of the national GDP? (2016,2012)
 A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the
share of the three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in
Solution employment this is because:

● Not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

● More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary
sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only about one sixth of the GDP.

● In contrast to this, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce the rest of
the produce whereas they employ less about half the people.

● IIt means that there are more people in agriculture than is necessary.
Even if we move a few people out, production will not be affected. In
other words, workers in the agricultural sector are underemployed.
 Economics
Ch-3
Money & Credit
Explain any three functions of the Reserve Bank of
India. [2023, Al 2019]
5 Marks
Explain the significance of the Reserve Bank of India
in the Indian economy. (2022)

78 "The Reserve Bank of India supervises the

functioning of formal sources of loans." Support the
statement with examples. [2020]
 ● The Reserve Bank of India has many important roles that affect the
Solution common public:
● RBI monitors the balance kept by the bank for day to day transactions.
● RBI monitors the banking activity, particularly the loan-giving activity of
the banks. It ensures that the banks give loans to the priority sector like
agriculture and not just to profit-making sectors.
● The RBI undertakes the responsibility of controlling credit created by the
commercial banks. RBI uses quantitative and qualitative techniques to
control and regulate the credit flow. This includes interest rates and the
percentage of loans to a sector.
● The RBI gives guidelines to the bank about setting up the terms of credit
that the bank may decide upon for the borrowers.
 Ch-3
Money & Credit Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the
country’s development.” Assess the
statement.
3 Marks OR
Miss X wants to start a terracotta artefacts
store in her village. She wants to supplement

79 her income to raise the standard of living of

her family. How can banks and cooperatives
help her and helping such people will lead to
overall development of the country?
 Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development due to the following
factors:
Solution a. More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in
agriculture, engage in business, and set up small-scale industries.
b. Cheap credit means more income would be left with the borrower to reinvest rather
than return as interest. This leads to the acceleration of economic activity.
c. Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to enter the formal sector of
lending and rid them of exploitation at the hands of informal moneylenders. Thus, it may
improve the economic condition of the poor and landless.
 Economics
Ch-3 Explain any three loan activities of
Money & Credit banks(2011,2012, 2014, 2019)
Or
5 Marks Explain the role of banks with regard to money
which they accept from the public. [2023]

80
 Loan activities of banks in India.
● Banks provide loans for various economic activities.
Solution ● Banks intermediate between those who have surplus funds and those who
are in need of these funds.
● Banks offer very less interest on deposits than what they demand on loans.
 Economics
Ch-3
Money & Credit
“Poor households still depend on informal
sources of credit.” Support the statement with
5 Marks
examples.

81
 Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because:
★ Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely
Solution available with poor households.
★ Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers
personally and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
★ Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can
get additional loans from moneylenders.
 Economics
Ch-4
‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment
Globalization & the Indian Economy
were removed to a large extent in India since
1991’. Justify the statement. (2016 D)
3 Marks

82
 Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and

Solution
foreign investment is what is known as liberalization.
The Indian government, after Independence put barriers to foreign trade and
foreign investment to protect the producers within the country from foreign
competition
The Indian Government removed these barriers because:

● Liberalization of trade and investment policies allows Indian producers to

compete with producers around the globe leading to an improvement in
performance and quality of products.

● After the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a
large extent, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign
companies could set up factories and offices in India. This has led to an
increase in trade with different countries.

● Businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to
import or export due to the liberal policies of the government.
 Economics
Ch-4
Globalization & the Indian Economy
“Technology has stimulated the globalisation
process.” Support the statement with examples.
5 Marks Or
Analyse the contribution of fast transport in
globalisation. (2014,2015,2016, 2020)

83
 ★ Rapid improvement in technology has been playing a key role in
encouraging the globalization process.
Solution ★ Improvements in transportation technology, e.g. container
manufacturing has made faster delivery of goods across long distances
at lower costs.
★ There have been rapid developments in information and
communication technology, e.g. computer, internet, etc. They have
made easy access to any person or place around the world.
★ Thus, it can be said that technology has stimulated the globalisation
process.
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