Chapter 6

Stack Instructions
Data Manipulation Instructions
Floating Point Instructions

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 Stack instructions
❖Stack is an area of memory for keeping
temporary data.
❖A stack is an array-like data structure in the
memory in which data can be stored and
removed from a location called the 'top' of
the stack.
❖The data that needs to be stored is 'pushed'
into the stack and data to be retrieved is
'popped' out from the stack.
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 Stack instructions…
Stack is a LIFO data structure, i.e., the data
stored first is retrieved last.

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 Stack instructions…
❖Assembly language provides two instructions
for stack operations:
❖PUSH and POP. These instructions have
syntaxes like −
PUSH operand
POP address/register
PUSH and POP work with 16 bit values only!

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 Stack instructions…
❖The memory space reserved in the stack
segment is used for implementing stack.
❖The registers SS and ESP (or SP) are used for
implementing the stack.
❖The top of the stack, which points to the last
data item inserted into the stack is pointed
to by the ESP register

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6
 Data manipulation instructions
❖Data manipulation instructions perform
operations on data and provide
computational capabilities for the
computer.
❖This instructions perform arithmetic , logic
and shift operations.

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8
Examples on data manipulations
ORG 100h
.model small
.data
.code
main proc
mov ax,5h
Add ax,2
Sub ax,1
inc ax
endp
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Example on mul and div
org 100h
.model small
.data
.code
main proc
mov ax,6h
mov bl,2h
mul/div bl
endp

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11
 Example on logical and bit
manipulation instructions
org 100h
.code
mov ax, 00000110b
Mov bx ,00000111b
And ax,bx
Or ax,bx
xor ax,bx
endp
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13
 Example on shift instructions

ORG 100h
.model small
.data
.code
main proc
mov ax, 6
shl ax,1 ; the output is 12
Shr ax, 1 ; the output is 3
endp
end main 14
 Floating-point instruction
❖Floating-point instruction names begin with the
letter F to distinguish them from CPU instructions.
❖The second letter of the instruction mnemonic
(often B or I) indicates how a memory operand is
to be interpreted: B indicates a BCD operand, and
I indicates a binary integer operand.
• For example, FBLD operates on BCD numbers,
FILD operates on integers, and FLD operates on
real numbers.
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 Floating-point instruction…
• Integer operands must be loaded into the FPU from
memory (never from CPU registers); they are
automatically converted to floating-point format.
• Floating-point unit (FPU, math coprocessor) is a
part of a computer system specially designed to
carry out operations on floating-point numbers
• Similarly, when storing floating-point values into
integer memory operands, the values are
automatically truncated or rounded into integers.
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 Floating-point instruction…
• Initialization (FINIT)
The FINIT instruction initializes the FPU
• Store Floating-Point Value (FST, FSTP)
The FST (store floating-point value) instruction
copies a floating-point operand from the top of the
FPU stack into memory.
• FSTP :The FSTP (store floating-point value and
pop) instruction copies the value in ST(0) to
memory and pops ST(0) off the stack.
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 Floating-point instruction…
• Load Floating-Point Value (FLD)
The FLD (load floating-point value) instruction
copies a floating-point operand to the top of the
FPU stack [known as ST(0)].

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 Floating point data types
❖The floating-point data types supported by
MASM (QWORD, TBYTE,REAL4, REAL8, and
REAL10).

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 Floating point data types…
For example, when loading a floating-point
variable into the FPU stack, the variable is
defined as REAL4, REAL8, or REAL10:

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Basic Floating-Point Arithmetic Instructions

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Thank you

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