Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives

Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis

❑ Chain Rule for Derivatives
Chain rule for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), Chain rules for 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡),
𝑦 = ⋅ 𝑑 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑧 = ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
For example, For example,
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 = ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= cos 𝑥 2𝑡
= 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 2𝑡 + (2𝑦 sin 𝑥)(3𝑡 2 )
= 2𝑡 cos(𝑡 2 )
= 2𝑡 ⋅ 𝑡 6 cos 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 2 ⋅ 2𝑡 3 sin 𝑡 2
= 2𝑡 7 cos(𝑡 2 ) + 6𝑡 5 sin(𝑡 2 )

31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 1

 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Chain rules for 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) where 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑡),
𝑑 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧
𝑤 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
For example, 𝑤 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 , 𝑧 = tan 𝜃. Use the chain rule to find
𝑑𝜃
when 𝜃 = 𝜋/4.
Solution:

= 2

31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 2

 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Chain Rule for Partial Derivatives
If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣), then
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝑧 = ⋅ + ⋅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
For example, 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑥 = 2𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢/𝑣. Use the chain rule to find 𝜕𝑢 and 𝜕𝑣.

Solution:

31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 3

 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Chain Rule for Partial Derivatives
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) where 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣), then

𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
𝑤 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
For example, 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥 = 2𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 2𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢2 𝑣. Find and using chain rule.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Solution: Here we obtain according to the chain rule for 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧),

𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
𝑤 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢

𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
𝑤 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣

31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 4

 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑓Τ𝜕𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐 where 𝑥 = 𝑥 & 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) and 𝜕𝑓 Τ𝜕𝑦 ≠ 0 , then 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑓Τ𝜕𝑦 .

Example: The equation of a circle, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 where 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥). Then,

𝑑𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Τ𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
=− = − = −
𝑑𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Τ𝜕𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦

Example: Given that, 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 3 where 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥). Then,

𝑑𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 Τ𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 Τ𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑦

31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 5

 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Implicit Differentiation
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐 where 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, & 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝜕𝑓 Τ𝜕𝑧 ≠ 0, then
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓Τ𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓Τ𝜕𝑦
=− and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 Τ𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 Τ𝜕𝑧

Example: The equation of a sphere reads, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 where 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦). Then,

𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Τ𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Τ𝜕𝑦 2𝑦
=− = − and = − = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Τ𝜕𝑧 2𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Τ𝜕𝑧 2𝑧

Example: The equation of a surface, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2 where 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦). Then,

𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 Τ𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧

=− = − and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 Τ𝜕𝑧 −6𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 Τ𝜕𝑦 −3𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 3𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑧

=− =− =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 Τ𝜕𝑧 −6𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 6𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦
31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 6
 Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Exercise Set 13.5 H.W.
1–5 Use an appropriate form of the chain rule to find 𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑡.

7–10 Use an appropriate form of the chain rule to find d𝑤/𝑑𝑡.

17–22 Use an appropriate form of the chain rule to find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑢 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑣.

More problems: 23, 27, 29, 35, 45 - 48, 57

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31 October 2021 Lesson 04 : Chain Rule in Partial Derivatives 8