Paper/Article title
Mardani, R. A. (2016). Facies Classification Using Various
Machine Learning Methods and Result Comparison. The
Leading Edge, 35(10), 123-135.
Jaikla, C., Devarakota, P., Auchter, N., & Sidahmed, M. (2019,
November). FaciesNet: Machine Learning Applications for
Facies Classification in Well Logs. Machine Learning and
Physical Sciences Workshop, 33rd Conference on Neural
Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Vancouver, Canada.
Glover, P. W. J., Mohammed-Sajed, O. K., Akyüz, C., Lorinczi, P.,
Collier, R., & Hasan, A. A. (2022). Clustering of facies in tight
carbonates using machine learning. Marine and Petroleum
Geology, 144, 105828.
Hou, J.; Zhao, L.; Zeng, X.; Zhao, W.; Chen, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, S.;
Wang, J.; Song, H. Characterization and Evaluation of Carbonate
Reservoir Pore Structure Based on Machine Learning. Energies
2022, 15, 7126.
Ali, N., Chen, J., Fu, X., Hussain, W., Ali, M., Iqbal, S. M., Anees,
A., Hussain, M., Rashid, M., & Thanh, H. V. (2023). Classification
of reservoir quality using unsupervised machine learning and
cluster analysis: Example from Kadanwari gas field, SE Pakistan.
Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 2(1), 100123.
Gavidia, J. C. R., Chinelatto, G. F., Basso, M., et al. (2023).
Utilizing integrated artificial intelligence for characterizing
mineralogy and facies in a pre-salt carbonate reservoir, Santos
Basin, Brazil, using cores, wireline logs, and multi-mineral
petrophysical evaluation. Geoenergy Science and Engineering,
231(A), 212303.
Yang, N., Li, G., Li, T., Zhao, D., Gu, W., An improved deep
dilated convolutional neural network for seismic facies
interpretation, Petroleum Science (2024), doi: https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2023.11.027
Publication date Critical Review
Mardani's SEG article delves into machine learning, specifically employing support vector machines for lithofacies classification based on well-log data. The study showcases a 43% accuracy in classifying
lithofacies on a blind test well, highlighting the application of AI in geosciences. The article emphasizes the critical step of data conditioning using the scikit-learn library, providing practical Python code
2016 accessible on GitHub. Despite noting a potential for improvement, the research sets the stage for further advancements in geological analysis through machine learning, contributing valuable insights to
the geoscience community.
The article presents FaciesNet, a pioneering method for deep-water facies classification. Leveraging well logs and core data from four exploration wells, the study employs log-
spectrograms created through STFT. Integrating bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNNs) with deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), FaciesNet outperforms BRNNs and
traditional models, achieving 74.85% accuracy. The comparison highlights FaciesNet's ability to distinguish reservoir and non-reservoir facies, addressing limitations in traditional
2019
approaches. The study emphasizes the model's real-world geological relevance and its potential for improvement with additional data. Overall, FaciesNet emerges as a promising
advancement in subsurface characterization.
In this study by Glover et al., the objective is to assess the efficacy of eight clustering algorithms in machine learning for facies recognition in a carbonate reservoir, shedding light on
influential input parameters and their impact on performance. Utilizing three datasets from distinct limestone beds and wireline log data, the authors conducted comprehensive
petrophysical tests on five attributes. Employing the Weka® platform for 990 tests, they evaluated clustering methods, attribute combinations, and the effect of an undefined target
cluster count. Results highlight EM and two KMeans algorithms as superior for a 3-cluster problem, achieving 92.58%, 89.60%, and 91.09% clustering success. The study emphasizes the
2022
significance of porosity, cementation exponent, permeability, pore throat diameter, and free fluid index in the clustering process, acknowledging potential variations in different
databases. For the 5-cluster problem, the method successfully identified the presence of five clusters in the data. The rigorous evaluation, statistical robustness, and practical insights
make this study a valuable contribution to facies clustering in carbonate reservoirs.
Utilizing diverse data sources such as core analyses, thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and high-pressure mercury injection, the study investigates North Truva Oilfield's carboniferous
carbonate reservoirs. Six petrophysical facies are defined based on displacement pressure, mercury removal efficiency, and median pore-throat radius. The machine learning approach employs an
2022 artificial neural network (ANN) trained on mercury injection well data, achieving an 89.7% overall identification coincidence rate for petrophysical facies. This method's effectiveness in fine identification
of reservoir pore structures highlights its potential for accurate logging and comprehensive reservoir characterization, aiding dynamic analysis and development planning.
In the Kadanwari gas field, lithofacies categorization employs machine learning, specifically the self-organizing map (SOM) and crossplot techniques. Analyzing well-log data, the SOM precisely identifies
prevalent lithofacies sandstone, shaly sandstone, and shale with limited carbonates. The SOM robustly groups the reservoir into three distinct lithofacies, revealing varying levels of heterogeneity based
on sonic, neutron, effective porosity, predicted permeability, and water saturation (Sw). Cluster analysis, employing K-mean clustering, further refines this classification into four groups based on these
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petrophysical properties. Sandstone is identified as an excellent reservoir, while shale is characterized as poor. The SOM, coupled with K-mean cluster analysis, proves efficient for systematic lithofacies
recognition, enhancing the understanding of complex geological formations and offering valuable insights into reservoir heterogeneity in the Kadanwari gas field.
This study focuses on the Barra Velha Formation (BVF) in complex carbonate reservoirs, aiming to understand the relationships between reservoir compositions, minerals, and properties. Traditional core
samples are limited, so the study combines X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for mineral identification, multi-mineral (MM) petrophysical evaluations for accurate mineral quantities, and artificial intelligence
techniques for facies classification. Random Forest and XGBoost outperform SOM in facies estimation. Integration of mineralogical and facies results, along with production data, NMR, and WBI,
2023 identifies vug-containing areas. Dolomitic facies exhibit favorable reservoir qualities, emphasizing the importance of diagenetic processes. This study innovatively uses mineralogical volume for AI-based
property estimation, providing insights for improved static modeling, production optimization, enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, and precise stimulation processes.
The study focuses on seismic facies classification in the F3 block reservoir in the North See. Testing involves a thorough examination of 47 wells using the Deep Dilated Convolutional Neural Network
(DCSPP), combining UNet's small-sample training benefits with spatial pyramid pooling and dilated convolution layers. Notably, the DCSPP model outperforms UNet in accurately delineating seismic
2023 facies boundaries. The application of a composite loss function addresses imbalances in sample categories. Visualization of internal feature maps during training provides insights. The successful
application of DCSPP to field seismic data reinforces its effectiveness. The study serves as a promising real-time solution for seismic facies analysis in the F3 block showcasing potential time and labor
savings.