Chapter 1

Chapter 01
The Study of
Life
Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures

and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without
notes.
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-1
1.1 The Characteristics of Life (1)
Jump to 1.1 The Characteristics of Life (1) Long Description

Figure 1.1
Life exists almost everywhere on Earth.
Earth possesses a great variety of diverse

life forms.
All living things have certain characteristics

in common.
The Characteristics of Life
Are organized
Require materials and energy
Reproduce and develop
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Have the capacity to adapt
Levels of Biological Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
Organization (1)
waters, and atmosphere inhabited
by living organisms
Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment
A cell is the smallest unit Community
of life.
Interacting populations in a particular area
Population
Organisms of the same species
in a particular area
A tissue is a group of
Species
similar cells that perform a A group of similar, interbreeding organisms
particular function. Organism

An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems
Organ System
Several tissues join Composed of several organs

working together
together to form an organ. Organ

Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Organs work together to Tissue

A group of cells with a common
structure and function
form an organ system. Cell

The structural and functional
unit of all living organisms
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
Jump to Levels of Biological Organization (1) Long Description the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element; composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
Figure 1.2
Levels of Biological Organization (2)
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited
by living organisms
Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment
Community
Interacting populations in a particular area
Population
Organisms of the same species
in a particular area
Species
A group of similar, interbreeding organisms
Organism
An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems
Jump to Levels of Biological Organization (2) Long Description

Figure 1.2
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living organisms
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element; composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
Jump to Levels of Biological Organization (3) Long Description

Figure 1.2
Organisms Require Materials
and Energy
Organisms need external material and
energy sources to maintain their
organization and carry on life's activities.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Organisms Reproduce and
Develop (1)
Life arises from life.
Reproduction is the process by which an
organism makes more of itself.
In many multicellular organisms, fertilization
is followed by cell division, and immature
organisms proceed through several stages
of development as they become adult
organisms.
Develop (2)
Jump to Organisms Reproduce and Develop (2) Long

Description
Figure 1.4
Develop (3)
Genes are units of information within an
individual's DNA and are passed to
offspring during reproduction.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is present
in all organisms and directs cellular
functions.
Variation arises when genes are
recombined, expressed differently, or
mutated.
Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Organisms respond to external stimuli by
moving toward or away from the stimuli.
Organisms use a variety of mechanisms
for movement in response to stimuli.
Movement of an organism constitutes a
large part of its behavior.
Behavior is directed toward avoiding
injury, acquiring food, or mating.
Organisms are Homeostatic
Homeostasis (“staying the same”) refers
to the requirement that organisms maintain
a relatively constant internal environment.
For example, human body temperature

fluctuates slightly throughout the day.
Organisms Have the Capacity
to Adapt (1)
During the nearly 4 billion years that life
has been on Earth, the environment has
constantly changed.
Some individuals of a species may be
better fit in a new environment.
Adaptations are features that make
individual organisms better suited to a
particular environment.
Organisms Have the Capacity
to Adapt (2)
Individuals better adapted to their
environment tend to produce more offspring.
Natural selection is the differential
reproductive success of adapted individuals.
• Results in changes of characteristics of a
population over time
Evolution is the change in frequency of

traits in populations and species.
1.2 The Classification of
Organisms
Living organisms are assigned to groups based
on their similarities.
Taxonomy is the discipline of identifying and
grouping organisms.
Systematics is the study of the evolutionary
relationships among organisms.
Each organism is classified into a domain,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
and species.
Domains (1)
Domains are the largest classification
category.
Organisms are assigned to one of three

domains based on biochemical and genetic
evidence: domain Archaea, domain Bacteria,
or domain Eukarya.
Domains (2)
Domains Archaea and Bacteria include
unicellular prokaryotic cells.
• Cells that lack a true nucleus
Domain Eukarya include eukaryotic cells.

• Cells with a true nucleus
• Genes are found within the nucleus.
Domain Archaea
Archaea live in
extreme
environments.
• Too little O2 , too salty,

too hot, or too acidic
for most other
organisms
a. Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments.
Figure 1.5
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria are found
almost everywhere on
Earth.
Some are present

within humans.
Some bacteria cause

disease, but many are
b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere.
beneficial.
Jump to Domain Bacteria Long Description
Figure 1.5
Kingdoms (1)
Eukaryotes (domain Eukarya) are further
categorized into one of four kingdoms
• Kingdom Protista – split into several supergroups
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
Kingdoms (2)
c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.

Jump to Kingdoms (2) Long Description
Figure 1.5
Categories of Classification (1)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Systematics helps biologists better
understand the variety of life on Earth.
Organisms are classified according to their
presumed evolutionary relationships.
Research performed by systematists may
result in changes to the current
classification system.
TABLE 1.1 Classification of Humans
Classification Category Characteristics
Domain Eukarya Cells with nuclei
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular, motile, ingestion of food
Phylum Chordata Dorsal supporting rod and nerve cord
Class Mammalia Hair, mammary glands
Order Primates Adapted to climb trees

Family Hominidae Adapted to walk erect
Genus Homo Large brain, tool use
Species Homo sapiens* Body characteristics similar to modern humans
*To specify an organism, you must use the full binomial name, such as Homo
sapiens.
Scientific Names
Taxonomists assign each species a two-
part, scientific name (binomial).
Scientific name
• Genus name + species name
• Genus capitalized; both words italicized
• Examples:
• Homo sapiens
• Pisum sativum
• Felis domesticus
1.3 The Process of Science (1)
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biologists—and all scientists—generally

test hypotheses using the scientific
method.
Jump to 1.3 The Process of Science (2) Long Description

Figure 1.6
Observation
Scientists tend to be curious about nature
and how the world works.
Natural phenomena may be better
understood by observing and studying them.
Scientists use their senses to make
observations.
They can extend their abilities by using
instruments.
Hypothesis
Inductive reasoning occurs when one
uses creative thinking to combine isolated
facts into a cohesive whole.
• A scientist states a hypothesis, a tentative
explanation for a natural event.
• It is presented as a falsifiable statement.
• A scientist's past experiences may influence
his or her hypothesis.
• Hypotheses should be testable.
Predictions and Experiments (1)
To determine how to test a hypothesis,
scientists use deductive reasoning
• Involves “if, then” logic
For example, a scientist might reason, if
organisms are composed of cells, then
examination of an organism should reveal
cells.
One can also imply that the scientist has
made a prediction.
To test their hypothesis, scientists conduct
experiments.
Experimental design
• Experimental variable: factor tested
• Responding variable: result or change
• Control: not exposed to experimental variable
Experiments in controlled studies have two
types of groups:
• Control group–receives no treatment
• Experimental group–receives treatment
Experimental Variable Response Variable

(Independent Variable) (Dependent Variable)
Factor of the experiment Result or change that occurs due
being tested to the experimental variable
Scientists often use a model, a representation

of an actual subject.
Model organisms
• Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), mouse (Mus
musculus)
Model systems
• Computer modeling to study climate change
Preparing and Analyzing
Data (1)
Data represent the results of an experiment.
• Presented in variety of formats, such as tables
and graphs.
Statistics helps evaluate date.
• Standard error (standard deviation) measures
uncertainty of a value.
Statistical significance determines whether
results were due to chance.
Preparing and Analyzing
Data (2)
Scientific studies are usually written up as
research papers and submitted for
publication in scientific journals.
Scientific papers are first reviewed by
experts and may be rejected.
After any necessary revisions, scientific
studies may be accepted for publication in
scientific journals.
Scientific Theory
Scientific theories are concepts that join
together well-supported and related
hypotheses.
In science, a theory is supported by a broad
range of observations, experiments, and
data.
• Examples: cell, homeostasis, evolution
The theory of evolution is the unifying
concept of biology.
Example of Scientific Study
Experimental background:
• Most stomach and intestinal ulcers are caused
by the bacterium Heliobacter pylori.
• Antibiotics are used to treat this condition.
• Which of two antibiotics is best for the treatment
of an ulcer?
• In experiment, vary only the antibiotic being
tested; control group receives no treatment.
The Experiment (1)
HYPOTHESIS: Newly discovered antibiotic B is
better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A,
which is in current use.
PREDICTION: Antibiotic B is a better treatment

for ulcers than antibiotic A.
The Experiment (2)
Control group: receives placebo
Test group 1: receives antibiotic A
Test group 2: receives antibiotic B
The Experiment (3)
Jump to The Experiment (3) Long Description

Figure 1.9
The Experiment (4)
After two weeks of administering the same
amount of medication (or placebo) in the
same way, the stomach and intestinal
linings of each subject are examined to
determine if ulcers are still present.
The Experiment (5)
Collect Data
Each subject was examined
for the presence of ulcers.
(photos) (students): © Andrey Popov/Shutterstock RF;

(surgeon): © Phanie/ Science Source
Figure 1.9 Jump to The Experiment (5) Long Description

Results and Conclusion
The results after two weeks indicated that a
higher percentage of those treated with
antibiotic B were effectively treated.
Conclusion: On the basis of their data, the
investigators conclude that their hypothesis
has been supported.
1.4 Challenges Facing Science (1)
Technology is the application of scientific

knowledge to the interests of humans.
Scientific investigations are the basis for the

majority of our technological advances
1.4 Challenges Facing Science (2)
Biodiversity and habitat loss
Emerging and reemerging diseases
Climate change
Appendix of Image Long
Description
Long Description
Masai giraffes, microscopic rod-shaped E. coli bacteria, giant sequoia trees, mushrooms on a
northern forest floor, a microscopic single-celled Euglena, and humans are all types of organisms on
Earth.
Jump back to 1.1 The Characteristics of Life (1)

Long Description
Levels of biological organization from smallest to largest are as follows: atoms, such as oxygen;
molecules, such as methane; cells, such as a nerve cell or a plant cell; tissues, such as nervous
tissue or leaf tissue; organs, such as the brain or a leaf; organ systems, such as the nervous system
of a human or the shoot system in a plant; organisms, such as a human or a tree; populations, such
as a group of humans or group of trees; communities, such as humans, trees, grass, trees, and other
organisms in a particular area; ecosystems, such as a community of organisms plus the water, rocks,
and other nonliving components of an area; and the biosphere, which is all of Earth's ecosystems.
Jump back to Levels of Biological Organization (1)

Long Description
The upper levels of biological organization from smallest to largest are as follows: organisms, which
are living individuals and complex individuals contain organ systems; populations, which are
organisms of the same species in a particular area; communities, which are interacting populations in
a particular area; ecosystems, which are communities plus their physical environments; and the
biosphere, regions of the Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that are inhabited by living
organisms.

Long Description
The lower levels of biological organization from smallest to largest are as follows: atoms, which are
the smallest units of an element; molecules, which are two or more atoms joined together; cells, the
structural and functional units of all living organisms; tissues, a group of cells with a common
structure and function; organs, which are composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task;
and organ systems, which are composed of several organs working together.

Develop (2) Long Description
Only one of the sperm cells will penetrate and fertilize the egg, which will then begin a series of cell
divisions and stages of development that result in the formation of an embryo, then fetus, then
newborn, child, adolescent, and finally an adult.
Jump back to Organisms Reproduce and Develop (2)

Domain Bacteria Long Description
The three domains of life. Archaea (a) and bacteria (b) are both prokaryotes but are so biochemically
different that they are not believed to be closely related. c. Eukaryotes are biochemically similar but
structurally dissimilar. Therefore, they have been categorized into four kingdoms. Many protists are
single-celled, but the other three kingdoms are characterized by multicellular forms.
Jump back to Domain Bacteria

Kingdoms(2) Long Description
In kingdom Protista, organisms consist of a complex single cell, although some have multicellular
forms. Different types of protists can absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food to obtain nutrition.
Representative protists include protozoans, such as paramecium, algae, such as euglenoids and
dinoflagellates, water molds, and slime molds. In kingdom Fungi, some organisms are single-celled,
but most have multicellular filamentous forms with specialized, complex cells. Fungi absorb their
food, and example organisms include molds, such as black bread mold, yeasts, and mushrooms,
such as bracket fungus. In kingdom Plantae, organisms are multicellular with specialized, complex
cells. Plants use photosynthesis to produce food, and representative plants include mosses, ferns,
nonwoody and woody flowering plants, and pines. In kingdom Animalia, organisms are multicellular
with specialized, complex cells. Animals ingest food to obtain nutrition, and representative organisms
include invertebrates, such as sea stars and earthworms, and vertebrates, such as fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Jump back to Kingdoms (2)

Long Description
On the basis of new and/or previous observations, a scientist formulates a hypothesis. The
hypothesis is used to develop predictions to be tested by further experiments and/or observations,
and new data either support or do not support the hypothesis. Following an experiment, a scientist
often chooses to retest the same hypothesis or to test a related hypothesis. After several rounds of
modifying hypotheses and conducting experiments, predictions may be confirmed and conclusions
may be drawn.
Jump back to 1.3 The Process of Science (2)

The Experiment (3) Long
Description
The groups were treated the same except as follows: the control group received a placebo; test group
1 received antibiotic A; and test group 2 received antibiotic B. Each subject was then examined for
the presence of ulcers.
Jump back to The Experiment (3)

The Experiment (5) Long Description
Results for each group are as follows: 10 percent of people in the control group no longer had ulcers,
60 percent of people in test group 1 no longer had ulcers, and 80 percent of people in test group 2 no
longer had ulcers.
Jump back to The Experiment (5)

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 01

See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures

Jump to 1.1 The Characteristics of Life (1) Long Description

Earth possesses a great variety of diverse

All living things have certain characteristics

A cell is the smallest unit Community

similar cells that perform a A group of similar, interbreeding organisms

particular function. Organism

Several tissues join Composed of several organs

together to form an organ. Organ

Organs work together to Tissue

form an organ system. Cell

Jump to Levels of Biological Organization (2) Long Description

Jump to Levels of Biological Organization (3) Long Description

Jump to Organisms Reproduce and Develop (2) Long

For example, human body temperature

Evolution is the change in frequency of

Organisms are assigned to one of three

Domain Eukarya include eukaryotic cells.

• Too little O2 , too salty,

Some are present

Some bacteria cause

c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.

Order Primates Adapted to climb trees

Biology is the scientific study of life.

Biologists—and all scientists—generally

Jump to 1.3 The Process of Science (2) Long Description

Experimental Variable Response Variable

Scientists often use a model, a representation

PREDICTION: Antibiotic B is a better treatment

Test group 2: receives antibiotic B

Jump to The Experiment (3) Long Description

(photos) (students): © Andrey Popov/Shutterstock RF;

Figure 1.9 Jump to The Experiment (5) Long Description

Technology is the application of scientific

Scientific investigations are the basis for the

Jump back to 1.1 The Characteristics of Life (1)

Jump back to Levels of Biological Organization (1)

Jump back to Levels of Biological Organization (2)

Jump back to Levels of Biological Organization (3)

Jump back to Organisms Reproduce and Develop (2)

Jump back to Domain Bacteria

Jump back to Kingdoms (2)

Jump back to 1.3 The Process of Science (2)

Jump back to The Experiment (3)

Jump back to The Experiment (5)

You might also like