English 8

Module 5
Cohesion

Coherence
 Cohesion
Cohesion is the act of forming a whole unit.

It relates to the micro level of the text like how words

and sentences join or link together.

It is focused on the smaller parts, more specifically,

the grammatical aspect of writing.
 Coherence
Coherence is the quality of being logical, consistent,
and understandable.

It relates to the macro level of a text which help it to

make sense as a whole.

It is focused on the rhetorical aspects of writing.

 SOME ANALOGIES
FOR COHESION AND
COHERENCE
 COHERENCE - the
entire building

COHESI0N - parts of
the building
 COHERENCE - the
entire puzzle

COHESI0N - pieces of
the puzzle
What is a Clause?
 Clause
A clause, like a phrase, is a group of words. But unlike
a phrase, a clause is pretty complete. A clause is a
group of words that contains both a subject and a
predicate.
Types of Clauses
 There are two types of
clauses, namely:

MAIN CLAUSE OR
SUBORDINATE
INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE OR
CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Main Clause or Independent Clause
A main clause is a group of words with a subject
and a verb. It can stand alone and makes
complete sense.
Examples of Main Clause or Independent
Clause

I know how to drive a car,

but I enjoy riding bikes.
Examples of Main Clause or Independent
Clause

Today is Wednesday.
(S) (V)
Examples of Main Clause or Independent
Clause

I was not feeling well, so I

took a day off work.
Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause
A subordinate clause is a group of words that
consists of a subject, a verb, and a subordinating
conjunction or a relative pronoun.

Unlike main clauses, subordinate clauses cannot

stand alone or convey complete meaning when
taken separately from the sentence it is a part of.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

Before you leave the classroom,

make sure to turn off the lights.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

Before you leave the classroom,

make sure to turn off the lights.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

After we reached home,

we watched a movie.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

After we reached home,

we watched a movie.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

Though Malcom did not

find the movie interesting,
he stayed until the end of
it.
Examples of Subordinate Clause or
Dependent Clause

Though Malcom did not

find the movie interesting,
he stayed until the end of
it.
 Objectives
differentiate cohesion from coherence
distinguish the types of clauses
identify the kinds of conjunctions used in various types of speech
write a speech using the appropriate cohesive devices (STE)
use the appropriate cohesive devices in various types of speech
(GenSec)
explain the importance of cohesive devices in forming coherent
and meaningful sentences.
demonstrate the values of sensitivity and teamwork in the tasks.
 Cohesive Devices

CONJUNCTIONS

fanboys
for or
and yet
nor so
but
 Conjunctions
Conjunction is a part of speech that is used to
connect words, phrases, sentences, or clauses
together.

There are three kinds of conjunction:

coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.
Cohesive Devices - Conjunctions

COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

fanboys
for or
and yet
nor so
but
Coordinating conjunctions
are word connectors placed
between words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences of
equal rank.
 They can easily be
remembered with the
acronym:

FANBOYS
Coordinating Conjunctions

FANBOY S
for and nor but or yet so
 FOR
shows reason, purpose, or cause

Example:

The pupils are focused on their project for

they had to beat the deadline.
 AND
expresses addition

Example:

The priest and the people are in the church.

 NOR
connects non contrasting
negative ideas
Example:
They did not see a movie. They did not watch a TV show.
They did not see a movie nor watched a TV show.
 BUT
shows contrast
Example:

We did not win the grand prize but we won something

more than money couldn't buy.
 OR
expresses alteration/option

Example:

Karen is in the kitchen or in the restroom.

 YET
shows contrast
Example:

The pupils were given ample time to work on

their project, yet they failed to finish it.
 SO
expresses consequence
or result of something
Example:

It was a long journey, so I'm really tired now.

Cohesive Devices - Conjunctions

CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS

fanboys
for or
and yet
nor so
but
 Correlative conjunctions
work in pairs to connect
words, phrases, or
clauses of equal importance
or rank .
Common Correlative
Conjunctions
either... or not only… but also
neither... nor both… and
whether… or
 Example
It’s either black or grey.

either... or
 Example
Filipinos are not only religious but
also industrious

not only… but also

 Example
Neither Italy nor France got to the
quarter finals last year.

neither... nor
 Example
She played both hockey and
basketball when she was a student.

both… and
 Example
You will have to take this medicine
whether you like it or not.

whether... or...
Cohesive Devices - Conjunctions

SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

fanboys
for or
and yet
nor so
but
Subordinating conjunctions
are words or phrases that link
a dependent clause to an
independent clause.
Common Subordinating
Conjunctions
after, although, as, as if, because,
before, how, if, since, than, though,
unless, until, when, where and while.
 Comparison
than, rather than, whether, as much as

Example: He doesn't earn as

much as I do.
Purpose / Reason/Cause
In order that, so that, that, as, because, in as much as

Example: According to rumors, Japan

has more senior citizens than children
because there is an increase use of birth
control.
 Time
as long as, often, as, since, when, while, after, before, by the
time

Example: Since I believe in God, I always

give praises in his name.
 Effect
accordingly, hence, therefore, thus, as a result,
consequently, due to

Example: People throw garbage

anywhere; as a result, flood is
unstoppable.
Condition or Concession
despite, instead, although, even though, if, nevertheless,
hence

Example: She can receive the relief

goods if her name is in the list.
 Summary/ Conclusion
accordingly, as a result, consequently, finally, in conclusion,
in brief, in summary, therefore, to sum up

Example: COVID-19 is more fatal to old

people; therefore, they should be
staying inside their homes.
COMMON
QUESTIONS
ASKED:
 IS IT OKAY TO PUT THE
CONJUNCTIONS AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE
SENTENCE?
 IS IT OKAY TO PUT THE
CONJUNCTIONS AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE
SENTENCE?

YES!
 WHEN AND HOW DO
YOU USE PUNCTUATION
IN YOUR SENTENCE?
 WHEN AND HOW DO
YOU USE PUNCTUATION
IN YOUR SENTENCE?

OBSERVE THE
FOLLOWING
EXAMPLES...
Punctuating your sentence
 ! If the independent clause comes
first, do not add a comma between
clauses.

! If the dependent clause comes

first, add a comma between the
clauses.