GATE

Architecture and Planning

 GATE -Architecture & Planning
Planning Process

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 Syllabus
• Regional delineation;
• Settlement hierarchy;
• Types and hierarchy of plans;
• Various schemes and programs of central government;
• Transit Oriented Development (TOD), SEZ, SRZ etc.;
• Public Perception and user behaviour;
• National Housing Policies, Programs and Schemes. ;
• Slums, Squatters and informal housing;
• Standards for housing and community facilities;
• Housing for special areas and needs.

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 Region
Concept of Region:
• Region is a contiguous geographical area, which has a fair degree of uniformity, in administration, economic linkages or
natural environment. It is relatively a large area, with hierarchy of settlements and varying landscape.

Aspects of Regional planning:

• Sustainability
• Environment
• Disaster Management
• Promoting Balanced Development
• Inclusivity

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 Region

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 Planning Regions in India

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 Outgrowth, Urban Agglomeration, Conurbation
Conurbation:
• ‘Conurbation’ of settlements is on much larger scale, which may develop accounting for population more than 5 Crore and
with adjoining several large cities and few metropolitan cities.
• The minimum population of urban agglomeration should be 20,000.
• Eg. the Vijayawada-Guntur-Tenali-Mangalagiri Conurbation. Another example is Delhi-Ghaziabad-NOIDA-Faridabad-Meerut
conurbation
• The area is officially known as the Central
National Capital Region (CNCR), a small part
of overall NCR.
• The population of this conurbation was
estimated 21.7 million in 2011.

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 Regional Delineation

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 Regional Delineation
Out Growth
A viable unit such as a village or part of a village contiguous to a statutory town and possess the urban features
in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads , taps, drainage system , education institutions,
post offices , medical facilities , banks, etc.
Census 2011, defines ‘Out Growths’ (OG) as a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an
enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries
and location.

Urban Agglomeration
An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or
two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns.
• A city with a continuous outgrowth
• One town with similar outgrowth or one or more towns with their outgrowths
• A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths , all of which formed a continuous spread
• The minimum population of urban agglomeration should be 20,000.
Eg: Hyderabad which had originally 12 outgrowths (essentially rural areas) in 1971 and today are part and parcel
of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC).

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 URDPFI Definitions
Priority Towns: Priority towns are the potential towns for
investment and development; identified on the basis of
their inter‐aerial relationship with the regional nodal centre.
Eg: Agra Metro's priority corridor. 100 pillars have been erected
in less than 9 months since construction started

Growth Centres/Points: Settlements with growth potential and

special advantage of location within the region can be classified
as growth centres/ growth points/ service village in order of
hierarchy from high to low while planning for settlement
structure within the region

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 URDPFI Definitions
Peri Urban Areas: Peri‐urban areas are zones of transition from rural to urban land uses located between the outer limits
of urban and regional centers and the rural environment. The boundaries of peri‐urban areas are porous and transitory as
urban development extends into rural, agricultural and industrial land.

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 URDPFI Definitions
Counter magnets: The counter magnets are potential and going sub nodal
centres located out of the direct functionally print areas of the growth
node/ nodal centres in the region, e.g. Hisaar, Gwalior, Patiala, and Kota etc
in context of NCR.

Spatial Priority Urban Regions

(SPURs): National Commission
on Urbanisation, 1988 with a
visionary approach to future
urbanisation in India, identified
329 urban centres all over the
country as Generators of
Economic Momentum (GEMs)
where development activities
should converge, based on
which the upcoming
Metropolitan regions could be
forecasted. The Commission
also identified 49 Spatial
Priority Urban Regions (SPURs).
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 GATE Previous Years Questions
A continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more
physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns is known as:
(A) Conurbation
(B) Urban Agglomeration
(C) Urban Renewal
(D) Urban Sprawl
Answer: (B) Urban Agglomeration
According to Census 2011, a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such
village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location is known as:
(A) Urban Agglomeration
(B) Peri urban
(C) Suburban
(D) Out Growth

Answer: (D) Out Growth

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 Answer: D

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 Urbanisation
Level of urbanization is defined as the percentage of the total population of an area that is living in urban localities. All
countries classify localities into urban and rural and collect data on their population.

Level of urbanization = (Urban population/Total population)*100

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 Answer: C
For 1921, level of urbanization= (28.09/251.32)*100 = 11.18

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 Urban Settlements
The classification of urban settlements adopted by the Census of
India 2011 is as follows:
1. All places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board or
notified town area committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfies the following criteria:
a. A minimum population of 5,000;
b. At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in
non‐ agricultural pursuits; and
c. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

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 Classification of urban settlements

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 GATE Previous Years Questions
Which of the following types of town is defined as ‘all places with a municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified area committee’?
(A) Census town
(B) Statutory town
(C) Metropolis
(D) Mega city
Answer: (B) Statutory town

The shift in population from city core to suburban areas is known as:
(A) Conurbation
(B) Gentrification
(C) Urban Renewal
(D) Urban Sprawl

Answer: (D) Urban Sprawl

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 Classification of Urban Settlements
Small towns can be referred as ‘transitional towns’ mentioned in the 74th CAA where a Nagar Panchayat
(as a municipality) is to be formed for an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area.

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 Answer: D

What is the population range of a Class I town?

(A) > 1,00,000
(B) 50,000-1,00,000
(C) 20,000-50,000
(D) 10,000-20,000
Answer: (A) > 1,00,000

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 Planning System Framework

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 Planning System Framework

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 Scope and Purpose of Perspective Plan
• defines the vision and focuses on the spatio‐economic
development policies, strategies and programmes towards
the intended development of the State.
• State Urbanisation Policy and State Land Utilisation
Policy.
• long term policies regarding development of
infrastructure and resource mobilisation.
• provide an overall framework for preparation of
detailed plans.
• guide for urban local authorities and regional
development authorities in preparation of the regional and
development plans.

Under the National Perspective Plan of Sagarmala, the

Master Plan for various Major Ports are being prepared

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 Scope and Purpose of Regional Plan
(a) Administrative Regions, which can be District Regions or
Metropolitan Regions as per the recommendations of the 73rd &
74th Constitutional Amendment Act,
(b) Investment Regions, which can be new investment
manufacturing zones, industrial and freight corridors, special
investment regions etc. They could be identified under National
Acts/ policies,
(c) Special regions, which are sensitive in terms of environment/
socio economic or political aspects.

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 Scope and Purpose of Development Plan
• Statutory plan prepared within the framework of an approved
perspective plan.
• necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and
physical proposals for various policies depending upon the economic
and social needs and aspiration of the people, available resources and
priorities.
• Proposals of a development plan should have implementation
strategy and evaluation criteria
• It makes known publicly the intention of the local authority
regarding the facilities and the services that are proposed to be
provided in the future

• The examples are the Delhi Master Plan, Chennai Master Plan,
Guwahati Master Plan, Ahmedabad Development Plan, Hyderabad
Metropolitan Development Plan and Bhopal Development Plan.

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 Scope and Purpose of Local Area Plan
• encourage decentralisation and improve
implementation of Development Plans in order to
bring the process closer to the local people.
• Local area plans specifies the implementation
details to comply with the Government Policies
• The plan should delineate reservation of land for
roads and other public purposes, for construction,
reclamation etc.

Local Area Plan (Ward Plans) shall be aggregated at the Zonal

Development Plan Level coterminous with the Administrative
Divisions/Boundaries and Zonal Development Plans shall be
aggregated at the Development plan level
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 Scope and Purpose of Special Purpose Plan
• prepared for specific development sectors
depending on its economic and environmental
importance.
• The need and priority of the sector requiring
special treatment and covering special aerial
extent, Special Purpose Plans for specific
subjects can be prepared
• These plans are to be within the framework
of the Regional Plan, Development Plan or
Local Area Plan in the jurisdiction of the local
authority
• These plans may also emerge under different
Central and State Government grants,
funding schemes
• Eg. : City Development Plan (may be renamed as
City Investment Plan), Comprehensive Mobility
Plan, City Sanitation Plan

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 Scope and Purpose of Annual Plan
• details of the new and ongoing projects that the local
authority intends to implement during each financial
year for necessary financial resource mobilisation and
monitoring its performance.
• taking into account the physical and fiscal
performance of the preceding year, the priorities, the
policies and proposals contained in the approved
Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan.
• The annual plan is intended to provide the resource
requirement during the year and sources of funds
• Annual plans also provide a mechanism to monitor
progress of development plan and various projects.

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 Scope and Purpose of Research/ Projects
• Projects are derived targets of the sequences of plans, which
focus on items of execution, investments, costing and returns.
• Projects are the working layouts with all necessary details for
execution including finance, development, administrative and
management.
• These projects could be for research and development in the field
of planning, key surveys to determine statistics, by any agency
such as government, semi‐government, private or even individual;
or any agency prepared by town planners, architects, engineers
• Research, specifically for background studies preceding
Perspective Plan, Regional Plan, Development Plan or even Local
Area Plan formulation may be undertaken as required by the State
Government and local authorities.

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 Relationship between the Plans

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 GATE Previous Years Questions
1. As per URDPFI Guidelines, which of the following are Special Purpose Plans?
(A) Comprehensive Mobility Plan
(B) Local Area Plan
(C)Slum Redevelopment Plan
(D)City Sanitation Plan

Answer : A, C & D

2. As per URDPFI Guidelines 2015, Government of India, choose the correct hierarchy of plan from
higher to lower order GATE 2020
(A) Perspective plan, Development Plan, Regional Plan, Zonal Plan
(B) Regional Plan, Perspective Plan, Development Plan, Zonal Plan
(C) Zonal Plan, Development Plan, Regional Plan, Perspective Plan
(D) Perspective Plan, Regional Plan, Development Plan, Zonal Plan

Answer: (D) Perspective Plan, Regional Plan, Development Plan, Zonal Plan

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 GATE Previous Years Questions
3. As per the Urban and Regional Development Plan Formulation and Implementation
(URDPFI) guidelines, the plan period considered in a ‘Perspective plan’ is
(A) 1-10 years (B) 11-15 years (C) 20-30 years (D) 35-45 years

Answer: C

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 Various plans and their approval agencies

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 Plan formulation process
Following are the stages of planning process:

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 Funding levels
• National funding
agencies
• International assistance
or funding agencies
• Institutional financing
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• Central assistance
• Central and state assistance
• State assistance
• PPP
• Private sector funds
• Market borrowing
• Local authority
resources
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 Scale of plans

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 GATE Previous Years Questions
‘Process of wealthier residents moving to an area, and changes
occurring due to the influx of wealth’ is known as :
(A) Urban sprawl
(B) Retrofitting
(C) Gentrification
(D) Neighbourhood planning

Answer:(C) Gentrification

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