1.

05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo || September 2022 ANPH111
Transcribers: Kath Venus

OUTLINE Contraction in which the

I. TERMINOLOGIES tension within a muscle
Isometric contraction
II. MUSCLES, MUSCLE TISSUES, increases while
MUSCULAR SYSTEM its length remains the same
III. MUSCLE SYSTEM AND Contraction in which the
NOMENCLATURE Isotonic contraction muscle changes length to
move a load
I. TERMINOLOGIES A neuron and all the muscle
Motor unit
Chemical messenger fibers it stimulates
Acetylcholine released from the end of a Muscle fiber A skeletal muscle cell
motor neuron Continuous state of partial
Protein of which the thin muscle contraction that
Actin Muscle tone
myofilaments are composed allows for the
Process that breaks down maintenance of posture
fatty acids for energy when Long protein bundles that fill
Aerobic respiration
oxygen is Myofibrils the sarcoplasm of a muscle
present fiber
Process that breaks down Fine protein fibers that make
Myofilaments
glucose for energy when up a myofibril
Anaerobic respiration
oxygen is not Protein of which the thick
Myosin
plentiful myofilaments are composed
Muscles that oppose the Connection between a motor
Antagonist Neuromuscular junction
action of a prime mover neuron and a muscle fiber
Flat, broad tendon that The end of a muscle that
Aponeurosis attaches a muscle to another Origin attaches to the more
muscle or to bone stationary bone
Adenosine triphosphate; Sheath of connective tissue
Perimysium
used for energy in cells to encasing fascicles
ATP
perform various functions, The main muscle triggering
Prime mover
including muscle contraction a movement
Decrease in the size of a The unit of contraction of the
Atrophy Sarcomere
muscle myofibrils of a muscle
The thick midsection of the The cytoplasm of a muscle
Belly Sarcoplasm
muscle fiber
Condition in which impulses Narrow space between the
arrive so fast the muscle Synaptic cleft end of a motor nerve and the
cannot relax muscle fiber
Complete tetanus
between stimuli and twitches Muscles that assist in the
Synergists
merge into one prolonged movement of a bone
contraction Strong, fibrous cord through
Compound stored in muscle Tendon which a muscle attaches to a
that is used for short bursts bone
Creatine phosphate
of high- Tubules that extend across
energy activity the sarcoplasm and allow
Delicate connective tissue Transverse (T) tubules electrical
Endomysium
covering each muscle fiber impulses to travel deep into
Connective tissue covering the cell
that surrounds muscles as a Phenomenon in which each
Epimysium
whole and binds all successive twitch contracts
Treppe
muscle fibers together more forcefully than the
Connective tissue previous one
Fascia
surrounding the muscle Twitch Single, brief contraction
Fascicles Bundles of muscle fibers
Hypertrophy Enlargement of a muscle
Condition of rapid muscle
Incomplete tetanus contraction with only partial
relaxation
The end of a muscle that
Insertion attaches to the more mobile
bone

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[ANPH111] 1.05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
II. MUSCLES, MUSCLES TISSUES, MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 muscle tissues are unique enough to be modified by
the ones who owns it.
 One can change its size and type of muscle fibers
thereby enabling enhancement of strength and
endurance like what we’ve been observing to athletes.
 muscle cells are elongated thus the term muscle fiber
for every muscle cell.
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Movement of the body – everything that our mind
conceives were being translated into actions through
skeletal muscle contractions.
2. Maintenance of posture – with proper tone, muscles
helps us to maintain posture through a steady or
constant state of partial contraction.
3. Respiration – the main muscle for bathing is the
diaphragm. With its contraction, it allows air to enter
the lungs. Moreover, other muscles of the thorax carry
out the movements necessary for respiration.
4. Production of body heat - When skeletal muscles
contract, heat is given off as a by-product. This
released heat is critical to the maintenance of body
temperature.
5. Communication - Skeletal muscles are involved in all
aspects of communication, including speaking, writing,
typing, gesturing, and facial expressions.
6. Constriction of organs and vessels - The
contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of
internal organs and vessels causes those structures to
constrict. This constriction can help propel and mix
food and water in the digestive tract, propel secretions
from organs, and regulate blood flow through vessels.
7. Contraction of the heart - The contraction of cardiac
muscle causes the heart to beat, propelling blood to all
parts of the body.
B. TYPES OF MUSCLE
• Muscle Fibers - Muscular tissue is composed of
elongated muscle cells
• The job of muscular tissue is to generate force,
which produces motion, maintains posture, and
generates heat.
i. SKELETAL MUSCLE
▪ Skeletal muscles are group of multi-nucleated cells
with striations due to the arrangement of contractile
proteins within the cells.
▪ This further helps in the generation of force during
voluntary commands.
▪ As described, skeletal muscles can be found attached
to the skeleton.
▪ However, the nervous system can cause skeletal
muscles to contract without conscious involvement,
▪ as occurs during reflex movements and the
maintenance of muscle tone
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b. SMOOTH MUSCLE
▪ Smooth muscle contains groups of small cells with one
nucleus that are capable of stretching and are part of
blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, uterus, and
bladder. Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscle
tissue has no striations and contracts involuntarily.
▪ They contain less actin and myosin, with non-
organized myofilaments thus the non-striated
appearance
c. CARDIAC MUSCLE
▪ Cardiac muscle has cylindrical, intermediate-sized
cells that make up this tissue are connected to one
another by cell junctions called intercalated discs.
▪ These intercalated discs contain specialized gap
junctions helps in coordinating contractions.
▪ Cardiac muscle has striations and contracts
involuntarily.
II. SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Skeletal muscles, the longest type of muscle, make up
to 40% of body weight.
 It is named because of its attachment to bones.
 They also have more than one nucleus and are
striated in nature.
 Skeletal muscle has four major functional
characteristics and these are contractility, excitability,
extensibility, elasticity.
B. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKELETAL
MUSCLE
1. Contractility – ability of a muscle to shorten with force
2. Excitability – capacity of muscles to respond to
stimulus
3. Extensibility – Muscle can be stretched to its normal
resting length and beyond to a limited degree
4. Elasticity – Ability of muscle to recoil to original
resting length after stretched
C. STRUCTURE
i. CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS
▪ Epimysium – connective tissue that surrounds the
entire skeletal muscle
▪ Perimysium - connective tissue around each muscle
fasciculus (bundle of muscle fibers)
▪ Endomysium - connective tissue that surrounds each
muscle fiber
[ANPH111] 1.05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
iii. MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
▪ Myofibril - thread-like proteins that make up muscle
fibers
▪ Myofilament - proteins that make up myofibrils (ex.
actin and myosin)
▪ Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell)
▪ Sarcolemma - cell membrane and contains T-tubules
▪ T-tubules (transverse) - wrap around sarcomeres at A
band - associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum
▪ Sarcoplasmic reticulum - type of SER. It surrounds
myosin and also stores and releases Ca2+
iv. ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
▪ Actin - thin myofilament and resemble 2 strands of
pearls
▪ Myosin - thick myofilament and resemble golf clubs
▪ Troponin - attachment site on actin for Ca2+
▪ Tropomyosin - filament on grooves of actin and
serves as an attachment site on actin for myosin
v. SARCOMERES
▪ Sarcomere - contractile unit. It contains actin and
myosin
▪ Z disk - protein fibers that form attachment site for
actin
▪ H zone - center of sarcomere. It contains only myosin
▪ I band - contains only actin
▪ A band - where actin and myosin overlap
▪ M line - where myosin is anchored
D. EXCITABILITY
Resting Membrane Potential
Voltage-gated Na+ channels (pink) and some, but not all, K+
channels (purple) are closed. K+ diuses down its concentration
gradient through the open leak K+ channels, making the inside of
the plasma membrane negatively charged compared to the outside
Depolarization
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are open. Na+ diuses down its
concentration gradient through the open voltage-gated Na+
channels, making the inside of the plasma membrane positively
charged compared to the outside.
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Repolarization
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed, and Na+ movement into
the cells stops. More voltage-gated K+ channels open. K+
movement out of the cell increases, making the inside of the plasma
membrane negatively charged compared to the outside, once again.
E. STIMULATION
i. NERVE SUPPLY
▪ Motor neuron - nerve cells that carry action potentials
to muscle fibers
▪ Neuromuscular junction (synapse) - nerve cell and
muscle fiber meet
▪ Presynaptic terminal - end of nerve cell (axon)
▪ Postsynaptic membrane - muscle fiber membrane
▪ Synaptic cleft - space between presynaptic terminal
and postsynaptic membrane
▪ Synaptic vesicle - store and release
neurotransmitters
▪ Neurotransmitter - chemicals that stimulate or inhibit
muscle fiber (e.g. Ach)
▪ Motor unit - group of muscle fibers that motor neuron
stimulates
F. CONTRACTION
• Contraction of skeletal muscle tissue occurs as actin
and myosin myofilaments slide past one another,
causing the sarcomeres to shorten.
• Many sarcomeres are joined end-to-end to form
myofibrils.
• Shortening of the sarcomeres causes myofibrils to
shorten, thereby causing the entire muscle to shorten.
• The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin
myofilaments during contraction is called the sliding
filament model of muscle contraction.
• During contraction, neither the actin nor the myosin
fibers shorten.
• The H zones and I bands shorten during contraction,
but the A bands do not change in length.
[ANPH111] 1.05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
i. SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY a. SLOW AND FAST TWITCH FIBERS
Slow Twitch Fibers
Steps in a Muscle Contraction  Contract slowly
1. An action potential travels 2. Ca2+ causes synaptic  Fatigue slowly
down motor neuron to vesicles to release  Long distance runners
presynaptic terminal causing acetylcholine into synaptic
 Use aerobic respiration
Ca2+ channels to open. cleft.
 Dark meat
3. Acetylcholine binds to
receptor sites on Na+
4. Na+ causes sarcolemma  Red or dark because of myoglobin
channels, Na+ channels
and t-tubules to increase the  Myoglobin: helps O2 bind in muscle
permeability of Sarcoplasmic
open, and Na+ rushes into
reticulum which releases Fast Twitch Fibers
postsynaptic terminal
stored calcium.  Contract quickly
(depolarization).
6. Ca2+ binding to troponin  Fatigue quickly
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin causes tropomyosin to  Sprinters
which is attached to actin. move exposing attachment  Use anaerobic respiration
sites for myosin.  Energy from glycogen
8. ATP is released from  White meat
7. Myosin heads bind to myosin heads and heads
actin. bend toward center of Other Facts about Twitch Fibers
sarcomere.
 Humans have both types of fibers
10. Acetylcholinesterase
(enzyme breaks down
 Distribution of fibers is genetically determined
9. Bending forces actin to
acetylcholine) is released,  Neither type can be converted but capacity can be
slide over myosin. increased through intense exercise
Na+ channels close, and
muscle contraction stops
III. MUSCLE SYSTEM AND NOMENCLATURE
ii. ATP AND MUSCLE CONNECTION
▪ Energy for muscle contractions supplied by ATP A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
▪ Energy is released as ATP → ADP + P • Origin – non-movable end
▪ ATP is stored in myosin heads • Insertion - movable end
▪ ATP help form cross-bridge formation between myosin • Belly - middle
and actin • Synergists - muscles that work together
▪ New ATP must bind to myosin before cross-bridge is • Antagonist - muscles that oppose each other
released
▪ Rigor mortis: person dies and no ATP is available to B. NOMENCLATURE
release cross-bridges Muscles are named according to
▪ Other information: • Location Ex. tibialis anterior
o ATP is made in mitochondria from aerobic or • Origin/insertion Ex. sternocleidomastoid
anaerobic respiration. • Size Ex. gluteus maximus
o During a muscle contraction, H zone and I • Shape Ex. deltoid (triangular)
band shorten but A band stays the same. • Function Ex. Masseter
o Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are
due to sarcomeres (actin and myosin). C. MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK
▪ Terms
o Threshold - weakest stimulus needed to i. FACIAL EXPRESSION AND MASTICATION
produce a response ▪ Occipitofrontalis - raises eyebrows (forehead)
o All or None Law - muscle contracts or ▪ Orbicularis oculi - allows blinking (eyes)
doesn’t (no in between) ▪ Orbicularis oris - kissing muscle (mouth)
o Twitch - rapid contraction and relaxation of a ▪ Zygomaticus - smiling muscle (cheek)
muscle ▪ Masseter - chewing (mastication) muscle
o Tetanus - muscle remains contracted
o Isometric - amount of tension increases ii. TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLE
(weight) Tounge and Swallowing Muscle
o Isotonic - amount of repetitions increases
o Tone - constant tension over a long period of Muscles Origin Insertion Action
time a) Inside a.) Changes
Tongue a.) Inside
tongue shape of
Muscles tongue
b.) Bones tongue
a.) Intrinsic
around oral
b.) Onto
cavity or soft b.) Moves
b.) Extrinsic tongue
palate tongue

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[ANPH111] 1.05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Hyoid Muscles a.) Base of a.) Hyoid Bone a.) Elevates or iii. MUSCLES OF LOWER LEG
a.) Suprahyoid skull, mandible stabilizes ▪ Tibialis anterior - front of lower leg; inverts foot
hyoid ▪ Gastrocnemius - calf; flexes foot and leg
b.) Infrahyoid b.) Sternum. b.) Hyoid Bone b.) Depresses
▪ Soleus - attaches to ankle; flexes foot
Larynx or Stabilizes
Hyoid
Pharyngeal
Muscles
a.) Elevators
Elevate
Soft palate and
Pharynx Pharynx
b.)Constrictors auditory tube

c.) Superior Larynx and

Pharynx Constrict
hyoid
Pharynx
d.) Middle

e.) Inferior

D. TRUNK MUSCLE

i. THORACIC MUSCLES
▪ External intercostals: elevate ribs for inspiration
▪ Internal intercostals: depress ribs during forced
expiration
▪ Diaphragm: moves during quiet breathing

ii. ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCLES

▪ Rectus abdominis - center of abdomen; compresses
abdomen
▪ External abdominal oblique - sides of abdomen;
compresses abdomen
▪ Internal abdominal oblique - compresses abdomen
▪ Transverse abdominis - compresses abdomen

E. UPPER LIMB MUSCLES

• Trapezius: shoulders and upper back; extends neck
and head
• Pectoralis major: chest; elevates ribs
• Serratus anterior: between ribs; elevates ribs
• Deltoid: shoulder; abductor or upper limbs
• Triceps brachii: 3 heads; extends elbow
• Biceps brachii: “flexing muscle”; flexes elbow and
shoulder
• Brachialis: flexes elbow
• Latissimus dorsi: lower back; extends shoulder

F. LOWER LIMB MUSCLE

i. HIPS AND THIGHS

▪ Iliopsoas - flexes hip
▪ Gluteus maximus - buttocks; extends hip and
abducts thigh
▪ Gluteus medius - hip; abducts and rotates thigh

ii. MUSCLES OF UPPER LEG

▪ Quadriceps Femoris
▪ 4 Thigh muscles
o Rectus femoris: front of thigh;
extends knee and flexes hip
o Vastus lateralis: extends knee
o Vastus medialis: extends knee
o Vastus intermedius: extends knee
▪ Gracilis - adducts thigh and flexes knee
▪ Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,
semitendinosus - hamstring, back of thigh; flexes
knee, rotates leg, extends hip
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[ANPH111] 1.05 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo

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