ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]
LESSON: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
[ANAPHY DEFINITION]
Human Anatomy
 study of the normal structures of the
human body and their relationships with
one another
Human Physiology
 study of the different functions of the
normal structures of the human body
and the involved processes of how
these body parts work
[DIVISIONS OF HUMAN ANATOMY]
A. Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy
 study of normal structures of the human
big enough to be studied by unaided
eye.
 This includes:
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of structures
of specific body systems
e.g., nervous and circulatory systems.
2. Regional Anatomy – study of structures
by body regions.
e.g., head region, thoracic region.
3. Surface anatomy – study of the
landmarks on the body surface of the
different visceral organs.
B. Microscopic Anatomy
 study of structures of the human body
through use of microscope.
 This includes:
1. Cytology - chemical and microscopic
study of cells
2. Histology - study of normal tissues of the
body
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C. Embryology
 study of development of the human
body from fertilization of ovum up to the
period of extrauterine life.
D. Neuroanatomy
 study of normal microscopic, gross
features and development of the
nervous system
[DIVISIONS OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY]
A. Cell Physiology
 the study of the functions of living cells
 the cornerstone of human physiology
B. Special Physiology
 is the study of the functions of specific
organs
e.g., cardiac physiology (the study of the
heart function)
C. Systemic Physiology
 includes all aspects of the functions of
specific organ systems.
e.g., cardiovascular physiology, respiratory
physiology and reproductive physiology.
D. Pathologic physiology
 is the study of the effects of diseases on
organ or system functions.
[HOMEOSTASIS]
Homeostasis
 Maintenance of the body’s internal
environment
 Negative feedback loop
Homeostasis Regulation
1. Autoregulation – cells lack oxygen,
chemicals will be released to dilate blood
vessels
 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]
2. Extrinsic regulation - during exercise
nervous system commands inc of heart rate
so blood will circulate faster
[ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES]
1. Metabolism – includes all the chemical
processes that occur in the body.
2. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to
react to changes in environment both
internally or externally.
3. Movement – motion occurring inside the
human body, either the whole body or
individual cells or even the organelles within
these cells.
4. Growth – an increase in body size that
results from an increase in the size or
number of cells.
5. Differentiation – development of cells
from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
6. Reproduction – formation of new cells
for growth, repair or replacement or the
production of a new individual.
[LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY]
1. Chemical level
 Atoms combine to form molecules.
 This level involves how atoms, such as
hydrogen and carbon, interact and
combine into molecules.
2. Cell/ Cellular level
 This level shows how a molecular
substance affects a living organism.
 Cells
o Smallest units of life or basic unit of
organisms.
o Perform all activities necessary to
maintain life
– metabolism, assimilation,
digestion, excretion, reproduction
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3. Tissue level
 Group of similar cells and surrounding
materials make up tissues
 Tissues - made up of different types of
cells
o Epithelial - covers and protects
o Connective - binds and supports
other tissues
o Muscle - movement
o Nervous - connects sensory
structures to motor structures
o Hematopoietic - producing new
blood cells
4. Organ Level
 Different tissues combine to form organs
 Organ - is composed of two or more
tissue types that perform one or more
common functions
e.g., liver, urinary bladder, heart, stomach,
and lungs
5. Organ System Level
 This pertains to a group of organs
working together to sustain a specific
function.
 All systems are interrelated despite
having specific roles
[BODY SYSTEMS]
1. Integumentary System
 Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water loss, and
helps produce vitamin D.
 Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands.
2. Skeletal System
 Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells,
and stores minerals and adipose.
 Consists of bones, associated
cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]
3. Articular System
 Provides or allows motion of the
musculoskeletal system. To bear weight
and to hold the skeleton together.
 Deals with joints, ligaments of the
body and the surrounding tissues.
4. Muscular System
 Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat.
 Consists of muscles attached to the
skeleton by tendons.
5. Nervous System
 A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions.
 Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
6. Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
 Transports nutrients, waste products,
gases, and hormones throughout the
body; plays a role in the immune
response and the regulation of body
temperature.
 Consists of the heart, blood vessels,
and blood.
7. Digestive/Alimentary System
 Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
 Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and accessory
organs.
8. Respiratory System
 Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH.
 Consists of the lungs and respiratory
passages
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9. Urinary System
 Removes waste products from the blood
and regulates blood pH, ion balance,
and water balance.
 Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
10. Reproductive/Genital System
o Female R.S.
 Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal development;
produces milk for the newborn;
produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors.
 Consists of the ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary
glands, and associated structures.
o Male R.S.
 Produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female and produces
hormones that influence sexual
functions and behaviors.
 Consists of the testes, accessory
structures, ducts, and penis.
11. Endocrine System
 A major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many other functions.
 Consists of glands, such as the
pituitary, that secrete hormones.
12. Lymphatic System
 Removes foreign substances from the
blood and lymph, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive
tract.
 Consists of the lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.
(Lymphatic is not in the ppt but I added it.
The definitions of these body systems are
from Seeley’s, except Articular.)
 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]

[BODY REGIONS]
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a. Thorax
b. Abdomen
c. Pelvic cavity
d. Perineum [ANATOMICAL POSITION]

4. Upper Extremities  standing (or lying supine) erect

 face (head and eyes) directed forward
5. Lower Extremities  Upper limbs hanging to the sides with
palms facing forward
 Lower limbs together with toes facing
forward]
[ANATOMICAL PLANES]

1. Sagittal Plane - separates the body or a

structure into right and left halves.
2. Median/Midsagittal Plane - a sagittal
Cavities plane that passes through the midline of the
body, dividing it into equal right and left
 Dorsal
halves.
– cranial, spinal
3. Coronal/Frontal Plane - divides the body
 Ventral into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
halves.
– thoracic, abdominopelvic

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 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]

4. Horizontal/Transverse Plane - divides 2. Left

the body into upper (superior) and lower
 Toward the right side of the body
(inferior) halves
3. Superior
[SECTIONS OF THE BODY]
 Upper or higher
 A structure above another
4. Inferior
 Lower
 A structure below another
5. Cranial/Cephalic
 Head
 Closer to the head than another
structure (usually synonymous with
superior)
6. Caudal
1. Longitudinal / Vertical Section - a cut
through the length of the organ (horizontal)  Tail
 Closer to the tail than another
2. Transverse / Cross Section - a cut at a
structure (usually synonymous with
right angle to the length of an organ
inferior)
(vertical)
7. Anterior
3. Oblique Section - angle between
horizontal/vertical orientations (slant)  Before
 The front of the body
[ANATOMICAL TERMS OF
RELATIONSHIP] 8. Posterior
 Following
 The back of the body
9. Ventral
 Belly
 Toward the belly (synonymous with
anterior)
10. Dorsal
 Back
 Toward the back (synonymous with
posterior)
11. Proximal
1. Right
 Close or nearest
 Toward the right side of the body  Closer to the point of attachment to
the body than another structure

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 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]

12. Distal [ABDOMINAL REGIONS & QUADRANTS]

 Distant or Far Abdominopelvic Quadrants
 Farther from the point of attachment
to the body than another structure
13. Lateral
 Side
 Away from the midline of the body
14. Medial
 Middle
 Toward the midline of the body
15. Superficial/External
 Outside
 Toward or on the surface
16. Deep/Internal
 Inside
 Away from the surface
17. Central
 Center
 Situated at or near the midpoint of Abdominopelvic Regions
another structure
18. Peripheral
 Edge
 Situated on the edge in relation to
the center of an organ or cavity
(away from center)
19. Intermediate
 Between
 In the middle of two structures
20. Parietal
 Relating to a body cavity wall
21. Visceral
 Relating to organs within body cavities
22. Axial
 Around a central axis

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[TERMS OF MOVEMENT]
1. Flexion - a movement that decreases the
angle between two body parts.
e.g., Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the
angle between the ulna and the humerus.
When the knee flexes, the ankle moves
closer to the buttock, and the angle
between the femur and tibia gets smaller.
2. Extension - a movement that increases
the angle between two body parts.
e.g., Extension at the elbow is increasing
the angle between the ulna and the
humerus.
Extension of the knee straightens the lower
limb.
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3. Abduction - a movement away from the
midline – just as abducting someone is to
take them away.
e.g., Abduction of the shoulder raises the
arms out to the sides of the body.
4. Adduction - a movement towards the
midline.
e.g., Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs
together.
5. Rotation - the turning of a structure
around its long axis.
e.g., Rotating the head to shake the head
“no” or rotating the arm or the entire body.
 Medial Rotation - rotational
movement towards the midline. It is
sometimes referred to as internal
rotation.
 ANPH111 PRELIMS [INTRO TO ANAPHY]
 Lateral Rotation - rotating movement
away from the midline.
6. Circumduction - a combination of
flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction.
7. Eversion - the movement of the sole
towards the median plane – so that the sole
faces in a medial direction.
8. Inversion - the movement of the sole
away from the median plane – so that the
sole faces in a lateral direction.
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9. Dorsiflexion - flexion at the ankle, so
that the foot points more superiorly.
e.g., walking on the heels of feet (foot
toward the shin)
10. Plantarflexion - extension at the ankle,
so that the foot points inferiorly.
(Palmarflexion if it is a hand)
e.g., standing on the toes (foot toward the
plantar surface)
11. Supination - rotational movement of the
forearm that results in the palm facing
anteriorly
12.Pronation - rotational movement of the
forearm that results in the palm facing
posteriorly
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17. Lateral Excursion - moving the

mandible to either the right or the left of the
midline
18. Medial Excursion - returns the
mandible to the midline position

13. Protraction - a gliding motion that

moves a structure in an anterior direction
14. Retraction - a gliding motion that
moves a structure in a posterior direction
19. Opposition - a movement unique to the
thumb. It occurs when the thumb and the tip
of a finger on the same hand are brought
toward each other across the palm.
20. Reposition - returns the thumb to the
neutral, anatomical position.

15. Elevation - movement in a superior

direction
16. Depression - movement in an inferior
direction

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