A.

LESSON INFORMATION

THEME: CALCULUS

DATE:

CLASS: SS 2

TIME:

DURATION:

PERIOD:

SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS

UNIT TOPIC: DIFFERENTATION

LESSON TOPIC: LIMITS OF A FUNCTION

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;

i. Find limit of a function at a given point

ii. Differentiate from first principle
iii. Differentiate of polynomials
iv. Differentiate special functions such as sin 𝑥, cos 𝑎𝑥, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 etc
v. Use rules of differentiation

INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Charts depicting example of limits of a functions etc.

B. LESSON PRESENTATION: The teacher present lesson step by step by first asking the students
questions based on previous lessons, for example, what is slope? Etc

STEP I

MODE: Entire Class

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

LIMITS OF A FUNCTION

NOTATION FOR LIMITING VALUE

Definition: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Intuitively, this means that, as x gets closer to a, f(x) gets closer and closer to L
𝑥→𝑎

RIGHT HAND LIMIT

Definition: lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Intuitively, this means that, as x gets closer to a from right, f(x) gets closer
𝑥→𝑎
and closer to L

LEFT HAND LIMIT

Definition: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Intuitively, this means that, as x gets closer to a from left, f(x) gets closer and
𝑥→𝑎
closer to L
 𝑥 2−25
Example: Find lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5

Solution

The numerator and denominator both approach 0. However, 𝑥 2 − 25 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5)

𝑥 2−25
Hence, 𝑥−5
= 𝑥+5

Thus,

𝑥 2 − 25 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5)
lim = lim = lim 𝑥 + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10
𝑥→5 𝑥 − 5 𝑥→5 𝑥−5 𝑥→5

𝑥 3−1
Example 2: Find lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Solution

The numerator and denominator both approach 0. However, 𝑥 3 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 3−1
Hence, = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥−1

Thus,

𝑥3 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
lim = lim = lim 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥 −1 𝑥→1

5𝑦 2 −4
Example 3: Find the limit of lim
𝑦→0 𝑦+1

5𝑦 2 − 4 −4
lim = = −4
𝑦→0 𝑦 + 1 1
√𝑥+3−√3
Example 4: Find the limit of lim 𝑥
𝑥→0

Solution

Both the numerator and denominator approach 0

By rationalize the numerator, will have

√𝑥 + 3 − √3 √𝑥 + 3 − √3 √𝑥 + 3 + √3 1
= × =
𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 + 3 + √3 √𝑥 + 3 + √3
So, we obtained
1 1
lim =
𝑥→0 √𝑥 + 3 + √3 2√3
 1 4
Example 5: Find lim (𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2−4)
𝑥→2

Solution

Both numerator and denominator approach 0

1 4 1 4
− 2 = (1 − )
𝑥−2 𝑥 −4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
1 𝑥+2−4
= ( )
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
1 𝑥−2
= ( )
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
1
Hence, the limit reduced to 𝑥+2

Hence,
1 4 1 1
lim ( − ) = lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 − 4 𝑥→2 𝑥 + 2 4
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Evaluate the limit of the following functions

𝑥 2−𝑥−12
a. lim (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 7)
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
𝑥 4+3𝑥 3−13𝑥 2−27𝑥+36
b. lim (𝐴𝑛𝑠. −8)
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
𝑥 3−5𝑥 2+2𝑥−4
c. lim (𝐴𝑛𝑠. −12)
𝑥→2 𝑥 2−3𝑥+3
√𝑥+5−√5
d. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

STEP II

Exploration; fact find about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHEAR’S ACTIVITIES

RIGHT HAND LIMIT

Definition: lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Intuitively, this means that, as x gets closer to a from right, f(x) gets closer
𝑥→𝑎
and closer to L

Where a is an integer

LEFT HAND LIMIT

Definition: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Intuitively, this means that, as x gets closer to a from left, f(x) gets closer and
𝑥→𝑎
closer to L
Where a is an integer

Example: Find the limit of the function lim 𝑥 2 by using definition of limit
𝑥→3

Solution

By right hand limit lim+ 𝑥 2

𝑥→3

x F(x)
3.1 9.61
3.01 9.0601
3.001 9.006001
3.0001 9.00060001
3.00001 9.0000600001

Therefore,

lim 𝑥 2 = 9
𝑥→3+

The sequence 3.1, 3.01, 3.001 … is said to approach 3 from the right as f(x) get closer and closer to 9

Similarly,

By left hand limit lim− 𝑥 2

𝑥→3

x F(x)
2.9 8.41
2.99 8.9401
2.999 8.994001
2.9999 8.99994
2.99999 8.999994

Therefore,
lim 𝑥 2 = 9
𝑥→3−

The sequence 2.9, 2.99, 2.999 … is said to approach 3 from the left as f(x) get closer and closer to 9

STUDENTS ACTIVITES

Find the limit of the following functions, use limit definition

1. lim 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥→2
 1
2. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥 2−1
3. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
1
4. lim 𝑥−8
𝑥→8

STEP III

Discussion of limits of functions

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

Find the limits of the following

𝑥 3−1
a. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2+2𝑥−1
b. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
𝑥 2+1
c. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
d. lim 𝑥 3
𝑥→0

STUDENTS’ ACTIVITIES

Find the limit of the following functions

√𝑥+2+√2
a) lim
𝑥→0 √𝑥
1
b) lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5

STEP IV

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
the vector product can be calculated by? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

Find the limits of the following

𝑥 3−1
a) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
b) lim
𝑥→−8 𝑥+8
𝑥 2+4𝑥−6
c) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥+2

REFRENCES

New further mathematics project 2 page 231

Hidden facts in further mathematics page 407
 LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: DIFFERENTIATION
DATE:
CLASS: SS 2A, B, C, I, J, & K
TIME: 10:30 – 11:00
DURATION:
Period:
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
LESSON TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Differentiation from first principle
ii. Differentiation of special functions
iii. Differentiation of polynomials
iv. Use rules of differentiation
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: charts showing the method of first principles
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
𝑥 2−1
previous lesson; for example, find lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them to find
slope of some graphs etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
DIFFERENTATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE
Consider the function
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) … (1)
Let ∆𝑦 be a small increase in y due to a small increase in ∆𝑥 in x
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) … (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2)
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
∆𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
Divided both sides by ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Take the limits as ∆𝑥 → 0, lim ∆𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑥→0
∆𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim ( ) = lim ( )
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim ( )
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The illustration above is known as the derived definition of 𝑑𝑦
NOTE: To differentiate by first principle means to work strictly by ordinary definition or the derived
definition and not employing any other theorem
Example 1: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 by using first principle
Solution

𝑦 = 𝑥 … (1)
Then
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 … (2)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2)

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥
∆𝑦 = ∆𝑥
Dividing both sides by ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
=1
∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Take the limits as ∆𝑥 → 0, lim → 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

∆𝑦
lim ( ) = lim 1
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
=1
𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by using first principle
Solution

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 … (1)
Then
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 … (2)
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2)

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
∆𝑦 = 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2
Dividing through by ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 2𝑥∆𝑥 (∆𝑥)2
= +
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥

∆𝑦
= 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Take the limits as ∆𝑥 → 0, lim → 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

∆𝑦
lim ( ) = lim (2𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
 𝑑𝑦
=2
𝑑𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
Find the derivate of the following with respect to x using the first principle
1 2 2
I. 2𝑥 2 II. 2𝑥+1 III. √𝑥 − 1 IV. − 𝑥 3 V.
√𝑥
STEP II
Exploration facts about the lesson objectives using the resources around
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
GENERAL FORMULA METHOD
For any function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 where a and n are constants
Then, differentiating y with respect to x is given as:

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Pronounced as Dee y – Dee x

Example 1: Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 with respect to x

Solution

𝑦 = 𝑥6
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Differentiate 𝑦 = 5𝑥 4 with respect to x

Solution

𝑦 = 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
= 4 × 5𝑥 4−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 20𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Differentiate 𝑦 = 4𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 22 with respect to x

Solution

𝑦 = 4𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 22
𝑑𝑦
= 4 × 4𝑥 4−1 − 3 × 3𝑥 3−1 − 2 × 2𝑥 2−1 + 1 × 1𝑥1−1 − 22 × 0𝑥 0−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 16𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Differentiate the following functions with respect to (w.r.t) their variables

4
I. 𝑆 = 3𝑡 4 − 6𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 6
6
II. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 4 𝑥 4 − 4
III. 𝑦 = √3𝑥
1
IV. 𝑦= 5
√𝑥
V. 𝑦 = −95

STEP III

Discussion of notations commonly used for derivative

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
𝑑𝑦
i. If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝐼 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
ii. read Dee-y-Dee x
𝑑𝑥
𝐼
iii. 𝑓 (𝑥) read f-prime of x or first derivative

Example: Find the gradient of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2

Solution

𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 2
𝑓 𝐼 (𝑥) = 4 × 2𝑥 2−1

= 8𝑥

STUDENTS ACTIVITES

Find the gradient of the following curve at given points

i. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = −1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 at 𝑥 = −3
iii. 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4
1
iv. 𝑦= at 𝑥 = 4
2𝑥 3
1
v. 𝑦= at 𝑥 = 16
√𝑥
vi. 𝑦 = 7 at 𝑥 = −1
5
vii. 𝑦 = 16𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 1

STEP IV

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
the general rule of differentiation is? Etc.
ASSIGNMENT

Differentiate the following from first principles

1
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2+1
1
c. 𝑦 =
√𝑥

REFRENCES

New further mathematics project 2 page 231

Hidden facts in further mathematics page 309

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori page 409

LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: DIFFERENTIATION
DATE:
CLASS: SS 2A, B, C, I, J, & K
TIME: 10:30 – 11:00
 DURATION:
Period:
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
LESSON TOPIC: RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Differentiation by use rules of differentiation
ii. Differentiation of transcendental
iii. Differentiation of polynomials
iv. Apply differentiation to real life problems
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: chart showing the rules of differentiation
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, what is gradient of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them to find
gradient of some functions etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION OF A SUM
If 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑣(𝑥), where u and v are functions of x, then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 1: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4
Solution
𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
= 5 × 3𝑥 5−1 − 4 × 2𝑥 4−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 15𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

Example 2: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 11

Solution
𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 11
𝑑𝑦
= 5 × 3𝑥 5−1 − 4 × 2𝑥 4−1 + 3 × 6𝑥 3−1 + 1 × 3𝑥1−1 − 0 × 11𝑥 0−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 15𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 2 + 3
𝑑𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the derivative of each of the following functions

1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑡 4 − 11𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 8
1
3. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
 3𝑥 3+2𝑥 2 −𝑥+11
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥3
3 1 1 1
5. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 3 − −
𝑥
√𝑥 3
1 6 2 3 1 3
6. 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 − 3
𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 2
7. 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 − 2.5𝑥 4 + 0.8
6

STEP II

Exploration; facts find about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

DIFFERENTIATING OF TRIGONOMETRIC (TRANSCENDENTIAL) FUNCTIONS

𝑑𝑦
I. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 than = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
II. If 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 than = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
III. If 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 than = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
IV. If 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
V. If 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
VI. If 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ln 𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
VII. If 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ln 𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑒
𝑑𝑦
VIII. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 then = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

If the angle is multiplied by a constant, for example if k is a constant then,

𝑑𝑦
I. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = kcos 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
II. If 𝑦 = cos 𝑘𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = − ksin 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
III. If 𝑦 = tan 𝑘𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
IV. If 𝑦 = sec 𝑘𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = ksec 𝑘𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
V. If 𝑦 = cot 𝑘𝑥 than 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
VI. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥

Example: Differentiate 𝑦 = 3𝑒 5𝑥

Solution

𝑦 = 3𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 5 × 3𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 15𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 1
Example 2: Differentiate 𝑦 = sin 16𝑥
8

Solution
1
𝑦 = sin 16𝑥
8
𝑑𝑦 16
= cos 16𝑥
𝑑𝑥 8
= 2 cos 16𝑥

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Differentiate the follow functions w.r.x

a. 𝒚 = cos 2𝑥
b. 𝒚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
c. 𝑦 = 3 tan 5𝑥
1
d. 𝒚 = tan 2x
2
e. y = −6 sec(−3x)
1 1
f. 𝒚 = 𝟒 cos x − 6 sin x
2 3
1 3x
g. 𝒚 = 3 sin 3x + e
h. y = log e (4x − 1)2
1
i. 𝒚 = cot x
2

STEP III

Discussion of function of function (chain rule)

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

FUNCTION OF FUNCTION (CHAIN RULE)

Suppose that y is a function of u and u itself is a function of x. In other word if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥),
then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
The above illustration is called the chain rule for differentiation

Example: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 12)6

Solution

𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 12)6

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 12 then 𝑦 = 𝑢6
 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 6𝑢5

Hence,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 6𝑢5 × 3𝑥 2

= 18𝑥 2 𝑢5

= 18𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 12)5

Example 2: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = sin 6𝑥

Solution

𝑦 = sin 6𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 6𝑥 then 𝑦 = sin 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢

Hence,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑢 × 6
= 6 cos 𝑢

= 6 cos 6𝑥

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the derivative of the following functions

a. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 5 − 5)4
1
b. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)3
c. 𝑦 = √7 − 3𝑥 4
d. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
10
e. 𝑦 = √2+𝑥 2
7
f. 𝑦 = sin 2 𝑥
g. 𝑦 = log(4𝑥 − 1)2

STEP IV

Discussion of product rule

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

PRODUCT RULE

If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, where u and v are function of x, then,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin 6𝑥

Solution

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin 6𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥
= 6 cos 6𝑥

Therefore
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 × 6 cos 6𝑥 + sin 6𝑥 × 2𝑥
= 6𝑥 2 cos 6𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the derivative of each of the following functions

a. 𝑦 = (5 − 3𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − 22𝑥 4 )
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 √(3 + 𝑥)
c. 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
d. 𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 sin 6𝑥
e. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)4 (4𝑥 2 − 1)3
f. 𝑦 = sin 5𝑥 tan 6𝑥
g. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 21)65
STEP V

Discussion of quotient rule

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

QUOTIENT RULE
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 , where u and v are functions of x and 𝑣 ≠ 0 then,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
1+𝑥
Example: Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 1−𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 1
Solution
1+𝑥
𝑦=
1−𝑥
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
(1 − 𝑥)(1) − (1 + 𝑥)(−1)
=
(1 − 𝑥)2
1−𝑥+1+𝑥
=
(1 − 𝑥)2
2
=
(1 − 𝑥)2
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the derivative of each of the following;

1−𝑥 2
I. 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑥
II. 𝑦=
𝑥 2+2𝑥+2
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
III. 𝑦=
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
√2−𝑥
IV. 𝑦=
√2+𝑥
(7+𝑥)(7−𝑥)
V. 𝑦= 𝑥≠0
𝑥3

STEP VI

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is quotient rule? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

Differentiate the following w.r.x

1. log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 )
2. 𝑦 = 3 sin(−4𝑥 ) + 5 cos 7𝑥
2𝑥 2+5𝑥−1
3. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2−2
1
5𝑥− 2
𝑥
4. 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥+1
 7−𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2+1
𝑥2
6. 𝑦 =
√𝑥

REFRENCES

New further mathematics project 2 page 231

Hidden facts in further mathematics page 309

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori page 179

LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: CALCULUS
DATE:
CLASS: SS 2A, B, C, I, J, & K
 TIME: 10:30 – 11:00
DURATION:
Period:
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
LESSON TOPIC: HIGHER DERIVATIVES AND DIFFERENTATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Find the derivative of higher functions
ii. Solve problems on higher derivative functions
iii. Differentiate implicitly
iv. Optimization in economics and science
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Chart showing how to differentiating higher derivative and implicit
functions
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, state product rule of differentiation etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them to state
the rules of solving differentiation etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
HIGHER DERIVATIVE
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
Given that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), is a function of x like 𝑓(𝑥). The derivative of with respect to x is ( ),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
( ) is called the second derivative of y with respect to x, and it is usually denoted by (read Dee
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
two y Dee x squared). Since 𝑑𝑥 2
is also a function of x, successive derivatives can be found
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
The third derivative of with respect to x is ( ) and it is written for short as (read Dee three y
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
Dee x cube)
𝑑3 𝑦
Also, since 𝑑𝑥 3
is also a function of x, successive derivatives can be found
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑4𝑦
The fourth derivative of 𝑑𝑥 3 with respect to x is 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 3 ) and it is written for short as 𝑑𝑥 4 (read Dee four
y Dee x four) etc.
𝑑𝑛𝑦
In general, 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 is nth derivative of with respect to x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑4𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 is sometimes denoted by 𝑓 𝐼 (𝑥). Similarly, 𝑑𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 4
are sometimes denoted as
𝐼𝐼 ( 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ( 𝐼𝑉
𝑓 𝑥), 𝑓 𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥) respectively
Example: Find the first, second, third and fourth derivative of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 4
Solution

𝑦 = 4𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
= 16𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑2 𝑦
= 48𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
= 96𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4 𝑦
= 96
𝑑𝑥 4
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the first, second and third derivative of each of the following functions;
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = sin 3𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 sin(−2𝑥)
d. 𝑦 = (5 − 𝑥)6
e. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 7 cos 3𝑥

STEP II

Exploration, fact about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTATION

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), in particular 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 is said to be expressed explicitly in term of x

Sometimes, the relationship between y and x may not be expressed explicit, for instance 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +
2𝑥𝑦 = 0, here, the relation between y and x is not expressed explicitly, the relationship between y and x
is said to be implicit

In differentiating implicit function, y is treated as if it is a function of x and the rules of differentiation are
applied in the appropriate manner. The process of differentiating implicit functions is called implicit
differentiation

Example 1: Differentiate 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 implicitly

𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 + 12𝑥𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 12𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 3𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3
= 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 12𝑥𝑦 2

Example: Differentiate 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 implicitly

Solution

𝑥+𝑦 = 4
𝑑𝑦
1+ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1
𝑑𝑥
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Differentiate each of the following implicitly

1. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 11
2. 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 44 = 0
3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 5𝑥 = −7
4. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 27𝑥𝑦
5. 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 7𝑦 = 0
6. (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)2 = 7
7. 𝑥𝑦 = 1 + log 𝑒 𝑦

STEP III

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
give three example of implicit functions Etc.

ASSIGNMENT
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑔
I. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 where k is a constant, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥+𝑐𝑦+𝑓
II. Find 1st, 2nd and 3rd derivative of each of the following functions; a. 𝑦 = 3 sin(−4𝑥) +
7−𝑥
5 cos 7𝑥 b. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 7 cos 3𝑥 c. 2
3𝑥 +1

REFRENCES

New further mathematics project 2 page 168

Hidden facts in further mathematics page 309

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori page 179

LESSON INFORMATION
 THEME: CALCULUS
DATE:
CLASS: SS 2A, B, C, I, J, & K
TIME: 10:30 – 11:00
DURATION:
Period:
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
LESSON TOPIC: APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Apply differentiation to rate of change
ii. Apply differentiation to gradient of a functions
iii. Calculate Optimization involving maximum and minimum values
iv. Understand turning point of functions
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Chart showing application of differentiation
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, state product rule of differentiation etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them to state
the rules of solving differentiation etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
RATES OF CHANGE
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
The rate of increase of the radius is 𝑑𝑡 , the rate of increase of the area is 𝑑𝑡
and the rate of increase of
𝑑𝑣
the volume is
𝑑𝑡
Area of the circle is 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
4
Volume of sphere is 3 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
Example: The volume of a sphere is increasing at 20𝑐𝑚 3 /𝑠. Find the rate of increase of radius when it is
10cm
Solution
4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
By using chain rule

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
Hence,
𝑑𝑟 20
=
𝑑𝑡 4𝜋𝑟 2
 20
= , 𝑟 = 10
4(𝜋)(10)2
= 0.0159
Therefore, the radius is increasing at 0.0159cm/s. Here, the rate of increase of the radius is inversely
proportional to 𝑟 2
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

1. The radius of a sphere is increasing at 0.01cm/s. Find the rate of increase of the volume of the
sphere when the radius is 2cm
2. The radius of a circle is increasing at 0.02m/s. Find the rate of increase of the area of the circle
when the radius is 2m
3. Find the rate at which the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing if the surface area is
increase at the rate of 7𝑐𝑚 2 /𝑠 when the radius of the spherical balloon is 4cm
4. The volume of a hemisphere is decreasing at 0.1𝑚 3 /𝑠. At the instant when the radius is 5m, find
1
the rate of decrease of the following; (a) radius (b) surface area (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 = 𝜋𝑚/𝑠 𝑏 =
500
3 2
50
𝑚 2 /𝑠) use a for b. Note that 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 surface area= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3𝜋𝑟 and curved 2

surface area of hemisphere is 2𝜋𝑟 2

STEP II

Exploration; fact about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITES

GRADIENT
∆𝑦 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑑𝑦
In coordinate geometry, gradient is = , but here, gradient is or first derivative of a function
∆𝑥 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑑𝑥

Example: Find the gradient of𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 (3, 9)

Solution

𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
At (3, 9) , x is 3
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2(3)

=6

STUDENTS ACTIVIES

1. Write down the gradient of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 at the following points (a) (3, 9) (b) (0.5, 0.25) (c) (-2,4)
2. Find the point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 for which the gradient is (a) 10 (b) 2/3 (c) -2 (d) 0.5
 3. For these functions, find the value of the gradient of the curve at the point given (a) 𝑦 =
1 1 1 1 1
√𝑥; 𝑥 = 4 (b) 𝑦 = √𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 4 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 = 2 (d) 𝑦 = 6𝑥 3 ; 𝑥 = − 3 (e) 𝑦 = 0.5 sin 6 −
1
0.2 cos 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝜋
4

STEP III

Discussion of maxima and minima points

𝑑𝑦
At a maximum or minimum point, the derivative of any functions is zero, that is if 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 = 0

From graph above, A is called maximum point and B is called minimum point, together they are known
as stationary points or as stationary point or as turning point
𝑑𝑦
At both A and B the graph is horizontal and hence 𝑑𝑥 = 0, so to find the coordinate of A and B,
differentiate and equate the result to 0

Example: Find the stationary value and distinguishing between maximum and minimum 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 +
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6
Solution

𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
At the stationary point 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Hence,

−3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3

The values of y at these points are;

At 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = −(−1)3 + (−1)2 + 9(−1) − 6 = −11

That is
(−1, −11)

At 𝑥 = 3

𝑦 = −(3)3 + (3)2 + 9(3) − 6 = 21

That is
(3, 21)
𝑑2 𝑦
At 𝑥 = −1, 𝑑𝑥 2 = 6 + 6 = 12 > 0

Since 12 > 0, (−1, −11) is a minimum point

𝑑2 𝑦
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 2 = −18 + 6 = −12 < 0

Since −12 < 0, (3,21) is a maximum point

Therefore,

Maximum value is 21 and minimum value is -11

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

For the following functions, find the stationary values, distinguishing between maximum and minimum

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6
c. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 11
d. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 16
STEP IV

Discussion of application of differentiation to equation of motion

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

EQUATION OF MOTION

If x is the distance of the particle from an initial point 0 and t is the time, then,

𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) (Distance between two points or displacement)

VELOCITY

The velocity of a particle is the time rate of change of displacement or change of displacement with time

If v is the velocity, then,

𝑑𝑥
𝑣= 𝑑𝑡
Where x is displacement
𝑑𝑥
If the particle is moving away from origin, the initial point is > 0 , if the particle moves toward origin,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the initial point < 0 and if the particle is at rest =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

ACCELERATION

The acceleration of a particle is the time rate of change of velocity or rate of change velocity with time

If a particle has acceleration 𝑎 at time t, then,

𝑑𝑣 𝑑(𝑣) 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎= = = ( )= 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
If the velocity of the particle is increasing, 𝑑𝑡 > 0 and the particle said to be accelerating, if the velocity
𝑑𝑣
of the particle decreasing, < 0 and the particle is said to be decelerating or retarding and if the
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
particle moves at a constant speed, =0
𝑑𝑡

Example 1

The motion of particle along a straight line is specified by the equation 𝑥 = 5𝑡 5 − 4𝑡 4 − 3𝑡 3 . Find the
velocity and acceleration after 5 seconds

Solution

𝑥 = 5𝑡 5 − 4𝑡 4 − 3𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 25𝑡 4 − 16𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑣 = 13400𝑚/𝑠
 𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = 100𝑡 3 − 48𝑡 2 − 18𝑡
𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑎 = 11210𝑚/𝑠 2

Example 2
𝑡2
The motion of a particle starting from origin 0 is described by the equation 𝑥 = 2
− 𝑡 + 10. How far is
the particle from origin, when particle is at rest?

Solution

𝑡2
𝑥= − 𝑡 + 10
2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡−1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
When the particle is at rest =0
𝑑𝑡

Therefore,

𝑡−1=0
𝑡=1

When 𝑡 = 1
1
𝑥= − 1 + 10
2
1
=9 𝑚
2
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
2 17 2
The motion of a particle from origin is described by the equation 𝑠 = 3 𝑡 3 − 2
𝑡 + 21𝑡 where s is the
distance in meters and t the time in seconds, find the acceleration of the particle when it is momentary
at rest

STEP V

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is acceleration? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

If 𝑦 = −𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 2 − 3, find the stationary points of the function and distinguishing between maximum
and minimum point
REFRENCES

New further mathematics project 2 page 180

Excellence in mathematics 3 page 152

Hidden facts in further mathematics page 309

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori page 179