TGRC Radiation Physics 2023 Part 1

RADIATION PHYSICS
THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER

REFRESHER COURSE
THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

OUTLINE
• REVIEW OF MATHEMATICS
• QUANTITIES AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• REVIEW OF MECHANICS
• MATTER AND ENERGY
• RADIATION
• ATOMIC MODELS
• QUANTUM ATOMIC MODEL
• RADIOACTIVITY
• INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

KNOWLEDGE CHECK
• REVIEW OF MATHEMATICS
– FRACTIONS
– DECIMALS
– PERCENTAGE
– SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
– RATIO AND PROPORTION
– LINEAR EQUATION
– GRAPHICAL ANALYSIX

FRACTIONS
WHOLE NUMBER DIVIDED INTO

SMALLER UNITS.

FRACTIONS
1 HOUR = 60 MIN
¼ hour = ¼ 60 = 15min
½ hour = ½ 60 = 30min
¾ hour = ¾ 60 = 45 min
4/4 hour = 1 hour = 60
min

FRACTIONS
• ADDITION AND • MULTIPLICATION AND
SUBTRACTION DIVISION
• ½ + ½ = 2/2 = 1 • ½x½ =¼
• ½ - ¼ = 2/4 -1/4= ¼ • ½ x ¼ = 1/8
• ¼ + ¼ = 2/4 = ½ • ½ / ½ = ½ x 2/1 = 1
• ¾ - ½ = 3- 2/4 = 1/4 • ¼ /3/4 = ¼ x 4/3 =
4/12 = 1/3

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A parallel circuit contains 8 , 12 and 15
ohms resistor elements , calculate the
total resistance?
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Given: R1 = 8Ω ; R2 = 12 Ω ; R3 = 15 Ω

DECIMALS
• NOTATIONS THAT SIMPLY DIVIDES
FRACTION
¼ = 0.25
½ = 0.50
¾ = 0.75
1/10 = 0.1
1/100 = 0.01
1/1000 = 0.001

PERCENTAGE
• CENTURY = 100
• PER CENT = PER 100 = /100
• 50 PERCENT = 50% = 50/100
• 25 PERCENT = 25% = 25/100

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. How many percent of an hour is 15 min?
15 min = ¼ hr = 0.25 hr = 25/100 = 25%
2. 2000 radiographs were subjected to film-
reject analysis; 100 radiographs were
rejected. How many percent were
rejected?
100/2000 = 1/20 = 0.05 = 5/100 = 5%

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
• NOTATIONS DESIGNED FOR VERY SMALL
AND VERY LARGE NUMBERS.
96,000,000 .00 = 9.6 X 107

0.00000000901 = 9.01 X 10-9

PREFIXES
NUMBERS > 1 NUMBERS < 1
• 10 = DEKA • 1/10 = 0.1 = deci
• 1000 = KILO • 1/100 = 0.01 = centi
• 1,000,000 = MEGA • 1/1000 = 0.001 = milli
• 1,000,000,000 = GIGA • 1/1,000,000 = micro
• 1,000,000,000,000 = • 1 x 10-9 = nano
TERA

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. How many becquerel are there in 1
Curie.
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
= 3.7 x 109 x 101 Bq
= 3.7 Giga x 10 Bq = 37 Gbq
2. How many becquerel in 1 mCi? In 1μCi ?

RATIO AND PROPORTION
• A/B = C/D
• If A is unknown , then A/B x B = C/D x B
• So A = C/D X B
• Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
• If Vs is unknown , Vs = Vp x Ns/Np

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• The primary voltage of a step up
transformer is 100 volts ; The number of
primary turns is 50 and there are 5000
turns in the secondary side. Calculate the
secondary voltage.
• Vs = Vp x Ns/Np

LINEAR EQUATION
• WX = YZ
• TO GET W , DIVIDE WX BY X AND DO THE
SAME THING TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE
EQUATION , DIVIDE YZ BY X.
• WX/X = YZ/X , X ON THE LEFT SIDE WILL
CANCEL OUT SO , FINAL EQUATION IS
• W = YZ/X

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. How many electrons are there in 1
Coulomb of charge?
1 electron = 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb
WX = YZ ; the unknown quantity is
Coulomb so we need to cancel 1.6 x 10-19
by dividing both sides of the equation by
1.6 x 10-19

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1 electron / 1.6 x 10-19 =1.6 x 10-19Coulomb

1.6 x 10-19
1 Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
• In physics , the graph is used to present

relationships between quantities. Graphs
can be linear , non-linear , exponential
and linear quadratic.

RADIATION DOSE-RESPONSE
RELATIONSHIP
• Radiation dose-response has two

characteristics:
– Linear or non-linear
– Threshold or non-threshold

QUANTITIES AND UNITS

MASS
• One Kilogram = mass of 1000 cm 3 of
water at 4o C
• SI Unit: kilogram (kg)
• Platinum-Iridium Cylinder: represents
the standard unit of mass

LENGTH
• Based on speed of light

• SI Unit: meter (m)
• One Meter = the distance traveled by
light in 1/299,792,468 s

TIME
• Measured by an atomic clock

• Based on the vibration of atoms of cesium
• SI Unit: second (s)

Units of Measurements
• Metric System
– Meter (length) , Kilogram (mass) ,
Second(time)
• English System
– Foot (length) , Pound(mass) , Second(Time)
• International Standard (SI)
– Currently used metric system of units known
as Systeme International d’ Unites

Base Quantities and SI Units
• Length - meter
• Mass – kilogram
• Time – seconds
• Electric current – ampere
• Temperature – kelvin
• Amount of substance – mole
• Luminous Intensity - candela

SECONDARY QUANTITIES
• Derived quantities
• The combination of one or more of the
three base quantities
• Examples:
– Volume
– Velocity
– Momentum

Mechanics
• Branch of physics that deals with the study of causes
and effects of motion
• Physical quantities used in mechanics:
– Velocity
– Average velocity
– Acceleration
– Force
– Momentum
– Work
– Energy
– Power
COMMONLY USED PREFIXES

SPECIAL QUANTITIES
• Designed to support measurement in
specialized areas of science and
technology (e.g. radiologic science)
• Radiologic Science:
– Exposure
– Absorbed dose
– Effective dose
– Activity

MATTER AND ENERGY
MATTER ENERGY

MATTER
• Anything that occupies space and has

mass, energy equivalence, electric charge
and magnetism
• Can be transformed from one form to
another
ICE  WATER  VAPOR

MASS
• The primary distinguishing characteristic

of matter
• The quantity of matter contained in an
object
• Best described by its energy equivalence
• Measured in: kilogram (kg)
– 1000 cm3 of water at 4 oC

WEIGHT
• The force that an object exerts under the

influence of gravity
• Measured in: Newton (N) or pound (lb)
• Formula: Wt = mg
• Space: zero gravity

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. MASS – quantity of inertia contained in

matter
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Gravitational Force – force of interaction
between mass of objects.
• FG = G m1m2 where G – constant
d2
m1m2 = mass of the interacting
objects
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
2. CHARGE – property associated with the
electrostatic forces.
Coulomb’s Law
Electrostatic Force – the force of
interaction between charges also called
Coulombic Force
• Fc = kQ1Q2/d2 where k – constant
• Q1Q2 – interacting charges
• d – distance between
charges
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
3. Magnetic dipole or poles – associated
with magnetic forces
Gauss’ Law
• FB = kp1p2/d2 where k – constant
• p1p2 – interacting poles
• d – distance between poles

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
4. ENERGY EQUIVALENCE – relates that

mass and energy are interchangeable.
Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence
E = mc2
E – energy; m – mass ; c – speed of light

ENERGY
• The ability to do work
• Can be transformed from one form of
energy to another
• Cannot be created or destroyed
• SI unit: Joule
• In Radiology: electron volt (eV)
• Work = force x distance

LAW OF CONSERVATION
• It states that the sum of all matter

and energy is constant
• Matter and energy can be neither
created or destroyed but are
interchangeable

THEORY OF RELATIVITY
• States that mass and energy are

interchangeable E=mc2: mass-energy
equivalence equation
• Basis for:
– Atomic bomb
– Nuclear power plants
– Nuclear Medicine

E = mc2

MECHANICAL ENERGY
• The result of the action of machines or
physical movement
• Types:
– Potential
– Kinetic

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Energy at rest
• The energy that an object has because
of its position
• Example:
– Car on top of a hill
– Guillotine blade held aloft by a rope

KINETIC ENERGY
• Energy of motion
• Possessed by all matter in motion
• Examples:
– Moving automobile
– Turning windmill
– Falling guillotine blade

CHEMICAL ENEGY
• Energy released during a chemical
reaction
• Examples:
– Battery
– Dynamite

HEAT ENERGY
• Thermal energy
• Energy in motion at the molecular level
• Example:
– Boiling water

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• Electricity
• The result of movement electrical
charges
• Examples:
– Oven toaster
– Lamp

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Energy contained within the nucleus of
an atom
• Examples:
– Atomic bomb
– Nuclear power plant

Concept of Radiation

Radiation
Energy that travels/propagates in space in
a form of waves and /or particles.
– Electromagnetic Radiation
• Energy that travels in waveform
• Includes x-ray, gamma ray, radiofrequency,
microwave , infra-red, visible light, ultraviolet
– Particulate Radiation
• Energy that travels in a form of particles.
• Alpha , beta minus , beta plus , neutrons

Radiation
Particulate Radiation
Electromagnetic wave
• No mass • Has mass

• No charge • Has charge
• Characterized instead by • Has kinetic energy
its wavelength ,
frequency and velocity

Radiation maybe classified
Electromagnetic radiation Particulate Radiation
• radiofrequency • electrons
• infrared • positrons
• visible light • protons
• ultraviolet • neutrons
• X rays
• gamma rays

Radiation can be
Ionizing Non-ionizing
• Capable of removing an • Capable of just raising
electron from an atom the electron to a higher
• Includes x-ray, gamma level of energy
ray, alpha particles, beta (excitation)
particles , heavy nuclides • Includes all non-ionizing
and neutrons electromagnetic waves :
– Radiowaves
– Microwaves
– Infrared
– Visible light
– Ultrviolet
Ionizing Radiation
• Any type of radiation
capable of removing
an orbital electron
from the atom with
which it interacts
• RESULTS IN:
– Ion pair
– Characteristic x-rays
• EXAMPLES: x-rays,
gamma rays & UV
light
In diagnostic radiology, the only
particulate radiation that needs
to be considered is the electron
rest mass of electron = 9.109 ×10-31 kg
rest energy of electron = 511 keV =

0.511 MeV

Radiation Sources
Annual Doses
Natural/Environmental Medical Imaging
• 3 mSV • 3.2 mSv

– 0.4 mSv (internal) – 1.5 mSv(CT scan)
– 0.3 mSv (Terrestial) – 0.7 mSv (Nuc. Med)
– 0.3 mSv (cosmic) – 0.6 mSv (radiography)
– 2.0 mSv (Radon) – 0.4 mSv (interventional)

Ionizing radiation - can ionize
matter either:
Indirectly:
Directly:
X- or gamma- ray photons or
neutrons that first transfer
fast charged particles that
their energy to fast charged
deposit their energy in
particles released in one or a
matter directly, through
few interactions in the
many small Coulomb
matter through which they
(electrostatic) interactions
pass. The resulting fast
with orbital electrons along
charged particles then
the particle track
deposit their energy directly
in the matter

Ionization potential is the minimum energy
required to ionize an atom. For elements its
magnitude ranges from a few eV for alkali
metals to 24.5 eV for helium. For water it is
12.6 eV
Element Ionization potential (eV)
H 13.6
C 11.3
O 13.6
Mo 7.1
W 7.9

Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic waves
• For X rays:
consist of oscillating electric
and magnetic fields, which • wavelength is usually
are at right angles to each expressed in nanometre (nm)
other and also to the (1 nm = 10-9m) and
direction of wave • frequency is expressed in
propagation hertz (Hz)
• (1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec = 1 sec-1)
They are characterized by their: y

• amplitudes Eo and Bo
• wavelength ( λ ) Eo
• frequency (n ) and c
Bo
• speed c = λ n
z
 x
• In vacuum, c = 3×108m/s
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
• The dual nature of EM radiation
• EM radiation behaves both as a wave and a
particle
• Particle: all radiation with higher frequency
and shorter wavelength (e.g. X-rays and gamma
rays)
• Wave: all radiation with lower frequency and
longer wavelength than x-rays

WAVE THEORY
• EM radiation travels through space in a
form of waves
• EM has an associated frequency and
wavelength
• Sine Wave: waveform of EM radiation
• Wave Parameters: Wavelength,
frequency and velocity
– Need to describe EM radiation

WAVELENGTH
• Distance from one point on the sine wave to
the next corresponding point
• Usually measured from
– Crest to crest
– Valley to valley
• Inversely proportional to the frequency

WAVELENGTH
• Unit: meter
• Represented by Lambda (λ)
– Kilometers to Angstrom
• X-rays:
– 10-10-10-14 m
– 0.1-0.5 Å
– 1018-1022 Hz
– 10 keV-50 MeV

AMPLITUDE
• The intensity of the wave defined by its
maximal height
• The width of a waveform
• not related to wavelength or frequency

FREQUENCY
• The rate of rise & fall
• The number of cycles per second
• The number of waves that passes a particular
point in a given time
• Inversely proportional to the wavelength

FREQUENCY
• Represented by nu (v) or f
– The initial for number
• Unit: hertz (Hz)
• 1 Hz = 1 cps
• Period: the time required to complete
one cycle

VELOCITY
• One common property of EME

– constant
• Equals to the speed of light (c)
– 3 x 108 m/s
– 186,400 mi/s

PARTICLE THEORY
• EM radiation acts like a small bundle of energy
(photon or quantum)
• Carries a specific amount of energy
– Dependent on frequency
– Di r e c tl y pr o po r t i o n a l ( a c c o r d i n g t o P l a n c k ‘ s
Quantum Equation)

PHOTON
• The smallest quantity of any type of
electromagnetic energy
• Quantum of electromagnetic energy
• Waveform: sinusoidal fashion
• Properties: frequency, wavelength,
velocity and amplitude

PLANCK‘S QUANTUM
EQUATION
• E = hf
• Equivalent Equation:
– f = E/h
– E = hc/λ
• Planck’s Constant (h):
– 4.15 x 10-15 Ev-s
– 6.63 x 10-34 J-s

QUESTION
What is the frequency of

a 72 keV x-ray photon?

SOLUTION
• Formula: f = E/h
• Given:
– E = 72 keV or 7.2 x 104 eV
– h = 4.15 x 10-15 eV-s
• f = E/h
• f = 7.2 x 104 eV/4.15 x 10-15 eV-s
• f = 1.73 x 1019 Hz

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
EQUATION

ELECTROMAGNETIC
RELATIONSHIP TRIANGLE

X-RAY PROPERTIES
• Highly penetrating
• Invisible rays
• Electrically neutral
– Not affected by either electric or magnetic
field
• Polyenergetic and heterogenous
• Travel at a speed of light in a vacuum
• Travel in straight lines

X-RAY PROPERTIES
• Release a very small amount of heat upon
passing through matter
• Can ionize matter
• Cause fluorescence of certain crystals
• Cannot be focused by lens
• Affect photographic film
• Produce chemical and biological changes
in matter
• Produce secondary and scatter radiation

TGRC Radiation Physics 2023 Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

TGRC Radiation Physics 2023 Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TGRC Radiation Physics 2023 Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RADIATION PHYSICS

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

WHOLE NUMBER DIVIDED INTO

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

96,000,000 .00 = 9.6 X 107

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

1 electron / 1.6 x 10-19 =1.6 x 10-19Coulomb

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• In physics , the graph is used to present

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• Radiation dose-response has two

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• Based on speed of light

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• Measured by an atomic clock

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• Anything that occupies space and has

ICE  WATER  VAPOR

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• The primary distinguishing characteristic

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• The force that an object exerts under the

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

1. MASS – quantity of inertia contained in

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

4. ENERGY EQUIVALENCE – relates that

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• It states that the sum of all matter

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

• States that mass and energy are

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE

THINKING GROUND REVIEW CENTER ILOILO: REFRESHER COURSE - HUERVANA FILE