cardiovascular system

- The heart of a healthy adult, at rest,

pumps approximately 5 liters (L) of
blood per minute. For most people,
the heart continues to pump at
approximately that rate for more
than 75 years.

pulmonary circulation
- The right side of the heart pumps
blood to the lungs and back to the
left side of the heart through vessels

systemic circulation.
- The left side of the heart pumps
The form of pericardial cavity is
blood to all other tissues of the body
PERICARDIUM
and back to the right side of the
heart through vessels
Pericardial sac - which surrounds the heart
and anchors within the mediastinum.
Apex
- The blunt, rounded point of the heart
The pericardium is consist of 2 layers:
Base
1.) Fibrous pericardium - outer layer
- the larger, flat part at the opposite
of pericardium. Composed of fibrous
end of the heart.
connective tissue

Mediastinum
2.) Serous pericardium - is the inner
- The heart, trachea, esophagus, and
layer and consists of flat epithelial
associated structures form a midline
cells with a thin layer of connective
partition.
tissue.

Pericardial cavity
- Parietal pericardium - lines the
- The heart is surrounded by its own
fibrous pericardium.
cavity.
- Visceral pericardium or
epicardium - covers the heart
cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr )
surface
- Is an emergency procedure that
maintains blood flow in the body if a
person’s heart stops.

● The heart lies in to oblique angle

Pericarditis
- is an inflammation of the serous
pericardium.
Cardiac tamponade
- Is a potentially fatal condition in
which fluid or flood accumulates in
the pericardial cavity and
compresses the heart from the
outside.
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
R and L Atria ( entrance)
- Are located at the base of the heart.
R and L Ventricle
- Extends from the base of the heart
toward the apex
Coronary sulcus
- A groove, a line that separates atria
and ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus
- Is on the anterior surface of the
heart.
Posterior interventricular sulcus
- Posterior surface of the heart.
BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART
Blood first enters the Heart through ATRIA.
Veins carry blood to the atria.
Superior/inferior vena cava
- Carry blood from the body to the
right atrium.
4 pulmonary veins
- Carry blood from the lungs to the left
atrium
Blood exits the heart at the ventricles.
Pulmonary Trunk
- arising from the right ventricle.
Pulmonary arteries
- Splits into right and left. Which
carries blood to the lungs.
Aorta
- Arising from the left ventricle carries
blood to the rest of the body.
4 chambers of pump
1. R. atrium
2. L. atrium
3. R. ventricle
4. L. ventricle
Right and Left Atria
- Blood enters the atria of the heart
through blood vessels called VEINS
Where blood returning from veins collects
before it enters the ventricles.
Right atrium receives blood from 3 major
openings
1. The superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Coronary sinus
Superior / inferior vena cava R. Ventricle
- Drain the blood from most of the - Pumps blood into the pulmonary
body. trunk
Smaller coronary sinus L. Ventricle
- Drains blood from most of the heart - Pumps into aorta
muscle.
Left atrium Interventricular septum
- Receives blood through the 4 - Which separates the 2 ventricles.
pulmonary veins. Which drains blood
from the lungs. Left ventricle Wall is THICKER. Than the
Interatrial septum right ventricle.
- The 2 atria are separated from each
other by a partition. HEART VALVES

2 types of heart valves

1.) Atrioventricular Valve
2.) Semilunar Valve

Tricuspid Valve
- Located between each R. Atrium
and R. Ventricle.
Bicuspid Valve ( mitral )
- Located between L. Atrium and
L. Ventricle
- Prevents the blood to backflow.

Right and Left Ventricles

Ventricles of the heart are MAJOR

PUMPING CHAMBERS.

*they eject blood into the arteries and force

it flow through the circulatory system.

Atria open the ventricles.

- Each ventricle has one large outflow

route superiorly near the midline of Papillary Muscles
the heart. - Ventricles contain cone-shaped
muscular pillars.
Chordae tendineae ( heart strings )
- Muscles are attached by thin, strong,
connective tissue strings.
Semilunar Valve
- Located between each ventricle and
its associated great artery.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Is located between the R. Ventricle
and the Pulmonary trunk.
Aortic Semilunar Valve
- Located between the L. Ventricle
and Aorta
*each valve consist of 3 pocketlike
semilunar (half-moon-shaped) cusps
Cardiac skeleton
- Plate connective tissue. Solid
support, serve as electrical
insulation between the atria and the
ventricles
ROUTE OF THE BLOOD FLOW THRU
THE HEART
Right to the lungs
1. Superior/ Inferior VC > R.atrium >
Tricuspid Valve > R. Ventricle >
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve >
Pulmonary Trunk > Pulmonary
Arteries > Lung tissue (pulmonary
circulation)
Left
1. Pulmonary veins > Left atrium >
Bicuspid valve > Left Ventricle >
Aortic semilunar valve > Aorta
● Goes to Body Tissues ( systemic
circulation)
Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins
Provide pathways for blood through the
heart wall.
2 coronary arteries
- Supply blood to the heart wall.
Originate from the base of the aorta.
Left coronary artery
- Originates from left aorta
It has 3 major branches:
1. Anterior interventricular artery -
lies in the anterior interventricular
sulcus
2. Circumflex artery - extends around
the coronary sulcus.
3. Left marginal artery - extends
inferiorly along lateral wall of the left
ventricle.
Right coronary artery
- Originates on the right side of the
aorta.
Posterior ventricular artery
- Which lies in the posterior ventricular
sulcus.
Right marginal artery
- Extends inferiorly along the lateral
wall of the right ventricle
*in resting person blood flowing through the
coronary arteries gives up approx. 70% of
O2. give ups only 25% of its O2.
Cardiac Veins
- Drain blood from the cardiac
muscles
- Most of them drain in the coronary
sinus
HEART WALL
Heart wall is consist of 3 layers:
1. Epicardium ( visceral
pericardium) - thin serous
membrane forming smooth outer
layer of the heart.
2. Myocardium - thick middle layer of
the heart, composed of cardiac
muscles.
3. Endocardium - is the most inner
surface of the heart, consisting of
simple squamous epithelium.
Trabeculae carneae
- Interior walls of ventricles are
modified by ridges and columns of
the cardiac muscle.
● Blood clot or thrombus suddenly
blocks a coronary blood vessels a
HEART ATTACK occurs
Cardiac muscle - cells are elongated
branching cells that contain one or
occasionally two centrally located nuclei.
cardiac muscle cells contain actin and
myosin filaments in sarcomeres.
● cardiac muscle relies on Calcium.
Intercalated disks - bound end to end and
laterally to adjacent cells by specialized cell
to cells.
Gap junctions - specialized membrane
structures in the intercalated disks.
Depolarization phase - consist of action
potentials - Na ( sodium)
Plateau phase - period of slow
repolarization - Ca ( calcium)
Repolarization phase - end of the plateau
phase ( K ) potassium
CONDUCTION OF THE HEART
Sinoatrial (SA) node - which function as
the heart pacemaker, produces action
potentials
- Has a larger number of calcium.
1. SA node - spread thru myocardium
2. AV node - lower portion of the
atrium.
3. Bundle of his
4. L and R bundle Branches
5. Purkinje FIbers
If yung action potential ay hindi nanggaling
sa SA Node called Ectopic Beat.
Fibrillation - reduces the output of the heart
to only few millimeters of blood per minute.
Electrocardiogram - Electrodes placed on
the body surface and attached to a
recording device can detect the small
electrical changes resulting from the action
potentials in all of the cardiac muscle cells
The normal ECG consists of a:
(1) P wave - atrial depolarization
(2) QRS complex - ventricular
depolarization
(3) T wave - ventricular repolarization
PQ interval (pr interval) - beginning of P
wave and Qrs Complex.
QT interval - beginning of Qrs complex to
T wave
Tachycardia - Heart rate in excess of 100
beats per minute (bpm) e.g elevated body
temperature
Bradycardia - Heart rate less than 60 bpm
E.g stroke
Sinus arrhythmia - Heart rate varies as
much as 5% during respiratory cycle and up
to 30% during deep respiration. E.g cardiac
failure.
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia - Sudden
increase in heart rate to 150–250 bpm for a
few seconds or even for several hours;
Atrial flutter - As many as 300 P
waves/min and 125 QRS complexes/min
Atrial fibrillation - No P waves, normal
QRS and T waves, irregular timing;
Ventricular tachycardia - Frequently
causes fibrillation
Cardiac cycle - refers to the repetitive
pumping process that begins with the onset
of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with
the beginning of the next contraction.
Atrial systole - refers to contraction of the
two atria.
Ventricular systole - refers to contraction
of the two ventricles.
Atrial diastole - refers to relaxation of the
two atria
ventricular diastole - refers to relaxation
of the two ventricles
*When the terms systole and diastole are
used alone, they refer to ventricular
contraction or relaxation.
Stethoscope - was originally developed to
listen to the sounds of the lungs and heart
and is now used to listen to other sounds of
the body as well.
Incompetent valve - a heart valve does not
close completely.
Murmurs - Abnormal heart sounds.
Stenosed - a swishing sound precedes
closure of the stenosed valve
Cardiac output (CO) - is the volume of
blood pumped by either ventricle of the
heart each minute.
Stroke volume (SV) - is the volume of
blood pumped per ventricle each time the
heart contracts.

the Heart rate (HR) - is the number of

times the heart contracts each minute.

CO - mL/ min
SV = mL/ beat
HR = beats/min

CO= SV X HR

Intrinsic regulation - results from the

heart’s normal functional characteristics and
does not depend on either neural or
hormonal regulation.

Preload - is the degree to which the

ventricular walls are stretched at the end of
diastole

Venous return - is the amount of blood

that returns to the heart

Starling’s law of the heart - The

relationship between preload and stroke
volume.

Afterload - refers to the pressure against

which the ventricles must pump blood.

Baroreceptor reflex - is a mechanism of

the nervous system that plays an important
role in regulating heart function.

Baroreceptors - are stretch receptors that

monitor blood pressure in the aorta and in
the wall of the internal carotid arteries,
which carry blood to the brain.

Cardioregulatory center - which receives

and integrates action potentials from the
baroreceptors.