Book

Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings (Munger) (1)

Topic
Coating Fundamentals
From page 63 to 88
1. What fundamental property is essential for an antifouling paint?
a. Resistance to fire
b. Resistance to strong alkali
c. Inhibition of growth of organisms on the coating
d. Impermeability to moisture vapor

2. Which basic coating concept involves reacting with absorbed moisture vapor to
passivate the substrate?
a. Impermeability
b. Inhibition
c. Cathodic pigments
d. Anodic pigments

3. What is the primary function of an impervious coating?

a. To allow the passage of ions and electrons
b. To react with absorbed moisture vapor
c. To form an inert barrier to protect the surface
d. To decrease the corrosive characteristics of the substrate

4. In which type of environment are inhibitive coatings primarily used?

a. Immersion
b. Atmospheric
c. High temperature
d. Low pressure

5. What is the main principle behind cathodic pigments in anticorrosive coatings?

a. Forming an inert barrier
b. Reacting with absorbed moisture vapor
c. Sacrificial protection
d. Increasing adhesion to the substrate

6. What is a primary purpose of a primer in a coating system?

a. Providing glossiness to the substrate
b. Enhancing internal strength of the coating
c. Reacting with moisture to generate corrosion
d. Creating a strong bond to the substrate
7. Which type of topcoat is recommended for satisfactory topcoating over a reactive
base coat containing zinc?
a. Oil-based topcoat
b. Water-based topcoat
c. Alkali-resistant topcoat
d. Glossy enamel topcoat

8. What is a characteristic of IOZ (inorganic zinc) primers in terms of adhesion?

a. They form physical bonds only with the substrate
b. They react chemically with the substrate to form a bond
c. They are easily undercut by organic topcoats
d. They do not provide any protection against abrasion

9. What is the purpose of applying cathodically active coatings to large offshore

structures?
a. To increase the aesthetic appeal of the structures
b. To provide long-term protection against marine conditions
c. To minimize the need for regular maintenance
d. To reduce the weight of the structure

10. What is the role of inert topcoats in immersion conditions for zinc coatings?
a. They enhance the cathodic action of the zinc coating
b. They prevent the buildup of zinc salts on the coating
c. They accelerate the corrosion process on the substrate
d. They react chemically with the zinc to form a protective layer

11. Which of the following is NOT listed as a purpose of a primer in a coating system?
a. Providing appropriate flexibility
b. Offering resistance to corrosion and chemicals
c. Enhancing the glossiness of the substrate
d. Ensuring strong adhesion to the substrate

12. What distinguishes cathodically active primers from inhibitive primers?

a. Their resistance to moisture and electrolytes
b. Their ability to form physical bonds with the substrate
c. Their tendency to react with the steel surface for greater adhesion
d. Their reliance on anticorrosive pigments for corrosion prevention
13. Which property of primers is essential for protecting against immersion conditions or
tank linings?
a. Glossiness
b. Chemical resistance
c. Color vibrancy
d. Ease of application

14. What is the primary purpose of an intermediate coat in a coating system?

a. Providing thickness for total coating
b. Enhancing the finish coat's glossiness
c. Improving primer adhesion to the substrate
d. Adding fragrance to the coating system

15. What is the primary function of topcoats in a coating system?

a. Providing thickness for total coating
b. Enhancing the primer's chemical resistance
c. Forming the initial barrier to the environment
d. Adding rough texture to the coating surface

16. Which of the following is NOT a function of topcoats?

a. Providing resistance to chemicals
b. Forming the initial barrier to the environment
c. Adding thickness to the coating system
d. Providing a pleasing appearance

17. In the context of primer types, what is the primary role of an inhibitive primer?
a. Enhancing glossiness
b. Providing thickness
c. Offering chemical resistance
d. Improving adhesion to the substrate

18. Which type of primer is usually used on metal or concrete for immersion
applications?
a. Alkyd or Oil Primer
b. Inhibitive Primer (Mixed Resin System)
c. Inhibitive Primer (Resin Identical to Topcoats)
d. Cathodic (Zinc) Primer
19. What is a characteristic of inorganic zinc primers regarding adhesion to steel or iron
surfaces?
a. They have poor adhesion properties.
b. Chemical adhesion is negligible.
c. They rely solely on physical adhesion.
d. They exhibit outstanding adhesion.

20. Which component of the coating system provides the first line of defense against
aggressive chemicals and the environment?
a. Primer
b. Intermediate coat
c. Topcoat
d. Inhibitive pigment

21. Which type of coating system is commonly used for offshore platforms?
a. IOZ coatings
b. Coal tar epoxy systems
c. Alkyd or Oil Primer systems
d. Inhibitive Primer systems

22. What is the primary reason for the use of two- or three-coat epoxy systems in ballast
tanks, according to the text?
a. To provide a glossy finish
b. To meet PSPC requirements
c. To facilitate even application of the topcoat
d. To improve adhesion to the substrate

23. What type of coating system was proven effective for the upstream faces of rotary
and floating drum gates on dam structures?
a. Epoxy system
b. Vinyl system
c. Alkyd system
d. Acrylic system

24. Why is it not recommended to mix different coating systems?

a. It enhances the performance of the coatings.
b. It saves time and effort during application.
c. It often causes problems due to incompatible materials.
d. It increases the durability of the coatings.
25. Which type of resin forms a dense, tight, chemical-resistant film desirable for
corrosion-resistant applications?
a. Low molecular weight resin
b. Vinyl resin
c. High molecular weight resin
d. Acrylic resin

26. What is the primary reaction that takes place in the formation of a coating?
a. Evaporation of solvents
b. Polymerization
c. Condensation
d. Conversion from liquid resin to solid resin film

27. What distinguishes a thermoplastic material from a convertible film-former?

a. Thermoplastics become soft when heated, while convertibles undergo
chemical change.
b. Thermoplastics cannot be used for coating applications.
c. Convertibles do not require solvents for application.
d. Thermoplastics do not regain their original properties after heating.

28. Which of the following is NOT a method of conversion for convertible film-formers?
a. Evaporation of solvents
b. Oxidation
c. Polymerization
d. Condensation-reaction with moisture from the air

29. What initiates the formation of resin molecules from monomers?

a. Heat and catalyst
b. Pressure and light
c. Mechanical agitation
d. pH adjustment

30. Which of the following is not a chemical group that can be found in monomers
capable of polymer formation?
a. Hydroxyl (−OH)
b. Methyl (−CH3)
c. Carboxyl (−COOH)
d. Vinyl (CH2=CH−)
31. What determines whether a resin is a homopolymer or a copolymer?
a. The presence of hydroxyl groups
b. The number of monomers used
c. The molecular weight
d. The type of catalyst used

32. What is the function of a catalyst in resin polymerization?

a. To inhibit polymerization
b. To provide color to the resin
c. To accelerate and direct the polymerization reaction
d. To decrease the viscosity of the resin

33. Which type of resin technology was introduced in the early 2000s, expanding the
range of coatings applicable directly to metal or over selected primers?
a. Solvent-based resins
b. Polyurethane resins
c. Polyaspartic resins
d. Nitrocellulose resins

34. How does film formation occur in resins that dry by solvent evaporation?
a. Through chemical reactions with atmospheric oxygen
b. Through the absorption of water molecules
c. Through the evaporation of solvents, allowing resin molecules to come into
close contact and form a continuous film
d. Through mechanical agitation of the resin solution

35. What role do active solvents play in forming resin films through solvent evaporation?
a. Softening the resin
b. Creating a uniform evaporation rate
c. Dissolving the resin and putting it into solution
d. Rapidly evaporating to prevent overspray

36. Resins that hold solvents within the film structure, acting as permanent plasticizers,
are said to have:
a. Good solvent release
b. Poor solvent release
c. Rapid film formation
d. High volatility
37. Which thermoplastic film-forming material had significant usage in the automobile
industry?
a. Cellulose acetate butyrate
b. Vinyl acetate
c. Nitrocellulose
d. Styrene butadiene

38. As the molecular weight of a resin increases, what generally happens to its solubility
and viscosity?
a. Solubility decreases, viscosity increases
b. Solubility increases, viscosity decreases
c. Both solubility and viscosity increase
d. Both solubility and viscosity decrease

39. Which method involves changing a resin from a solid to a liquid and back to a solid
again to form coatings?
a. Solvent evaporation
b. Change-of-phase
c. Film formation by oxidation
d. Plastisols and Organosols

40. What ancient method of applying coatings is mentioned in the text?

a. Hot spraying
b. Extrusion coating
c. Brushing
d. Daubing

41. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a material used in the hot-melt
technique?
a. Asphalt
b. Coal tar
c. Nitrocellulose
d. Polyethylene

42. How are hot-melt coatings typically applied to the exterior of pipes?
a. By pouring resin evenly over the pipe surface
b. By centrifugal force
c. By wrapping pipe wraps into the liquid resin
d. By extrusion coating
43. Which process involves spraying a fine resin powder onto a preheated metal surface?
a. Solvent evaporation
b. Film formation by oxidation
c. Powdered coatings
d. Plastisols and Organosols

44. What is the primary chemical classification of drying oils?

a. Polyethers
b. Urethanes
c. Triglycerides
d. Hydrocarbons

45. What occurs during the induction period in the film-forming process from drying
oils?
a. Oxygen uptake becomes measurable
b. Cleavage reactions begin
c. Antioxidants present in the film are being destroyed
d. Hydroperoxides decompose

46. Which type of reaction involves the formation of scission products including CO2 and
water?
a. Catalyst Polymerization
b. Film Formation by Polymerization
c. Polymerization by Cross-Linkage
d. Inorganic Zinc Film Formation

47. Which type of resin undergoes polymerization by cross-linkage at normal or ambient

temperatures?
a. Polyester resins
b. Vinyl ester resins
c. Polyurethane resins
d. Epoxy resins

48. Which catalyst is typically used in the reaction between polyester and styrene to
form a copolymer resin?
a. Cumene peroxide
b. Diethylene triamine
c. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
d. Phthalic anhydride
49. What is the primary binder for all inorganic zinc (IOZ) coatings?
a. Carbon atoms
b. Metallic silicates
c. Epoxy resins
d. Vinyl resins

50. What occurs during the first stage of inorganic coating formation?
a. Polymerization of zinc
b. Concentration of silicates
c. Evaporation of water
d. Formation of scission products

51. What initiates the formation of a zinc silicate polymer in the coating process?
a. Introduction of zinc ions
b. Ionization of the zinc metal
c. Addition of inert pigments
d. Introduction of solvents

52. Which component contributes to the overall prime color and cathodic protection of
the substrate?
a. Inert pigments
b. Reinforcing pigments
c. Inhibitive pigment
d. Color pigment

53. What is the primary function of color pigment in coatings?

a. Enhance film thickness
b. Provide cathodic protection
c. Impart pleasing color and hide the underlying surface
d. Improve resistance to weathering

54. What role do secondary resins play in coatings?

a. Dissolve the binder into a workable liquid
b. Increase the density of the coating
c. Extend the functions of the primary resin and enhance specific properties
d. Aid in the wetting of the substrate surface
55. Which function do solvents serve in the coating process?
a. Act as catalysts for polymerization
b. Enhance the adhesion of the coating to the substrate
c. Transport the binder-pigment combination to the substrate
d. Increase the resistance of the coating to atmospheric conditions

56. What purpose do plasticizers serve in coatings?

a. Increase solvent content
b. Enhance adhesion
c. Provide flexibility and toughness
d. Reduce coating thickness

57. Which of the following binder types relies on the evaporation of solvents for film
formation?
a. Oxygen reactive
b. Lacquer (thermoplastic)
c. Heat conversion
d. Co-reactive (thermoset)

58. Which binder type requires an intermolecular reaction with oxygen for coating
production?
a. Oxygen reactive
b. Lacquer (thermoplastic)
c. Heat conversion
d. Co-reactive (thermoset)

59. What is the primary function of alkyds in coatings?

a. Provide weather resistance
b. Enhance flexibility
c. Facilitate film formation
d. Increase chemical resistance

60. What type of coatings are converted from liquid to solid film solely by solvent
evaporation?
a. Acrylics
b. Bituminous materials
c. Polyvinyl chloride copolymers
d. Lacquers
61. Which binder type involves the use of high molecular weight resins dispersed in
solvents, forming a film upon heating?
a. Hot-Melts
b. Organosols
c. Plastisols
d. Powder coatings

62. What is the primary function of plastisols in coatings?

a. Increase adhesion
b. Provide abrasion resistance
c. Form a solid film upon heating
d. Dissolve high molecular weight resins

63. Which type of binder involves combining two low molecular weight resins that co-
react to form a solid film?
a. Co-reactive Binders
b. Epoxies
c. Polyurethanes
d. Condensation Binders

64. What type of binder involves the reaction of epoxy resins with ammonia-type
compounds to form a solid binder?
a. Co-reactive Binders
b. Epoxies
c. Polyurethanes
d. Inorganic Binders

65. Which binder type relies on the release of water during the polymerization process
to form cross-linked polymers?
a. Co-reactive Binders
b. Condensation Binders
c. Coalescent Binders
d. Inorganic Binders

66. What is the primary function of coalescent binders?

a. To react with moisture or CO2 in the air
b. To form a solid film through cross-linking
c. To gradually flow into itself to form a continuous film
 d. To soften waterborne latex or acrylic resins to allow them to fuse into
continuous films

67. Which type of binder primarily consists of inorganic silicates that react with moisture
or CO2 in the air to form an inorganic film?
a. Co-reactive Binders
b. Condensation Binders
c. Coalescent Binders
d. Inorganic Binders

68. What is a major advantage of solvent-based silicates in coatings?

a. Fast drying time
b. Enhanced glossiness
c. Immediate rain or moisture resistance
d. Increased flexibility

69. Which metal plays a crucial role in forming a corrosion-resistant binder in solvent-
based silicates?
a. Iron
b. Aluminum
c. Zinc
d. Copper

70. What function do borates, phosphates, and molybdates serve in coatings?

a. Color enhancement
b. Corrosion inhibition
c. Film reinforcement
d. Non-skid properties

71. What is the purpose of milling pigments with binders in coating production?
a. To increase the cost of production
b. To reduce the pigmentation
c. To disperse and wet the pigments thoroughly
d. To remove the pigments entirely

72. Which pigment is commonly used to improve hiding qualities in coatings?

a. Calcium carbonate
b. Iron oxide
 c. Titanium dioxide
d. Zinc phosphate

73. What does the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) indicate?
a. The maximum amount of binder in a coating
b. The volume of pigment that can be bound by the resin without leaving voids
in the film
c. The concentration of pigments in the coating
d. The critical temperature at which pigments disperse effectively

74. Which pigment class provides aesthetic color and decorative characteristics in
coatings?
a. Reinforcing pigments
b. Inhibiting pigments
c. Metallic pigments
d. Color pigments

75. What is the primary function of black pigments in coatings?

a. To enhance glossiness
b. To provide corrosion inhibition
c. To increase film reinforcement
d. To add color and hide substrates

76. What is the role of titanium dioxide in corrosion-resistant coatings?

a. To improve film reinforcement
b. To increase adhesion
c. To enhance corrosion resistance
d. To provide non-skid properties

77. What attribute of color refers to the degree of departure from gray of the same
lightness?
a. Hue
b. Value
c. Chroma
d. Saturation

78. What are the desirable coating properties of iron oxide pigments for corrosion-
resistant coatings?
 a. Low hiding power and weak tinting strength
b. Limited color fastness and heat resistance
c. High hiding power, tinting strength, and chemical resistance
d. Poor dispersion in vehicles and low ultraviolet absorption

79. Which property is NOT typically associated with iron oxide pigments used in
corrosion-resistant coatings?
a. High infrared reflectance
b. Low price
c. Low ultraviolet absorption
d. Chemical resistance to alkalies and weak acids

80. What is the primary function of reinforcing pigments in coatings?

a. Enhancing color vibrancy
b. Providing heat resistance
c. Lowering production costs
d. Improving coating performance and durability

81. Which characteristic of reinforcing pigments influences film density and flexibility?
a. Particle shape
b. Particle size
c. Chemical composition
d. Tinting strength

82. Inhibitive pigments are primarily used in coatings that rely on which concept for
corrosion resistance?
a. Impermeability
b. Inhibition
c. Encapsulation
d. Adhesion

83. What do inhibitive pigments react with to passivate the metal surface and enhance
corrosion resistance?
a. Solvents
b. Moisture
c. Ultraviolet radiation
d. Oxygen
84. Which type of pigments are considered more important for corrosion resistance in
coatings than color pigments?
a. Reinforcing pigments
b. Inhibitive pigments
c. Iron oxide pigments
d. Organic pigments

85. Which of the following is NOT a concern when using inhibitive pigments in coatings?
a. Under-film corrosion
b. Immersion in water
c. Solubility leading to blister formation
d. Osmosis drawing water into the coating

86. What is the primary purpose of metallic pigments in coatings?

a. Enhancing flexibility
b. Preventing adhesion
c. Reinforcing the binder
d. Increasing solubility

87. How are metallic pigments typically manufactured?

a. Extrusion process
b. Wet ball milling process
c. Injection molding
d. Spray drying

88. Which type of aluminum pigment remains uniformly distributed through the film and
does not impart a metallic luster?
a. Leafing aluminum pigment
b. Non-leafing aluminum pigment
c. Stainless steel pigment
d. Lead pigment

89. What force causes leafing pigments to concentrate on the surface of the coating
film?
a. Interfacial tension
b. Gravity
c. Electrostatic attraction
d. Surface tension
90. What characteristic makes aluminum coatings effective as exterior topcoats?
a. Low hiding power
b. High moisture absorption
c. Resistance to actinic rays
d. Poor adhesion

91. How does the "shingle effect" of metallic flakes contribute to the durability of
coatings?
a. It increases moisture vapor transfer rate.
b. It decreases the thickness of the coating.
c. It provides a continuous film that shades the binder.
d. It enhances the adhesion between layers.

92. In which type of coatings has aluminum pigment been incorporated besides thin
vehicles?
a. Oil-based coatings
b. Water-based coatings
c. Heavy mastic coatings
d. Latex coatings

93. What is the principal factor in film deterioration that aluminum paints help protect
against?
a. Mechanical abrasion
b. Chemical exposure
c. Sunlight and moisture
d. Extreme temperatures

94. What is the primary role of stearic acid in the production of metallic pigments?
a. Increasing solubility
b. Promoting adhesion
c. Aiding in the production of flat plates
d. Enhancing flexibility

95. What is the primary purpose of coatings in protecting iron from corrosion?
a. Enhancing aesthetic appeal
b. Providing insulation
c. Eliminating access of air and moisture
d. Increasing conductivity
96. Which type of metallic pigment is preferred for its excellent resistance to both acid
and alkali?
a. Aluminum
b. Zinc
c. Lead
d. Stainless steel

97. Which binder is most effective for high-temperature applications when combined
with aluminum leafing pigments?
a. Silicone alkyds
b. Vinyl
c. Asphalt
d. Pure silicone

98. What is the role of active solvents in a coating?

a. They improve film flexibility
b. They regulate solvent evaporation
c. They dissolve the resin completely
d. They only swell the binder at room temperature

99. What is the purpose of diluents in coatings?

a. To improve film properties
b. To regulate solvent evaporation
c. To dissolve the resin completely
d. To reduce cost

100.Which solvent type may become sufficiently active at elevated temperatures to form
a solution but turn to a gel upon cooling?
a. Active solvents
b. Latent solvents
c. Diluents
d. None of the above

101.What is the importance of solvent combination in coating formulations?

a. It enhances aesthetic appeal
b. It reduces the cost of production
c. It improves the compatibility of various resins
d. It increases conductivity
102.Which type of solvent is used to completely dissolve the resin and form a true
solution?
a. Active solvents
b. Latent solvents
c. Diluents
d. Reactive solvents

103.Which solvent group is known for its role in reducing adhesion and water resistance
of coatings over time?
a. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
b. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
c. Ketones
d. Alcohols

104.What is the chemical formula for acetone?

a. HCCOCCCH
b. C6H6
c. C3H6O
d. C6H12O6

105.Which solvent group includes chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and xylene?
a. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
b. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
c. Ketones
d. Esters

106.What is the primary function of plasticizers in coatings?

a. Enhance water resistance
b. Improve adhesion
c. Increase hardness
d. Provide flexibility

107.Which solvent group is commonly used as latent solvents for vinyls?

a. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
b. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
c. Ketones
d. Esters
108.Which solvent possesses excellent solvency for a wide range of resins due to the
presence of both ether and alcohol groups?
a. Alcohols
b. Ethers
c. Ketones
d. Esters

109.What solvent is often used as a thinner for latex and emulsion coatings?
a. Water
b. Alcohols
c. Ketones
d. Ethers

110.Which solvent group is known for its flammability but possesses excellent solvency
for various resins?
a. Alcohols
b. Ethers
c. Ketones
d. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

111.What is the primary concern regarding solvent retention in coatings?

a. Enhanced adhesion
b. Increased water resistance
c. Reduced adhesion and water resistance
d. Improved chemical resistance

112.Which solvent is the most general solvent of any existing material?

a. Water
b. Alcohols
c. Ethers
d. Ketones

113.Which of the following materials is known for its chemical resistance and film-
forming properties but requires modification to be suitable for use as a coating?
a. Chlorinated paraffin
b. Alkyd resin
c. Chlorinated rubber
d. Vinyl acetate
114.Plasticizers are added to coatings primarily to:
a. Increase brittleness
b. Enhance corrosion
c. Decrease flexibility
d. Improve flexibility and prevent cracking

115.Plastisols are coatings that:

a. Require external solvents for application
b. Utilize only internal plasticizers
c. Form a continuous coating upon heating
d. Are not affected by temperature changes

116.Which type of plasticizer is permanently incorporated into the resin molecule?

a. Internal plasticizer
b. External plasticizer
c. Copolymerized plasticizer
d. Temporary plasticizer

117.Increased external plasticizer content in a coating typically leads to:

a. Decreased water permeability
b. Increased water permeability
c. Decreased corrosion resistance
d. Increased corrosion resistance

118.Which plasticizers show the least attack in tests on plasticized PVC film exposed to
various environments?
a. Phosphates
b. Adipates
c. Phthalates
d. Tricresyl phosphate

119.How long have polyvinyl chloride maintenance paints, plasticized with a low
concentration of tricresyl phosphate and chlorinated biphenols, been reported to
withstand weather, seawater, and chemical plant atmospheres without significant
degradation?
a. 5 years
b. 10 years
c. 15 years
d. 20 years
120.Which of the following plasticizers is best suited for enhancing the outdoor durability
of PVC films in Miami, Florida?
a. Organic phosphates
b. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
c. Butyl benzol phthalate
d. 2-ethyl hexyl diphenyl phosphate

121.What is the primary function of plasticizers in the formation of protective coatings?

a. Increasing viscosity
b. Decreasing compatibility
c. Adding flexibility
d. Preventing cracking and checking

122.Which biocides have been most successful in preventing objectionable fungus

growth on coatings?
a. Chlorinated paraffins
b. Mercury compounds
c. Aromatic phthalates
d. Butyl benzol phthalate

123.What is the main reason for banning tin-containing anti-fouling coatings on ships?
a. Increased fuel consumption
b. Reduced cruising speed
c. Harmful emissions into the atmosphere
d. Environmental concerns

124.What contributes to the effectiveness and life of a coating under corrosive

conditions?
a. Solvents
b. Packaging stability
c. Application method
d. Resins, pigments, and additives combined

125.Which type of resin acts as both a reactive internal plasticizer and a cross-linking
agent for epoxy resins?
a. Polyamide
b. Butyl benzol phthalate
c. Chlorinated rubber
d. Linseed oil
126.What is the primary role of organic phosphates in PVC formulations?
a. Decreasing weather resistance
b. Improving heat stability
c. Enhancing pigment dispersion
d. Increasing viscosity

127.What is the main advantage of using polymeric plasticizers in coatings?

a. Improved impact resistance
b. Reduced application ease
c. Lower cost
d. Greater extraction by water and solvents

128.Which type of coatings are chlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls commonly used for?
a. Highly corrosion-resistant coatings
b. Heat-resistant coatings
c. Decorative coatings
d. Clear coatings

129.Which component of coatings contributes significantly to resistance against biologic

growth?
a. Solvents
b. Pigments
c. Biologic inhibitors
d. Plasticizers
 ANSWERS
1. c 29. a 57. b
2. b 30. b 58. a
3. c 31. b 59. c
4. b 32. c 60. d
5. c 33. c 61. b
6. d 34. c 62. c
7. c 35. c 63. a
8. b 36. b 64. b
9. b 37. c 65. b
10. b 38. a 66. d
11. c 39. b 67. d
12. c 40. d 68. c
13. b 41. c 69. c
14. a 42. c 70. b
15. c 43. c 71. c
16. c 44. c 72. c
17. c 45. c 73. b
18. d 46. b 74. d
19. d 47. d 75. d
20. c 48. c 76. c
21. b 49. b 77. c
22. b 50. b 78. c
23. b 51. b 79. c
24. c 52. c 80. d
25. c 53. c 81. a
26. d 54. c 82. b
27. a 55. c 83. b
28. a 56. c 84. a
 85. c 108. b
86. c 109. a
87. b 110. b
88. b 111. c
89. a 112. a
90. c 113. c
91. c 114. d
92. c 115. c
93. c 116. a
94. c 117. b
95. c 118. c
96. c 119. d
97. d 120. d
98. c 121. c
99. d 122. b
100. b 123. d
101. c 124. d
102. a 125. a
103. b 126. b
104. a 127. a
105. b 128. a
106. d 129. c
107. d