3i’s
Quarter 3 Exam (Reviewer)
(STEM 12) | SEM 2 2024
1. APA (American Psychological Association) - This
citation style uses an author-date system. It is widely
used in the Social Sciences field such as Anthropology,
Business, Communication, Education, Political Science,
and Psychology. It uses in-text citation in the text that
refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing the
end of the work.
The following are the examples of citation in APA
style:
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses
and separate it using a comma.
2.2 If the name of the author appears in the text, cite
only the year in parentheses.
2.3 If both author and the publication year appeared on
the text, don’t include a parenthetical citation.
2.4 If there are two authors, cite both names every
time.
2.5 If the source of your Review of Related Literature
has three (3) or more authors, cite only one author’s
name plus “et.al.” and its publication year.
2.6 For citing a direct quotations (rather than
paraphrase), provide a page number in the citation in
addition to the author and date.
2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary
source and cite it directly rather than citing the
secondary source. If the year of the publication is
present for the primary source is known include it in
text. Meanwhile, if the publication year of the primary
source is unknown omit it in the in-text citation.
2. Case study- a way of explaining an organization,
entity, company, or event which involves a deep
understanding through multiple types of data sources.
3. Causal-comparative design- research looks to
uncover a cause-and-effect relationship. This research is
not conducted between the two groups on each other.
4. Citation - A citation are set of rules on how to cite
sources in an academic writing. Whenever you refer to
someone else’s work, a citation is required in order to
avoid plagiarism (Swaen,2015). In addition, citation is
referred to as, the way you tell your readers that a
certain material in your work came from another
source. It will give the readers the information
necessary to find that source again (Turnitin, 2017).
The Importance of Citation
1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more
about your ideas and where they came from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve
done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending
outside support to your ideas.
4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of
someone’s work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your
study.
5. CMS (Chicago Manual Style)- It is a citation style that
was introduced and published by the Chicago
University. This style supports two styles:
3.1 Notes and Bibliography; and
3.2 Author-Date.
6. Comparative design- research looks to uncover a
cause-and-effect relationship. This research is not
conducted between the two groups on each other.
7. Content analysis-
8. Convenience sampling- where the samples are
selected based on availability.
9. Correlational design- - tests for the relationships
between two variables.
10. Cross reference data male-
11. Data collection method- is the process of gathering
information on variables of interest from a sample of
research participants.
3i’s
Quarter 3 Exam (Reviewer)
(STEM 12) | SEM 2 2024
The quantitative data collection methods rely on
random sampling and structured data collection
instruments that fit diverse experiences into
predetermined response categories. They produce
results that are easy to summarize, compare, and
generalize. If the intent is to generalize from the
research participants to a larger population, the
researcher will employ probability sampling to select
participants.
The qualitative data collection methods used in
business studies include interviews, focus groups,
observations and action research. Moreover, grounded
theory and document analysis can be also used as data
collection method in qualitative studies. The main
sources and procedures associated with the most
popular qualitative methods are presented on the table
below as proposed by Yamagata-Lynch (2010).
12. Data collection procedure- is the process of
gathering and measuring information on variables of
interest in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection
component of research is common to all fields of study
including physical and social sciences, humanities,
business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the
emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection
remains the same.
13. Descriptive design- Its goal is to observe and report
on a certain phenomenon.
14. Evaluative design- this design involves making a
judgement of worth or value. It allows the researcher to
delineate obtain and provide information that is useful
for judging decision alternatives when conducting a
program or service it can be formative (process) or
summative (outcome).
15. Experimental design- - is guided specifically by a
hypothesis.
16. Face to face interaction-
17. Feasibility study-
18. Historical analysis-
19. Instrument of the study-
20. Interview- Interview is a face-to-face conversation
with the respondent. In interview the main problem
arises when the respondent deliberately hides
information otherwise it is an in-depth source of
information. The interviewer can not only record the
statements the interviewee speaks.
21. MLA (Modern Language Association)- It is widely
used in the Humanities such as in the fields of English,
Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy. It uses brief
parenthetical citations in the text that refers to an
alphabetical list of work cited appearing at the end of
the work.
Examples of MLA Style of Citation when it comes to a
Book as a source :
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in the
paragraph, the citation using MLA style is this:
1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identified in
the paragraph, see the example below.
1.3 When the author’s work is not identified and not
revealed in the text, this is its citation format in MLA:
22. Narrative design- weaves together a sequence of
events, usually from just one or two individuals to form
a cohesive story.
23. Observation- Using your sense organs, you gather
facts or information about people, things, places,
events, etc, by watching and listening to them.
24. Phenomenology-
25. Population- -refers to a total number of people who
serve as subjects or respondents of the study.
26. Purposive sampling- A non- probability sampling
where the researchers choose respondents whom he
has observed and judged to be best fit for the study.
27. Questionnaire- It is distributed to generate
responses which are translated to numerical forms
(numbers, fractions, percentages) by category and are
then subjected to statistical analysis
28. Quota sampling- this type of sampling depends on
some pre-set standard. It selects the representative
sample from the population.
29. Referencing-
3i’s
Quarter 3 Exam (Reviewer)
(STEM 12) | SEM 2 2024

30. Research-
31. Research design- It is very important aspect of
research methodology with describes the research
mode (whether it is a qualitative research or
quantitative research or if the researcher will use a
specific research type e.g., descriptive, survey,
historical, case, or experimental.)
32. Research instrument-
33. Respondents of the study- this describes the target
population and the sample frame
Instrument of the study it describes the specific type of
research instrument that will be used such as
questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire-checklist,
interview schedule, teacher made tests, and the like.
34. Retrospective data- The dependent variable is
identified in the present and an attempt is made to
determine the independent variable that occurred in
the past.
35. Sample- It refers to a part or portion of the
population.
36. Sampling- It refers to the process of systematically
selecting individuals, group units, or groups to be
analyzed during the conduct of the study.
37. Snowball sampling- is used in situations where the
population is completely unknown and rare.
38. Statistical treatment- one of the many ways of
establishing the objectivity of research findings is by
subjecting the data to different but appropriate
statistical formulas and process.
39. Statistics- is a branch of mathematics dealing with
the collection, analysis, presentation, interpretation,
and conclusion of data, while biostatistics is a branch of
statistics, where statistical techniques are used on
biomedical data to reach a conclusion. Measurement
scale (data type) is an important part of data collection,
analysis, and presentation.
40. Time-series design- Time series design the
researcher periodically observes or measures the
subject.