Professional Documents
Culture Documents
People Overseas
People Overseas
Kondrashov
People
overseas
In New York, everyone has their own place. The Bowery is the
bottom, the rightful place for the drowned and the sunken. At least,
this is what this street was like during the years when I lived in New
York. A terrible stamp of desolation lay on everything there - on people
and houses, and it seemed that no outsider would ever dare to appear
there if this street did not lie on the way to one of the bridges
connecting Manhattan with Brooklyn.
Driving along the Bowery, New Yorkers usually rolled up their car
windows, because tramps stood guard at traffic lights and, when cars
stopped at red lights, ran up, wiped the windshield with dirty rags and
begged for quarters, frightening respectable people with their scary
appearance, the sullen glances of the reds, watery eyes. It was unsafe
even for a man to walk there alone.
But there were, as usual, better or worse establishments. And
they ironically said about the Memorial Hotel that it was a fashionable
lodging house. Those who knew about its existence spoke, of course.
The Salvation Army knew - after all, they owned this hotel and it was
there that they sent curious journalists. One day they sent me too.
Even in the hall, the atmosphere of lifelessness and even, I would
say, doom, was terrifying. It seemed to come from that special deathly
purity, which testifies to the poverty of life, and from the cheap
armchairs, sparsely arranged, which emphasized the emptiness of the
room, and, first of all, from the silent old people sitting in the
armchairs with extinct eyes, in which faint sparks darted frightened at
the sight of two unfamiliar and still quite healthy and cheerful people -
I arrived with an escort from the New York headquarters of the
Salvation Army. And this impression of a funeral home was terribly
strengthened by the fact that there in the hall there was an expressive
embodiment of young playing life in the form of two well-fed, well-
groomed, playful dogs. Where did they come from? Who was looking
after them? A bulldog on short legs with a smooth, shiny, dense body
was playing with a German shepherd, and his movements had the
energy of a satisfied animal, and his gaze showed contempt for old,
powerless and helpless people.
However, not everyone was old. The director of the Memorial
Hotel, Captain of the Salvation Army, John Idin, was a blooming man
in a white shirt and blue tie.
He willingly took on the explanations, from which it followed that
the Bowery was a rather random formation on the body of New York,
although it had existed with its rooming houses for more than a
century. The poor people in America, the hotel director explained, are
just a small group, and they became such through their own fault,
unable or lazy to take advantage of the opportunities that exist in
America. In New York alone, he continued, there is so much work to be
found that there is simply no reason for these people from the Bowery
to live the way they do. And, therefore, there can be only one
conclusion: they simply choose this sad, regrettable path. But to our
satisfaction, the director added, the number of these unfortunate
people is decreasing: twenty years ago there were 25-30 thousand
residents on the Bowery, and now there are five thousand, no more...
However, gradually, under the pressure of my questions, and the
very reality sitting in his mind, he moved from what might not be to
what is. Of course, the main problem, he said, is the lack of any good
relations between people, understanding, sympathy, compassion. here
we can say that every person is, alas, a lonely, naked island in the cold
ocean of indifference of others. They are homeless, and watching
them, you understand that a person, like a tree, cannot live without
roots - without family and loved ones, without friendly participation.
“Have you heard of the Bowery Code? - he asked me. - Don’t help when
someone else is beaten or robbed, but share a bottle with him. Our
goal, sir, is kind and humane - to raise people to a level where they
could leave this unfortunate area, this malignant ulcer on the body of
our city, and return to normal life. To achieve this, we are doing
everything in our power. But I have to tell you that most of these
people don’t want to get up, yes, they don’t want to...”
Then, narrowing the topic, John Idin moved directly to the
Memorial Hotel. He said that the drunkenness and completely
dropped tramps were not allowed there. Half of the guests are old
people over 65 years old. On his guests, he emphasized, we look at
people no worse than those who live on the Avenue park. Many of
them receive a pension, as well as removing from the New York City
Hall, but they are afraid of tomorrow, save money, are extremely lean,
mean and poorly eat, save on food. There is no dining room at the
hotel, it is difficult for us to trace how they eat. But we provide
cleanliness and - safety, which is very important on Baueri, as you can
guess. We want our guests to feel at home - at a very reasonable
price...
Then our conversation was unexpectedly interrupted. Glistening
with a badge on his chest and a badge on his cap, playing with a
polished baton, with a protruding Colt on his side, as filled with the
power of life as the bulldog in the hall, a policeman in a blue uniform
entered the office. He had to either interview someone or take it. John
Idin, apologizing, went out with him.
When he returned, I asked to show how his wards live. The
director took me to the eighth floor. In the elevator, we met a man
who, as it turned out, headed the hire Bureau hotel. He said that, yes,
there were job offers, but not 600, as the captain said, but 50 - and all
for dishwashers.
On the eighth floor, a narrow, dull and completely empty corridor
opened. The duty officer, who looked like a guard, for some reason
became timid at our appearance. The suspicion crept in that SCA was
prepared in advance: it was the eighth floor, it was this warned
corridor. Taking the keys from the corridor, the director went forward.
He knocked on one door, on the other and opened them. Not a single
guest was in place, and this strengthened my suspicions, although the
director explained that according to existing rules, they leave their
rooms at the tidy hour. The rooms were 4-5 square meters, part
without windows. Furniture, as in a prison cell, is an iron bed, covered
with an official dark gray blanket, a chair, a nightstand. Single
cameras. The director of the hotel spoke about this with satisfaction. I
thought: the pre -nye apotheosis of the American individual Alism, the
holy protected concept of Privacy - the only "I". Further - the last and
eternal loner - grave ...
When we returned to the office to the director, in the end he
suddenly told me that the “former Russians” live in the Memorial-
Hotel. I asked me to show me someone. Very quickly, after a couple of
minutes, the captain returned with a little old man. The visor of the
cap, which he never took off, the coat that hung on the stooped
shoulders, the gray stubble made the old man like a sparrow, sorry for
the overwhelming and frightened. How easily lonely old people with
Baueri are easily scared! I asked him a question in Russian, but he
apparently forgot his tongue, and even immediately confirmed that the
concept of “Russian” Americans, as usual, interpret expansion. In front
of me stood a Russian Jew, born in Berdichev, who participated in the
Russian-Japanese war and even before the revolution moved to
America. He worked his entire American conscious life as a waiter.
And now he was over 80 years old, and the last 15 he spent in the
"memorial". His legs trembled and did not bend, and he almost fell,
sitting on a chair ...
It is a misery that a person is a sad topic. It was stern when he
healed. When, according to the poet, "living life has long been behind."
When his last days is serving in a place, which during life is called a
memorial hotel.
KENTUCKY WITH AND WITHOUT DYNAMITE
2
I returned to Hazard more than five years later, just before the end
of my New York correspondent tenure. By that time, the Kentucky
town, which had suddenly shouted about its existence with
mysterious explosions in the mines and unrest among unemployed
miners, had again sunk into obscurity. The American newspapermen
and television crews who put us on the trail then forgot about Hazard,
and the complete lack of attention on their part indicated that nothing
was happening there now that could tickle the nerves of the rest of
America.
Oddly enough, this is what prompted me to take a second trip.
Knowing that I was leaving soon, I hurriedly tried
finish what is unfinished. And one of the ideas was to return to old
places where snapshots of what was happening were once taken, and
compare the present day with the past. What is he like, Hazard,
without dynamite? I wanted to look at the ordinary course of his life.
And one day in mid-May, without any companions who had left the
United States, I traveled 500 miles from New York to the town of
Elkins, West Virginia. And the next day, deep into the green, spring-
blooming Appalachians, another 300 miles of difficult mountain roads,
almost falling into the abyss on 119 between Nyckville and Jenkins
(these names mean almost as much to me as they do to you). And
late in the evening, along the worst of the roads there, past the
sparsely lit mining villages, I drove into Hazard, peering at its houses,
at the lonely men wandering along the Main Street and as if floating
straight out of my memories of five years ago.
Stayed at the Grand Hotel. Outside the window, the sirens of the
coal trains pulling along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad could be
heard, but at night they fell silent, and in the morning there was a clear,
blue sky over the green mountains. After two days of rain, hot weather
set in. The local telephone directory, which lies in the bedside drawer
of every room in every hotel in even the most remote American city,
assured me that my fleeting acquaintances remained loyal to their
city. Going out onto Main Street, I saw that at the courthouse a crowd
of restless people was also shifting from foot to foot in an
incomprehensible expectation, but I no longer found the old cannon in
the square, as well as the large shield that last time reported the
number of victims in roads.
It is worth explaining that in my pocket I had an official American
document issued by the Foreign Correspondents Center in New York.
It was addressed to all Americans locally, recommended me as a
Soviet journalist and a Soviet citizen, and by the very fact of its
presence, it seemed to legitimize my appearance in this or that city,
where, to put it mildly, they were not used to seeing Soviets. Of course,
I did not forget it at the hotel, having begun my tour of Hazard with the
local newspaper, the Hazard Herald.
The small house with a porch running onto the sidewalk under a
canvas canopy was the same, and in the room at the entrance sat a
plump, gray-haired provincial woman in a black dress - the publisher’s
wife, whom I had forgotten and almost mistook for a secretary.
Martha Nolan hardly remembered it either; of course, there was
that only case in history when four “Reds” arrived at once. Following
the old footsteps, at first I could not resist a note of sentimentality:
here, they say, you see, I’m here again. But the publisher’s wife
interrupted this strange note and asked point-blank: “Are you looking
for something to profit from again?”
I just wanted to profit from facts from their lives.
— Louise Hatmaker?
— Yes, she’s still at the newspaper, but she’s sitting at home, sick.
— Berman Gibson, the main character of those winter days, over
and unemployed, the leader of the “mobile pickets”?
—Disappeared, thank God. I don’t know exactly where he is, they
say somewhere in Virginia he sells used clothes.
You cannot come to the same city twice, just as you cannot enter
the same river twice. Especially in America with the extreme
changeability and mobility of its life. The sensational story was long
ago crossed out and forgotten; the rebel Gibson was reworked by the
time machine and the American way of life, turning him into an
unromantic ragpicker somewhere in the state of Virginia. At the same
time, and as if throwing a pebble at my garden, Martha reported that
one writer, who then published an exposing pamphlet about Hazard,
was brought to court by local authorities for libel and that he was fined
three thousand dollars or six months in prison.
—Bill Brown? — I continued to adhere to the old guidelines.
— Bill Brown moved to London.
— In England?!
“No, to London, Kentucky,” corrected the publisher’s wife. “It
happens to them, priests: they change places when they feel that they
can no longer be closer to their flock...”
This last remark, which betrayed a capacity for reflection,
intrigued me. Neither I nor she had anywhere to rush. We got to
talking, and I discovered a typical representative of the so-called
middle class, whose self-confident automaticity of thinking in general
matters was peculiarly combined with common sense acquired by his
own, not very easy, experience. He made his own way to money and
prosperity, and in the process of achieving his goal, he seemed to
have the right to despise others - lazy and unhappy people, lazy and
unhappy countries. My interlocutor was quick to voice this philosophy.
Merciful and simple-minded America, on the one hand, and on the
other, those who envy her, deceive her, use her.
“We help others too much,” she outlined her understanding of the
international situation. “And the response is black ingratitude.” Did you
get help during the war? They helped. And now you are eager to
dominate the whole world. Before China could get back on its feet, it
turned against us.
And then there is national self-criticism, arising from common
sense.
We have taken on too much. We should do more work at home
and help others less, but just have a big stick at hand.
And then there’s the consideration of human nature:
- Do you believe that people are equal? What nonsense. They may
have opportunities - America stands on this, but not achieved and
done. Take my husband and I, we both come from simple and poor
families. As a boy he started out as a newspaper delivery boy. And we
achieved everything that we have ourselves, with our own hands. Now
both he and I are over sixty, but we still work tirelessly, every year we
take care of our garden, every fall we fill a large freezer with our own
fruit. And how many of those who live differently, are idle, do not know
how to save money? He earned money and immediately drank away
his earnings. And you want us to live the same way?!
And in the end her speech sounded like a call for peace between
people and countries:
- I don't want to offend anyone. Please take this into account. The
more you live, the more you understand how little time we have in this
world. If people believe in a supreme being, in God, they should live in
peace...
Thus my acquaintance with Hazard was renewed.
The second was Victor Tedescu, an American with Italian roots. I
visited him at the jewelry store he ran on Main Street. In my memory
there was a living, ironic man, and in the depths of a small narrow
room sat a pale man with glasses, the dome of his bald head tilted
over the clock. His wife, having opened the glass of the display case,
was wiping the goods - gold and silver items, watches, rings,
bracelets. Their other property, a small factory for the production of
cheap brooches and some Kentucky souvenirs, was destroyed by a
flood, and when they both managed to forget, from which I concluded
that the factory was apparently insured and the disappearance did not
cause them much damage.
“There’s too much work without it,” Tedescu complained. — There
are no watchmakers in the area, this business does not attract young
people. This requires the hands of a master, but where can you find
them in our age of mechanization? And it’s cheaper to buy a new
watch than to repair it...
Last time Tedescu was more cheerful and sociable, he helped us
and drove us around. Now he accepted it kindly and warily. About
Berman Gibson expressed himself in the same word as the publisher:
“Disappeared.”
Disappeared. Missing. It was as if he never existed. And again I
thought: Americans are too busy with today to remember the random
heroes of yesterday and the day before. Their forgetfulness - as a
consequence of the pace and stress of life - is amazing. So Gibson
disappeared, and the days in which he made noise, and the problems
of those days, exploding like dynamite in the night mines.
My third interlocutor was Hazard Mayor Willie Dawahar, who was
re-elected twice in five years. On the same main street, he was
represented much more solid than Victor Taescu - two stores of
women's and men's clothing. The men's store was larger and richer,
but neither the owner was found in either the other, and the clerk,
calling, took me to his house. The mayor, somewhat embarrassed,
accepted the guest at home, in the colorful shorts, who expelled hairy,
sluggish legs in scratches and sores: he was crippled, falling from the
bicycle. The clerk with me reported on the current difficulties of selling
male costumes. Then came the city manager with papers and checks
to pay a salary of a municipal employee. The mayor signed the
checks, looked through the papers and, sitting in the chair of his living
room, hesitated in my presence to throw up his painful legs on a puff
that was standing next to a white cloth. Nearby, protecting the patient,
dressed in a yellow home robe, was his wife. Through the open door
of the dining room, a large, popular character was visible a picture on
a biblical plot of the secret party.
The house was located on the street climbing the slope of the
mountain. The mountain was green and picturesque, and the mayor
dreamed of turning it into a Magic Mountain - a magic mountain,
dotting the slopes with viewing venues and various establishments
that would attract tourists and bring additional profits to local
merchants. The project was hindered by the Governor of the state of
Kentukki, whom the mayor, without hiding American secrets from a
foreign guest, called selfish and ignorant-the magic mountain would
have repelled tourists from some picturesque neighboring lake, on
which dollars were already made by other businessmen and must be
the governor himself .
The mayor gave a brief overview of the business situation in
general. The miners, who primarily interested the guest, did not appear
in this review, ceasing to be a solid group of customers. In the district,
I found out, perhaps the coal was mined- no less than the same, but
people were required ten times less- powerful productive machines,
automation. As for the city, the decline, one might say, ends; “They hit
the bottom” and now they began to emerge, rise. The construction of
the 15th road helped. Having given the work of a part of the
population, strengthening the transit through a hezard, it increased the
volume of trade by 20 percent. Although unemployment is still high,
people have gotten used to it; the unemployed, having resigned
themselves, no longer rebel. With the new road, new enterprises
should move to the city. But, on the other hand, which entrepreneur
needs people under 50 or for 50 years with poor education? Those
who could have already been retrained and sent to other places. Yes,
life in Hazard did not stand still.
I left the mayor with Paul Towns, the city manager, who actually
ran the day-to-day affairs of the city, reporting to the elected mayor
and four other elected commissioners. You couldn't find a better guide
to Hazard. Guessing what I needed, Paul said, “I’ll show you poor
houses and rich houses.” I started with the rich, in clean, well-greened
neighborhoods near the future Magic Mountain. Driving by, he named
the value of the house and the occupation of the owner: “Doctor... Still
a doctor... Insurance business... Coal miner... Still a coal miner.” In the
small town, according to residents' estimates, there were eight
millionaires, but showing off wealth in an area of decline is not
accepted and is fearful, and the one who was considered the richest
kept a rather modest house. For the poor, there were municipal
housing projects - relatively cheap housing, for which you had to wait
in line for about six months. We passed such houses for poor whites
on the side of the mountain and for blacks at its foot; de facto
segregation was observed, despite legislation prohibiting it. The Negro
chicken coops looked the most miserable - on the outskirts, with rusty,
abandoned cars.
On the mountain at the Citadel Hotel, over a bottle of Coca-Cola,
Paul summed up the tour:
— In general, as you can see, we have the conditions for
communization: there are few rich people, and more than enough poor
people.
— Old and new Hazardian acquaintances somehow quickly got
used to me and became more supportive. The next day, on the advice
of Martha Nolan and Paul Townes, I went to the nearby villages of
Duane and Hardbury. In Douen they recommended Mr. Smith, the
owner of a small shopping center, to me - he could give information
about the life of the miners. And Hardbury is a dying place, a ghost
town of tomorrow.
Marta suggested how to get there:
— Follow 80th, then stay on old 15th. Or turn to the courthouse
and, just to be sure, pick up one of the tramps who are always hanging
around there. For a couple of beers he will show you everything you
need...
I reached Mr. Smith without any help. At first he was intimidated
by the Soviet journalist who had fallen out of the blue and by my
mandate issued in New York. He was an elderly, neat man with a clean
face and a gray beaver on his head. His small establishment housed a
grocery and department store under one roof.
Smith had been involved in the trading business for more than
forty years, and he also came from a trading family - his late father
was a merchant, and his brother owned a store nearby.
He confirmed what I had heard from the others. The miners were
ruined by automation. Now five people produce the same amount as
three hundred before. Younger people, having left the mining
profession, moved to industrial cities. But his business, Smith said, is
generally going well. Half is for cash, the other is on credit. Working
people have a salary, old people have a pension. Truck drivers and
tourists also stop by.
He explained the conditions under which he issues a loan: usually
no more than $100, and no longer than a week, having first checked
the creditworthiness of the person being loaned. You can check it.
Firstly, he knows his customers like the five fingers of his own hand.
Second, Hazard is home to the Credit Bureau, an organization of local
businessmen that collects data on the creditworthiness of residents
throughout Perry County. The credit bureau collects debts in various
ways, including court, and for these services takes a certain
percentage from client merchants.
In his attitude towards the miners, Smith had typical
condescending and sympathetic notes:
— They live one day at a time. When there is money, they do not
deny themselves anything. Earnings were high, but there was no
savings.
After saying goodbye to the merchant, I turned right at the Gulf
gas station and drove three miles to Hardbury. The narrow highway
ran along the railway track. The near and distant mountains were
curled with May forest. There were platforms for loading coal near the
railway. They had served their purpose long ago, were empty and
abandoned.
The traditional sign at the entrance to Hardbury said: “Population
400.” But the village looked like a graveyard, where instead of
tombstones there were two-story plank houses on the sides of the
road with walls darkened by rain, snow and coal dust. Behind the
village there was another railway platform, and further up the hill a
broken dirt road stretched to the site of open-pit coal mining. The
heavy Macs politely slowed down or stopped in front of my car. There
were black mountains of coal in their bodies.
A man in a miner's robe was trimming acacia bushes near his
house with garden shears. I looked in surprise at the stranger in a car
with a New York license plate. I stopped and, approaching him,
handed over my mandate so that there would be no omissions.
— Do you understand?
“I understand something,” he answered, turning the paper over in
his heavy hands.
His name was Charles Crace. He was 56 years old, and his
profession was revealed by a face in whose pores coal dust was
forever ingrained. On the dark face, watery eyes gleamed like
transparent, faded blue triangles. He was toothless, like a baby, and
spoke without opening his lips. My clothes as a resident of a big city -
a jacket, light low shoes, a shirt with a tie, my profession as a reporter
immediately became inadmissibly frivolous in the presence of a man
whose life was reduced to difficult and dangerous work underground
in the name of obtaining daily bread for himself and his loved ones.
He had once been handsome, but work had worn Charles Crais
out, and in this wilderness, among people like him, he had no time for
looks.
— How is life as a miner?
He answered in two words:
— Pretty rough...
What could be translated:
—Is this life?
The miners say the mine is a dog hole. This is what Charles Crais
said about his life “like in a dog hole.” He worked in a mine 11 miles
from Hardbury. There were three children in the family, but the eldest
daughter and son had already separated. The son worked as a driver
on a coal dump truck. The youngest daughter remained with her
parents - a fat girl with a dull expression on her face sat on the
veranda, looking in our direction, but not interfering in the
conversation.
Once upon a time there was a large coal company operating there,
employing many miners, and they had their own protection and
support - the trade union.
—And now what, without trade union protection?
— Yes, that's right. Now I’m no longer a member of the union, and
it’s easier to kick me out of work - that’s also true. Previously, you had
twelve days a year of paid vacation, but now you work hard without
vacation, and if you want to rest for a day or two at home, it’s at your
own expense. There was medical insurance in case of illness, but now,
if you end up in the hospital, they say - pay. Try later to return what you
paid to the insurance company! And to tell the truth, I don’t even know
its name: after all, the trade union used to do all this. Previously, under
the trade union, there was a law: if you died in a mine, the family
received 10 thousand dollars in benefits. Now die, family - not a cent.
How did it happen? I wish I could figure it out. Under the Blue Shield or
Blue Cross health insurance programs, each person previously had to
contribute eight to ten dollars a month. Now, without a union, thirty-
five to forty dollars. I can not afford it.
Charles Crais lived in darkness. In the complex, cruel world on the
surface of the earth it was more difficult for him than in the mine, and
it seemed that there were traps all around. He invited me into the
house. In the living room, as expected, there was a sofa and two
armchairs - cheap and colorful, the floor was covered with colored
linoleum. A TV was glowing in the corner, and it showed a rich, fast,
fashionable country, and in the gaze of the plump, blurry woman, the
miner’s wife, there was the emptiness and loss of a person who, one
way or another, was told that he was not needed, that he was getting
in the way of progress , has no right to exist in a televised, prosperous
America.
Crais, however, works. People without work are killed not only
morally, but also physically by the loss of self-esteem, the
consciousness of their own uselessness, and the contempt of their
compatriots from the middle class. There is evidence that after
several years out of work, men who are not yet old find themselves
physically unfit when work comes along.
At the Hazard Herald, Oscar Combs was the information manager.
He said Combs is one of the most common surnames in Kentucky.
The first five Combs brothers appeared here in the 18th century. Since
then, the family has multiplied unusually and has gone through a lot of
different stories. For example, Oscar Combs knew about his great-
grandfather that he sold 500 acres of land for a hunting rifle,
ammunition for it and a bottle of White Horse whiskey. From the point
of view of posterity, this was an extremely reckless move: it was on
these acres that coal companies were now earning millions of dollars.
The Combs - close and distant relatives and simply namesakes - 4
hold from time to time something like general meetings. From a
thousand to one and a half thousand Combs come from no less than
15 states.
Mr. Tom Weigle from the Anaconda copper company, seeing two
Soviet correspondents that fine morning, became wary, and a shadow
of annoyance ran across his face: these “reds” were still missing! But
Mr. Weigle is a public relations man, that is, a person whose job it is to
get along with the public and the press, no matter what color they are.
A minute later, a flash smile played on his face - an instant, automatic
smile like a photo flash, which should always be ready during official
hours, from nine to five.
We descended from the famous sixth floor of the building in
Bute, where the Anaconda office is located, in Mr. Wygle's car we
began to examine the famous Bute Hill, the cradle of Anaconda. On
the cut off top of the hill there were mine headframes, mine yards,
railway trains, dusty roads. The city of Bute itself lay on the slopes, but
the mines also ruled in residential areas, dug into the city, their
buildings flickered every now and then around the turns of the steep
streets.
The signature number in the Butte concert of “Anaconda” is
“Berkeley Pit” - a gigantic quarry, a steep amphitheater plunging into
the depths. Multi-ton trucks crawled along its uneven tiers like tiny
bees before our eyes. These bees were not carrying honey, but
copper. Their buzzing came from behind the high fence. “Berkeley Pit”
is being kept behind bars: “the man dug up the ground there so boldly
that if you stumbled, you could break your neck.” What can this pit be
compared to? What came to mind was the Grand Canyon of
Yellowstone National Park, which we had just visited. There, from an
unimaginable kilometer depth, menacing and picturesque rocks rose
up, as if painted in all the colors of the rainbow. And at the very
bottom of the canyon, the tiny Yellowstone River pulsated with
emerald and streaks of polished malachite - the creator of all this
miracle, living evidence that a drop really wears away a stone.
The Berkeley Pit pit is still far from the Grand Canyon. Well, the
man started later. But, like a mountain river, he is great in his tenacity.
A mile up, a mile down - that's what they say in Bute about the
colossal reserves of copper ore in the depths of the hill. Geologists
claim that there is more of it left than was selected, although a very,
very large amount was selected. One Bute mine has already sunk a
mile down. As the pit deepens, it seems to stretch behind her. In short,
Mr. Weigle, the advertising man for the Anaconda Mining Corporation,
could be professionally pleased: he drew exclamations of approval,
respect and delight from the Reds.
But now, having sat down at my desk to describe my Butte
impressions, I think not so much about human perseverance as about
its nature, its purpose. And, strangely enough, the Berkeley Pit,
majestic in its tousled working-class beauty, is almost overshadowed
by one Butte boy, 12-year-old Bobby Chace.
Then we met Bobby Chase at a wooden platform with a canopy,
from where they overlook the pit. On a small table covered with
oilcloth, pieces of Butte minerals were laid out. In the drawer next to
the table there were also samples of ore, glued onto neat multi-
colored squares of cardboard. On the top of the cardboard was
stamped: “The richest hill on earth. They beat. Montana". Bobby
owned and sold this product.
“Meet Bobby,” said Weigle, not without playfulness. “Two
communists, newspaper men from Russia.”
Bobby glanced at us from under his long cap. with a sharp visor,
approximately the same look that Wygle had at the first moment of
their acquaintance on the sixth floor of the Anaconda. But, like Wygle,
he quickly recovered. Like Weigle, he knew he had to do his job. And in
a breathy, thin boyish voice, licking his lips and touching the stones on
the table with his hands, he began to babble:
— All these minerals from the Hill of Bute... The Hill of Bute... is
the richest on earth... In eighty-two years, from 1880 to 1961
inclusive... copper was mined here... fifteen billion four hundred and
fifty nine million... nine hundred sixty-two thousand six hundred fifteen
pounds... Zinc...
“Wait, Bobby,” I tried to interrupt him.
I wanted to talk to the boy, find out how he ended up here with his
goods and why they were showing it to foreign guests of Bute. But it
was not there. Bobby spoke like an automaton, like a mechanical toy.
We had to wait until the factory finished.
— Zinc four billion five hundred eighty-four million... one hundred
four thousand six hundred ninety-nine pounds... manganese three
billion six hundred sixty-seven million seventeen...
When Bobby stopped talking, I bought a cardboard with samples
glued on for a dollar and a half. I realized that along with the
cardboard I would also buy the right to talk with this business guy. He
answered reluctantly, in familiar words, to boring questions, and
meanwhile his hands were gluing new pebbles onto pieces of
cardboard, and his eyes were looking for new customers. As the cars
pulled up and people got out and went to look at the steep
amphitheater of the pit, Bobby, cutting off our conversation mid-
sentence, again began shouting his short, number-filled information
about the Hill of Bute. He had already done business with us - now
others were important.
In a 12-year-old boy, the narrowed psychology of a businessman,
reduced to self-interest, to the desire to use another for his own
benefit, was clearly visible, sticking out in its original essence, without
the bells and whistles that are acquired with age and experience. And
then there was a very childish, round face and even an ice cream on a
stick, which he could not refuse and which he was ashamed of, hiding
it behind his back. And then his little eyes frowned, and hostility
towards us and our condescending ironic views flared up in them. He
was not busy with a joke, but with a very serious matter, and busy with
conviction. Our irony and condescension hurt him all the more
because in Bute he had already been spoiled with admiration, set as
an example to other boys and girls.
Before us stood a small, but at the core of his character, a well-
established businessman. Bobby's family is not poor, his father works
in a mine, his mother is a clerk in a bank. From the age of three, like all
the boys from Byut, he collected pebbles on the hill. But unlike others,
he already started trading them at the age of nine. Now he not only
finds pebbles, but also exchanges them; he has suppliers among the
boys. Decorating the tray, an ingot of almost pure copper weighing 4
pounds was purchased by him for $5. Now sold for 25. To make
commerce look no worse than for adults. I ordered pieces of
cardboard from the printing house myself.
And so Tom Weigle took us to Bobbin's stall to show us a Bute
landmark, a small local miracle. Yes, Bobby is a famous person. The
boys selling pebbles at the Kelly Mine are desperately jealous of him:
last summer, they told us, Bobby earned $2,300. Don't believe me?..
Tom Weigle himself lacks stars from the American sky. But he
speaks of Bobby with adult respect: this one will probably catch him.
When the management of Anaconda wanted to drive away the
juvenile traders from the viewing area at the Berkeley Pit, Bobby alone
managed to talk to them - like a businessman with businessmen - and
proved that he personally would not interfere or harm, on the contrary,
he would give the place a sentimental appeal coloring.
What about Bobby's parents? They, too, were shocked by their
son’s tenacity, they told us. His father, however, tried to restrain him
and forbade him to stand at the pit for more than 14 hours a day. But
Bobby, defying his parents' will, hangs around for 16 hours, all long
summer days, all summer holidays.
You may say that all this is shallow philosophy in a deep pit. And I
want to seriously emphasize: Bobby Chase is a phenomenon. This
Butte boy reveals the inside of America more clearly than many
thoughtful but abstract discussions. There is a touching half-truth: oh,
poor thing, he dreams of becoming a mining engineer in a country
where higher education is expensive, and now he is forced to save
money from childhood. Bobby Chase probably outgrew this half-truth
with the psychological changes that could not help but occur in him
during the three years of trading pebbles at the edge of the Berkeley
Pit pit. There is a hard truth: from one generation to the next, people
like Bobby Chace pass on the chromosomes and genes of American
capitalism.
What is the stubborn Bute boy up to? And judging by the
fanaticism with which he reduced his life to trade, the commandment.
It will last forever, if not forever. Let's turn the story around, move
away from the seed and take a closer look at the Bute tree of the
"Anaconda".
A mile up, a mile down - and everything is on the level... There is a
secret smile in this rollicking motto, for the historical cross-section of
Bute Hill is a cross-section of American capitalism. Butte Hill stood in
the middle of the last century on the lands of the then non-existent
state of Montana, standing untouched, as its surrounding brethren still
stand. A dashing horde of gold miners rolled west and ran into grains
of Yellow Metal in the narrow Bute gorges of Dublin and Missoula. The
“Gold Rush” did not last long in these places; Having picked up the
grains, the horde rushed on. Then they found outlets of silver, and
again on Bute Hill there was a short drunken excitement and play of
fortune. The era of foam removal ended as abruptly as it was born.
Cobwebs covered the log cabins abandoned by searchers and
innkeepers. Nevada City (a few dozen miles from Butte), where in
those years there was a gold mining camp, is now just a tourist
attraction, a so-called ghost town. In an old store that has become a
museum, you throw 10 cents into the slot of a machine, and a creaky
voice, as if from the past, will tell you how to get crazy luck, where,
when, who and for what they were killed, and how the free life and
lynching were replaced by an orderly life and justice.
Meanwhile, the Hill of Bute, only slightly scratched by lovers of the
precious metal, awaited its long copper age. The real history of Bute
began in the 70s of the last century, when copper mining began. And
this, too, was a bloody story, although in retrospect self-interest and
violence are presented as romance and brightness of character. The
bones of the “copper barons” crackled in the arms of the two “copper
kings” - Marcus Daly and William Clark, but the two winners could not
divide the “richest hill on earth.” Clark used dollars to elect himself to
the US Senate, Daley, with the help of dollars, overtook him in
Washington, threw him out from under the dome of the Capitol and,
ultimately, from Butte Hill.
Ordinary people looking for income poured into Butte from all over
the United States and from other countries. They suffered hard work,
injuries, silicosis, the demagoguery of their owners, and also their own
romance - the slang-laced romance of the smelly bars "Cemetery" and
"Cesspool", prostitutes in the red light districts. Yes, there were also
red-light districts there, in the remote town of Montai. what is not a
“romantic” touch from the morals of that time, which tourist brochures
laugh about. Prostitutes hid silver dollars paid by clients in stockings.
Stockings used to tear, and the silver earned on copper would jump
loudly on the paving stones.
It was under this ringing tone that Marcus Daly founded in 1879 a
copper mining company with the snake name “Anaconda”, which
operated not only in Bute. For decades, she controlled the entire state
of Montana with its elected governors, legislators, judges, newspapers
and lawyers. It silenced voices of protest and stifled competitors who
wanted to poach its miners. It has bled the state both economically
and in terms of human resources.
Then this snake crawled out of the Montana mountains to 15
other states, where it acquired mines, plants, factories, and onto the
international arena, wrapping its suffocating coils around Chile,
Mexico, and Canada. We are already talking about the Anaconda
copper mining empire. It has grown so much that it has become more
convenient to view its holdings from the skyscrapers of Wall Street,
where the company's main headquarters moved. Only the leadership
of the so-called “Western operations” remained in Bute. After...
But let's return to the city, which even in the names of its streets
reflected the geological section of the hill: Copper, Granitnaya,
Kvartsevaya, Platinovaya, Silver, Zolotaya...
Bars have become boring, prostitutes have disappeared, gambling
is prohibited. In the evenings Bute is empty. quiet, dark.
Miners buy houses on installments and sit after work in front of
televisions, which, according to the head of the local miners' union,
Reginald Davis, are brainwashing them with programs paid for by the
National Association of Manufacturers.
We also met with the mayor of Butte, Thomas Powers.
He was diplomatic with visiting journalists, assuring that
Anaconda had now become more flexible. His diplomacy, however, did
not break away from the local copper ore land.
“I won’t say that Anaconda voted for me during the elections,” the
mayor told us in his twilight office, “but she didn’t mind.” If her people
were against it, they would, of course, look for another candidate.
And he admitted what it would be foolish to deny: they are very
powerful...
In the miners' union hall, above the stage hung a faded portrait of
an activist brutally murdered by company agents before the First
World War. This is a clear reminder and a clear warning, a call for
vigilance. The trade union leaders are in the same mood as soldiers at
the front: they are embarrassed by the calm and are wondering what
other trick to expect from the enemy.
And not within the walls, not in a closed room, but in the open air
and visible to everyone, there is a monument to Marcus Daly in Bute -
the winner of Clark and others, the founder of the snake corporation.
He is bronze unshakable. He is immortal.
Yes, he is immortal as long as he inspires boys like Bobby Chase.
However, let's not insult Butte by equating the city with the
Anaconda company.
There are cities towards which it is difficult to be indifferent. Bute -
with its detractors and supporters - are from such cities.
The American John Gunter, who has traveled and described
almost the whole world, in the book “Inside the USA” put his mark
against Butte harshly and irritably: “The rudest, obscene city in
America, with the possible exception of Amarillo, Texas... Here is the
only thing in United States cemetery, flooded with electric light at
night. In daylight, Bute is one of the ugliest places I have ever seen."
A Bute resident, Mr. Nelson edits the Montana Standard
newspaper. When we reminded him how the famous John Gunter had
disgraced Bute, he said that this snob, having stopped in Bute, had
never set his nose out of the Finlen Hotel, but had collected all his
dirty information in the Gun Room bar, located in the same hotel. As a
local patriot, editor Nelson was deeply wounded by the travel writer's
verbal assault on his hometown.
And a certain Bill Burke, on the contrary, created a verbal
apotheosis, and moreover in poetry - about how the heavenly angels
painted a masterpiece for the Earth saloon, taking colors from the
generous palette of the summer rainbow, and God, loving their
masterpiece, named it Bute . Bill Burke, as you see, is a primitivist, his
imagination is naive. He was born the grandson of a miner and the
son of a miner, and in his life he became a miner and the father of
miners. In his old age, he took up a pen, an unusually heavy tool. Don't
look for graceful style in his poetic "Rhythms of the Mines." But how
much harsh warmth, how much clumsy pride for their rough
countrymen and faithful comrades. Every morning they go
underground on Bute Hill, and when they come out of the hole, they
will slam a glass of strong Irish drink “Sean O'Ferrell” in a familiar bar,
adding to the first and second - because a bird cannot fly on one wing.
Once a year, on June 13, they go out to the traditional miners’ parade,
suffer and rejoice, and, in turn, having raised new recruits for the
mines, they finally go into the ground not on an ore-bearing hill, but
under the crosses on the nearby plain - the descendants of the Irish,
Finns, Germans, Serbs, Italians, Greeks, Scots, Norwegians, Swedes.
In terms of national diversity, Bute is New York in miniature, even,
imagine, with its own China Town.
— Russian? - an old man in the elevator of the Finlen Hotel asked
after hearing my speech. Having received an answer, he asked:
— Where ?
— From Gorky.
— Isn’t this in Kyiv?
It turned out that his ancestors had once come to the States from
Kyiv, and he himself had already forgotten whether this was a city or a
country. The fathers came from different countries, the children
became patriots of Bute. Americans are an agile, mobile, easy-going
people. And if you ask anyone in Bute, he was born and raised on the
hill. What keeps them here is their love for the vastness of this “God’s
country,” the big skies of Montana. Those who left are drawn back. By
the way, that’s what it says on Montana license plates: “Big Sky State.”
But still, man lives more by bread than by heaven. Gustav Hastvedt, a
miner for 25 years, told us that miners' sons were leaving Bute - there
was no work.
Who is right - John Gunter or Bill Burke? What is Bute - the most
obscene city or God's masterpiece? Everyone is right and wrong in his
own way, both the know-it-all snob and the old miner, a native and son
of these places.
Trade unionists said that the miners' relationship with Anaconda
was ambivalent. As the name suggests, Anaconda can choke. But she
also gives work, she is the main employer. The miners are forced to
both fight and get along with Anaconda. The union, one of the oldest
and most militant in the United States, has glorious traditions and
considerable merit. We have repeatedly sought to increase wages and
improve working conditions. And if you take the entire protracted war
together with the respites, if you look at the entire historical curve of
Bute, then the company emerges victorious.
Due to mechanization, ore production is constantly increasing,
and the number of miners and city residents is generally decreasing.
The confrontation was especially brutal in 1959-1960, when
Anaconda, cleverly maneuvering, forced the union into a grueling six-
month strike in order to get rid of accumulated surplus copper and at
the same time organize a Mass lockout. The number of miners was
then reduced by more than three times to one and a half thousand.
The economic crisis, like a severe fever, shook the city, merchants
curtailed their business and left: there was not much profit to be made
from the penniless striking miners, all construction was curtailed.
Eight thousand people then left Bute.
Of course, this local tragedy was not noticed in America and, in
general, can be seen philosophically from afar, but it had its victims
who fell and never rose again.
When we came to Bute it was going through a period of uncertain
boom. Anaconda expanded its local operations, new bank branches
opened in the city, and road construction picked up speed. According
to trade unionists, the company was afraid of the nationalization of its
enterprises in Chile and therefore prepared reserve positions in Bute in
advance.
Ah, Chile, Chile! The Butte miners thought more often of this
distant land than of the lands from which their fathers had reached the
big skies of Montana. What's in Chile? They were politically blind and
isolated and did not have any contact with their fellow Chilean miners.
In justifying its harsh policies in Bute, Anaconda told them that it had
no choice because it was making losses in Bute and would only
recoup them in Chile, where labor was much cheaper. They didn’t
believe her, but they couldn’t check her either.
“Of course, they say the opposite,” we heard from John Glace, the
union secretary. “We are sure that everywhere Anaconda only takes,
and does not give.”
A mile up, a mile down - and everything is level.
Tom Weigle, the Anaconda man, was up to his task when he took
us to a park called Columbus Gardens. Who said that the company
does not give anything? So she gave the park to the townspeople and
their children. Is not it? But, according to trade unionists, this is just a
drop from the billions of dollars that Anaconda has mined on the hill.
Jimmy Shea, the mayor of the mining outskirts of Walkerville, took
it upon himself to show us other gifts from the copper kings: empty,
deserted streets almost in the very center of the city, abandoned
buildings with broken dusty windows, residential buildings with
cracked walls, collapsed sections of sidewalks. Like after an
earthquake. But no, it was “Anaconda” that for decades waged an
underground and underground war against the townspeople, digging
under houses and streets with its mines. Houses cracked and
collapsed, sidewalks shook as underground ore was torn with
dynamite close to the surface. The miners from the Emma mine, going
down to work in the hole, did not know that they might be digging for
their own housing. And go get the truth, if the company has its own
lawyers and geologists at its service, and the entire state of Montana
in its pocket.
Jimmy Shay took us around the streets and talked about people.
They need to be treated humanely. He hated the Anaconda as a man
eater, Jimmy Shay is a true friend of the Bute people.
— Hello, Jimmy! How are you doing, Jimmy? — that’s all we heard
from passers-by and motorists as we walked along the streets with
him.
— Hello, Jimmy! - the Walkerville boys shouted in their own way to
the man with gray temples.
Everyone knew him. Still would! Jimmy fought the Anaconda and
forced it to retreat. A mile up, a mile down, and the mayor of the
mining outskirts is truly on point.
Jimmy calls what happened a war. Anaconda began developing
the Ellis Pit pit right under the windows of Walkerville residents, 7
meters from the outlying houses. Bulldozers blew up the highway,
blocking Walkerville, and broke water and gas pipes. Making life
unbearable, threatening the collapse of houses - and handing over a
pittance of compensation to residents when the prices of houses and
land went down - that was the calculation.
But Jimmy Shay, a miner's son who works as an insurance agent,
took up the challenge on behalf of 1,500 Walkerville residents. He
arrested the bulldozer drivers sent by the company and sued them.
“Anaconda” was at first speechless from such insolence, and then,
when it came to its senses, the local newspaper, a servant of the
company, began to throw mud at the mayor of Walkerville and the
residents who elected him. They were accused of self-interest, of
wanting to reduce employment in the city. Jimmy was kept awake at
night by phone calls containing threats and obscenities. They set
miners' wives against his wife: your hubby wants to deprive our
breadwinners of work. Jimmy, without giving up, patiently persuaded
them: remain human, try to put yourself in the place of those whose
houses are about to tip over into a pit.
In a word, the instigators from “Anaconda” attacked disunity, the
fact that man is a wolf to man. And Jimmy Shay relied on solidarity.
When he was silenced in Butte, he made his way to the newspaper of
another Montana city, Great Falls, and to television. I got involved in a
legal battle that lasted two years. In the end, the matter ended in an
honorable compromise - the company bought the houses closest to
the pit for decent compensation, and the pit itself was surrounded by
a fence for safety...
Jimmy drove us to Walkerville. The pit was already abandoned;
only the collapsed foundations of the houses reminded of the former
Willis Street. We climbed to the dump from which the rock was
dumped. Below, almost under the embankment, stood a brown school
building. Stones flew almost onto the children's heads. It’s a long time
ago, but the mayor of Walkerville seemed to have seen dump trucks
carrying their loads along these now abandoned tracks.
“The children’s lives were in danger!”
You're a good man, Jimmy Shay, I'll say it straight out, and let my
sentimentality be excused for showing it in an essay that you're
unlikely to ever read. What were we to you? Two unknown journalists,
and from that distant country that they scare Americans with! And
besides, you had urgent business at your insurance agency. And you
were noticeably nervous and worried, because it was on that day that
your daughter was supposed to fly in from Paris, from her first trip
abroad. But you put aside your business and didn’t even go to meet
your daughter. You chose the two “red” Russians because, for reasons
of human justice and solidarity, you wanted to give them the
information about Bute that the Anaconda people with the flash
photos of their official smiles are hiding.
This is also a child of Bute. He grew up near Anaconda, but
retained his simple-minded, holy faith in justice. When the company
was starving out the striking miners, Jimmy Shea sent telegrams to
Washington: children are starving!
Are children starving? This phrase will not move officials who
know that thousands of children are starving in the mining towns of
Appalachia and in black ghettos across the country. But Jimmy Shea
did not know and does not know anything stronger than this phrase.
And then the Minister of Information of Chile received a telegraphic
warning from the mayor of Walkerville: be careful, do not trust
“Anaconda”! Naive? Maybe, but he couldn't help it.
In Bute, some looked at Jimmy as an eccentric, the local Don
Quixote. But the residents of Walkerville, apparently, understand that
such eccentrics adorn the world, and have been re-electing him for
more than twenty years. Twice he tried to refuse: after all, he had to
think about his family, and the mayor of tiny Walkerville was not
entitled to a salary. But both times he was put on the ballot and
elected again.
Are children starving? This phrase will not move officials who
know that thousands of children are starving in the mining towns of
Appalachia and in black ghettos across the country. But Jimmy Shea
did not know and does not know anything stronger than this phrase.
And then the Minister of Information of Chile received a telegraphic
warning from the mayor of Walkerville: be careful, do not trust
“Anaconda”! Naive? Maybe, but he couldn't help it.
In Bute, some looked at Jimmy as an eccentric, the local Don
Quixote. But the residents of Walkerville, apparently, understand that
such eccentrics adorn the world, and have been re-electing him for
more than twenty years. Twice he tried to refuse: after all, he had to
think about his family, and the mayor of tiny Walkerville was not
entitled to a salary. But both times he was put on the ballot and
elected again.
— This is still America! - Jimmy repeats, waging his local wars for
justice and believing in the democratic traditions of his people and in
the ability of American workers to stand up for their rights. But when
friends suggest that he run for something higher, such as governor of
Montana, he gives up.
— This requires too much money, and where do I have it... It
consists entirely of simple truths, and this is one of them... And now,
when I remember my acquaintance with Bute, I think about two
stubborn people - about the tenacious mayor of Walkerville and the
tenacious 12-year-old boy who returns home in the late summer
twilight under the big Montana sky, counting dollars in his memory
and pockets. Yes, this is still America, where the spiritual heirs of the
"copper king" Marcus Daley are stronger than the miner's son Jimmy
Shay.
WHERE WAS HEMINGWAY SHOOT?
Ketchum (Idaho) - 746 us, h. 5821 ft.
A well-known sheep crossing, a mile away
from Sun Valley, a popular resort.
From the American Automobile Association's Guide
Hills, clouds and sun. But above all, the high hills, which captivate
with their soft lines, simplicity and peace. They do not crowd each
other, stand freely, and their gentle slopes smoothly descend into the
valley. Shadows from rare white clouds glide peacefully along the
slopes and up to the round tops of the hills. The sun floods the valley
with its August warmth and light.
Then there were quiet, lingering rains for three days, alternating
with stripes of sun and light. The spruce trees on the hillsides silently
darkened and became wet. Water bubbled on the shiny roofs of the
cars, and the asphalt of Route 93 glistened wetly. And behind the
lattice floors of the two bridges, the Big Wood River, which translates
as the Big Forest River, rustled louder in the rocky bed; it is not large
and not wide, but flows through curly forest banks.
Quiet rain fell on the trimmed grass of an unfenced rural cemetery
near the road, washing the rare spaciousness of the dead -
tombstones and one large slab of gray marble. And from the small
town of Ketchum to the tiny airfield in Hailey, the hills ran along the
road, revealing the calm magic of their smooth lines to the eye of a
visiting person, and the person willingly surrendered to it.
Hills and sky, sun and clouds, rain and the Big Wood River enter
like owners through the large windows of Hemingway's house on the
northern outskirts of Ketchum. The house is located at the eastern
foot of one of the hills. Before the valley has even had time to color,
the first morning rays pour into the living room. From below you can
hear the splash of a river running through the thicket. The rays of the
setting sun fall on another hill, beyond the river, behind the railway line,
behind the 93rd road - on the hill, at the foot of which the cemetery
clings. Further to the northeast, the dark Sotouf Mountains rise above
the hills.
I stood with Mary Hemingway, the writer's widow, in the courtyard
of the house. Dusk and its special silence were coming. Nearby two
dogs yelped affectionately.
“What is this bushy greenish-ashy grass that grows on the
hillsides?”
— Don’t you know? - Mary said reproachfully. “This is our famous
sage.”
We picked sage stalks. When you rub them between your fingers,
they give off a sharp, offensive and bitter smell. Same as the story I
learned in Ketchum—the story of how Ernest Hemingway first came
here and how, 22 years later, he returned one last time to die.
At Ketchum, known as the "sheep crossing point", the airfield is
owned by the Sheep Breeders' Association. The airfield is covered with
grass like a pasture, and nearby there is a dusty path called a sheep
path. An old twin-engine plane lands on the grass after an hour and a
half of shaking over the mountains. The plane belongs to the modest
West Coast Airlines, which the governor of Idaho threatened to shut
down if it did not improve passenger service. Road number ninety-
three belongs to the state. In fact, about thirty years ago, these remote
American regions were part of a kind of empire, ruled by the Union
Pacific railroad company, and, deciding to make a profit on the
irresistible magic of the local hills, it opened the Solnechnaya winter
ski resort in 1936, a mile from Ketchum. valley. Gradually, local
residents became more involved with resort guests than with sheep,
although the Union Pacific railroad empire itself eventually fell under
the onslaught of highways, the automobile and the airplane and sold
the resort to a large land firm from Los Angeles, which, not sparing
millions, set up the business on a grand scale.
Let us return, however, to the 30s, when the story that interests us
began. The old film “Sun Valley Serenade” was also popular here. So, it
was ordered by Union Pacific to advertise its new and still little-known
resort. For the same advertisement, celebrities of all kinds were
invited to the hills, one might say, in dozens. Thus, the popular writer
and famous hunter Ernest Hemingway came to the attention of the
chairman of the board of Union Pacific, Averell Harriman, a millionaire,
governor, and later diplomat. Hemingway then wrote and hunted in the
south of Montana, in the town of Cookie City. By order of Harriman,
three young resort employees were sent there in the early fall of 1939
with the task of luring the writer to Sun Valley and “attaching” him
there. Lloyd Arnold, an old Ketchum photographer and hunter, told me
about this. He was then one of three, responsible for photographic
advertising of the resort.
Harriman wanted photographs of Hemingway in the hills of Sun
Valley to appear in newspapers and illustrated magazines.
Hemingway needed a quiet, secluded place to work and good hunting
during autumn afternoons and evenings. That's how they got along,
without even knowing each other.
Plus the hills. Maybe there was a clue in the hills. They are
somewhat similar to the green hills of Africa and the Spanish hills.
About thirty miles to the south, Ketchum's hills give way to stony white
foothills. They reminded the writer of the mountains of Guadalajara.
Basque shepherds, brought under contract from Spain by Idaho sheep
farmers, lived and still live in the area. And Hemingway was then
working on his Big Book - the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, where the
action takes place in Spain during the Civil War.
So, he was lured to Ketchum, and during the holiday off-season of
1939 he lived alone in the new, large and comfortable Lodge Hotel. I
got up at dawn and in my pajamas, started my writing work right in the
bedroom. I loved concentrated silence. Nobody bothered him. The
three lived at the nearby Challenger Hotel, although their hunting rifles
were kept in the living room of Hemingway's suite. Sometimes, at
noon, not earlier, Lloyd Arnold would carefully enter there to pick up
the guns. There was silence in the bedroom. If necessary, Arnold
would tiptoe into the bedroom. Hemingway, sitting at his desk, did not
seem to notice him and did not say a word. The three waited patiently
for the last burst of a typewriter or the sound of a pencil being
desperately thrown onto a pile of paper. That's it!
He came out to them, powerful, handsome, 40 years old.
— Good morning, damn it!
They got into the car and drove to where the hills resembled Spain
and where on Silver Creek near the town of Picaro there was a resting
place for wild ducks flying south, or even further to Gooding, where
there were pheasants, or to the farmers' fields to shoot fertile and
voracious rabbits . One of the three was driving the car. According to
Arnold, Hemingway was the worst driver in the world.
Sometimes he told them about his heroes - about the American
Robert Jordan and the young Spanish woman Maria, about how he
couldn’t figure out the image of Pablo. He told me when he wanted.
He did not like questions about his work, they knew and respected this
habit, and they were not very interested in this strange work for them.
And the silent companion - the 93rd road unfolded an uneven
formation of hills in front of them, until they made a left turn onto the
rural 23rd, and it rushed like a narrow arrow along old telegraph poles,
meandered around some villages and finally led to a low bridge, under
which the Silver Stream, shimmering with dark silver, squeezed itself,
and then its flow expanded again, embracing a considerable space of
islands, branches and creeks.
There was silence and solitude all around, tall grass along the
banks and yellow daisies. Shots rang out.
“They say that Hemingway was clumsy,” Lloyd Arnold grins. “Not
with a hunting rifle, he was a damn accurate, fast shooter.” I myself
come from a hunting family, from an early age I dealt with weapons, I
knew hundreds of hunters, but, to tell the truth, I have never seen
anything like this.
Returning from the hunt, they sat down in the evening for a hearty
dinner with conversation and wine at the Challenger Hotel, and after
dinner Hemingway also took them to his Lodge Hotel for a “nightcap”
and a last glass before bed.
And in the morning, silence and concentrated working loneliness
reigned in his bedroom again. Through an effort of will, the writer
harnessed talent and labor in search of what he called the fourth
dimension, the most reliable truth.
“I, who loves only the word and is trying with words and sentences
to create something that not a single bomber can destroy, that will
remain when we are no longer there and long after that...
This is what he said about himself in one of two poems addressed
to Mary, written in 1944 and published after his death.
A third of For Whom the Bell Tolls was written in Sun Valley. The
Big Book went well there, and in front of his three hunting companions,
Hemingway called it “our book.” So he was “attached” to Ketchum.
And for three Ketchum residents, this whole story began with an order
from the boss and ended with male friendship. From Mr. Hemingway
he became Ernie for them, and then Dad. In October 1940, when the
novel was published, the writer was in Ketchum. Congratulations went
there.
“If it weren’t for this place, not for you guys, and not for the hunt, I
wouldn’t have written the book in a year and a half,” he admitted.
Hemingway, Mary says, had the memory of an elephant. He did
not forget the new place where he felt good, his Ketchum friends and
the surrounding hills, the ducks on Silver Creek, although his favorite
home was still Cuba, and he also traveled a lot in Africa and Europe. In
1946-1948, he and his wife lived in rented houses in Ketchum several
times. Then there was a break of 10 years, but one of the three, the
chief game warden of Sun Valley and passionate fisherman John
Williams Taylor, often visited Hemingway in Cuba and upon his return
said every time that Dad remembered Ketchum and would like to visit
him. In 1958, Tilly and Lloyd Arnold received a letter from Mary. Dad
would like to know if the places have changed, if they have become
worse. Arnold answered as if in spirit, without the tricks that
Hemingway did not tolerate: the places have become more crowded,
but the hunt is almost the same, except that you have to work harder.
And Hemingway returned to Ketchum in October 1958 and stayed
there until March 1959. His work was with him again: he was polishing
a book of memories of Paris in the 20s - “A Holiday that is Always
With You.” The hunt, he found, was still excellent. And then the writer
bought a house and a sage-overgrown plot of land on the hillside
beyond the Big Wood River, the most extreme, most reclusive of the
Ketchum houses. He celebrated his housewarming in November,
spent the Christmas holidays in Ketchum, and left in the bitter cold of
January. Returned again with Mary in the fall of 1960.
They thought they were settling in permanently. It turned out to be
dying.
He looked depressed physically and mentally. In bitter moments
he said that life had passed and that he had written himself out. The
hurried moments happened less frequently, and then he was the Pope
they knew in Ketchum, who shot just as accurately and had just as
much fun.
After some time, he went to a clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Returned at the end of January 1961, wrote and hunted again, and
everything seemed to be normal. But in April he again and for a long
time went to Rochester for his last treatment.
And now his last days have come. On Friday, June 30, he and Mary
were brought to Ketchum in a car by George Brown, an old friend, a
former professional boxer, and the owner of a gym in New York. The
three of them were seen in the town on Saturday. And then Sunday
morning. Early. Nobody knows what his last moments were like.
Hemingway usually got up at dawn. Mary was still sleeping in the
bedroom on the second floor. George Brown is in the guest house in
the yard. Behind the massive front door, which opened into a small
hallway, was a rack for hunting rifles. From Cuba he brought a twelve-
gauge double-barreled shotgun from the English company Scott.
A large body collapsed on its back in the small hallway. Suicide or
accidental shooting? Where Hemingway is buried, there are no two
opinions on this matter. He committed suicide. I didn't ask Mary
Hemingway. And in a conversation with me briefly, avoiding this topic,
she said:
“He shot himself over there.”
And she pointed towards the hallway.
“The shock was general, but we were not surprised,” Lloyd Arnold
told me. “I knew that if the Pope decided to do this, he would do it for
sure.”
He did it thoroughly, as he liked to do everything.
A local sheriff who examined the body concluded that both barrels
had been inserted into the mouth. Little remains of the large, gray,
beautiful head. He died like a vein, adding two more bullets to half a
dozen head wounds, two hundred shrapnel marks, to wounds in the
arms, legs and stomach.
...One of the three Ketchum hunter friends knew the writer for only
six weeks. His name was Gene Van Gilder. He died while hunting from
an accidental bullet from an inexperienced shooter. “Old bitch” death
often walked close to Hemingway, but he too was shocked by the
absurd death of a 35-year-old handsome and healthy man whom he
had come to love. The widow of the murdered man asked the writer to
compose an epitaph. Hemingway did not immediately agree; he was
superstitious about this. But he still agreed. On a bronze plaque,
already darkened by time, embedded in the gravestone, I saw simple
and piercing words: “he returned to the hills that he loved, and now he
will be part of them forever.”
In 1959, another stone appeared nearby - John Williams Taylor.
In 1961 - a large marble slab: Ernest Miller Hemingway.
“He returned to the hills he loved, and now he will be a part of
them forever.”
He seemed to say these words about himself.
I came to this house twice. On the northern edge of Ketchum, you
turn left from Route 93, the railroad crossing, the Big Wood River
Bridge, and the first right. Three poles instead of gates, a gravel track
among thick wild grass, a parking area in front of the house, a garage
below, and a huge living room window above it.
Along the concrete steps to a massive door with a metal ring...
With a strange feeling you cross the threshold for the second time,
already knowing that behind this door in the last moments of his life,
having already said goodbye to it, Hemingway stood, and then,
merging into one, two shots thundered, and a large body overturned,
and lay dead and lonely until the realization of what had happened
burst into this outlying house.
As a farewell, I brought a bottle of vodka to Miss Mary - that’s
what Hemingway and his friends called his wife, and, knowing this, it
was difficult to call the middle-aged but light-as-a-bird woman
anything else.
“Russian vodka is a little sweet,” said Miss Mary.
I didn't agree.
“Let’s try a sip,” said Miss Mary. Let's break all the old bourgeois
traditions and have a drink in the morning.
We broke traditions, and then, with cups of tea in our hands, we
went out onto the veranda: And again there was sun and hills, silence,
enhanced by the cooing of the river, and the elusive sadness of
autumn, which is just around the corner. Miss Mary recalled how
beautiful autumn was in East Africa, Spain, and Italy. I thought about
Hemingway's Ketchum autumn months...
He did not build the houses in which he lived. In Cuba, his home,
Villa Finca Vigia, was once a watchtower. The house in Ketchum was
built by a millionaire named Topping for his honeymoon with his
young wife, from whom he soon separated. Hemingway was attracted
by the place. Perhaps what he liked most about this solid concrete
house was the huge, frameless windows that let in the surrounding
nature.
The house had not yet been inhabited; there were almost no
material traces of the writer left in it. He liked to work in the bedroom
on the second floor, by the south-facing window, where only three old,
dull pencils reminded him of Hemingway. The table with the slanted
board, at which he wrote while standing, was taken to New York. There
is a corner in Miss Mary's bedroom where amateur photographs are
pinned directly to the wall: Dad eating from the same dish with his
beloved cat; a cheerful, lively man sits at a table in a cramped carriage
compartment with his wife and some young man. Miss Mary
remembered the day this photograph was taken: it was on that day
that the Russians launched their first satellite. In the living room above
the fireplace are two pairs of beautiful impala antlers, shot by
Hemingway in 1933 in Africa. There are finely tanned skins on the
floor. Wooden cabinet made by peasants from Spain. A coffee table
with scenes of a bullfight made in glaze based on Goya's drawings.
And in the wall near the hallway, as a renunciation of death and
painful memories, is the famous portrait of the bearded, young-
spirited owner.
Hemingway's large library, personal belongings, and a collection
of paintings remained in the Cuban villa, which was turned into a
museum.
-What do you want to talk about? - Mary asked when, after calling
me, I arrived for the first time.
About what? I was one of those many who, in my youth, went
through a passion for Hemingway - even before the time when it
became fashionable and portraits of a bearded man with a broad face
appeared in abundance on the walls of Moscow small apartments. No,
even earlier, like a beautiful young mystery, I was attracted by his
famous subtext, his courageous laconicism, called telegraphic style.
Sometimes, having closed myself off from my wife and neighbors, I
would sit late with my bosom friend in the small kitchen, and, like
poetry, we would eagerly read to each other Hemingway’s short
stories filled with poetry. No, I was not an indifferent reporter when I
came to the place where he took his own life, and I had something to
ask his widow about.
Miss Mary was not busy that day. I was the first Russian, Soviet
guest in Ketchum. We talked for a long time until the last clouds of the
day, colored by the setting sun, hung over the hills. They drank tea and
even whiskey with ice, walked around the empty house, she as the
hostess, and I, as if in a museum, plucked sage stalks in the yard, and
Miss Mary slowed down her speech when I did not have time to take
notes.
Guns were never banished from this hunters' home. The gun lay
on the couch in the bedroom. There was some mischief in the area, at
a gas station in the center of Ketchum, I myself saw an advertisement
promising 5 thousand dollars for help in catching some criminal killer,
and Mary Hemingway, the widow of a famous hunter and an
experienced shooter herself, was ready for self-defense.
They met during the war, in 1944, and soon got married. Is it easy
to be the wife of a great writer? Mary Hemingway advised us to
remember the life of Sofia Andreevna Tolstoy. Hemingway had his
own intimate world of the creator, into which even those closest to
him were not allowed. He didn’t even like to talk about his work with
his wife. Miss Mary takes a humble place for herself: assistant,
gatekeeper. She guarded silence, protected from unceremonious, rude
intrusions. Hemingway had a sacred attitude towards writing. And no
one can say this better than his books with their courageous rhythm.
And outside the desk his soul was wide open. He had a lot of fun,
loved all sorts of practical jokes and people with a light heart who
exuded the joy of life. He admired Italy and the Italians, and adored the
passion for music and dancing inherent in the nature of the Cubans.
Miss Mary smiled as she told how they played and fooled each other.
But, assessing people, identifying the human essence, the core,
Hemingway was passionate and extremely serious, as at his desk.
What qualities did he value most in people?
“I think that most of all he liked people who have what we call an
inner boundary, those people who, even in the face of danger and
death, behave so naturally, as if they did not see them. That's why he
loved bullfights so much.
The second quality is honesty, and here his demand was stricter,
more severe than is usually customary. They say: an honest man. But
how honest, to what extent? For me, he was the most honest person I
knew. Well, of course, if my new dress was praised in front of him, but
for some reason he didn’t like it, he could agree out of courtesy. But,
with the exception of such small things, he always spoke the truth,
saw people clearly, sharply, in the merciless light of the truth. He
despised dishonest people. He hated everything false, feigned,
ostentatious.
Mary remembered the incident with a book about the Second
World War by a good American writer, whose last name she did not
mention. When advertising the book, the publishers wrote in the
annotation that it was superior to War and Peace. Hemingway was
furious that the writer allowed his publishers to prostitute the truth:
“Next to Tolstoy, he is like a puppy next to a bulldog...”
Miss Mary is a living and, in public, easy memory of Hemingway.
But not only. A few years before his death, in a handwritten will, the
writer made her the sole heir to his fortune - literary and otherwise.
Hemingway entered not only American but also world literature
with his works, published in millions of copies in dozens of languages.
There is a museum of the writer in Cuba, and the widow said that it is
well maintained and that the Cuban government treats her well. In the
United States, funds for the monument were raised by the Hemingway
Memorial Committee, which included his close friends. Not far from
Ketchum, near a mountain river north of Sun Valley, a “Memorable
Trail” was opened: a bronze bust, forest paths along the winding
banks. Hemingway's image will seem to merge with the nature that he
loved.
Hemingway did not like the name Lloyd, and therefore he
nicknamed the photographer and hunter Lloyd Arnold Pappy (Daddy).
“Dad and Pappy,” friends in Sun Valley chuckled when they saw them
together. Pappy was shorter than Papa and seven years younger.
When I met him, he was fifty-nine. A loving smile lit up his face as he
began to talk about Dad. It was like an inner smile - his friend came to
life in his mind and with him the most interesting time in the life of the
unknown photographer Lloyd Arnold. Working at a fashionable resort,
he saw a lot of “big people”, but for him they were just shadows next
to the “simple giant”
I spoke to Lloyd Arnold and his wife Tilly
in their house. These are modest people who have nothing to do
with literature. Two provincials from poor families. Arnold's father was
a worker, Tilly was from a farming family. “If there were no good
hunting and good places; he wouldn’t have come here,” they both
make a reservation. Only chance brought them together. However,
they call him Pope without false familiarity. He was a good friend,
more than once he came as a guest to their house, sat in this wide
wicker chair, in which they sat me, at this table. And then Tilly was
busy in the kitchen, the food was not God knows how fancy, but tasty
and healthy, and there was wine, and fellow hunters, and Dad kept
telling funny stories, they laughed until they cried. On frosty days, they
sometimes went out into the yard and shot at clay plates there, and
Pappy, I must admit, never managed to beat Papa, although it
happened that they walked evenly.
On the bookshelf in their home are books by Hemingway with
autographs: “Pappy and Tilly with much love” and with a playful
signature: “Dr. Hemingstein.”
They were up at seven that Sunday morning in July, going to visit
Papa and Miss Mary. And suddenly a phone call: Hemingway shot
himself. When they arrived, the body had already been taken away.
Lloyd and Tilly repeated: “If the Pope decided to do it, he would have
done it for sure, he could not be stopped.”
Memories remained, and while collecting them, Lloyd Arnold, a
retired resort photographer, was writing a book about Hemingway in
Ketchum and willingly told a visiting Russian journalist about “a very,
very good man,” about “kind and gentle,” about “a brtgliant with fifty-
six edges."
A simple man, he remembered that Hemingway loved simple
things and simple people. He became friendly with his sick father, an
old worker, the head of a family where the only luxury was hunting
rifles. He was a “great man of habit”: he started every hunting season
in the same place, after the first hunt he dined with the same farmer,
he wore out his leather hunting jacket to holes and pinned it together,
not wanting to get a new one. He was also tough and could not stand
careless shooters and careless handling of weapons. Life magazine
once scolded him: having published a photograph of Hemingway, the
magazine reported that he hunted for 10 days in a row and during all
this time he never missed. They were disgraced, the Pope lamented,
any hunter will say that this is a lie.
“We had the relationship of hunters, not writers,” Lloyd Arnold
again stated. “But sometimes Dad shared his thoughts about
literature.” You have to write as you say,” in short, he explained. Even
the most difficult things can be expressed briefly. After all, the English
language has only five vowels, and they give it all its music. Use your
tongue just as sparingly.
There are three dimensions in the physical world, Hemingway
liked to repeat, and the writer’s task is to get as close as possible to
the fourth. He believed that in the story “The Old Man and the Sea” he
came closer to this goal than anywhere else...
From Haley Airfield I got to Ketchum in a black, antediluvian, but
still running fast taxi. In the back seat were two bags of mail and parts
for a gas station, delivered by the plane on which I had arrived. I have
never seen such taxi drivers in New York. The gray-haired woman with
glasses sitting behind the steering wheel looked more like a stay-at-
home grandmother. Her name was Lorita Maddix, or simply Rita.
For the sake of Hemingway, I spent an hour and a half hovering
over the mountains in an old air tarantass and immediately attacked
the first local resident with questions about him. It turned out that Rita
and her husband, the owners of the only taxi in the area, knew Mr.
Hemingway. The funeral was “quiet,” I learned. The Madixes were
among the fifty invited, and Rita kept the invitation to the funeral as a
“souvenir”. Having found out where I came from and flew to her region
with a purpose, the old taxi driver spared no time, immediately took
me to the cemetery and at the same time showed me where
Hemingway’s house was and where the house of Lloyd Arnold, his
friend, was.
“He was a very nice man,” she said. “A friend to everyone.” It didn't
matter to him whether you were poor or rich.
I asked if she had read Hemingway's books, Rita answered
evasively. Yes, Miss Mary gave the writer. to her “A Holiday that is
Always with You” - the writer’s posthumous book. From the
evasiveness of the answer, I guessed that this woman, who spent 16-
18 hours a day tending her old black car-nurse, had not read the gifted
book.
After spending three days in tiny Ketchum, I discovered that
everyone personally knew or at least saw Hemingway, met him on the
street, greeted him, respected his right to privacy, and considered him
a pleasant person. And almost no one read his books.
The waitress at the Chateau cafe, serving me boiled “rainbow”
trout, said with surprise and reproach for some reason in a whisper:
-You would never believe that he writes books. He looked like a
tramp.
She had not read Hemingway either, but in her simplicity she
believed that books were written by important-looking people,
gentlemen in tuxedos.
I spoke with the manager of the Alpine Villa Motel where I was
staying, with the bartender who boasted, presumably for publicity
purposes, that Hemingway came to see him two or three times a
week; with the saleswoman at a gift shop that sells wide-brimmed
Western hats, patterned cowboy belts and ankle boots, colorful
postcards celebrating the summer and winter beauty of Sun Valley,
and brochures about Ketchum from the "wagon days"; with a garage
worker; with the kid from Haley Airport; with the resort's sports
instructor. Only the instructor read Hemingway, and the airfield boy
patted the classic on the shoulder in absentia: “He was a good writer.”
At the local pharmacy, which also sells books, I looked through
the entire standard detective, sexy set on a rotating rack. Hemingway
was not there. I don’t believe it, I asked the seller. He confirmed: in
fact, they did not keep Hemingway’s books.
When I told Mary Hemingway about my research, she jokingly
replied that she respected the freedom of her countrymen, even if they
chose the freedom to be stupid. Seriously added:
— Most Americans are not educated enough to read good books.
I'm sure that in half of the houses here you won't find a single book at
all.
Ketchum both lived and lives as a resort, and not in the memory of
its temporary great resident. They complain about the rains, which
have reduced the influx of guests. They are catching trout. They shoot
the ducks that have gathered to the south again. They drink beer in
bars where the regulars know each other and call out in a friendly
manner: Hi, John! Hey Sally! Cars park diagonally at the edges of the
sidewalks. A rain-soaked road sign lures vacationers south to the
Harold's Gambling Club in the Nevada city of Reno, promising "more
fun than anywhere."
By evening, Main Street is dying out. It's only at the Conoco gas
station that Lorita Maddix waits patiently for the shuttle bus from
Twins Falls, hoping it will give her passengers. Yes, the doors of the
bars slam, and along with the dashing sounds of jazz coming from the
music boxes, swaying guys burst out of the doors onto the street,
somewhat similar to the heroes of early Hemingway stories.
During the day, cars occasionally turn off Road 93 and rustle along
the gravel of the road, which cuts a small cemetery in a semicircle,
where there is room for the dead, and stop for a minute or two at the
most noticeable gray marble slab. An American values time and
convenience and does not like to part with his car, so this is the road
to the Ketchum cemetery, although you can get around it on foot in
about five minutes.
STEINBECK'S HOUSE
My child, whether he is 16, 26, or 106 years old, is much dearer to me—and should
be dearer to every American—than the life of any enemy, whatever the age and position
of that enemy.
From a letter from American Gianni Hudson to Time magazine
And there will still be two extreme flanks - those who want the immediate
withdrawal of troops from Vietnam, and those who want to drop the atomic bomb. And
between them are people who don’t care about anything.
From a letter from American Richard Macmillan to Life magazine
Captain Ernest Medina, who is believed to be responsible for the My Lai massacre,
arrived in his hometown of Montrose, Colorado, yesterday to a warm welcome from old
friends and classmates who filled the streets for a fiesta to raise money for his defense
in court. ... Two pretty party princesses sat on either side of him as he rode in an open
car through the center of town... His friends contributed three thousand dollars to the
defense fund and were expected to add two thousand more—half the proceeds from the
party.
From the Associated Press, August 9, 1970
FIRST EVENING. The car - to the third floor of the garage, himself -
to the ninth floor of the Holiday Inn, where everything you need - from
a bed to a Bible, it is already open on the chest of drawers, and in the
red corner, on two powerful brown pipes protruding from walls, a
television box that rotates left and right, but with its front looking at
the bed, from where you can turn it on and off without getting up.
Multi-channel colored serpent-tempter. The magician is a time-
swallower. A modern icon, not mute, talkative, many-sided. And at the
same time, the Bible is not like the one on the chest of drawers, with
the gospels not from Matthew and Luke, but from Ford, General
Motors, the Schlitz beer company, and so on, and so on, and so on -
you can’t count their current apostles, who have all their wisdom in
one single advertising commandment: “Buy ours!”
And to relax, out of the way, I click the wheel of the electronic
Bible and select the gospel from the Mutual of Omaha insurance
company. That evening, she convinces that nowhere will elderly
Americans live out their lives so calmly and cheaply, as under the
protection of her insurance policies, convinces the charming, ageless,
popular Lawrence Welk with his young men in red jackets and young
faces in blue and white with a concert. national stars dresses.
Beautiful nostalgia of waltzes and tangos, and in between - Welk’s soft
assurances that not everything in life is so black and blue, that the
good, perhaps, outweighs the bad, for God has not deprived America
of his blessing...
Eh, vanity of vanities... Did you travel through the mountains to
look out of the TV window in Charleston? It is always at hand in
Washington. The same. I parted the curtain and through the low, but
wall-length window - a real one - I looked at the evening, Sunday,
unfamiliar city. It appeared as an illuminated, deserted intersection of
streets. And it was only ten o’clock, children’s time. Having passed the
hall, where old white men and women who had arrived at the local
“friendliness congress” and black young people, who were also
holding some kind of event, were dueling with sidelong glances, he
went out into the open air. And I immediately felt how alarming this
evening’s will was here, in Charleston.
The lit eyes of cars rushed headlong along the invisible and
inaudible Kanava River. The humps of cars with dull eyes gleamed
darkly at the roadside. A street appeared around the corner, with
lanterns and signs on it. The street was empty... But from afar a dark
male figure comes towards me. On my side of the sidewalk. And I
wanted: away from such will, back under the roof of the Holiday Inn,
into a room with a closed door, to a safe television narrative about
American life - without experiments. Save and have mercy on the
sinner, Mutual of Omaha! Saved. We became close to a stranger.
We...smiled at each other, cautiously and gratefully. And with their
smiles they sealed the mutual non-aggression pact on Summerstreet.
The good outweighed the bad. You're right, Lawrence Welk...
Remember that evening melancholy of Blok “night, street, street
lamp, pharmacy...”? A lonely, restless, pre-television person wants to
go to the big world, to the city, which was created by people for this
purpose, to live together, and there is night, a street, a street lamp, a
pharmacy... There are no people there, cold, empty nakedness. On
Summerstreet, prophecies from Alexander Blok came true. Only there
was more light than outside the poet’s window, but this light was
chilling from lanterns and jewelry display cases, in which watches and
rings, protected by thick glass and a special alarm, glittered on velvet.
And instead of a pharmacy there were two cinemas, diagonally from
each other. In one photo, negligee beauties invited to the film
“Teenage Fantasies”, in the window of another, with relish, pitchforks
plunged into the chest of an overturned man, there they talked about
“bloody farmers”. The vulgarity of lust. The vulgarity of cruelty. And
evening anxiety...
THE MORNING IS WISER THAN THE EVENING. The light of day,
albeit cloudy, autumn, and the people on the streets ended the
impression of a piercing evening alarm.
In the morning the city was peaceful and working. Low mountains
stood around as silent witnesses to the fact that everything here
began at the end of the 18th century with a log fort that protected the
first settlers from the Indians, and continued with salt mines, coal
mines, and chemical plants.
Next to the hotel there was a local skyscraper - the Charleston
National Bank; through the large windows, business people with
business papers were visible on all its floors. Bridges crossed the
narrow Kanava River, with moving dotted lines of cars on them. On the
other side of the river was South Charleston, an industrial extension of
the city...
The mayor of Charleston, a youthful brunette, John Hutchinson,
sat me down on a large leather sofa in his office and touched upon the
topic of evening anxiety, saying that, compared with others, this attack
has sidestepped the city, that the number of “major” crimes even
seems to be decreasing, and with drugs, thank God, “we are several
years behind big cities.”
The population has declined. There is a crisis in the coal industry,
there is not enough work, but those who work are paid well. A
prosperous tiny capital of a small, economically distressed state in
which, according to government statistics, a third of the population is
classified as poor...
The face of a city is, first of all, the faces of its people. I was lucky
and the faces and people were friendly and welcoming. Especially Ned
Chilton, publisher of the Charleston Gazette, West Virginian, patriot,
and critic. He gave me good, smart companions - the young reporter
Andy Gallagher and the veteran newspaper John Morgan, the author
of the historical chronicle "Charleston - 175 years old." Invited me to a
“very capitalistic” private club located above the city on a mountain.
There were two more lawyers with their wives, a liberal and a
conservative. Ned good-naturedly provoked a fight between the Soviet
guest and the “real capitalists,” and then reconciled us with calls for
broad-mindedness and understanding, and talked about his two trips
to the Soviet Union.
The Charleston Gazette has a circulation of about 70 thousand,
the largest in the state, practically a family newspaper: Ned has
shares, his aunt has even more. Chilton is over fifty, but with a gray
sweater on his strong tennis chest, he looks much younger as he sits
at his substantial publishing desk. The face is boyishly mischievous.
Local die-hards consider Ned's views to be mischievous. And he is
just a liberal - for the growth of humanity in America and is sharply
against the inhumane war in Vietnam: “Write it down for history - from
the very beginning.”
He picks me up in a friendly manner, talks about his admiration for
Dostoevsky and Tolstoy and that, of course, we need to live in peace,
tells his sweet secretary Kay to pick up the clippings I need, but, sitting
across the table and making notes in a notebook, I raise my head and
Sometimes I see Ned’s unexpectedly sharp, questioning look: “Why
did you come here, brother?”
A Soviet journalist is a curiosity in West Virginia, and suspicion of
the “Reds” has become ingrained in American flesh and blood. But
where is your breadth then, Ned? Do you really not believe that I came
just to be curious and understand a little about your conversations
about coal, the economy, about Rockefeller IV?
Please arrange an interview with Rockefeller. And the cordial Ned
reaches for the phone, explaining that Jay is his friend, and Jay’s wife,
Sharon, is a friend of his wife Betty... And then he hesitates, thinks,
and takes his hand off the phone. I feel a lot of distance between
these two friends. Although Ned's newspaper strongly supports
Rockefeller IV, although because of him Ned quarreled with Governor
Arch More and Mayor John Hutchinson...
ROCKEFELLER IV TRANSPLANTATION. To be honest, I came to
West Virginia to have a look. on young Rockefeller. And long before
Charleston, the local airwaves burst into my car radio with calls: “Vote
for Jay... Jay stands for the people.” They also called: “Vote for Arch
Mora! Re-elect a good governor!” And two opponents often glanced at
me from roadside posters. But who - outside of West Virginia - cares
about Arch More, even if he's a good governor?
And Rockefeller is genuine. The eldest heir in the fourth
generation, with the same name as his great-grandfather, who
amassed wealth that became a symbol of wealth in general, who
founded a dynasty that became a symbol of American capitalism in
general - John Davison Rockefeller. Only not the First, but the Fourth.
With the diminutive name Jay. He has such a condition that he
considers it “inconvenient” to give numbers. Such uncles that not
everyone is given. Uncle Nelson is a longtime governor of New York
State. Uncle Winthrop is a major landowner and former governor of
Arkansas. Uncle David is the head of Chase Manhattan Bank. And
Jay's father, John Rockefeller III, is a philanthropist. His hobby is
charity. He is, for example, the financial trustee of Lincoln Center, a
famous cultural complex in New York.
One journalist said of Rockefeller IV: “The man who has
everything.” And he agreed - without thinking. But even the
Rockefellers are missing something. For example, there was no
president of the United States in their family. It wasn’t, although Uncle
Nelson tried to go to the White House several times.
In the Appalachian Mountains, the Rockefeller family is engaged
in long-term political investments that will eventually bring them the
White House. Investment 35-year-old Jay Rockefeller. At the current
intermediate stage, he wants to become governor of West Virginia.
The stages, which were achieved without difficulty, are as follows:
a privileged private school, privileged universities - Harvard and Yale,
an emphasis on “Asian problems”, Chinese and Japanese languages,
access to the world, including a three-year stay as a Rockefeller
student in Japan (in particular, “for experience "to a family, for $25 a
month), service in the "Peace Corps" - as an assistant to its director -
Sargent Schriever, service in the State Department, where the diplomat
Rockefeller was involved in the Philippines and where, according to
evil tongues, he was bombarded with glances in the corridors by pretty
secretaries , Cinderellas dreaming of a prince...
In vain they ran out into the corridor. Among Rockefeller's many
rights and privileges is the right not to value his position in the State
Department. And there is the right to experiments that are risky,
thoughtless, and inaccessible for a mere mortal. In 1964, 27-year-old
Rockefeller took an unusual step. There was a time when rich and
official America, under pressure from a protest movement,
predominantly black, discovered the eternally forgotten America of the
dispossessed. President Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." It was
then that the scion of a wealthy family had a fantastic rendezvous
with the mining village of Emmons, 15 miles south of Charleston:
about 300 residents, 60 families, and only 13 breadwinners had jobs.
West Virginia had a place to fight poverty. In the mines, having
encountered competition from gas and oil, including Rockefeller’s;
Coal companies intensively introduced mechanization and
automation. As a result, the number of miners decreased by a quarter
in a matter of years. Half a million residents were left without a regular
piece of bread. Hundreds of mining villages were shaken out of life
and soul, they became “ghosts”.
In short, the residents of Emmons were thinking about a piece of
their daily bread; young Rockefeller wanted to “get a broad idea of his
country.” And they met.
In Emmons, at first they could not understand why a guy with a
frighteningly famous surname had arrived in a brand new car. He was
mistaken for an agent eradicating moonshiners, for an inspector
checking whether the unemployed were cheating and whether they
were worthy of welfare and benefits. And he looked at them as if they
were Papuans. The two poles of America have met. One had
everything, including the right to zigzags in his career. Others have
dilapidated houses, fear of looking into tomorrow... But there were
also there, in Emmons - here it is, America! - bad TVs, and what
horrified Jay most was the natives sitting in front of the TV screens.
“They watch TV from morning to evening,” he shared his discoveries.
“They will stare at it, not seeing or hearing anything, just so as not to
talk to each other.”
Children did not study because adults did not work—there was no
money for textbooks or school lunches. And the TV in Emmons
showed daily the latest news that it was at this time that billions of
dollars were flying into the abyss of war in the name of “equal
opportunities” for Vietnamese children being destroyed by American
bombs and napalm.
Rockefeller did not come for this. handing out dollars and jobs. He
wanted to inspire residents and convince children to study. The
newspapers wrote about a romantic billionaire who went to the
people. Walking did not bring a miracle. “Emmons is the same as
before he came,” said former miner James Angel. “I gave two years,
but achieved little” - this is the assessment of Jay Rockefeller himself.
Helped several kids with their studies. By the way, he himself received
a salary - free services are immoral according to Rockefeller ethics.
“They treat outsiders there very suspiciously,” Rockefeller said of
Emmons, “after all, they come there only to check something, take
something, promise something and not fulfill it.”
And after two years, he himself stopped visiting Emmons, and
took there more than he gave - an expanded biography. Now not only
was there a dollar halo around his name, but also the halo of a
people's defender.
The transplant took place. The New York native and recent
Washington resident declared himself a West Virginian, registered as
a Democrat (unlike his Republican father and uncles), and moved from
small causes to larger ones. In 1966, he was elected to the West
Virginia Legislative Assembly, and two years later he became the
secretary of state of this state.
Pete Thaw is his deputy. According to local experts, there is no
one closer to Jay Rockefeller. In Rockefeller's empty office, this bilious
and apparently intelligent man said disdainfully that the position of
Secretary of State was a trifling, albeit cushy, job: keeping the official
seal, ensuring the correctness of voter registration. Some sat in this
cushy place for decades; one of those who sat managed to transfer
the position to his son. But this, of course, will not tempt the great-
grandson of Rockefeller 1. The office on the first floor of the West
Virginia Capitol is just a supporting platform for jumping across the
corridor into the governor’s office.
Undisguised hostility reigns in the corridor. Taking me to the
governor's reception room, briefly pointing at the carpet (the third
largest in the world, according to local directories), Mr. Thaw said that
he would not go further. “Then only with a fight?” I asked. He chuckled.
A week before the gubernatorial election, the battle was in full swing.
We... Rockefeller now spoke this word on behalf of the people of
West Virginia:
— We have people. We have natural resources. We have
determination. I want to lead this state to bring it all together for
progress that will last. I believe that I can work better than anyone else
for the greatness of this state...
He promises 50,000 new jobs, 20,000 miles of improved roads, he
promises to crack down on coal companies, to personally go
underground to monitor safety regulations, and to put an end to strip
mining, the kind of coal mining that is destroying the Appalachian soil
and the beauty of the mountains. Its propagandists proclaim that luck
has finally struck the unfortunate state - in the form of John Davison
Rockefeller IV, who has now become West Virginia's "greatest natural
wealth."
JAY... JAY... JAY... This morning I've been riding with John
Morgan, emeritus reporter of the Charleston Gazette, chronicler of
West Virginia and namesake of its famous discoverer, Morgan
Morgan. In front of our car looms an elegant gray semi-bus with blue
stickers “Jay... Jay... Jay...” and a line of cars with most of them “Jay...
Jay... Jay...”. We're on the Rockefeller campaign trail.
Grey sky. Light rain. Wet mountains. Wet roads. The wet
communities around Charleston—Mermet, Cabin Creek, Miami...
Clusters of people outside a red brick store, a white-board eatery with
a menu sign right out front: “Cheese sandwich—45 cents. Ham
sandwich - 40 cents."
If there are more people, a metal stable platform extends from the
back of the gray camper with blue decals. If it's just a little - polished
boots right on the ground. A man in a light brown tweed suit towers
above everyone - almost 2 meters. His head is always half-tilted, as
happens with very tall people. Ambition is not inaction, and Jay
Rockefeller is working from seven in the morning until midnight in
these final election days. He is proud that he has traveled all over the
wilderness of West Virginia and that no less than 150 thousand of the
most diverse residents have seen him in person; Ambition is a family
job in America. His wife Sharon, daughter of Illinois Senator Charles
Percy, also gets it. She “processes” women and youth. Idiot work, a
funny ritual of handshakes and short self-praises at short stops. Not
for everyone. I feel that the stooped John Morgan is embarrassed in
front of a foreigner for this “democracy in action.”
Since eight in the morning I have been trying my hand at
physiognomy, observing Rockefeller IV up close. Well, height, parting
in dark brown soft hair. Well, eyes behind horn-rimmed glasses, a
regular nose, beautiful lips. Besides his height, the only thing that sets
him apart from these people is his tanned and sleek cheeks, perhaps
too fresh for a 35-year-old man. Well, he's cute. is that enough? I look
into the eyes, the forehead, the movements of the lips, listen to the
intonations of the voice - after all, they reveal a person, even if his
speeches are empty. No, I don’t see the strength and play of a living
mind. I don't see a strong will. However, I don’t see any trickery. There
is also no one more quality that, like talent, is valued in the local
market of political careerists - magnetism that attracts and captivates
the crowd. Take away the famous surname and immediately a
perplexed question: why is this one a candidate for governor, and not
that one from his retinue?..
With his head half-bent, his right hand as if groping for someone
to half-hug and bring closer from above (from above!), Jay looks like
an entertainer. Looking at those gathered, he is about to exclaim:
“Loaf, loaf, choose whoever you want!..” And next to him is the former
vice president, presidential candidate in 1968, Minnesota Senator
Hubert Humphrey with his shabby, smart face and deep undereyes, an
experienced politician , a grated roll, which, however, has not lost the
ability to sincerely light up from its own eloquence. Today he is both a
touring star of political show business and Rockefeller's mentor pilot.
He knows how to spot a baby in his mother’s arms and take him
without the baby making a sound. He knows how to approach first-
graders huddled at the school door and keep them busy while photo
reporters capture this touching moment. The young Rockefeller
watches Humphrey with the delight of a student. One can read in his
gaze: “It gives!”
Only in the hall of the Daniel Boone Hotel in Charleston, at a dinner
with Democratic activists and trade unionists, after a shocking
invocation speech, Humphrey Rockefeller also lit up and, towering
over the podium, waving his long arms, demanded from his supporters
“extra energy and extra effort” in the remaining days.
— Go to church on Sunday morning, but don't sit in front of the TV
on Sunday, and then we will have a holiday on Wednesday...
I approached him after the lunch meeting. He asked why he,
Rockefeller, for whom all paths were open, chose politics. He did not
deny that all paths were opening. I received a polite response:
“Because, sir, politics is the best way to serve the people.”
At the same dinner I was introduced to Robert McDonagh, a sharp-
nosed gentleman who looked like a Dickensian solicitor. They say that
he knows all West Virginia politics inside and out, he keeps many
West Virginia politicians in his vest pocket, in 1960 he was a pusher
here for John Kennedy, and now he is an intercessor on Rockefeller
affairs. Pleading my ignorance as a foreigner, I asked the experienced
Mr. McDonagh why a man who only eight years ago appeared in this
state, untested in any significant matter, having practically no track
record, so confidently claims his rights to leadership. Mr. McDonagh
did not hide—or reveal—the secret.
— Money, my friend, money...
Rockefeller money looks different. For example, on the walls of
office premises there are bright strokes of abstract painting instead of
ancient generals with telescopes. These are prettier secretaries and a
larger staff of workers, half of which are paid by Rockefeller out of his
own pocket. Of course, this is his own house, one of the best in the
Charleston area, and another house worth half a million, being built in
the mountains, with which he would like to dispel rumors about the
transitory nature of his life in West Virginia.
But these are also minor things. His money significantly changed
the political landscape of West Virginia, took control of the
Democratic Party organization and unleashed a competition of local
ambitious people jumping into the Rockefeller “VAN”, which could
eventually be driven all the way to the White House. His money is a
reputation for integrity in a state where corruption is a way of life and
where, for example, former Gov. Wally Barron was jailed for 12 years
for bribery. “No one can buy me and my voice,” Feller IV, with the
confidence of a person accustomed to buying, declares Rock and not
to sell. This argument is impressive where politicians have been and
are being bought by coal companies.
And perhaps the most important thing is that Rockefeller’s money
and connections promise to attract new capital and provide 50
thousand new jobs to the economically disadvantaged state.
COAL... COAL... COAL... But coal remains king for now.
In the north of the state, in the city of Morgantown, where it is
located. West Virginia University, I had three long conversations in
professors' offices with people who write books and academic articles
about West Virginia. Most of the talk was about coal - the blessing and
curse of this region. Everyone agreed that the history of American
capitalism in West Virginia assigned the place of an “inland colony”, in
which “outside interests” had long been in command, that is, coal
companies that uncontrollably exploited the state, and had their
headquarters in Pittsburgh, New York, when - even in London.
Professor Robert Mann, a famous historian of this region, spoke
about the fourfold reduction in the army of miners, about half a million
residents left without a livelihood.
“This was the first example in the United States, if not in the world,
when a large industry, competing with oil and gas, cut its workforce so
sharply and so quickly,” he explained. “Coal companies shifted their
problems onto the miners.
— The problem of unemployment has never been essentially
solved. Economically, the state sank deeper and deeper. A few years
ago, we could say we hit rock bottom and began to rise again - not
thanks to economic growth, but because some of the unemployed,
mostly young people, left for other places, and the old people died.
This is the assessment of Professor William Mernick, a leading
expert on the local economy. It contains both an obituary and hopes
for the future.
Coal... Election passions were in full swing around coal. Since the
Rockefellers had no capital in the West Virginia coal industry, the
young millionaire considered his hands free and branded Governor
Arch Mohr as a lackey of the coal companies who had sold his soul to
Consolidation Coal and Island Creek. His opponent did not remain in
debt, calling for the solidarity of West Virginians against an outsider
with “the most ruthless name in the world,” against “the largest
fortune in the world”, which is carrying out a sinister plot - the total
liquidation of the state’s coal industry in favor of its oil and nuclear
interests, a plan “destruction of a miner and his family.”
Coal... For several hours I became a guest of the Consolidation
Coal company, the largest in West Virginia and in the United States in
general.
Bob Verboski, a young employee in the company's advertising
department, took me into the hills right on the West Virginia-
Pennsylvania border to the Blacksville II mine.
We met with the manager at the one-story, light building of the
directorate. He was in a hurry somewhere. Having said hello and
immediately saying goodbye, he admonished me: “Write kind words...
Look, what a beautiful mine.”
I’m not a miner, I haven’t been to the mines, and at first I had no
idea what was so beautiful about three solidly powerful “silos” storing
coal before shipping to customers, in the inclined lines of conveyors
hanging above the compacted earth covered with crushed stone, in a
high building sorting plant... After walking around and listening to the
explanations of Forrest Vannoy, in charge of ground operations, I
guessed that the beauty of extreme mechanization is the highest labor
productivity. They didn’t let me go underground, saying that it would
take too much time, but I saw how silently and quickly two “tubs”,
similar to vertical, closed cars, walked up and down on a steel cable.
Every 69 seconds, 18 tons of coal are released onto the mountain, and
while one “tub” is unloaded at the top in five to seven seconds, the
other is loaded at the bottom in the same seconds, so that, having met
halfway - one empty, the other full - they disperse and after which -
Switch roles for a minute.
It must be a beautiful mine if only one person pressing buttons is
responsible for the loading and unloading operation underground, and
if only five people are employed per shift above, and if the coal trains
do not even stop, they move slowly - each car is 120 tons are loaded in
half a minute.
It was a beautiful mine, and the foreman himself, Forrest Vannoy,
was handsome, tall and leisurely, in blue trousers tucked into work
boots, a beige jacket and a white helmet with a long transparent visor.
He did not take off his helmet, even while sitting in a chair in his office.
Hereditary miner.
There was some kind of sad pride in the mention of his father,
who died of “black lungs” - a miner’s death. Fought in World War II -
Pacific Ocean, Italy, Africa. After five years of service, he returned to
his native land, where he began mining before the war, with the
intention of graduating from college and going to a “clean job.” He
dropped out of school, became an accountant, and one day he was
overcome with such melancholy, such despair that he would spend his
whole life sitting behind four walls behind boring pieces of paper. He
returned to the mine. Now his son Mark is down there on Blacksville 2.
The miner's blood also began to flow. Americans rarely talk about love
for their work, for their profession, but from the lips of Forrest Vannoy
I heard an almost sentimental and very sincere confession:
— Mining is my life, and I love this business very much... On this
note of love and pride, one could end the story about a beautiful mine
and its handsome foreman. But I was interested in the question of
what happened to the former miners if labor productivity quadrupled.
Already armed with professorial calculations, I also wanted to get an
answer at the mine. No matter how delicate I was in formulating my
question, it was impossible to change its essence. And then silence
fell in the office of foreman Vannoy, but it was no longer the silence of
a model mine and automated labor, where they are waiting for a coal
train, but that silence when they remember a great misfortune.
“That’s a tough question,” said Forrest Vannoy, and the gesture
with which he pulled the transparent visor of his helmet further down
onto his forehead was similar to the gesture with which suddenly
appearing sweat is wiped from the forehead.
And after a pause, he looked at Bob Verboski: this, they say, is in
your line. And Bob, who knew his duties as a full-time explainer at the
Consolidation Code coal company, reported in a polished, lifeless
language of general numbers and phrases, a language that erases the
individuality of human destinies, that many left to look for work in
other lands, and some switched to welfare, then is on assistance
received from the state authorities.
I looked at Vannoy. And he saw: no, this smooth answer did not
satisfy him, a man born and raised in these places, the son and father
of a miner. Living destinies, some living pictures flashed in his brain,
and even though those people were not injured here, it would have
been a betrayal to remain silent about them. But he, the man, did not
want to talk about their fate. Consolidation Cole, in a good place and
account, on a strong financial hook for pension plans, some
preferentially purchased shares and other incentives. He survived and
learned his lessons and reliably insured himself on all sides, even
buying some land so that if something happened he could farm in his
old age. Farmer and miner - such “mountain men” are depicted on the
coat of arms of the state, which lies in the Appalachian Mountains. If
one thing doesn't work out, hold on to the other.
And Forrest Vannoy, after listening to Bob, said as he exhaled:
— Damn it, how they didn’t want to leave here!..
Having said goodbye to the foreman, we went out to the mine
yard. It was still impressively deserted and impressively quiet. There,
under our feet, deep underground, intense and noisy work was going
on, but here there was only the silent and strong movement of the
cable pulling coal from the depths.
Bob Verboski was driving me back to Morgantown. The road
wound among the hills, late autumn continued to do its job, changing
the crimson to a faded yellow, but the day was beautiful, sunny and
quiet, majestic... The day is a gift, as the poet said.
Ten years ago, when I was still getting acquainted with America, I
was driving through these parts with my friends, and somewhere here,
nearby, on a slippery December mountain road, a huge truck with a
trailer touched the trunk of our Ford. We were then traveling to Eastern
Kentucky, where the losers, thrown out of the mines, even resorted to
weapons, to dynamite, in desperation. It was the same as in West
Virginia, only worse.
And now it has become quiet both there and here. And looking at
the scenery of autumn in the Appalachians, I thought that the tragedy
of mass unemployment hid behind the bends of this road, in the small
villages behind the crests of the hills, became silent, went to other
places, and even to premature graves.
FOUR MEETINGS WITH MADISON
(Including correspondence)
On August 24, 1970, at 3:40 a.m., the police received a phone call.
The duty officer heard:
— Okay, pigs, now listen, listen well. Bomb at the university, at the
Army Mathematical Research Center. It will explode in five minutes.
Clear the building!
The bomb exploded at 3.42.
A blinding flash shot up over the sleeping city. There was an
explosion that reached the August fields.
The walls of the massive Sterling Hall stood, but the inside of the
building was torn apart from the basement to the fifth floor. Glass
shattered in dozens of houses around.
The night passed to the hissing of fire jets and the crackling of
fire, and in the light of the coming morning, Madisonians saw
uprooted trees, mangled cars, traces of premature leaf fall and a lot of
broken glass. Someone's jacket was hanging mysteriously and
frighteningly high on a tree. Burnt folders and papers lay on the
asphalt and grass...
In the basement, in the water, they found the body of a 33-year-old
physicist, candidate of sciences Robert Fasnacht. He died by accident
- he stayed up late, and the physics department was under the same
roof with the Army Center for Mathematical Research. The dynamites
were aimed at this center, working for the Pentagon.
Students stormed Sterling Hall more than once to protest the
Vietnam War. Glass was broken. This time the matter was not limited
to glaziers. The explosion destroyed an electronic computer and
damaged a nuclear particle accelerator—a total loss of $6 million. The
burned papers contained the fruits of 20 years of secret research.
Proclamations that appeared in Madison explained the political
meaning of the explosion:
“Their research has literally killed thousands of people and
created devices to deliver nuclear and chemical-biological bombs... If
the military suppresses life and freedom, it is our duty to suppress the
military.”
Soon, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover launched a nationwide
manhunt for brothers Carlton and Dwight Armstrong, 23 and 20, David
Fine, 49, and Leo Bart, 22, accused of trespassing on federal property,
conspiracy, and “violating the civil rights” of Robert Fasnacht. . The
University of Wisconsin has offered a $100,000 reward for information
leading to his capture. But four disappeared into thin air.
I was in Moscow then: I heard the echo of the explosion from the
pages of American newspapers and magazines. I remembered that I
once visited
Madison. Just in case, I looked into my old notebook for a clue
and didn’t notice the elephant! — I read about half a pound of
Roquefort in the telephone book, “dairy farm.” What could we find out
then?! students were not paid much attention in those years. In the
universities, another generation of the self-satisfied “affluent society”
seemed to grow obediently and silently.
Recording of a conversation with Evju. There is, of course, no
connection between his opposition to Joseph McCarthy and the
Sterling Hall bombing. None, except for the connection of contrast.
Where did all this come from in just seven years?!
Vietnam... This clue word was not in the recording of the
conversation with William Eview. Vietnam didn't rhyme with America
back then. But that time came when the war and anti-war protests
escalated. It was the children of the Vietnam War who were those
American guys who, under the August stars, parked their pickup truck
with explosives near the walls of Sterling Hall.
In those years that passed between my first visit to Madison and
my second, in absentia, meeting with him, a third of the lives of these
guys fit in, and the only, more or less adult third. For them, this was the
time of entry into the world of adults, its intense discovery. Year after
year they heard rhetoric about the “mission of freedom and
democracy,” about duty to Saigon allies, about “the light at the end of
the tunnel” and “victory waiting around the corner,” “about the honor of
America.” And we saw - on television - soldiers' lighters near the straw
of Vietnamese huts. The faces of slanted people, distorted by pain,
covered in terrible scabs of napalm. research. American helicopters,
like kites, above the water and green rice fields, the crackle of their
heavy machine guns. Drops of bombs seem to reluctantly separate
from American planes... Explosions... Explosions...
Is it possible to list everything? There was an initial risk and
sparse crowds, then the scale of anti-war protests, mass
mathematical marches on the Pentagon, siege of the White House,
then despair: the meat grinder in Vietnam did not slow down. And in
May 1970, after the invasion of Cambodia by American troops,
corpses in America itself - white Kent students, black Jackson
students...
This formula exists, although no Army mathematical research
center has yet derived it. If millions of American bombs are falling on
Vietnam year after year with monstrous methodicality, surely some
homemade bombs will begin to explode in America itself out of
despair and powerlessness, out of protest against cruelty. The laws of
retribution do not always fit into the logic of political gain. Violence
gives birth to violence, it cannot help but give birth. And bombs began
to explode in America. In banks... In corporations working for the
war... In universities... On high-voltage transmission lines... From
January 1969 to April 1970, authorities counted more than 8 thousand
explosions, attempted explosions and threats of explosions classified
as "student unrest and unrest."
Old Eview spoke critically about the corrupting power of big
capital. And those four, who drove up to Sterling Hall in a pickup truck
at night, apparently learned with a young, burning hatred to hate the
cast-iron, death-champing pig of the “military-industrial complex.”
Then a special commission created by President Nixon after the
shootings of students in Kent and Jackson was finishing its report on
student unrest. The Madison bombing is mentioned briefly there as an
extreme example of the actions of “tactical extremists.” But here's
how the overall picture was described: “The past decade has seen
growing frustration and alienation for many. American students. More
than three quarters of students now believe that “fundamental
changes in the system” are needed; many claim that their efforts to
“work within the system” have been unsuccessful; a large number of
students approve of the tactics of undermining (the system - S.K.); a
tiny but important minority resort to violent tactics without facing the
direct condemnation of their teachers and fellow students."
By the standards of the early 1950s, three-quarters of the 7
million American students would have to be dragged to Joe McCarthy,
to his subcommittee that separated the pure from the unclean, the
Americans from the “un-Americans” and “anti-Americans.” The
University of Wisconsin, located in Madison, was one of the centers of
anti-war and left-wing protest. The state of Wisconsin was shaking off
the legacy of the 1950s left by a dangerous demagogue.
I visited Madison again in 1972, during the early stages of the next
race for the White House, when the star of liberal Democrat George
McGovern suddenly shone brightly and deceptively in the Wisconsin
primary. It was April again, but spring was late. Two snow-covered
lakes, like two asymmetrical hedgehogs of the city, were directed into
the heavens, where the sun fought with clouds, rain, and wet farewell
snow. A chilling and invigorating spring dampness and freshness
permeated the air.
It was not a sentimental impulse that brought me back to my
previous place, but a desire to feel the movement of time. The task is
tempting and difficult. How to take measurements in the invisible thick
river of time flowing in this city, where there are already 170 thousand
people - and destinies?
Just as commanding stood on the hill the white Capitol, the
official abode of the governor and the Wisconsin State Legislature.
Just as modestly, he hunkered down across the square at the House
of Wisconsin Cheese, where a cheerful, big salesman assured that the
larger and more expensive the box with a selection of souvenir
Wisconsin cheeses, the better it was. There is more gray concrete and
clean glass in the business center of the city, the brands of cars, of
course, have changed, the telephone book has grown thicker. Even the
black Bible in the motel room was in a new edition.
From the grated drawer of the newspaper machine, having already
thrown in 10, not 5 cents, I took out the latest issue of the Capitol
Times and, with the sadness that I foresaw, discovered that time had
completely stopped for the old publisher. One line on the editorial
page was like a tombstone: "Founded 1917 by William T. Eview, 1882-
1970." The line below announced the heir: "Miles McMillin, editor and
publisher."
And where is Sterling Hall, which flashed a year and a half ago on
the newspaper pages with its charred walls and empty window
sockets and again sank into obscurity?
Sterling Hall showed. to us the main student of Madison, the
president of the Wisconsin Student Association Tim Higgins and his
pretty bride Susan, small and clean, like a bird. Standing at the granite
parapet at the top of Boscomhill, we saw below a massive six-story
building with unglazed windows, covered like a raincoat with
transparent plastic. The appearance of houses, like the faces of
people, is subject to time. The tension of that night was no longer in
Sterling Hall - only renovations, only the addition of a new wing. To
avoid teasing the students, the Army Center was moved from there to
a remote gray tower on the very border of the university. The FBI was
still looking for the terrorists. One of them, Carlton Armstrong, was
arrested in Canada, and American authorities insisted on his
extradition.
We had several meetings in Madison.
Professor Tarr, from the Department of Political Science, looked
wary. He sensed some kind of catch in the visit of two Soviet
correspondents, and besides, American professors, after the stormy
end of the 60s, are afraid to talk about students. Nevertheless, he
stated the truth of the day, which also applies to Madison: student
protest, without turning America upside down, is in decline; students,
spurred by unemployment and economic stress, think more about
studies and less about politics; terrorists are yesterday, not today.
We went into the cramped space of the Capitol Times. With the
State Journal, its longtime rival, the Capitol Times was now housed
under the same roof, albeit on different floors: general considerations
of financial economy and survival were stronger than political
differences, Publisher Miles McMillin was away. John Hunter, the
grizzled, burly “director of editorial,” agreed with Professor Tarr on
many things. Yes, the most important change in recent Madison years
has been in the student population. But this change is also fickle. That
explosion shocked and somewhat frightened the students who were
toying with the idea of revolution. But an explosion is something
extraordinary, an isolated act, a criminal terrorist act. The explosion is
atypical. Hundreds of times more than terrorists were those who
peacefully challenged the dominant system, who tested its
responsiveness with anti-war marches and sit-ins. They became
convinced that they were fighting like fish against ice. They calmed
down. But how did they calm down? - asked John Hunter. And he
answered: the youth have lost hope, the authorities have lost contact
with the youth. Many students “do not feel attached to our form of
persecution”; some of them sympathize with radicals who see a
solution in socialism...
John Hunter was very harsh in his assessments of the
government, and our notebooks did not bother him. He denounced the
“senseless and dirty” Vietnam War. The wing of Secretary of Defense
Melvin Laird, another Wisconsinite in Washington's corridors of power.
He assured that here, on the local stage, “they are tired of the policy of
supporting stupid adventures and corrupt dictatorships.”
John Hunter spoke more critically and boldly than the late
publisher William Eview, but as I wrote down his words, I found myself
thinking that, damn it, they didn’t surprise me. They were ordinary.
Different times, different evidence.
For two days, Tim Higgins was our guide around the university, the
city and the surrounding area. I called him the leader of the 30
thousand Madison students. In August 1972, he took a step higher: he
was elected president of the National Association of Students of the
United States. Calm, modest, active guy. Native Wisconsinite. Born in
the north of the state, in the city of Appleton, where, by the way,
Joseph McCarthy came from, starting his career as a district judge.
The senator is buried there, two blocks from Tim’s father’s house.
Curious! One place - different years. And different people, different
destinies. By the way, Higgins the father adheres to conservative
beliefs. He is a businessman, and probably not a small one - his son
drove us around in an expensive car. Tim studies economics. but is
thinking of going into law and becoming a “people’s lawyer.” Also
something new: young lawyers, pushing the size of their earnings and
fees into the background, want to protect the population from the
omnipotence and deception of corporations. Tim treats professors
with skepticism, and conservative students like dinosaurs. At the
same time, he considers the violent student unrest of the late 60s to
be ineffective “undirected actions” and outbursts of emotions. Tim
Higgins - for the search for a “practical alternative”, for “social action
against capitalist institutions.”
More specific? From the student association hall, across the tiled
plaza, in front of the university library where students gathered for
their anti-war meetings, Tim leads us to 720 State Street, nervous as a
freshman about a test. A store is like a store. Medium size. Tall racks
up and down: walk and choose. Cash desk at the exit. Goods like
goods: cigarettes, toothpaste, thick socks and calico training shirts,
sneakers, books, university notebooks, records and much more, even
lecture notes, for $6 a set. The cashiers are students, but that’s no
difference either. Students work part-time wherever they have to: at
store checkout counters, in cafeterias, at gas stations. A very young
girl taxi driver drove us from the airport. Here the state university, and
not a private one, means it is cheaper, but even a native of Wisconsin,
for whom the authorities pay three-quarters of the tuition fee, needs
about 2 and a half thousand dollars a year for study and living.
What is unusual about this Store - with a capital letter? Principle.
Non-profit Wisconsin Student Association Store. They don’t make a
profit as a matter of principle, the income goes only to expand
turnover and provide modest salaries to enthusiastic sellers. Giving up
profits makes it possible to lower prices. The markup against the
wholesale price is on average 10 percent, and in neighboring, regular
stores - from 40 to 80.
The Store Director is young and shaggy. Student. His name is
David. Sitting at the director's desk in the basement, David talks about
principle and how difficult it is to defend. The merchants neighbors on
State Street are hostile, the wholesalers who sell goods to the Store
look askance... Although the Store is more than two years old and its
doors are open to everyone, not just students, the mass citizen buyer
does not know about it, about its cheapness, about its the noble
principle of non-profit. And shaggy David has no time to learn.
But... “By its existence and its actions, the Store teaches that there
is no need to rely on a system of private enrichment and exploitation
of man by man... Our Store represents a political organization, for in a
corrupt, profit-based society, economic power is equal to political
power... We are talking about establishing control over State Street,
about finding an alternative to the corrupt system, about uniting
students... We dream of a world without war, discrimination, hunger...”
This is from the unique, so to speak, Store Declaration of the
Wisconsin Student Association. We received a copy of the declaration
- campaigning is no less important than trade.
Listening to Tim and David, reading the declaration, I thought: of
course, this young declamation and ardent linking of a non-profit store
with great principles is naive. In this case, even the famous American
enterprise looks naive, demanding quick results and therefore
immediately translating principles into practice - with the danger of
compromising the principles with hasty practice. Nevertheless, is
there a movement of time in the anti-capitalist direction of student
searches? Previously, the student entered the shopping area of State
Street as a buyer from the large and small shopkeepers located near
the university. Then, in the 60s, students took to State Street with
slogans for anti-war marches, and sometimes with cobblestones
against the mirrored storefronts, these closest manifestations of the
system. Now a student, politically active, goes to town with an anti-
capitalist sermon.
The university sends young politicians to the city, to the
municipality, and here is, perhaps, the most interesting of the new
meetings in Madison.
In the evening, under a light rain that ate up the wet snow that had
fallen on the sidewalks, we came to a house on Washington Street,
suggested by the old newspaperman John Hunter. I have only seen
houses like this in Eastern Kentucky, among unemployed miners. The
owner was young and frail, with a mustache and hairstyle slightly
resembling Gogol. The hostess is young and tall. In rich American
homes, a guest will be shown everywhere with pride, like a tour of a
museum. The owners would prefer not to show the poor house. By
showing, they will apologize. And there were no embarrassed
apologies. With a sweetheart, heaven and in a hut... If, moreover, there
is a common cause.
Paul Soglin began with business, as soon as he seated us at the
table in the kitchen, in front of large mugs of coffee brewed by his wife
Deyan. From a public matter. A 27-year-old guy in a frivolous pink shirt
and with dark, serious eyes is the third person in the city, after the
mayor and the chairman of the city council. He is a senior alderman
and a member of the city council. He was first elected in 1968. Then
concerned, well-meaning citizens called the mayor’s office: “Aren’t you
going to throw this mustachioed troublemaker to hell?” These citizens
saw him at anti-war, anti-government demonstrations. At the head of
the demonstrations. With his appearance and views, he shook all their
ideas about the foundations. Paul was then a fresh university
graduate, but he made his living driving a taxi.
The outraged citizens continued. The new mayor of Madison is no
less an opponent of Paul than the old one. But now it's easier. Now
out of 22 aldermen there are six like him. Two days before our
meeting there were elections, half of the city council was changing,
and the radicals taken together received more than half of all votes.
That evening, sitting at the kitchen table, Paul Soglin was in no
hurry. We drank coffee, listened to music (they even played “Kalinka”
for us, performed by the Alexander ensemble) Paul talked and talked.
The story began in 1967, when students created the group
“University Community Action” - for communication and joint actions
with the population, primarily with workers. The workers did not
believe them then, the students’ anti-war protests were considered a
whim, and the mayor fanned hostility. But the Vietnam War - this main
American educator of the 60s - was doing its job. In April 1968, there
was one unusual referendum in Madison, in which 40 percent of
voters (an unprecedented figure at that time) supported the unilateral
withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. It was then that Paul
was elected from the eighth district - despite local labor unions and,
alas, the liberal newspaper The Capitol Times. In 1969, another young
radical became an alderman, in 1970 two more, and in 1971 another.
The new aldermen began their attacks, shaking the usual balance
of power and influence. Paul Soglin founded the Madison Tenants
Union, which protects the rights and pockets of residents from the
tyranny of homeowners and land speculators. When a private bus
company went bankrupt in 1969, he led a public movement to have
the municipality buy the buses and keep them on the streets. When
the firefighters went on strike, Soglin was the first to support them. A
year later, when he was arrested at an anti-war demonstration, the
firemen's union posted bail to get the alderman out of jail. “That was
probably the beginning.” The beginning of the Turn to Trust.
Solidarity with city employees demanding higher wages and better
working conditions... Political resolution in the city council for the
immediate withdrawal of US troops from Indochina... Educational
resolutions not directly related to Madisonian affairs - in defense of
poor migrants, in defense of American Indians... Successfully resisted
businessmen who wanted to expand the "business center" by
demolishing part of the residential neighborhoods... The fight to
banish the car from State Street so that there would be a street in the
city where you can walk calmly, feeling like a person, and not captive
of cars and traffic lights...
“The population began to understand us,” Paul saw this as the
main achievement. “They are no longer afraid of us.” We have proven
that we stand for the interests of students, workers, and poor
residents. It was very difficult, but people realized that we not only talk,
but also act.
The “fathers” of the city associated with business, of course, are
not giving up their positions and are counterattacking. They labeled
the black alderman, postal worker Joe Thompson of the Wisconsin
Alliance, as a “red,” who is trying to unite workers, farmers and
students in the fight against racism and militarism. But Thompson
was re-elected. Soglin ran for a third term. At first he had no opponent
in his eighth district. Then the mayor persuaded the young - and stupid
- conservative Davidsader. Result? Davidsader received 293 votes,
Soglin - 2342. Paul was supported for the first time by the local
leadership of the AFL-CIO trade union. Trade unions no longer turn
away from radicals, and liberals in the council vote more often with
them than with conservatives, fearing to lose in the eyes of the voter...
I saw before me a smart and sober politician beyond his years.
And there was no shadow of boasting in his story, but underneath the
outer restraint beat the passionate excitement of a man who tried his
hand at a worthwhile task, with perseverance and patience overcame
the barriers of rejection and misunderstanding, and managed to
convince and lead others.
Listening to Paul, I wondered: where did you guys come from?
Where did they come from? Paul said it all comes from family. His
father, a Chicago mathematics teacher, during the McCarthy years
refused to sign the “loyalty oath” - he publicly disagreed with the ideas
of loyalty to America that Joseph McCarthy, having intimidated many,
introduced. The payback was a “black list”, lack of work, the family
was in poverty. And the mother? My earliest childhood memory is of 4-
year-old Paul being taken by his mother to the Hiroshima March. It
was 1949, and peace activists were collecting signatures on petitions
to ban atomic weapons. The father refused to sign the “loyalty oath”;
the mother signed the Stockholm Proclamation. Both valued their
honor and their signatures. And there was also the University of
Wisconsin with its liberal traditions. There, one professor was not
afraid to explain to students the truth about revolutionary Cuba when
American chauvinists were whipping up yet another hysteria around it.
And finally - Vietnam. Yes, Vietnam—we cannot do without it again in
our history. Paul Soglin was one of those young Americans for whom
the Vietnam War turned out to be a Rubicon and then they cast their
lot. Is it for life?..
4
In the summer of 1975, I arrived in Madison not from the south, as
the first time, and not from the east, as the second time, but from the
north, having visited the town of Appleton the day before, where old
paper mills and the Catholic cemetery of St. Mary's were located along
the banks of the Fox River . In a quiet and beautiful cemetery, in neatly
trimmed, very green grass, not standing out from the others, there is a
slab of gray marble next to the parent’s tombstones - the grave of
Joseph McCarthy.
On a gravestone nearby I read the epitaph: “A man does not truly
die unless he is forgotten.” True words. But how can one determine
whether he has been forgotten or not, if the deceased was a politician
who cast a long shadow? Forgotten or not forgotten Joseph
McCarthy? The Cross and Crescent newspaper in Appleton told me
that his supporters still gather at the cemetery on death anniversaries.
But the last time there were five of them, no more. So it's forgotten?
During the years of McCarthyism, this newspaper supported our fellow
countryman. Now he remembers the past critically. It was not without
difficulty that they found an escort for me - an employee who knew
where McCarthy’s grave was.
After the debunking of McCarthyism, another critical culmination
was the Watergate affair, which culminated in the resignation of
Richard Nixon. The first presidential resignation in American history.
As a young congressman and senator, Richard Nixon was a supporter
of Joseph McCarthy. Then his path was reflected in the evolution of
American politics and a number of politicians with all the difficulties,
zigzags, and contradictions. On the one hand, learning the lessons of
the long-term nuclear missile impasse, as well as the Indochina
adventure, this evolution pushed Richard Nixon, who became
president, to seek the normalization of American-Soviet relations and
to recognize the principles of peaceful coexistence. those processes
that in the early 70s were designated by the word - detente. On the
other hand, the initial, so to speak, data of his political career and
philosophy also made themselves felt. The Cold War tools, including
espionage and sabotage, brought to life by the needs of anti-
communism, were used against Democratic rivals with the knowledge
of the Republican president. Which ended with the thunderous
Watergate scandal.
Watergate, by the way, revived interest in McCarthyism. America
staged a kind of retrospective for itself, turning over and re-watching
the years of McCarthyism - in books and films, in the theater and on
television. Things were finally called by their proper names: courage,
cowardice, honesty, meanness. The togas of patriots were torn off
from the informers of those days. Joseph McCarthy no longer has
public defenders. The future is unlikely to have mercy on him. Perhaps
he is condemned irrevocably and in this sense forgotten. But no small
clarification is required: the feverish anti-communism of the
McCarthyite brand has been rejected, but the anti-communism of
other brands and other standards remains, listed among the
bourgeois recognized virtues. Doesn't this threaten new delirium under
new circumstances?..
This is what I could answer to the questions of Frank Church, an
employee of Cross and Crescent, who took me to the cemetery and
persuaded me to take a photo - what a photo scene! - at the grave of
Joseph McCarthy...
It's about a two-hour drive from Appleton to Madison. It was a
luxurious green July. After two weeks of rain, the weather was clear,
and nature had no interest in the cemetery on the banks of the Fox
River and the Watergate scandal, and farmers were lost in their fields
from sunrise to sunset.
Having rented a motel room on the outskirts, we drove to the
center, looking for the white dome of the Capitol. On this summer trip,
my wife, my daughter, a student at Moscow State University, and my
10-year-old son were with me. Straining my memory, I played the role
of a guide. State Street, with one end ending at the Capitol and the
other at the university. Cafeterias. The shops. Pharmacies. There were
new buildings at the university end. The unprofitable store with which
Tim Higgins and his comrades wanted to turn the local world upside
down has disappeared. The cars, which were never expelled,
remained.
The quiet and long July twilight reminded us of the north. On
campus, near the low parapet of the waterfront, students gazed in
fascination, as if for the first time, at Lake Mendota. Rowing and
sailing boats slid lazily along the gray water surface. The prohibited
motorboats did not disturb the late afternoon silence. There was a
young, dreamy sadness in the still air, which was disturbed only by
some company making noise on the wooden walkways leading from
the shore into the lake. Guys and girls jumped into the water in jeans
and shirts, and in their fun one could discern a drug-induced
madness...
The next morning, returning to the Capitol, I found the mayor's
office. The mayor's office occupied half a floor in one of the
administrative buildings. At the front door, there is a secretary's desk
as an information desk and as an observation post. Behind her, to the
right and to the left, there was a corridor along which business people
walked. In a small room on the left along the corridor sat another
secretary in charge of the mayor's office hours. And in the very corner
was the mayor’s cozy, solid office.
I came to the mayor for a reason. The mayor was an
acquaintance - Paul Soglin. Yes, he is the one. In 1968, they were
surprised how he managed to get into the city council. And in 1973, at
the age of 28, he was elected mayor of Madison, where 170 thousand
residents live. Re-elected in 1975. Easily. Have you stopped being
surprised? Are you used to it? Rated?
I learned about Paul Soglin's promotion in the spring of 1973 from
the newspapers. My friend was now labeled as a hippie mayor. I
followed the messages from Madison with redoubled interest. But
Madison is not New York or Chicago. Are there many sensations
there? Paul rarely appeared in newspapers. It was clear from the notes
that he remained true to himself. One day I learned that the mayor of
Madison had pointedly refused to accept a delegation from the puppet
regime of South Vietnam. Another time I came across a message that
his assistant, who flew to Cuba, handed Fidel Castro the key to the city
and a letter from the mayor inviting him to be Madison's guest when
Washington restored diplomatic relations with Cuba. In his new
position, Paul did not hesitate to express his likes and dislikes.
And here is a familiar young man. The same drooping mustache
and dark, calm eyes. The same lack of a tie. But he is collected and
businesslike. Not respectable, but serious, without feigned
importance, with the dignity of an official representing his city.
I began my questions to Paul Soglin with the fact that the story
of Paul Soglin is interesting for a journalist: the day before yesterday a
student and anti-war rebel, yesterday an alderman who outraged the
average person, and today he is the mayor. Moreover, he was re-
elected! Is this not a change in the mood of the masses - after all,
without the support of voters, Paul would not be sitting in this chair at
this desk?
Give a journalist a dramatic spring, but there are fewer secrets in
life than in detective novels. The young mayor's answer contained
numbers and shifts in numbers that make up the electoral struggle.
Unusual, though, in an unusual city with a strong university
community. In an unusual time, when in such centers of the anti-war
movement the left forces in the arena of municipal politics are taking
some revenge for their unfulfilled hopes of a breakthrough and
radically remaking society.
“You and I met in April 1972, and four months later I began to
seriously think about running for mayor,” Paul said. “They told me: it’s
possible that you will make a good mayor, but will you get a majority?”
can you win? We waited for the results of the presidential elections in
November 1972. George McGovern, who then opposed Richard Nixon
on a liberal platform - we supported him - was defeated everywhere in
the country, but went well in Madison. His majority could have gone to
me, and in December 1972 I announced my intention to run for office.
The trouble was that there were three of us challenging Bill Dyck, my
Conservative predecessor, from the left. And all three expected to
inherit McGovern's votes. I barely won the primary elections, by only a
thousand votes, mostly in the city center, around the university, due to
a large percentage of young people voting. I didn't have much support
at the time on the blue-collar East Side. After the primary, I expanded
my organization into three neighborhoods and three groups of people:
downtown students, then Democratic voters and everyone who
supported McGovern, and finally the unions, whose support we also
secured. For the voter, the main issue essentially came down to two
individuals, to two reputations - Bill Dyke and me. How conservative is
he? How radical am I? Apart from this, the only problem was the
problem of urban transport. He is against it. I am strongly for it. The
elections caused great excitement in the city. 78 thousand people -
never before have so many citizens taken part in the mayoral
elections. I won by a margin of three thousand votes. Back then, I won
a majority in only seven of the 22 constituencies, winning by decisive
margins in the city center. And this spring, when I was re-elected, in 21
of 22 districts. How can we explain this change? After all, I worked as
mayor for two years. The skeptics saw that the city had not collapsed,
that some of what I had done was not so bad...
“The city did not fall apart...” This disarmed the skeptics. Paul
correctly noted that most Americans do not have a clear ideology, but
they jealously and meticulously monitor the administrative abilities of
local authorities. Is the mayor capable of effectively managing city
affairs? This frightened many more than ideological hostility towards
yesterday's anti-war rebel. Now they were convinced that “the city did
not fall apart.” And not only. Paul listed the challenges and
achievements.
“We have significantly expanded urban transport,” says Paul
Soglin. “Our bus fare is 25 cents, which is inexpensive for America.”
It's 10 cents for old people and young people, and 10 cents for
everyone on weekends. The number of routes has been increased. We
purchased new buses. Public transport is now popular. On Saturday,
buses going to shopping centers are full. Five years ago this would
have been unimaginable.
— The second question is housing. Less has been done here,
municipal construction is proceeding very slowly... Some sites for
municipal houses were allocated 10-15 years ago, but nothing was
done on them. Over the past two years, we have moved things
forward. On one site, empty since 1960, they began to build 160
housing units (an American measure that includes both apartments in
multi-story buildings and single-family houses. - S.K.) for elderly
citizens. We are going to build houses for the disabled, everything
there will be adapted for people in wheelchairs. We will also build 170
units for low-income families. We provide loans for home renovations
to those who, due to low incomes, are denied loans by banks or given
at too high an interest rate. This year, for the first time, $180 thousand
were allocated to help kindergartens. These are not municipal
kindergartens - we don’t have those - but we find people capable of
caring for children, provide loans for the construction of premises, etc.
We also have a special fund from which we issue subsidies to various
organizations of residents - the elderly, low income families. This
program, I must say, is not liked by everyone, it is under attack...
Well, good start, Paul. The focus is good - to help the needy, the
poor, the old, the sick. The scale, however, is small. The numbers are
modest and it is difficult to make them different. Municipal housing
construction is a drop in the ocean of private housing construction. A
typical resident does not count on help from the authorities or on
cheap municipal housing. As a rule, he looks for a house or apartment
on the private market of supply and demand. Municipal land is also
just a touch in the picture of the dominance of private property. Mayor
Soglin does not hide this.
“The biggest problem is land speculation,” he explains. “In the 60s,
speculators inflated prices so much that it is now profitable to build on
land only what, one way or another, serves great wealth. Residents are
often unable to buy a plot of land for their own home and cannot use
the very expensive services of corporations that build houses on this
land. In a number of areas of the city, we are now trying to regulate the
use of land, thereby reducing its market value. It is not easy.
Corporations are suing the city. For example, on a disputed plot of
land they first wanted to build a hotel, and then, encountering
difficulties with financing, a luxury multi-storey residential building. We
told them: firstly, it’s next to the lake, and we don’t want big
construction there, and secondly, it’s in an area where there are only
low-rise buildings. Thus, we limited the type of development on this
land plot. This reduced its price and caused their anger, they are now
suing us...
We... They... New attempts to shake the economic and political
status quo. Four meetings with Madison, including correspondence—
are not four illustrations of these attempts? Publisher William Eview
remembered Bob La Follette's precepts: “Who will rule, wealth or man?
Who will occupy public positions—educated and free patriots or serf
servants of corporate capital?” Democracy, often spontaneous, local,
regional, is tenacious and indestructible in America. Mayor Paul Soglin
responds to Eview's question with practical action. But they are
stronger. Their interests are protected by the capitalist structure of
society. The municipal experiments of the mayor of Madison and his
like-minded people rest against the structure, like against a wall. Real
power is in the hands of capital, as are real levers of influence -
economic, financial. Soglin knows this. But the municipality doesn’t
have enough leverage. Under existing laws, city or state governments
can own no more than utility companies and residential buildings.
Banking, which is crucial in many ways, is closed to them.
“What we do is, of course, atypical,” says Paul, “but keep in mind
that we also have allied cities: Boulder in Colorado, Berkeley in
California, some cities in Vermont. There are people in the leadership
who came out of the anti-war movement... The trouble is that these
cities are isolated in their states, but the city depends on the state
authorities, who, by the way, determine the powers of the city
government. Rent control requires state approval. We can collect
taxes for the city treasury only with the permission of the State.
Hence, another difficult task is to achieve the adoption of laws that
expand the rights of cities...
As I listen to this analysis, I say to Paul Soglin: Young people like
you were once looked upon by many voters as idealists with their head
in the clouds, but now they see that you are very practical people. Is it
so? And how will you respond to reproaches from the other side: that
you are moving towards the center, that you are moving to the right?
Paul has an answer.
— You see, having decided to run for mayor, I thereby decided to
work within the existing system. This meant two things: first, we were
limited by state laws, and I simply refused to waste time on political
declarations unless they led to practical results. Secondly, being to the
left of the majority in my views, I, as mayor, must still express the
position of the majority. For example, I cannot nationalize or
municipalize a meat processing plant. I'm not Don Quixote. I'm dealing
with real situations and real problems. As for the first part of your
question, this is apparently the most important thing that we have
proven to others: people considered leftists have administrative
abilities and can manage. I hoped to convince the people of Madison
that I could handle the responsibilities of mayor. It seems that this
hope has come true...
As a practitioner, brought forward by the specific tide of social life,
he does not forget about the ebb and flow. The decline is in the new
generation of students. They withdrew into themselves and moved
away from politics. The main thing for them is not to be left without
work. They still vote for Paul Soglin, but less actively. It is unclear to
him how their moods will develop.
I tell the student of the day before yesterday that, in my opinion,
American youth are practical and pragmatic even in their idealism,
that the student movements that I observed in America were closely
related to certain problems: black civil rights, the Vietnam War. If the
problems disappear or lose their urgency, the student movement also
dries up, proving that it is concerned with the diseases of society, but
not with the causes that give rise to these diseases. Can a mass
student movement be revived around the economic issues that are
most pressing today?
Paul does not undertake to answer this question.
We parted with the 30-year-old mayor on the note: we'll wait and
see. On questions facing the future: what will happen in five years?
what will happen in ten? Will I ever go to Madison again? Will I find
Paul Soglin in this office? Hardly. In America, people don't stay in one
place.
By the way, in parting, remembering how his parents were
persecuted during the McCarthy years, I asked what was happening to
them now. Alive. Healthy. They work there, in Chicago: their father is
an assistant professor of mathematics, their mother is a teacher in an
elementary school. They were very active in protests against the
Vietnam War.
— They are probably proud of their son?
“There is no conflict between generations in our family,” Paul
said, not without pleasure. And, perking up, as people do when a long
conversation is coming to an end and when it’s time to end it with
something that is not directly related to its topic, he asked me:
— By the way, did I tell you the story of my grandfather?
I replied that I did not remember this story.
— Really? - Paul exclaimed with annoyance. “After all, my
grandfather is from Russia.” And it all started with the fact that in
1906 he was distributing leaflets near some theater... But,
unfortunately, I don’t know the name of the city where it was...
Paul made a polite effort, as if straining his memory, but you
can’t remember what you don’t know.
— Somewhere close to Poland...
There were huge gaps in the family history. But the more valuable
were the facts preserved by time.
— He was a cabinetmaker, a furniture maker. And the leaflets
called for the overthrow of the tsarist government. Someone handed
him over to the police along with his comrades. And my grandfather
had no choice but to leave Russia for America...
This happened back in the years of the first Russian revolution.
And nothing in the American Paul Soglino betrayed his Russian roots.
Nothing. Except, perhaps, the desire to meet a person from Russia and
tell him about life in Madison, Wisconsin, on the isthmus of two
beautiful lakes with the Indian names Monona and Mendota.
DONKING NEAR HOUSTON
The plane is flying from Washington to Houston, Texas. My
neighbor on the right, an elderly man, with a sharp nose, with the
yellowness of illness and fatigue on his face, carelessly crumpled his
checkered jacket on his knees, put a bag of papers in his seat pocket
and, before the “air” lunch, ordered the flight attendant two scales of
Scotch whiskey at once. I'm trying to guess what business he's flying
to Houston for. And the third one in our half-row, young and rosy-
cheeked? He has a book in his hand, and he ordered only one scale.
There are many passengers in the Boeing 707; behind the high back of
each seat, someone’s head can be seen either on the side or on top.
And everyone, of course, goes about their business. My business, I
think, is perhaps the most unusual: I’m flying 2 thousand kilometers,
from Washington to Houston, to look at the people who flew there
from Moscow, 11 thousand kilometers away, to prepare for a meeting
that should take place at an altitude of 200 extra kilometers above
planet Earth.
Then, I think, at that moment, calculated in advance to the minute,
and this man who happened to be a neighbor with the yellowness of
illness on his face, and the rosy-cheeked young man, and the Mexican
woman, who, sitting across the aisle, strokes her little son with a
loving gaze, - All of us, putting aside our affairs for a moment, will
become witnesses of their date. And we will all be surprised and think.
“We were born to make a fairy tale come true...” - this is what was
sung in a cheerful old pre-war song. And fairy tales become everyday
life, which is no longer surprising. After the landing of living Americans
on the Moon and Soviet automatic stations on Mars, which earthling
would be surprised by a two-day meeting in low-Earth orbit? And this
one, being prepared in Houston, surprises. It is surprising that it is
Soviet-American. The rivals decided to cooperate. Their docking is a
detente in space. This is politics combined with science - and in the
aura of poetry and dreams. The thought, naive and great, will not leave
us in those days when three Americans and two Russians will look at
the Earth from their temporary common space home: that each
person has only one mother, and we all have only one home - the
Earth. So beautiful, so peaceful when viewed from there, from space.
So beautiful and peaceful that it is worth preserving for us and our
children, for future generations...
I'm flying to Houston. The height is only 11 kilometers, which
cannot be compared with cosmic heights beyond the boundaries of
gravity, but how long ago even only a few, only test pilots, climbed into
these stratospheric kilometers at the risk of their lives? Now they have
been mastered by millions, and passengers pay zero attention to flight
attendants showing where to remove and how to put on an oxygen
mask in case...
Below us, the state of Mississippi is slowly rolling back,
compressed by speed and altitude: a powerful highway with a median
looks from above like two taut strings that silently hum below with the
double basses of heavy trailers, the great river that gave its name to
the state slowly meanders like a thick yellow boa constrictor across
the empty February land and leaves to the south, under white cirrus
clouds. Following the Mississippi, the Texas land masses come
towards the plane, and finally, on approach to Houston, the Gulf of
Mexico lies on the horizon as a large flat puddle.
For the United States, Houston Airport is the airborne gateway to
South America. It proudly calls itself intercontinental. The Spanish
language intrudes into signs and radio announcements, wide straw
circles of Mexican sombreros move among cowboy hats, hats, of
course, pulled down on the heads of lanky, whitish gringos, and under
the sombreros are squat, dark-faced descendants of Spaniards and
Indians.
But I don’t stay long at the airport. The center where astronauts
train is located in the Houston suburb of ClearLake City. Air taxis go
there from the airport.
It's getting dark. A beautiful crimson sunset stretches across the
lilac sky. A small white taxi plane, shaking and creaking, flies over a
sea of sparkling and winking Houston lights. Houston is the sixth
most populous city in America.
At the mini-airfield, our air taxi taxis to the mini-station. Having
picked up their briefcases and suitcases from the luggage cart, fellow
travelers immediately disappear into the waiting cars, and I am left
alone with a powerful young black man - the only client of the only taxi
driver in Clear Lake City. He takes me, and I see how the southern
sunset is already burning out in a narrow strip over the flat land. The
road is fast, there are few buildings on the sides. This desolation
makes the sunset even more attractive.
Having tuned in to upcoming meetings and conversations, at first
you perceive everything on this piece of earth as the threshold of
space, only the black silhouette of a rocket is missing from the
crimson stripe of the sky. But the silhouettes of rockets are visible not
in the Texas sky, but in the Florida sky. The spaceport is located there,
at Cape Canaveral. Here, near Houston, astronauts just prepare for
their flights and live here with their families. The Mission Control
Center is also located here...
Why here? Why is the Space Center named after Lyndon Johnson,
who rotated only in purely political orbits? President Lyndon Johnson
was from Texas, and this was the starting point of his career. It was
Texas voters who sent him first to the House of Representatives and
then to the US Senate, where in the 50s, under Republican President
Eisenhower, he became a kind of counterbalance to the White House,
a powerful leader of the Senate majority, which belonged to the
Democrats. When Democrat John Kennedy was elected president,
Lyndon Johnson became vice president and in this capacity, from the
early 60s, oversaw the implementation of the American space
program. American politicians lure and thank their voters with tidbits
of federal programs, orders, and appropriations. Johnson gave the
Texans the Space Center, which was founded near Houston in 1961.
“And fame is not a stale commodity,” noted the Russian poet. But
for Texans, the Space Center meant, above all, new jobs, salaries and
profits. Even in the mid-70s, when appropriations for space research
were severely cut by Congress, the center provided jobs to 10
thousand people, which equated to one hundred and fifty million
dollars a year in total salaries from the state treasury, and under these
millions - the prosperity of local trade, the service sector, housing and
other construction.
On the flat land where the Space Center was created, until
recently bulls were grazed, cowboys were running around in their
stirrups, there was someone's ranch. Then the land, bought for future
use by the private Rice University, lay empty. Now the town of Clear
Lake City. The most standard American suburban set, as if made from
children's blocks: the gray building of the Holiday Inn motel, under the
tiled roof the squat food unit of Shaky's Pizza, in two red welcome
half-arches the curved emblem of the McDonald's cafeteria - from the
high-speed conveyor food corporation, which has numbers next to it
with a welcome logo reports that throughout America and the world it
has already sold one and a half dozen billion cheap cutlets -
hamburgers and cheeseburgers.
One of the cubes under the Texas moon, which has already
floated into the clear purple sky as the night shift of sunset, is the
Sheraton Kings Motel. Light two-story buildings with galleries echo the
architecture of Mexico and remind us of the unbearable summer heat.
Lawns also turn green in February. They bear thick skittles of palm
trees with fans of long, stiff leaves. Yes, February. But in the south...
The water in the outdoor swimming pool sparkles invitingly.
I made all the necessary inquiries in advance, called from
Washington, I know that people from Moscow, our cosmonauts, were
staying at the Sheraton Kings. But the young woman at the front desk,
without blushing or blinking an eye, says that there were no gentlemen
with the indicated names at the motel. Must be a precaution. Not
superfluous, considering the surprises that America, and especially
Texas, are rich in. A correspondent's ID and appeals to the elderly
administrator do not help. I look for Russian faces - in the lobby, bar,
restaurant. I do not see. Is it really possible that the evening will be
wasted while searching?
However, taking pity, the administrator brings a man in a black
leather jacket to me. A wide, completely Russian face. Quite stocky in
Russian, he introduces himself in pure Russian: “Translator Lavrov.”
He undertakes to help, makes a phone call somewhere, and suddenly
says to someone: “Mr. Leonov...” Yes, Russian, but with an American
passport, not from Moscow, but from Seattle. And on the business
card it’s not Lavrov, but Lavroff with a Russian surname, altered for
American ears. But his American name sounds downright Derzhavin -
Ross.
Ross hands the phone to me and introduces himself to Leonov.
They are here in the hotel, and very close. On the first floor. The door,
as Leonov says, is from the street. I'm knocking. And he opens it
himself, Alexey Leonov. I see Valery Kubasov at the door of the
adjacent room. Both are at home, in blue tracksuits.
When you first see famous, famous people in absentia, you begin
by involuntarily comparing “life” with photographs. Then the living
person in front of you breaks away from his images that you saw
before, and your own consciousness begins to independently evaluate
and judge him. Another high-speed camera starts working - your own
brain, taking thousands of snapshots and intricately pasting them into
a memory album.
What remains in my memory in these photographs is the pallor of
Leonov’s face, characteristic of red-haired people, light, mischievous,
fearless eyes, a bald skull and the strong chest of an athlete. And
mobility, liveliness that is difficult to grasp. Some kind of sharp and,
however, elusive change in facial and eye expressions. Kubasov, on
the contrary, has an immobility in his posture and face, his gaze is
concentrated, intent, and somewhat heavy. They are almost the same
age, but Leonov looks older. Both, of course, are big guys, in excellent
athletic shape. Looking closely at their appearance and behavior, you
remember the ancient: “A healthy mind in a healthy body.”
Both have been there. In March 1965, Leonov made the first space
walk in history - a walk into outer space. Kubasov had a five-day flight
on Soyuz-6 in October 1969. But on a February evening in 1975, in a
motel near Houston, in front of a Soviet correspondent they did not
know, they are simple.
I write about their simplicity with caution, fearing a stupid,
apologetic emotion only in children: oh, he is so famous, but so simple
and, standing next to him on the ground, he is no taller than me. In
such tenderness, it seems to me, there is a belittlement of simplicity.
There is no need to simplify it, simplicity. Not the simplicity that is
stupid or, as the proverb goes, worse than theft, but true simplicity is a
very complex concept. It is not just a lack of posturing, nor a
condescending concession of celebrity to “ordinary people.” High
simplicity is an indicator of a mature mind and a mature worldview,
When a person understands that even rare, great people are just
Words and lines on an endless scroll that fills humanity, moving
through years, centuries and millennia. Ultimately, such simplicity is
the sister of wisdom, that is, a person’s ability, without exalting or
belittling himself, to establish precise relationships with himself, with
other people, with the whole universe.
There is much purely emotional in admiration for the cosmonauts
and their deeds: we have not been there and will not be there, this is
not given to us. In our eyes, they are extraordinary virtuosos, although
this virtuosity is of a special, not just personal nature, it is provided by
two huge states. With our heads thrown back, we look at these
tightrope walkers from the era of the scientific and technological
revolution.
And I had the opportunity to be close to them, close, and you see -
this is a profession. Like any profession, work. Like any work - mostly
everyday, menial work.
The bus leaves Sheraton Kings at 8.10 am. After having a
bachelor's breakfast, they leave their rooms a little early. I'm hurrying
to the bus too. Even without hearing Russian speech, you can
immediately distinguish them from the Americans in this Houston
suburb - by their habits, gestures, figures, posture, even by the way
they cluster together, how they squint and bask in the sun with the
special pleasure of people from the North who know how to
appreciate warmth in February.
I enter this rare society on earth, I shake their strong hands. I also
get acquainted with the second crew of the Soyuz - Anatoly
Vasilyevich Filipchenko and Nikolai Nikolaevich Rukavishnikov.
Filipchenko is indestructibly strong and calm. Rukavishnikov is
mocking and sarcastic. They visited space twice, the last time testing
the Soyuz, modified for docking with the Americans. And two more
crews of the Soyuz, young people who have not yet been there, but
should eventually visit. Also simple and without pose. However, it
cannot be otherwise. An astronaut cannot be distinguished from a
methodologist or ground-based specialists. They are all like links in a
single working chain. Our group is headed by pilot-cosmonaut
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov. Already a general, but like the
others, in civilian clothes. With the same big yellow pass on the lapel
of his jacket. Looking younger Easy. And he jokes too...
Once seated on the bus, they count heads. All 19 are assembled.
And three more translators from Russian Americans and a black driver
who understands only one Russian word, made famous by Gagarin:
“Let's go!”
Let's go. Outside the windows of the bus is America - with its cars
and houses, with the special clarity of its lines. Soviet cosmonauts are
going to work in America!
A few minutes later the bus stops at the checkpoint. The
American guard nods: “Pass through!” Three-story, with large windows
and gray walls, Building N2 4. Glass doors. Elevator. Near the elevator,
conspicuously, sticking out from everything else, from the usual, there
is a thick tin box with a lock on it, a slot in the lid, like in a mailbox, an
amazing inscription: “Only for secret trash.” A yellow sign warns that
unauthorized persons are not allowed to enter the third floor. I am still
an outsider and therefore I go to get a pass to Building 2, where the
press service of the Space Center is located.
This center looks like some American university town, brand new,
with a pond and lawns that cut the diagonals of paths, but not yet
managed to acquire academic groves and ivy, that sign of antiquity
and respectability creeping along the walls. One hundred numbered
buildings made of identical gray granite-like walls and large windows.
Economical state-owned modernism is not beautiful, but it is
comfortable and durable.
No fences are visible. Entry to the territory is free. Space
museum? Please. Cafeteria? You can also come in, and at the next
table the same soup from a can and a slice of roast beef in brown
gravy will be consumed before your eyes by some famous astronaut.
If you wish him bon appetit, you can even get his autograph. There are
no partitions in the cafeteria.
But what about the secrets of space and the state? They exist, and
they are observed. There is nothing surprising or strange in the
amazing box with a lock placed in the elevator: Americans simply
guard their secrets in their own way. It is not the territory of the center
that is closed, but only some buildings; other buildings have closed
floors and corridors. The explanation for all this is this: the American
taxpayer, whose dollars fund the American space program, wants to
see where they are spent whenever possible.
A taxpayer and a journalist, including a foreign one, enter Building
N2 without a pass, the Taxpayer will be provided with brochures
proving that the dollar works and is not wasted, and the journalist will
be allowed to see a rich photo library, where he can select what he
needs from the cosmic chronicle.
I came out of there with a pass tag on my chest, where there were
two words: temporary and press. Jack Riley, a veteran of the space
press service, came out with me, a kind, helpful and obliging person,
as I was convinced.
With a tag - and with Jack Riley - the third floor of Building N2 4
was opened for me. An ordinary service corridor. The secretaries
smile helpfully. There are nameplates at the doors.
Young... Cernan... These rose from desks behind the doors to fly
around the Moon together on Apollo 1O in May 1969 and then
separately (Apollo 16 and Apollo 17) on the Moon walk around, see
from there the Earth the size of a fist and, after an endless cosmic
night, splash into the Pacific wave in the unheard-of exultation of
return.
Stafford... Brand... Slayton... They will meet there with Leonov and
Kubasov... Vance Brand and Dick Slayton have not flown yet, but
Brigadier General Thomas Stafford is a space veteran: three flights,
five space dockings, 290 hours, orbits around the Moon in the
company of Young and Cernan. Bean... Lusma... Evans... Second
Apollo crew. Alan Bean and Jack Lousma spent 59 days on the Skylab
orbital station. Ronald Evans circled the moon.
On the same signs at the doors are four familiar names in Latin
letters: Leonov, Kubasov, Filipchenko, Rukavishnikov. And again -
astronauts and desks. Heroes and office! Yes, and in space you
cannot hide from papers, because space does not tolerate
improvisation. Everything is scheduled and recorded. Glistening with
the gloss of its cardboard cover, a brick containing almost a thousand
pages of typewritten text lies on Kubas’s desk. Page in Russian. Page
in English. A detailed sequence of hundreds and thousands of work
operations during a joint flight of two days, divided into minutes and
seconds. (Later, on television screens, we will see volumes floating
weightless in space—bricks of instructions—in the cramped spaces of
their cabins.)
The room is empty. Only trousers, shirts, jackets hang on the
backs of chairs. This means that the inhabitants, dressed in space
robes, left. Don't expect them until lunch. On the chalkboard there is a
schedule: Building N35, training on the CM (command module) and
SM (docking module).
On the tables are stacks of letters from autograph lovers. The
closer to the flight, the more letters. Fame pursues and sometimes
pesters them.
I first visited the space center near Houston back in November
1964. Then he was not so great and famous. The Americans had only
about 54 flight hours in space, in low-Earth orbits. They closely and
jealously followed Soviet achievements. Paul Haney, the center's
press secretary, admitted this to us at the time. The space museum,
rather empty, was shown to us by astronaut Scott Carpenter. He
mentioned that he kept a souvenir from German Titov - a bottle of
liqueur in the shape of a porcelain penguin. In those years, space
cooperation between the two countries almost boiled down to the
exchange of souvenirs.
Now the Americans have something to show. Almost 2 thousand
hours on the Gemini program, 7 and a half thousand on the Apollo
program, half a dozen moon landings. Three crews spent more than
12 thousand hours in the Skylab space laboratory. And all their work
there, day and night, was directed from Building N2 30, where the
Mission Control Center is located.
In the working hall of the Center, rows of consoles rise like an
amphitheater. The entire front wall is occupied by a large green-light
screen, which depicts the contours of the earth's hemispheres and
smooth curves of orbits. On flight days, this hall, well known from
television reports, is filled with dozens of concentrated men without
jackets, and honored guests watch their work from the gallery, sitting
in red chairs. Modern sanctuary. The guests of honor have high ranks
and loud titles, but they all somehow fade away before the greatness
of a person working in the transcendental elements of space.
We saw the hall resting from its work. Only the huge green-light
screen glowed mysteriously and the counting of seconds continued -
in Greenwich - on the hour board.
And in the space museum, occupying the most prominent place, a
giant cuttlefish on four legs, wrapped in purple foil from the merciless
rays of the sun, stood an exact copy of the modules that descended to
the surface of the Moon. Like last year's clothes of a rapidly growing
baby, the museum is now out of size for new space activities. Not a
Saturn 5 rocket will fit under its ceiling; which launched a dozen
Apollos into orbit, nor the Skylab space laboratory.
A life-size replica of Skylab is located in another building.
Compared to everything that has been in space so far, these are truly
mansions - about 40 meters long and weighing 100 tons. In the main
working and residential parts, the “ceiling” is 9 meters. Taking
advantage of weightlessness, you can set world records for high
jumps. In the film about Skylab, which I watched in the museum’s
cinema hall, I was struck by how three astronauts cheerfully chase
each other before going to bed. Along a round wall. Under the ceiling.
Like naughty children.
Like children... This is not a random image. Remember the first
television footage of a man on the surface of the Moon? With his
space suit, clumsiness, and timid steps, he resembled a child whose
loving parents, having wrapped his head up, released him into the
fierce frost. Angrier than any frost is the indifferent alienation of the
cosmos. Isn’t it like a child’s game to go (or swim) to visit, provided for
by the joint experimental flight program - from a Soviet ship to an
American one, from an American one to a Soviet one? But these are
the very grandfather of games, the great games from the cosmic
childhood of humanity. In space, a person discovers the world in the
same way as in childhood - a world that is unfamiliar, attractive and
somewhat scary. Not without the loving tenderness characteristic of
our view of children, we look at cosmonauts and astronauts. But in
this look there is no all-round experience and condescension of adults,
just as there is no wise adulthood in space exploration. Everything is
new here for everyone. The first handfuls from the cosmic abyss.
John Young has been there four times, most recently with the
moon landing. On the third floor his office is larger than others. Young
leads the entire 33-person team of American astronauts, preparing
them for a new stage, for the space shuttle, a reusable spaceplane.
Slim, of average height, wearing a dark blue blazer, he looked
more like a youthful professor than a professional pilot. He became an
astronaut from a naval pilot background. Restrained. A bit dry. The
Soviet correspondent on this closed third floor was very unusual for
him.
When you meet a man who walked on the Moon, you cannot resist
asking what his lunar impressions were, although you know very well
that he was probably bored with this question thousands of times. But
he still answers, rather dryly and restrainedly. And the strongest of his
epithets is interesting, interesting.
— The Moon itself is a very interesting planetary body... The area
in which we landed was very, interesting, like a plateau...
— Because of its atmosphere, the Earth looks very blue... A very
blue planet... Without a telescope or television, you can’t distinguish
the details...
I can’t resist asking him the second question that bothers him.
— Did your views on life change after that, after you saw the Earth
so small?
John Young laughs.
“Well, it’s not that small,” he answers. “When, having been on the
Moon, you approach the Earth, it is a rather large planet.” As for
outlook on life, I don’t know. I don't think they have changed. In any
case, I don’t notice any big changes. I do the same work I did before I
was there. Still interested in the problems I was interested in...
He carefully avoids expressions like: “When I was on the Moon...”
Apparently out of modesty, not wanting to emphasize the truly cosmic
distance between himself and his interlocutor.
— Of course, it was very interesting, excitingly interesting. I
wouldn't trade this experience for a billion dollars. After all, you can
read a lot of books about how many light years are to this or that star,
but it’s a completely different matter when you go to see it with your
own eyes and it takes you two and a half days to get there, and two
and a half to return, and you are very dependent on the normal
operation of technology... All this is quite interesting.
— What struck you most?
His answer is characterized by the precision and efficiency of an
American who merged with technology in the second half of the
twentieth century.
This is a very hostile place for human activity, says Young, but you
can get out of there safely... If, of course, you know what to do, and if
the technology does not let you down. Without the Earth, without the
environment that exists here, they won’t last long...
I ask for an autograph as a souvenir. From the desk drawer, with a
familiar gesture, he takes out his color photographic postcard and in
his round, beautiful handwriting he habitually writes: “With best
wishes, John Young. Apollo 10, Apollo 16.
In the photograph, he childishly stretches his neck out of the
round collar of his white spacesuit. There is a smile on the face.
Behind her are two flags - the American national flag and NASA flag.
He touched the globe with the fingers of his left hand, as if resisting
the desire to spin it. The globe does not have the familiar outlines of
continents and oceans. This is a lunar globe...
By one o'clock in the afternoon they return from training. Dapper
overalls flash in the third floor corridor. The Soviet coat of arms and
the American flag on the work clothes of cosmonauts and astronauts
distinguish them as statesmen engaged in international affairs.
Having changed clothes, they turn into ordinary people and go to the
cafeteria opposite Building No. 4...
Tall, bald General Stafford with a pale face and a light, non-general
gait. The gray hedgehog and sunken cheeks of Deke Slayton - he is
already over fifty, the oldest in age, he was once expelled from the
astronaut team for health reasons, but managed to get stronger and
recover. The strong, ax-hewn face and round, as if surprised, eyes of
Vance Brand.
Once you are admitted to the third floor, talking to them is not a
task. True, their answers are short. “Okay...”, “Okay...” Interviewing
journalists is also part of the job, but it seems to be one where they
save time and effort. At the same time, ours flaunt the English
language, the Americans flaunt Russian. In general, another language
is the most difficult element of preparing for a joint flight, as well as a
hobby and almost childish fun. And salvation from journalists is two or
three phrases in another language, and bribes are smooth.
In Stafford's small, oblong office, the walls are covered with
honorary diplomas and certificates from scientific and semi-scientific,
military and semi-military organizations - from the Astronautical
Association to the League of Friends of Firefighters. Stafford is a
brigadier general in the US Air Force, but like other astronauts, you
won’t see him in military uniform; he likes light, spacious suits.
Businesslike and friendly. Making a decision, pondering the phrase, he
slightly purses his lips, and at that moment something simple, from a
skilled craftsman, is written on his face, something like: “The matter
will not be ours! Rest assured". The general speaks Russian bravely,
badly and very funny.
Having seated me at the table, he asks:
— Will they answer in Russian or English?
— As you wish?
“It’s better in English,” he decides, switching to English. “To say
more.”
But he still says little.
“After the long and tedious work we have done, I am now
confident that the flight will be very successful.” Both crews, as well as
the ships, are ready to fly. This flight will lay the foundation for new
efforts by our two countries both in space and on Earth.
I ask him if there is a difference between the preparation for this
flight and for other flights in which the general had to participate.
“The only difference,” Stafford answers confidently, is the
international nature of the flight, the work of crews with different
languages.
— Were there any psychological difficulties?
— None!
I hear the same from Brand, although he is not so categorical:
— Of course, our systems are very different, but in human
qualities there are more similarities than differences. The main
problem is to learn the language. As for the profession, we have a lot
in common, there were no problems at all...
Even in this select group of physically and mentally ideal people,
Vance Brand is like a god of health and a walking advertisement for
excellent fitness. Sometimes he runs seven kilometers during his
lunch break... instead of having lunch. When he laughs, looking at his
interlocutor with round, naive eyes, it seems that this health is bursting
out of him in bubbles of laughter. Our Vance was converted into
Vanechka.
“The most pleasant thing,” says Vanechka with the face of a
Viking and the eyes of a surprised child, “is working with your
cosmonauts, joking, pranking each other.” And to feel that together we
are doing something for the world...
I find Leonov alone in the room. He sits at the table, pushing a
stack of letters towards him. He takes another letter from the stack
and cuts it. He looks at it briefly. He signs expansively on sent return
envelopes with stamps attached - the Americans have a well-
organized business of collecting autographs. Following...
He looks tired. Autographs are also part of the job. If you write a
play about the preparation of ASTP (the Apollo-Soyuz experimental
flight), then the action in it should be interspersed with periodic
appearances on the third floor of couriers - with stacks of letters, with
piles of large photographs and posters; Seeing them, ASTP
participants interrupt all other activities, take out black markers from
their desk drawers and dutifully write autographs.
Nodding, Alexey Arkhipovich invites me to start reading the
letters. While talking, he continues to sign his name in a sweeping,
large manner.
The letters contain not only requests for autographs.
Writes one John Evangelist from Dover, New Jersey: “I welcome
you again to the United States... All of us in America look forward to
your flight as a great event...”
David Redshaw from New York: "I'd like to invite you both to lunch
any day you're in the New York area..."
Tracy Naus from Nashville, Tennessee: “I will be flying to Cape
Canaveral in July to watch the launch and I am confident that your
flight will be a great success...”
From Florida... From Colorado... West Germany.. France... There
are at least a hundred letters on the table...
Fame is work. It is the right of strangers to encroach on your time.
Leonov sorts the mail patiently and quickly. Sitting opposite, I
again catch myself with a boyish feeling of tenderness from being
close to a man whose autographs are being sought and whom the
whole world will soon be looking at. Leonov probably guesses about
this - I’m not the first and I won’t be the last with this feeling.
By the way, how does he remember those first 12 minutes in outer
space?
He looks at me with mischievous eyes:
— And it’s as if it never happened.
I love this rollicking response. After all, these minutes were so
long ago. And there were only 12 of them. They went through such
tension. And so often later I had to talk about them. The spontaneity
of the impression has long been erased. And the memory, having
become common, seemed to cease to be its own.
“Now I’m watching this film, and I still want to say to myself: “Well,
come on, get out quickly. What are you waiting for?
After five o'clock they are back at the motel, on the highway, in the
middle of the evening boredom of the American suburbs. They don’t
have cars, and without wheels it’s like being without hands. During the
day - requests for autographs as evidence of attention, in the evening -
languid hours of loneliness in a foreign country, a reflection of
someone else's life on a television screen. Sometimes other
entertainment.
At dusk a bus arrives. Everyone is invited to an American house
for a party and they take me along too.
Left behind is the neon of commercial signs. We are rushing
somewhere in the dark. Then the bus stops. In the illuminated
rectangle of the door, an unfamiliar couple is the owner and mistress
of the house. Snack tables. Bar with drinks. Lively, small crowd.
It turns out that the owner is a representative of the Felco Ford
corporation, which supplies equipment for the Space Center. Getting
along with the heroes of space is part of his everyday duties, but I now
notice in him the same feeling of tenderness, of involvement in
something lofty, which I myself could not get rid of, sitting opposite
Leonov. Still would! He gathered all ASTP participants under his roof.
And not only them. Here is the artistic Eugene Cernan - one of those
who walked on the moon. Here is the wife of James Lovell, from the
crew of Apollo 8, which first flew around the moon. Lovell is now
president of a marine tug company in Houston.
A rare society! And the party is the most ordinary. Snacks are
placed on plates at the tables. They jingle pieces of ice in glasses
while sipping cocktails. A very ordinary party, although local
businessmen and their wives were extremely flattered. I discover that
the space English language that our astronauts mastered is not very
suitable for small talk...
We say goodbye in two hours. The hostess and the owner see off
the guests at the open door. It's fresh and quiet outside. The
neighboring houses are hidden by trees and darkness. The Americans
leave, each couple in their own car, and we walk in a crowd to the bus.
And again, the collective jokes of the Russian people, the collective
jokes about how they fed us and how they gave us something to drink.
And in the purple sky the Moon floats like a boat, beautiful, distant,
romantic. And again you think: after all, out of the whole world, which
the poets called sublunary, only in this place live several people who
have been there. I wonder with what eyes Eugene Cernan looks at the
Moon, having just slammed the door of his car and driven home?
— Alexey Arkhipovich, at what stage are preparations for the joint
flight now?
— We can say that basically all the work is done. There's only one
thing left to do - polishing. Upon returning home, we will work in our
complex simulators, the American astronauts will work here. In June
we will have a test session with a state exam, where we must show
the level of our qualifications and competence in the Soyuz and Apollo
spacecraft and report on the flight program. I think we will take part of
the exam in English... In addition, at the end of June we are planning
complex training: It will take two days. We will only leave the gym to
sleep. We will completely lose our upcoming work: two days before
docking, two days jointly with the Americans, another two days of
independent flight. The joint plot will especially be lost. There is a leak
test and transitions from ship to ship. During this training, all kinds of
emergency situations will be simulated. Our task is to cope with them.
— What have you done at this stage? During this visit to Houston?
“We have a complete understanding of what American astronauts
are doing on their ship and what we will do with them. We learned how
to independently control their docking module in case of an accident
and independently transfer from one ship to another. This is very
important — it’s someone else’s car. We have mastered all actions in
case of unforeseen circumstances, such as depressurization of the
Apollo spacecraft and docking module, depressurization of the
second tunnel, or fire. As of today, the joint flight segment does not
raise any questions for us...
Leonov and I are talking in the library on the same third floor. Jack
Riley brought us here. This is no longer the conversation that we had
in a motel room, on a bus, in the astronauts’ office. It's an interview,
and there's a portable microphone on the table between us. However,
Leonov’s microphone does not bother him at all.
— Alexey Arkhipovich, if you look back at that time; When the idea
of a joint flight had just arisen, when there were only the first contacts
with American astronauts, what would you now highlight as the
greatest achievements, difficulties overcome, problems solved?
“The first meeting, not only with people from another state, but
also in our own, is, of course, just a preliminary meeting,” Leonov
answers. “We saw each other for the first time, we knew what the task
was before us, and we had a question.” : Will we love each other? After
all, first of all there should be high respect for each other. And high
trust, Because we are going to fly, work together. And we are from
different countries. And remember the whole story that happened.
This cannot be dismissed so easily. I consider the main achievement
of our joint training to be that we understood each other. We now
relate to each other as crew member to crew member, discarding
everything else. That's a lot.
And then, of course, there is the language barrier. He was very
difficult. When you talk to others through a third person—a translator—
the conversation doesn’t always work out. This happened both on
their part and on ours. And now we have reached such a level that we
can talk to each other and understand each other. Let us speak with
mistakes, but when we are together, say with Stafford or someone
else, we manage without a translator...
“I’ve been watching you these two days and I’ve seen that you not
only have established working contact—it’s up to you to judge—but
that there is also some degree of human sympathy, male
communication and camaraderie.”
“It’s impossible to solve problems without this.” Since we are
going to be together, and even together we are now acting out cases
of fire or depressurization, where I, let’s say, will have to carry him on
my shoulders or he will have to carry me, how can I do this if I don’t
respect him, if I don’t value him as a comrade?
After all, we are now practically candidates for the entire globe.
We are trying to show that, despite the difference in social formations,
despite the contradictions that existed and that exist today, we have
found points of convergence, we know that these are starting points
for the future. Over the course of thirty years, we changed entire
generations of weapons, then threw them into a pit and melted them
down... Who needs this? This is terrible human stupidity. Terrible
stupidity...
— Alexey Arkhipovich, your meeting with the Americans in space
can also be called contacts at the highest level, in full view of the
whole world. And, of course, you, Kubasov and the American crew will
have to explain things to humanity, to people who will look at this
flight with great interest. What has been developed in this regard?
— We have a special time allotted for this... This is a very serious
part of our work. It will also be used to judge the importance of the
experiment. It is necessary to choose words well, figurative,
understandable to all people. And the main thing, it seems to me, is
that, while being there, occupying a high position purely physically, not
to lose the human thread and spontaneity... This will be the most
important thing. The most important...
— Alexey Arkhipovich, a person who looks at the work of
cosmonauts from the outside, understands the uniqueness of this
profession and attaches increased solemnity to his perceptions. Then,
delving into your business, he sees a purely work process. It turns out,
on the one hand, things are quite mundane, simply working, and they
cannot be different. On the other hand, a very great significance is
attached to this on a symbolic, political - in a word, on a highly solemn
level. How do you combine both of these plans?
And again he answers as a worker and as a man, as a Russian
man who knows how to deal with a capricious young lady named
Slava.
“You know,” he begins, emphasizing with this “you know” some
inappropriateness of the question, “if the astronaut begins to think
that it will be so solemn, so beautiful, and will be perceived this way,
then there will be no work.” That's for sure. I always remember my
mother's words. She says: “A riddle is never rich.” Work as you work.
Consider a flight into space as a continuation of your work on Earth,
as a stage of completion. I can swear anywhere, as children, I never
thought that the flight of the first man into space would cause so
much excitement. And Gagarin didn’t think about it. And when I was
preparing for my flight, for this first human spacewalk, I had no idea
how I would be greeted after this and what I would gain for it. This
was not the case. Absolutely. And I’m sure, as soon as a person starts
to think about it, it’s over...
Some begin to declare: this fame, they say, bothers me. Don’t
think about it, she won’t bother you. People come up to you to sign, so
you sign. If you don't want to sign, then don't sign. Otherwise, you see,
fame bothers him. He’s tired, he says, of all these performances and
trips. Well, don't go. It depends on you. This is a workflow. That's all!
And as soon as you start thinking about it from the other side - the
cap!
The working purpose of their current stay near Houston is crew
training. This is the third round, the fourth and last will be in Zvezdny,
near Moscow. They have been working for three weeks now, taking
Saturdays. Correspondents are not allowed into their place of work,
Building N35, to the simulator.
But even here Jack Riley helped me. We drove up with him
secretly to the blank back wall. They entered quietly from the back
door. Large room. The platform is human height. On the platform, as
on a stage, is a green spherical model of the Soyuz, a copy of the
Apollo and the docking module. Muffled voices were heard in their
depths. Several methodologists and translators were sitting on chairs
near the model. A silent row of computers stood in the next room.
Such sacraments of the twentieth century cannot do without them.
We walked around the platform on tiptoe: the sacrament required
silence and was reminiscent of a theater rehearsal. By the way, their
most detailed instructions can be compared to a script, although in
this script the main thing is not the words of the participants, but the
strictest sequence of their actions, their work operations. The
dramatic spring of the plot is space itself, with its possible surprises,
with its unknowns.
I flew out of Clear Lake City early in the morning, afraid of missing
the taxi called the day before, and ran with my suitcase through the
hotel courtyard. The yard was empty, the grass was wet from the night
rain. The sky was cloudy and covered with low clouds. It was getting
light, but the lanterns were still burning. The building where the
astronauts lived was asleep.
Do they have dreams? What do they see in their dreams? After all,
a person always carries the whole world, images of his entire life, and
takes them with him on any journey. Even if it's the road to space. And
if so, then space is more inhabited than is commonly thought. It is
inhabited not only by spaceships, but also by visions, memories,
dreams of people who have been in its black abyss...
And finally I saw them again. July 17, 1975. According to the
schedule, which was communicated to the whole world In his
correspondent's Washington apartment. I saw them on TV. Now they
were not in the third floor corridor or on the simulator. They were
there. They swam there - easier than in the water. At first, Stafford
fiddled with something for a long time and leisurely, floating near the
hatch in the docking module. Only a voice came from Leonov behind
the wall, and from the voice one could understand that he was very
close and was tinkering with his hatch, on the other side. And I sat on
the sofa watching TV, experiencing the full force of gravity, and was
worried and touched.
Finally they completed this operation, and the hatch opened. The
floating Stafford stuck his head into the hatch, sticking his legs in my
direction. And in his funny Russian, he calmly and with a joke in his
voice said:
— How are you, Alexey? Come here, please, to me... And Alexey
Leonov slowly floated out towards him, wavered by the glare on the
television screen, holding the edge of the hatch with his hands…
OUR PARTNER
ARMAND HAMMER
The story about “Oxy” sounds like a fairy tale about Cinderella: she
was an unhappy, poor stepdaughter in a big and rich house where
seven sisters ruled, and one day she fell in love with a good prince,
and they fell in love with each other and “Oxy” came to life and tasted
happiness...
But this beautiful name, “Oxy,” is not from a girl, but from the oil
company Occidental Petroleum. “Seven Sisters” is the name of the
seven largest corporations that actually rule in a very rich house - the
oil industry of the United States. Oxy had and still has a prince, and his
name is Armand Hammer. This name may be familiar to you, reader,
but is everyone familiar with the story?
About 60 years old, with a turbulent life as a businessman behind
him and many millions acquired as a result, Armand Hammer retired
from business and retired, moving to Los Angeles. This was in 1956.
However, in the same year, one matter came to his attention, a
trivial matter at first. One of his acquaintances advised him to take an
interest in the unknown and useless oil company Occidental
Petroleum, which was then dying. At his leisure, just at his leisure, as
Armand Hammer himself told me, he leafed through the ledgers of
this Cinderella of the oil business. At leisure and with nothing to do.
And also from the irrepressible energy that all his past affairs had not
used up. And also because Dr. Hammer believed in chance and was
not used to missing it. Chance helped him from his youth, and here, I
think, some explanations are appropriate.
Was it not by chance that he, a medical student at Columbia
University in New York, took over the affairs of his father's weakening
hands in 1918? By chance: my father had a heart attack, and it was
necessary to save his small pharmaceutical company, in which his
father’s partner had become his enemy and adversary. And the
student saved the company. He cured her, put her on her feet,
expanded her, and already at the age of 23 he had his first million
dollars, without interrupting, imagine, his studies, although the
previous need for a medical diploma seemed to no longer exist, the
then million was worth ten today. Today's old man Hammer, looking
back at his younger self, not without a condescendingly affectionate
curiosity, likes to say that if he had wanted to, even then he could have
retired from business and lived his whole life idly and comfortably.
You have to be in the position of a millionaire to understand what
feelings they have for their millions. Apparently different. Maybe the
first million, like mere mortals’ first love, will be remembered forever?
What about the other? Was it not a chance that gave Armand
Hammer the six months between the day he received his medical
degree and the day he was to take up a vacant position as an intern at
Bellevue Hospital in New York? In those six months, not wanting and
no longer able to waste time, he went to Russia, where his great-
grandfather was once the owner of the Kherson shipyards. Russia in
1921 was emerging from civil war, famine and rash were raging. As a
pass to a wary country turned upside down by revolution and war, a
young millionaire doctor, having gathered there, bought a field hospital
with surgical equipment from the US military department, which was
selling off American post-war surpluses. Having visited the hungry
Urals, Armand Hammer realized that feeding people is no less
important than healing them. And it’s more profitable from a business
point of view. In America in 1921, grain was burned to prevent a
catastrophic drop in prices, and Russia was ready to pay for grain in
furs, timber, and Ural gems. The young doctor, in whom the
businessman again gained the upper hand, established this beneficial
exchange for him, building the first trade bridge in history between
Soviet Russia and capitalist America.
This was the time when the world famous writer Herbert Wells
came to Lenin in the Kremlin with his painful questions and thoughts
about Russia in the dark. American businessman Armand Hammer
once also visited Lenin with a practical proposal for a concession for
the Ural asbestos mines and the supply of wheat. He was young and
took risks where his older business compatriots, who were already
involved in the then “Cold War” with the Bolsheviks, had neither the
courage nor the desire. He was young, but let’s not confuse him with
another young American - John Reed, who glorified the October
Revolution. Armand Hammer was not and did not become a socialist.
In his memoirs of the meeting in the Kremlin, he highlights one of
Lenin’s thoughts that is dear to him: business people are not
philanthropists or fools; when investing in Russia, they want to be sure
of profits.
Thus began a case due to which New York's Bellevue Hospital did
not wait for a new intern. Armand Hammer stayed in Russia for nine
years. He himself was a pioneer of American-Soviet trade and,
moreover, later represented the interests of 37 American companies;
It was through him that, for example, Fordson tractors came to us. In
the 20s, the Hammer Trading Company had branches in various Soviet
cities and areas rich in fur, as well as in London, Paris, and Berlin (in
addition to its New York headquarters).
And what about the case with pencils, which, if you look at it,
looks almost epic? By chance, completely by chance, one day I went
into a Moscow store and discovered Hammer, how fantastically
expensive, scarce and bad the pencils were. I didn't miss this incident.
Having learned the secrets of the German pencil king Faber, having
bought out some of his people, he opened his own factory in Moscow.
Then another, a third, five in total. He overloaded Russia with pencils
and pens.
In a word, leaving the country of his Kherson great-grandfather,
when the time of foreign concessions in it ended, the 32-year-old
Hammer could retire from business even more easily and more
accurately than the 23-year-old, because he had already become a
multimillionaire.
But of course, he remained focused on the matter. Upon returning,
he first sold paintings, jewelry, and art objects purchased in Russia
through department stores in St. Louis, Chicago and other cities. Then
there was a lot more. He raised pedigree cattle for sale. He sold oak
barrels for whiskey. He also sold whiskey... He was not one of those
who pulled one strap all his life. He easily took on different businesses
and easily parted with them, taking a profit, and only one business
turned out to be permanent - the Hammer Art Gallery. It was a store on
Fifty-seventh Street in New York, where the goods were works of
painting. With his brother Victor, he created it in the late 20s, using
abundant Russian acquisitions as a basis...
Now let's get back to Oxy and the continuation of our story. Now,
I hope, the reader understands why, having decided to retire at the age
of about 60, Armand Hammer did not find a place for himself and why,
in his spare time, he looked into the accounting books of a failed oil
company.
“I kept wanting something to do.” “I couldn’t sit idly and do
nothing,” he told me. “And so they came to me and told me about
Oxy.” They had six hundred thousand shares, only eighteen cents a
share. For one hundred thousand dollars you could buy all the
shares...
If you haggled, you could have bought it cheaper. The company
had only three full-time employees and even fewer hopes. In an
almost philanthropic gesture, the doctor gave 50 thousand dollars for
oil and gas exploration in California. Luck: both wells drilled produced
oil. They came from Oxy for a new loan. And then Armand Hammer
became a prince. He made Cinderella happy by buying her controlling
interest for half a million dollars. He became its owner, taking the post
of president and chairman of the company's board.
His short leisure time was over. A case happens, but let's not
exaggerate its role. When envious people talk about luck, Armand
Hammer replies: “Luck comes to those who work sixteen hours, seven
days a week.”
The oil business was new to him; the oil “seven sisters” were not
going to make room for him. But the acumen of a highly experienced
businessman, his talent for precise orientation, and his ability to find
and attract the right workers were also not new. He hired the most
famous geologists and drillers in California, gave them freedom of
action, and spared no expense or patience. And they found something
even in the oil-pocked soil of California. At the same time, Hammer
expanded the scope of Oxy's activities. It grew, acquiring small and
medium-sized corporations involved in agricultural fertilizers,
petrochemicals, and coal, buying rights to develop deposits of coal
and phosphates.
A powerful breakthrough was made in the early 60s, during the
Libyan “oil Klondike”. When the Libyan sands, divided into plots, under
which huge lakes of oil were hidden, were sold to foreigners, Armand
Hammer, as a young man, flew to the scene, lived in a crappy hotel in
a room without a toilet - he had to get to the toilet through the stable.
Libyan oil fabulously accelerated the revival and prosperity of Oxy. The
beautiful name has now declared itself in Peru and Canada, Nigeria
and Australia, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia, its branches can be found
in two dozen countries. It is the world's largest exporter of agricultural
fertilizers. The third largest coal miner in the United States. Etc.
“Look at it,” says Hammer. “Now we have fifty-five million shares,
and the capital is almost a billion dollars.” Find another company in
America that has the same growth story?!
In 1972, Oxy did more than just appear on Fortune magazine's
annual list of the 500 largest U.S. corporations. She was there in 36th
place! Its annual sales were approaching $3 billion. If happiness can
be calculated in dollars, then its original shareholders are the lucky
ones. For example, shares of Oxy purchased in 1956 for $5,000 could
have sold for $1 million in 1972. And Armand Hammer jokingly, but
not without pride, likes to repeat that he is the only head of a
corporation in America whom shareholders greet by standing at their
annual general meeting.
On July 20, 1972, Soviet newspapers modestly, and American
newspapers sensationally, reported the signing of an Agreement on
Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the State Committee of
the USSR Council of Ministers for Science and Technology and
Occidental Petroleum (USA).
“...Considering that the prerequisites have now been created and
conditions have been prepared for the broad development of long-
term scientific and technical cooperation, taking into account the
interest of both Parties in the development of such cooperation and
being aware of the mutual benefit that it represents...”
This meant: after a 40-year absence, Armand Hammer was
returning to the scene of Soviet-American relations. There was a
detente with her hopes and business projects. About 3 thousand
American businessmen visited the Soviet Union in 1972. But Hammer
didn’t just probe the waters, he acted more energetically than others.
As in 1921, he was ahead of the others. The Oxy agreement with the
State Committee for Science and Technology was signed just a month
and a half after the Soviet-American summit and the signing in the
Kremlin of the most important document - “Fundamentals of relations
between the USSR and the USA.”
The agreement provides for scientific and technical cooperation in
five areas: production and processing of oil and gas; agricultural
fertilizers and chemicals; metalworking and metal coating; design and
construction of hotels; solid waste disposal.
Retire... More than ever, Hammer is in business and in the
headlines. "Eight billion dollar deal with Moscow." "Hammer hands
over Lenin's unknown letter to the Kremlin." “Hammer donates a Goya
painting to the Hermitage.” Once again he became a symbol of that
business-minded America that sought trade and economic
cooperation with the Soviet Union. Actively cooperates with us, knows
us, is interested in us. Our kind of multimillionaire in America.
What does he look like in his office, in his home in Los Angeles,
California?
Once I had the opportunity to visit Oxy.
Five of us were on our way to City Hall for lunch with the mayor of
Los Angeles. Now we were being driven by Hummer's personal
Cadillac. In such cases, it is not customary to sit down with a driver.
There are two folding seats in the back. It’s crowded, but it’s as if
we’re all old, close acquaintances. No matter how hard I tried, my knee
rested on the Hummer. And very close were his face and eyes - tender
on the outside, but coldly impenetrable in the depths. On the Los
Angeles freeways, the raised hoods of cars stuck out as distress
signals, and traffic jams stopped us every now and then. We were late.
Hammer told the driver to alert City Hall. The elderly driver picked up
his radiotelephone.
Meanwhile, in this close company, sitting on the back sofa of the
limousine, Hammer, by the right of an old and well-known man, spoke
in few words about his ancestors and his own youth.
“My great-grandfather was the owner of shipbuilding shipyards in
Kherson, he built ships for the imperial Russian fleet,” he said. “He was
a very rich man at that time and left his son a lot of money.” But his
son, that is, my grandfather, did not turn out to be a good
businessman. He invested all his father's millions in salt mines on the
Caspian Sea. And then one day a typhoon, rare, they say, for those
places, hit, and all its salt was washed away into the sea. And he went
broke...
Having gone broke, my grandfather decided to try his luck
overseas and in 1875 he moved to America. His affairs, however,
never improved, although in the new country his son, Hammer's father,
received a medical education.
So, while passing the time, we made it to City Hall, despite the
traffic jams. Our hosts needed this courtesy visit as much as we did,
and its purpose, as I guessed, was to show that Oxy's guests were in
Los Angeles and that Oxy was so influential here that the mayor of Los
Angeles was ready to immediately receive her guests, putting aside all
her other affairs.
Hammer and Watson, it seemed to me, were for the first time in
the old City Hall skyscraper, in its long corridors. But the guide, a
knowledgeable person, was already right there before we had time to
arrive. Hammer walked ahead of our group, sweepingly and quickly,
without looking back to see if the others were keeping up with him,
knowing that in City Hall the necessary doors would open in front of
him as if by themselves. And the doors opened. Here, as on the
command floor of Oxy, invisible waves of wealth and influence spread
around him, repelling some and attracting others. He may not have
known these long corridors, but they knew him here, and now
someone ran up to him, out of breath, holding out a piece of yellow
paper: “Dr. Hammer, an urgent matter!” Without stopping, he read the
message and handed it to Watson. “Is something wrong, Dr. Hammer?
Some kind of misfortune? — I asked, suspecting evil. He did not
consider it necessary to answer, he just looked at me calmly and
affectionately.
When we arrived at the mayor's office, Sam Yorty, then mayor, a
reddish, trim man in his sixties, was giving out the last smiles to a
delegation of Los Angeles Irish who had visited him on the occasion
of the Irish Catholic day of St. Patrick. Flashing a smile at the Irish, the
mayor turned to us with the same smile. The table for lunch was
already set in the small room. Despite his reputation as an ardent anti-
communist and right-wing demagogue, Yorty behaved like a
sweetheart.
The newspaper demon ordered me to continue watching the
Hummer. I sat at the table to his right. He did not eat anything, telling
me that he was on a strict diet. I just took a sip of tomato juice.
Feeling the bread on the plate with his finger, he said: “Good.” He sat
silently, not participating in the table exchange of jokes and
pleasantries. He was silent and silent, smoothing the napkin with his
fingers, and suddenly, turning to Marvin Watson, who was sitting
opposite him, and zero attention to the others, as if they were not
there, neither the mayor nor the Soviet guests: “Contact Chicago
urgently! If you can’t do it for a hundred and five, settle for a
hundred...”
Calmness did not leave him, but harshness and authority suddenly
appeared in his face and voice. Watson also instantly forgot about the
others. One desire now overwhelmed him: to look good in the eyes of
his owner. He wrote down quick orders, looking not at the paper, but at
Hammer’s face, with the devotion that is usually called dog-like, and
all repeating: “Yes, sir... It will be done, sir...” And, jumping out from
behind table, rushed to the door, disappeared, without even thinking
about apologizing to the rest of the company. So this is what that
urgent message was about on a piece of yellow paper with which they
ran up to Hammer in the corridor - a deal that could not be delayed.
“All things don’t give me peace,” I sympathized with Hammer,
observing the instant transformation of this good-natured, gentle-
looking old man into a decisively and quickly acting businessman. But
he was already the same and, without answering, fatherly stroked my
hand with his hand. Meanwhile, Watson quickly returned and, sitting
down in his place, across the table, again not paying attention to the
mayor and the others, reported to his boss that the order had been
completed and that everything was in order...
After saying goodbye to the mayor, we went down to the
underground garage. Hammer had urgent business to attend to;
Watson was to continue to accompany us in the rented Fleetwood.
But on the way to the garage it got lost somewhere. "Where's Marvin?"
- Hummer asked now, without getting into his Cadillac. His voice was
calm, but his question contained annoyance and impatience. "Where's
Marvin?" - he seemed to ask himself again. Three minutes passed in
such anticipation, no more. And suddenly we saw how, through a
large, clean and deserted garage at that hour, in another aisle, along
another row of cars, a dense figure in a magnificent dark blue three-
piece suit was rushing towards us. It was Marvin Watson. At some
distance, he jumped out, as if on the finish line, into the passage in
which we were waiting for him, and, sparkling with the chain on his
stomach, he ran (run!) approached his boss, keeping on his face an
expression of readiness to carry out any orders and hope, that he
would be forgiven for his involuntary tardiness. “This is discipline!” — I
thought as I looked at the slightly out of breath venerable gentleman.
Hammer took his vice president's sprint for granted...
Now we rode the freeways without a boss, and Marvin Watson
smiled less and talked more. He had something to tell about himself
and about America: after all, he himself was a person, and a fleet-
footed sprinter performed only in the presence of his silent and stern
boss. Just a few years ago, Marvin Watson was one of President
Lyndon Johnson's trusted men, the special assistant in charge of the
president's meeting schedule, the guard at the door of America's great
office. And then the Postmaster General, that is, the Minister of
Communications. And among his closest friends, we learned, were
John Connolly, the former governor of Texas and President Nixon’s
Secretary of the Treasury, evangelist Billy Graham, friend and executor
of all the last US presidents, etc.
Marvin Watson could tell and reveal a lot, but with the guests of
Oxy he had no other topic than the financial genius of his new boss
Armand Hammer. They met when the doctor, who likes to give out
works of art as his business cards, wanted to cement his memory in
the White House by donating a valuable bronze figurine. Under
President Johnson, it was Watson who was responsible, among other
things, for such gifts, checking through his assistants the history and
artistic quality of a given gift, as well as the trustworthiness and
respectability of the donor. The statuette from Hammer passed this
test, was accepted into the White House, and the acquaintance that
took place helped Watson find a good job when Lyndon Johnson
resigned as president and his postmaster general also found himself
without a job.
So Texan Marvin Watson changed his place of residence and
owner and put his connections in the administrative and business
world of America to Oxy’s service.
In Los Angeles, Marvin Watson does not have a house, but a mini-
palace worth 300 thousand dollars, located on the Pacific Ocean. On
Saturday evening he invited us to dinner. From the high personal
shore, the ocean in the darkness looked like just an immense empty
hole, and from this there was a feeling that on this edge of the New
World there was nothing around except Watson’s possessions, and
that the moon was also shining personally for him and his guests, and
was also serving them fresh food. and the bitter breath of the ocean -
into the silence over the illuminated lawns, over the beautifully
sparkling pattern of a personal pool.
The dinner for eight people, including the Hammers and another
Oxy vice president and his wife, was ceremonious and orderly, as
dinner parties apparently are for former ministers, who are also non-
smokers, non-drinkers and very religious. We sat spaciously and aloof
from each other at a large table in a large dining room, and not a
single free gesture was stimulated here, since it violated the cold
symmetry of the prim order. A team of black servants, hired for the
evening, looked after the diners. One silent black man in a tuxedo
served the diners on one side of the table, and another on the other
side.
And at such a table, as if enlightening his subordinates and their
wives and at the same time finding a common theme with the Soviet
guests, Hammer, with irony, but not without inner drama, told another
saga from his long life.
Moscow, 1921, it’s hungry, the shops are empty, and what kind of
shops were there at all? Like others, the young foreigner Hammer was
given coupons to receive food rations. Ration... He told the story in
English, but he pronounced the word ration in Russian, because the
English word ration was not suitable for conveying the flavor of
another life in another country, shaken to the core by the revolution.
So, they gave him coupons and explained where he needed to get his
rations. And he came to the indicated place, and saw a long line, and
realized that he had to stand it. When his turn finally came, it turned
out that he did not have the required container, and then they
explained to him that he needed to fold his palms and pour flour into
his palms. And enhancing the accuracy and expressiveness of his
story about this torment, queue, era, old man Hammer raised his large
clean hands with polished nails over the table and folded his palms in
the dining room of the Watson mini-palace, at lunch - crab meat
pancakes, salad, thick pieces of roast beef , brie cheese with crackers,
served by two blacks from a kitchen where several other blacks were
working. He cupped his palms and grinned.
“I asked what I should do with this flour,” and there was sad
bewilderment in his voice. “They explained to me that you can bake
bread from flour.” I poured back this flour and handed over my
coupons.
The young American millionaire did not come to Russia to starve,
suffer and learn to bake bread from ration flour. In his hotel for several
days he ate only the sardines and cheese he brought with him. But
supplies were running out, and it was necessary to solve the problem
of food and salvation from hunger for the future.
“One day I saw a very fat man,” Hammer continued in an even and
economical voice in the silence. “There were no fat people in Moscow
at that time, and I realized that this fat man must know where to eat
well.” And I followed him. We walked along some streets, then he
entered the entrance of a house, I followed him. He went up the stairs
and knocked on some door, and from below I saw that the door was
opened by a woman who let this fat man in. After waiting, I
approached the same door and caught very tasty, satisfying smells
emanating from the apartment. When I knocked on the door, the same
woman appeared. I wanted to go in, but she wouldn’t let me in. I didn’t
yet know the Russian language and couldn’t communicate with her
properly, but “with gestures I showed that I wanted to go where these
nourishing smells came from, that I wanted to eat. It didn't have any
effect on her. To be convincing, I took rubles out of my pocket and
offered her rubles, but the woman still did not take kindly and
continued to block the door. I had to show her the foreign money, and
for some reason it suited her better. She let me in - there was an
underground restaurant in the apartment. From that day on, I began
going there and thus solved the problem of nutrition for myself...
They laughed at the table. Laughing with the others, I tried to
imagine how these rich Americans would have reacted to this story if
we, two Soviet guests, had not been with them. I was not yet alive
when Hammer was solving the problem of food in hungry Moscow,
but “I immediately imagined that Moscow, the house and the landing
on which he bargained with the underground restaurateur. What did
they imagine? Behind every word, behind every turn of this or that
conversation with Americans, there arises not only something
personal, but also something common, different historical and
emotional experiences, which are even written differently in our genes
and in theirs...
Meanwhile, Hammer also talked about how he brought his bread,
delivered from America, to the Urals. He was accompanied by Ludwik
Martens, the first unofficial representative of Soviet Russia in America.
In the Urals, he said, famine was raging. The rumor about the grain
train overtook them, and crowds of people met them at the stations,
even when they knew that they would not get the bread and it would
be transported further. In that year of his first acquaintance with
Russia, Hammer made it a rule to learn a hundred Russian words
every day, and until he learned it, not to leave the hotel. When they
moved around the Urals, he wanted to say at least something to the
people at the stations, and Martens encouraged them. And at one
station Hammer dared to make a short speech in Russian. When he
finished, the audience clapped, and he was glad that he had finally
spoken in Russian. Martens laughed: “You misunderstood them. They
thought you spoke English, but they only clapped out of politeness."
In Watson's house they politely laughed at this comic story, and
only two majestic blacks, standing aside, observing the order on the
table, remained dispassionately silent. Suddenly Hammer’s wife
intervened in the conversation, saying that Armand later recalled how
at night, when the train became quiet, he imagined the cry of hungry
children. “We eat too much,” the wife of another Oxy vice president
also suddenly said. And she said it as if she wanted to say something
else: “This is not how we live.” But such a topic of conversation was
not picked up.
After dinner, the ladies and men split into two groups in the living
room. A black man in white gloves poured coffee from a pot-bellied
silver coffee pot. Hammer was more silent, apparently adhering to the
principle of saying and doing only what others would not say or do for
him. Only by chance, intervening in the conversation, he joked: “One
famous journalist recently asked me about plans for the future. I
answered him: “My main plan is to live as long as possible.”
5
The next day I came to Hammer alone to conduct the interview we
had agreed on the day before. It was Saturday, and he received me at
home. I still remained a guest of Oxy, although with the departure of
the academician I was sort of demoted in rank, having been sent from
the Frack car rental company no longer black, but green and a smaller
Cadillac, a broken and even somewhat impudent Texan driver, for
whom I was the first Soviet person I met; he did not fail to take the
opportunity to ask the eternal American question: “How do you like
living without freedom there, in Russia?”
Hammer's house, an old mansion that looked respectable but
much more modest than Watson's half-palace, was located on a quiet,
green street in the Los Angeles University area. It stood in a row of
other houses, without a green or any other fence, and brick steps led
straight from the sidewalk to the door. The door was opened by a
black maid, small in stature, pregnant and wearing a simple dress,
without an apron or maid's headdress. It was clear from her calm
behavior that she felt free in this house.
In the small office of the owner, where I was shown, there was
discreet-looking old furniture: a small desk made of Karelian birch, an
armchair and on a low, stool-like stand near one of the chairs - a
telephone set with many buttons, a direct connection to the main
office of Oxy " While waiting for the Hummer, I looked at the
bookcases. There were a lot of books, and read ones. I saw Plato’s
dialogues, a volume on the philosophy of the Epicureans, a new
monograph on Lenin written by the American Robert Payne, the works
of the famous economist Galbraith, medical and other reference
books.
Armand Hammer came down from the second floor chambers.
Despite it being Saturday, he was wearing a suit and tie. He sat down
in the master's chair in the corner next to the telephone. He was as
calm as the day before, but, it seemed to me, less friendly. Apparently
my intentions were not entirely clear to him. he had already given the
guests the attention they could expect. Why else is this interview?
After all, he had already told several stories, several sagas of his life,
which were supposed to satisfy journalistic curiosity. His eyes were
unreadable behind his glasses. On the motionless face, only the
sunken mouth, which betrayed its age, moved.
My intention was, as I now understand, naive and even impudent: I
wanted a heart-to-heart conversation. Such a conversation could not
and did not happen. But still, I offer - in a tape recording - what
happened.
— Dr. Hammer, this is the third time I've met you, and you seem so
simple in your words and actions, and it attracts me, but at the same
time I think that a person who has lived a life in which there was so
much stuff cannot be so simple. And here’s my first question: what
are your basic principles in life?
— You mean motives? The main motive, I think, is to leave behind
a world a little better than the one I found at birth... Many years ago,
when I graduated from medical school, I had to decide: would I
become a doctor, how my father, who was a great humanitarian, or
businessman. I decided to become a doctor because I didn't want to
be a businessman. By the age of twenty-three, I had made enough
money to live comfortably for the rest of my life. But when I went to
Russia, I saw a great need there for an American businessman who
could do something for this country. I must say that especially after
meeting Mr. Lenin, who made such a great impression on me, I
decided that I could achieve more as a businessman than as a doctor,
that as a businessman I could bring more benefit to people. My father,
whom I respect very much, helped others. It happened that he visited
patients who had no money, and then he not only did not take anything
from such a patient, but also gave him money to buy. medicines. From
my father I inherited something like idealism. And maybe this explains
why all my life I have tried to help others, and not just save money for
myself and my relatives. All my life I have given money to various
causes: to hospitals, to museums. And when I die, everything I have
will be given away. I must say that I enjoy the process of work itself,
participation in this or that business. I probably work harder than
anyone in my company, and that keeps me young. I employ thirty-three
thousand people, but I am the only one who works seven days. a
week, sixteen hours a day... Having said this, he laughed.
“Obviously, this is exactly the regime I need: everyone says that I
look much younger than my age.” If anything, I feel younger.
— It’s probably quite difficult to combine this kind of idealistic
approach that you’re talking about with practicality, with pragmatism,
which a businessman cannot do without. But whatever you take on,
whatever you touch, everything grows and multiplies. How do you
manage to combine both of these approaches?
I guess I inherited this somehow. My great-grandfather, as I
already told you, was a shipbuilder. He built warships in Russia, in the
city of Kherson. Maybe I picked up some of his abilities. What you are
asking is difficult to explain. You know, it's like an artist. Working day
and night on his painting, he does not think about material gain while
working. He even forgets that later he will have to sell this painting, get
money for it... A true artist receives satisfaction and pleasure from the
process of work itself. Just imagine, I experience the same feelings
from my business. I don't want to take on something if there isn't a
creative element to it. I don't like doing business just for the sake of
buying and selling. I like things related to the construction of factories
or mines, the development of natural resources, and agriculture. This
gives me more joy than a bare debit/credit. A lot of what I do has
nothing to do with making money. For example, there is one project in
San Francisco that interests me very much. With the Ford Foundation,
we're creating a construction company there that will be all black
Americans so they can build apartment buildings for themselves. As
you know, in our country, blacks do not have the same business
opportunities as whites, and someone should encourage them, help
them. I really like this project, although it does not promise material
benefits. On the other hand, of course, I represent the 350 thousand
shareholders of our company Occidental and feel a sense of
responsibility to them. I am very pleased that thanks to my work they
have become richer. I receive thousands of letters of gratitude from
them. Many of them are people of retirement age, and they thank me
for the income they now receive from their shares. And this gives me a
feeling of satisfaction.
I gave $2 million to build another building at the City Museum of
Fine Arts here in Los Angeles. It is named after me and my wife, the
Armand and Frances Hammer Corps. In addition, I gave this museum
another 2 million dollars to purchase paintings. I gave $5 million to the
Salk Institute, the famous physician who discovered the cure for polio.
This institute has now created a center called the Armand Hammer
Cancer Center. The solution to the problem of cancer, in my opinion,
will be found through immunology. I still have a keen interest in
medicine, although I have never seen a single patient in my entire life.
At the Salk Institute, I am one of the members of the board of trustees
and chairman of the executive committee, and at several other private
hospitals I am a member of the board of directors.
I have been collecting art for a long time and have had several
painting collections throughout my life. The first of them I donated to
the University of Southern California - a collection of Dutch old
masters. It's here, nearby. The university has its own museum. And
students can get acquainted with the paintings of great artists. My
second collection, the current one, as you know, was shown in the
Hermitage and the Pushkin Museum. In my will, drawn up in the event
of my death, I donate the paintings from this collection to the Los
Angeles Museum, and the drawings to the National Gallery of Art in
Washington.
— You are known as a great connoisseur of painting. What are
your preferences in this area?
- Old masters. They still are. Who can compare with Rembrandt,
with the old Dutch and Italians? Lately, however, I have also been very
interested in the impressionists and post-impressionists. But I
especially enjoy the difficult process of finding missing masterpieces.
For example, I found one very famous watercolor by Durer - this is a
great rarity. I also found a very valuable drawing by Raphael and many
other very beautiful drawings. This is true relaxation for me - collecting
paintings, reading books about art. I have reports on my company's
activities on my night table, but the first thing I do is look at art
magazines...
— You mentioned that your company now has three hundred and
fifty thousand shareholders. How many were there when you came to
leadership?
— Several thousand. You probably know that I came here to Los
Angeles after retiring. I was then sixty years old, the age when most
people give up active pursuits. But I still wanted something to do. I
could not sit idly at home. And then someone came to me and told me
about this oil company. They had six hundred thousand shares,
eighteen cents a share. One hundred thousand dollars could buy all
these shares. We now have fifty-five million shares, and they are worth
almost a billion dollars. So look: from one hundred thousand dollars to
a billion in fifteen years. Perhaps no other company in America has
such a history of growth.
— What do you think about the future of Occidental? Will it
experience the same growth or slower growth?
“I think Occidental is now on the eve of even greater expansion.
One of our difficulties was that most of our oil was in one country -
Libya, where we made our biggest discovery. And this year we made
three more discoveries in three different parts of the world: in Nigeria,
in Peru and, of course, in Britain, in the North Sea. These three
discoveries will give Occidental a big boost. Before this, the biggest
event for us was Libyan oil. And after it - the acquisition of Island
Creek Coal Company, the third largest coal company in the United
States. We now own coal reserves of three and a half billion tons,
because another billion lies nearby, and we can buy it. Over time, coal
may become the most important source of energy in the United States
- we do not have enough oil and gas.
— What do you intend to do with your coal?
“We will use it as fuel and also convert it into oil and gas.” You
visited our municipal waste processing facility. Did you get acquainted
with our plans there? This is also a great future for Occidental. Then
agriculture. I recognized the connection between oil and agriculture
quite early on, and Occidental became a very important fertilizer
company. In the United States, we are the number one exporter of
fertilizers. We export them to fifty-seven countries around the world.
And in exchange for urea, we will send you up to a million tons of
superphosphate acid per year. Its transportation is cheap, and at the
same time its qualities provide higher yields. Even in years with poor
precipitation, the yields with such fertilizers are sufficient, and in years
of good precipitation they are record-breaking. This is what I dedicate
my efforts to. And they think that I will provide great help to Russia if I
achieve this goal. In industry you have achieved excellent results, but
in agriculture there are still problems, there are years of severe
droughts. In my opinion, the solution to the problem is suitable
chemical fertilizers. You, of course, have your own fertilizers, and we,
for our part, would like to build you such plants so that in the end you
can do without importing fertilizers, so that you have enough of your
own. Russia is developing rapidly, your population is better fed, and
you, of course, need more food. I can be of great help in this matter
and therefore concentrate most of my efforts in this area. Let me
remind you that the United States would not have such developed
agriculture, such surpluses, if it were not for advanced methods of
producing fertilizers. Over 20 years, we will deliver you $4 billion worth
of superphosphate acid, and in return we will receive $4 billion worth
of urea. We will also build you 10 large plants to produce urea from
gas. And Russia will not have to pay for it in foreign currency.
— Dr. Hammer, as far as I understand, you combine commerce
with politics. It is apparently difficult to separate these two
approaches, and yet I would like to know which part is commercial
and which part is political, reflecting your desire to improve relations
between America and the Soviet Union.
“I very much believe that if our two countries trade with each
other, this will be the greatest guarantee of their good relations and
world peace.” Russia and America are the two greatest countries in
the world, and if they decide that there should be peace in the world,
there will be peace. I think the first step is to achieve better
understanding between our countries. A developed trade turnover
would lead to their closeness, to the fact that they would need each
other. Cultural exchange, for example in the field of painting, will also
help in this matter.
— Dr. Hammer, you have a long-standing knowledge of the Soviet
Union. You once lived in our country for nine years and visited it more
than once. What are your impressions and comparisons between the
present and the past? What has been achieved and what needs to be
achieved?
— First of all, I think that you are your biggest critics. You know
that I read Russian, I read Pravda and Izvestia and I see that your
people are not satisfied, that you are always looking for
improvements, that if you see something worthy of criticism, you are
not afraid to criticize , and criticism is the first step to improvement.
But sometimes it seems to me that you yourself do not understand
how much progress you have made. In your desire to move faster, you
do not understand what you have done in a short period of history, in
some fifty years, with a very backward country, where ninety to ninety-
five percent of the population was illiterate, which was devastated by
famine years... When there were famine years in old Russia , people
simply died, they were not helped. And now, along with the United
States, you have become the most powerful country in the world. This
is a colossal achievement, and almost within the lifetime of one
generation. All of this happened during my own life. And then you had
such terrible wars - civil wars. and that terrible war when the Germans
tried to conquer Russia. In short, I think that Russia has made very
great progress. Every time I come, I see signs of improvement, I see
that people are better dressed, they have more cars, more apartments,
houses, and, of course, I see that there is no hunger, no beggars on the
streets. Everyone has a job and there is no fear, as in many other
countries, of losing their job. You have no unemployment, and this is a
great thing, and here many countries can learn from Russia. As I
understand, at the same time you are not satisfied with the progress
achieved, you want more, improvement of the economy, so that every
working person has a better life, shorter working hours, more time for
rest. I see it all. Of course you have problems. In our country, people
have more different things than you, more cars, more private houses,
but it will come to you, it takes time. On the other hand, we now have
many different things that not so long ago Americans would have
said: this is socialism. These are social security, unemployment
insurance and much more, introduced by President Roosevelt. You
know, he was even called a socialist because he tried to improve the
social conditions of the people. And now everyone takes it for granted.
We don't need war to determine which of our two systems works
better. Both systems can survive and cooperate. We can learn a lot
from you and are already learning from the Soviet system of
socialism. And Russia can learn a lot from our economy, from the
system of material incentives...
After the conversation, Armand Hammer showed me around the
house; in the living room there were originals hanging - a landscape by
Corot, a pink lady by Renoir, the colorful harbor of Marche, the haze of
rain, so beloved by Claude Monet. From the dining room one could see
a spacious courtyard, or rather a clearing, on the edge of which stood
a small cottage in the sun among the greenery, where the owners like
to have breakfast.
But we began our inspection from the covered veranda, where
doors led from both the office and the bedroom on the second floor.
On the veranda, a swimming pool measuring about 4 by 10 meters
glistened with water. The water is always at room temperature, and
the cement floor around the pool is heated.
“Here’s my life insurance,” said Armand Hammer.
FORT ROSS
Fort Ross Historic Park
(on Route 1 60 miles north of San Francisco) is located on 356 acres around a trading
post and fort founded in 1812 by Russian fur traders. For 29 years the fort was an agricultural
and trading post and a sea otter and seal hunting center. In 1841 Captain Sutter purchased and
partially dismantled it. Damage was also caused by the 1906 earthquake and fires in 1970 and
1971. The restored buildings include a fence and two blockhouses. Open daily from 10 am to 5
pm, in summer until 6 pm. For a picnic site - $1 per car.
From a guide to California
They called from the consulate: “If you want, come. They're
already here." I took a portable tape recorder and went to the outskirts
of Washington's leafy Dickeytor Street, where the Soviet consulate
was located in a white two-story cottage. It was lunchtime, almost all
the employees had left, but these seven - six men and one woman -
were sitting in a cramped reception area. What caught my eye was
that seven of them looked like Soviet citizens in the waiting room of a
Soviet institution. As if they came on some matter and will leave,
having decided or not solved it. But their case is very difficult, and they
are former citizens. Jews, they lost their Soviet citizenship by leaving -
each at their own time - for Israel. They migrated from Israel to
America. And now they came from New York to Washington, to the
Soviet consulate - to ask to go back to the Soviet Union. These seven -
and many others - have applications addressed to the Soviet
ambassador with a request to return their Soviet citizenship to them.
We talked for an hour—the length of a tape. Here is a recording of
the conversation:
— I have the first general question: who came to America when?
Those who want to, let them state their last name; those who don’t
want to don’t have to say it. Well, let's start with you, if you don't mind.
Average height, stocky, elderly working man:
— I arrived a month ago. Well what can I tell you...
— A month ago from the Union or from Israel? From Israel.
— What is your last name?
— It’s better not to name it. I have my own thoughts here. What
can I tell you? All my thoughts, my family’s thoughts—I have a family
of five—are just to return home. We did a great stupidity, even words
cannot express it, that we ended up here, did not listen, did not believe
our propaganda, thought that we were being deceived, but in fact the
West deceived us, Israel deceived us, deceived us deeply. We have
become unnecessary people here in the full sense of the word.
Nobody needs us. In their old age they made such an irreparable
mistake. Now we ask the Soviet government to forgive us, if possible,
to return us to our homeland. As soon as possible. We are suffering.
In the full sense of the word.
— When you say “we suffer,” what do you mean first of all?
— In every way. It was bad for me in Israel, they didn’t hire me...
— What is your specialty?
— Electric and gas welder. But they say that I’m already old... I’m
no longer needed. I worked in the Union all the time. This is my whole
torment, that I cannot earn my own piece of bread.
—You say: a family of five people.
— I have three children, still young. The daughter is nineteen years
old.
— She works?
— No, we just arrived. She worked in Israel. They saw that things
were bad there, they needed to leave quickly, where there was a Soviet
consulate, and try to return to their homeland. — When did you leave
for Israel?
— In 1973...
— And you? Tell us briefly about yourself.
I walked clockwise, away from the door of the cramped room. The
second was younger, black, tanned, healthy, wearing a red sports shirt.
—We also left in 1973. No, not to Israel. Right here. I work here, I
got into the union (trade union) of construction workers. I don’t seem
to be in financial need. I also have three children. The girl was born
here. I am from Baku…
“Are you going to return or did you just come here with the
others?”
— And how! What are you talking about?! For me, all this, you
know, is somehow wild, for my children. Not our environment. I was
born in the Soviet Union and lived for forty-two years. Can a person
turn inside out? In the full sense of the word - inside out.
“Money is not the most important thing,” explains the first, elderly
man.
“Does a man live by his stomach alone?” - the second one picks
up. “We lived there and worked, we didn’t need anything.” Spiritually
we were rich. Is it about money? I have been a member of the union
for a year now. I have everything here. That's not the point, you know. I
want to go to my homeland so that my children can study and be
children...
He speaks quietly and calmly, as if wanting to enhance the
impression of thoughtfulness in his words. Sighs.
— How can I explain all this to you? It's very difficult here. You
have to be in our shoes to understand us.
— So you say: children grow up to be selfish. But we also have
complaints that children grow up selfish...
He raises his voice, almost indignant:
— What are you talking about? What complaints? Here children
are taught the wrong things. Yes, take these movies, these magazines.
He is sixteen years old, my boy. How can I keep him? I am working. He
watches it all. Here in the Caucasus it’s customary: the father said,
that means that’s it. This is the law in the house. I have never had my
son disobey me. Not now either. But I feel something different. Not
only this, our whole life. We see nothing: work - home, work - home.
From morning to evening... You work hard, work hard, work hard... You
don't see anything. Absolutely nothing!
— How are your relationships with people, with neighbors, friends,
acquaintances?
— What relationships? What friends?! Neighbor doesn’t know
neighbor, but they’ve lived next to each other for years.
— Do they communicate with the TV?
— Yes Yes. There is a man working with me on construction. I
ask: have you ever been to Manhattan? He lives in BROOKlyn. He:
what should I do there?
(Let me remind you that Manhattan and Brooklyn are areas of the
same gigantic New York. Not visiting Manhattan with its skyscrapers,
museums, theaters, shops is the same as not visiting that New York,
which is known to the whole world as New York York.)
— One day we gathered with the whole family for a picnic to eat.
One of them asked me (I was eating a bun with sausage): “Have you
seen this in Russia?” You know, I almost put it in the trunk. The police
arrived and almost detained me.
— What do you say, what level of knowledge do members of the
trade union have about the Soviet Union?
— They have no knowledge of the Soviet Union. Their concept is
that everyone in the Soviet Union is starving... The concept is that
there is no bread, there is nothing, well, there is absolutely nothing
there. Wild field...
— So you say that they have practically no knowledge about the
Soviet Union. They think that everyone there is starving; they don’t see
a piece of bread and sausage. And when you lived in Baku, what was
your idea of America? After all, your decision to leave probably largely
depended on this idea.
— The question is very correctly posed...
“You need to see and understand what capitalism is,” interjects
the third man, the one sitting closest to me. He can’t wait to have his
say. “I’ll interrupt,” he continues. “If we were allowed into our
homeland, there would be no better propaganda.” Let’s say we came
to Baku or Tashkent, any other city, and a hundred people I know came
to me. And everyone would ask me: why did you come back? And I
would tell them the whole truth, it would be the real truth. And if they
had published it in the newspapers, they would have believed me
more...
— Human nature is such that a person knows any thing only
through his own experience. Even the words you spoke - they, of
course, can convince many, but they will not reach many...
— They will come! They'll get there! If one person speaks, one
conversation. What if we are a group, a hundred people, two hundred
people? If he doesn’t believe me, then he will believe the second, third,
fourth, tenth...
— What ideas did you have about America when you lived in
Baku? — I ask the builder.
— Now I'll tell you. It all started... They started going from Georgia,
all that. Here I myself have met people who tell me: I came, I’m
suffering here, and he’s drinking in a restaurant, hanging out, let him
come too, I’ll send him a challenge. There are such?
— Eat. “Yes,” answers the third, whose story was again
interrupted.
“They pulled each other,” adds the only woman among the seven.
— They deceive people. Like, I hit it, so let him hit it,” a dull voice
from the corner.
“One is suffering, let the other suffer,” explains the woman. The
third one calls himself. Sadovsky Petr Markovich. He has a heavy,
unshaven, exhausted face.
— For example, I left with my wife and two children. From Kyiv. In
December of seventy-three. I really didn’t want to go, I even wrote a
statement to the OVIR. They know me very well at OVIR, because
every year I went to Poland to visit my sister. Today I have two sisters
and a brother who fought in the Great Patriotic War. There were five of
us, that is. Mother died and we were in an orphanage. My father died
at the front during the Great Patriotic War...
—How old are you?
— I'm forty-six. I have aged during this time. We are in terrible
horror right now. This is happening that it is impossible to stand. My
son is nineteen years old. He’s sitting there in a blue shirt,” he points
to a curly-haired guy with a round face and sideburns...
— The boss at the OVIR told me: Sadovsky, stay, what are you
doing? And they met me from below: just try!
— Who are they?
— Which are now in Israel.
“Zionists,” the woman explained.
— And so it happened. I spent two and a half months in Israel. I
used to want to leave, but it was impossible - my son was being
drafted into the army. I say: I won’t give you a son, you write that you
won’t take it for three years, why are you taking it right away? In short,
the wife was handcuffed. In general, the whole family could not
escape from Israel. I left with my son alone, my wife and daughter
stayed behind. They didn’t give me a visa, they took my deposit, I was
a beggar. I escaped and left all the money as a deposit at the West
German embassy. They allowed me to go to West Germany. From
there, he immediately went to Vienna, got in illegally, without a visa.
Got a job there. I am an electric welder and mechanic of the sixth
category. I haven’t been there even a month, the main police calls me.
What's happened? They found out, which means that I arrived without
a visa. Probably someone sold me on the fact that I submitted
documents to return to the Soviet embassy in Vienna. There are
Zionists on every corner, it’s a terrible thing that’s going on. They
called me: if you don’t leave in twenty-four hours, we will send you to
Israel. What to do? There is safety in numbers. He took his son and
went, that means, to Munich... He worked there, which means he came
to America. Yes, I forgot to say about my wife. I sent ten letters,
certified by a notary, so that my daughter and I could be released from
Israel. Not at all. No hello, no answer. One man was traveling, I met
him: give the letter to my wife, here is the address. And I barely
snatched my wife from Israel. I looked at life in Israel. This is it! They
say this is the promised land. So it’s impossible to live there. Local
people who have lived there for many years say: who asked you here,
who needs you here? They took the best places, the best jobs, and if,
say, you go to some kind of work, you work for two or three weeks,
and then they tell you that there is no work. No job. Am I saying this
correctly?
— Right.
— Right...
— How long have you been in America?
— Six months. What do I want to say about America? I think as
this man said, that a person cannot turn himself inside out. No way.
Let's say it's me. Coming from an orphanage. He grew up to be a good
person. I have a good specialty. In the Union, I was always on the
Honor Board, received certificates and cash prizes. I'm not saying that,
for example, I was rich there. But I was morally satisfied. I lived! During
the year and a half that I left the Soviet Union, I never had a smile on
my face. I always laughed, I was happy, I went to the beach, I went to
the movies, I went to the theater. I saw life, I saw the smiles of Russian
people. In fact, it is just written - nation. We have nothing Jewish. Let’s
say, I worked in a Soviet production facility for many years, and the
boss, for example, or a mechanic (I worked as a repairman)
approached: Pyotr Markovich, please make this machine. Somehow
he treated you civilly and politely. You have to make this machine in,
say, an hour, but you do it in half an hour or twenty minutes. And here
at work you give ten sweats from yourself, and he is spinning around
with a cigarette in his hands, the owner. He has millions in the bank,
he pays you a meager amount. You feel that you deserve more, that
you are a specialist, and he, due to the fact that you are a black slave,
pays you as much as he wants. If you don’t want to, leave, you will die
of hunger. And now, secondly, how are our children taught? We are
accustomed to Soviet teaching, to Soviet culture. I used to go to my
daughter’s school, she was really in my first place, a straight A
student. I was so pleased: the school principal would come out, the
teacher would come out, and the head of the group would come out.
There were meetings, conferences, they informed me how my child
was studying, what needed to be done to make it even better. But here
it’s the other way around. Here at school, what do they do with it? They
only teach prayers in order to pray...
— What school does she go to?
— To an ordinary school. Only also Jewish. He prays all the time.
They don’t teach, they cripple children. For example, it was difficult for
me at one time. My father died at the front, and at the age of thirteen I
had to earn a piece of bread because there was nothing to eat. Now,
as a father of two children myself, I want my children to be people.
Well, it just so happened that I got confused and came here, but
there’s absolutely no point here. Zionist on Zionist.
— Where do you work?
— I work in a factory where stainless steel is produced for military
equipment. In Queens (New York City). The owner, such a jerk, walks
around with a distorted face: “I hired you so that you could work.” Me:
“I work as much as I can, I work so much, so I have to give more of
myself, or what?” And he says: “I won’t pay you.” And I come home
dead, I fall on the bed. Dead! I don't want anything. But that is not all.
I'm saying that there is no life here at all. Chasing only the dollar, the
dollar. So that millions. In their old age they all sit on Brighton Beach
near the sea, with their muzzles twisted and wrinkled, and their money
in the bank. Is this life? We're not used to this. I had difficult financial
situations. Zoya, I say, let's go to the cinema today. And she: it will be
difficult until payday. Nothing. Cheerful. We got dressed and went to
the cinema, to the theater, spent time, went to the park. There is
absolutely no life here. There is a chase for the dollar to put more
money in the bank. What kind of life is this?!
“You could go crazy if you live here a little longer,” Sadovsky’s son
enters insinuatingly, judiciously, so that his words are not discarded,
like the words of a young man.
“Half-crazed,” continues Sadovsky Sr. “Half-crazed... And what a
mess.” And people's behavior. These are all kinds of sex. What can
happen to my child here: if she is now thirteen years old. So is it really
possible that I, who lived for forty-five years in the Soviet Union... Was
born there, grew up in conditions, how to put it, I saw both good and
bad. You can't change me now. One minor left the child, and the
second minor left...
— What’s your name?
— Michael. I'm nineteen - I'm asking for years. I Well, son. What
do I see here? I work here, collecting scrap metal. I don't see anything
anymore. Come home. I work six days a week: one hundred dollars.
This is not a lot of money considering the current rise in price of
everything. I leave for work at six in the morning and come home at
seven in the evening. I can't study here. In the Union I graduated from
a music school, a regular school, I have all my friends there. I'm even
embarrassed to write to them. I heard from other comrades that my
friends went to the Soviet Army, they have already arrived.
“He tells us all the time: “What have you done to me? What have
you done to me? I didn’t want to go” - this is Sadovsky Sr.
— What thoughts did you have when you went to America?
— I was seventeen and a half years old. My parents were
traveling, I couldn’t stay alone. But in fact, why should I suffer if they
were wrong? I'm still a young guy.
“The girl is still thirteen years old, his sister,” Sadovsky Sr. adds
wearily.
“As far as I understand, there is an element of religious fanaticism
among New York Jews. How does it affect you? In their attitude
towards you?
“The attitude is very bad,” Sadovsky Sr. takes the floor again.
“Every time they come: “Why don’t you go to the synagogue? Now, if
you walked, we would give you a good job. We would give you this, we
would give you that. Now go to the synagogue.”
— Where do you live now?
— In Brooklyn. I pay two hundred and twenty-five dollars for an
apartment, besides electricity and gas. Two bedrooms and a living
room. There is nothing in the apartment.
“That’s not the point,” his son clarifies. “As a comrade said: if
there were millions, who would need them?”
— Am I?.. We earn a living, but there is no life. This is not our life.
We were wrong...
“My last name is Equestrian Max Mikhailovich,” a young, pretty
and reserved man, brown-haired, wearing metal-framed glasses,
introduced himself after the Sadovskys. “I lived in the city of Odessa.”
In 1973 he went to Israel. Before I had even arrived there, in Vienna I
already realized where I had ended up. There, these workers of the
Israeli service had already begun to agitate us, showing us pictures,
films, what Israel looked like on a colored background. Some, of
course, gave in before coming to Israel, because when a person
comes to Israel, he already sees what is going on there. I didn't give in.
I already saw that everything was gone, lost. From the second day in
Israel, I ordered a passport, but they put various obstacles in my way,
and I was in large debts. I worked days and nights to pay off, and yet I
got out of there...
— What is your specialty? Plumber.
— Age?
— I am thirty one years old. I escaped from Israel and wanted to
get to Vienna, but they didn’t give me a visa there. So I got to Italy.
There was an organization there that transported People to America. It
seemed to me that from America it was possible to get to the Soviet
Union faster. When I arrived, I didn’t work for three months and lived in
a hotel. They came to us every day and told us: “Go to the synagogue,
and pray, and put on your hats.” I say: “I don’t need a synagogue, but a
job, I’m a young man, give me a job.” All my life, I lived in the Soviet
Union, I never prayed, and suddenly they want to turn me over in one
day. They tell me: “This is not the Soviet Union for you, here, as they
say, they won’t lead you by the hand.” I say: “Even in the Soviet Union
no one led me by the hand, I know that in the Soviet Union there is
enough work for any person, especially if this person is young.” Here I
am ready to go anywhere, even to Alaska. No response. They gave me
an allowance - forty-five dollars for two weeks. This is not to live and
not even to exist. Three months later they found me a job with great
difficulty, for two dollars an hour. Well, what is it - two dollars an hour?
For one apartment you have to pay one hundred twenty to one
hundred thirty dollars. You can say the opposite: neither life nor
existence. But I'm not interested in money. If I had been allowed to
return to my homeland, I would have stood up the way I am and left.
Because we are not accustomed to this life, to this capitalist system...
— What is it that turns you off here?
I ask almost everyone this question.
“Everything here disgusts me.” People's behavior. There is no
friendship, no camaraderie, every man for himself. This is what they
have here: five or six o’clock in the evening, they lock themselves with
five locks, turn on the TV - and this is their life. They don’t know
theater, cinema, or football here. How did we live in the Soviet Union?
We were walking. We lived our normal lives. But here there is nothing
of that.
— The area in which you live, what is it predominantly like? Who
lives there?
— There are immigrants there, from the Soviet Union. Why do they
live there? Because in your own circle - otherwise you can go crazy.
“He brought up the problem that there is no partnership,” Misha
intervened. “Here’s an example.” I had comrades in Russia. It
happened that they had no money. We're going to see a good movie.
Did I think about fifty kopecks or a ruble? No. Here, as Max said, it’s
every man for himself. If you lie on the ground, no one will lift you up,
no one needs you.
“They ask for ten cents for a cigarette,” Sadovsky Sr. gives an
example. “Light ten cents!”
— Can't be!
“They say: “This time I give it to you, and next time you don’t ask,”
explains Max. “That’s it...
— Excuse me, but will you identify yourself?
— My last name is Roizman. It seems to me that all this - that
there is no friendship, camaraderie, no cordiality - that all this depends
on this system. This means this is a system: today I work, and
tomorrow, that means, they can throw me out, and I always need to
have a couple of dollars for a rainy day. For if I don’t have it, my friend
won’t give it to me. He, therefore, feels himself in the same position.
And at home I was sure. I worked as a turner. I was sure that I would
never be kicked out. First of all, you're welcome...
“I can tell you how I left,” Roizman continues. “I got married.” Well,
my wife was always getting me letters somewhere. And she says to
me: “Here, read these letters.” I kept proving to her that under no
circumstances should she go. We will be sad. She: “No!” Earnings,
therefore, do not suit her. I arranged it this way. I went to the factory
and they gave me the first category. Then, it means that every year my
rank was increased all the time, and I reached the fourth and already
began to earn one hundred and nineteen rubles in pure money. And
the wife: “This is not enough for me. I am a nurse, I earn seventy
rubles. People still make money there.” Well, it so happened that there,
at home, I left my old father, mother, two sisters, left everyone and
went just for the sake of my wife...
— Where did you live in the Union?
— I lived in the city of Chernivtsi. And I had thoughts inside that I
would still prove to her that it was bad in the West. We reached
Vienna, and right away I realized that we had been caught, that this
was a trap...
— When did you come to America?
— October 9, 1974.
— How did you get settled here?
— And here I work as a turner. But I would not compare this
earnings with the earnings that I had. That means I get ninety-three
dollars a week. I say: “It’s time for me to get a promotion, I’m already
in my sixth month.” And they: “You don’t know the language.” They
find hundreds of reasons not to get a promotion. The deductions are
very large. Twenty-nine dollars are calculated. Earnings do not allow
me to rent a good room.
— How’s your wife?
“But my wife didn’t want to leave Israel, so I separated from her.
They didn’t want to let me out there without a divorce. So, I agreed
with her like this: if you don’t say at the trial that I want to return home,
I’ll leave everything to you, I’ll go with nothing. And they ask us in court
the question: “Why do you say you are disagreeing?” I say this: “we
don’t find a common language.” They ask my wife. The wife says: “The
whole reason is that he wants to return home.” And they, it means, all
these Zionists, deliberately delayed this trial for a whole year...
Now only the overweight woman sitting on a chair in the middle of
the room remains unquestioned.
— Sorry, I didn’t ask you, although I should have asked the woman
first.
— It’s okay, I’m not touchy.
— What can you say?
— I can say. I am Sonya Aronovna Kuterman. In the Soviet Union I
worked as a hairdresser. She worked in one place for twenty-three
years. I have children in the Soviet Union...
Her voice begins to tremble, her lips tremble, she is about to cry.
— Daughter. Two sons. Four grandchildren... Son-in-law and two
daughters-in-law. I worked at a good job. She had honor. I was a
Stakhanovite.
-Where did you live?
— In the city of Kyiv. I felt very good there. I had my own
apartment. Had wonderful furniture. I had everything. I have nothing
here. I felt very good there. I don't know what happened to me and my
husband. I can’t imagine what was going through our heads that we
left the Soviet Union. I lived there for fifty-two years and never left
anywhere except to go to the resort. Here. There were people in
Vienna who said: don’t go there, to Israel, there is a swamp there, you
will disappear there, especially since you are old people. They told me:
in America you can end up in the Soviet Union. And I immediately
come here to America. I just arrived and submitted my documents.
“There was talk that it would be easier to get from America,”
explains Sadovsky.
— This is my fourth time here at the embassy. They already know
me here. Even I was already drowning. People saved me. Everyone
knows... Here. I felt very bad. I want to personally return to the Soviet
Union to my children, because I will never take children here in my life,
I would rather die here.
She's crying.
“I’ll drown myself, I’m not afraid now, but I won’t take my children
here.” I saw that there was a swamp here. There are some strange
people here; not like us. There are no women hairdressers here. Who
am I supposed to work here?
She sobs.
“Once I got a job with a Jew. This is a restaurant with three rooms.
I started lifting these cast irons in which they cook and washing the
floors. I wasn’t scared, but I didn’t see it. I didn’t do this in the Soviet
Union. Do you understand? I worked for two days and felt very bad. He
paid two dollars an hour. I worked four hours a day because I didn’t
have the strength anymore. And he tells me: “We still need to wash the
floor there.” Do you understand? And I left, I don't work. People know I
cry day and night...
She's crying.
— I'm tearing my hair out. I'm already gray here. I can’t live here
anymore... I live only in hope of returning to the Soviet Union...
Now they all spoke at once:
— I agree to any corner of the Soviet Union...
— Everyone is just waiting...
— If they started to let...
“If two or three hundred people left here, this would happen here
tomorrow.” Terrible thing...
— Queue...
— To be honest, we tell you...
“If we had come, we would have really told you what kind of life
this is.”
— And on TV. And they would have made a movie. We'll tell you
everything.
— My daughter is thirteen years old. After all, she cries bitter
tears. There's such a thing going on at home that it's scary...
Many explanations can be made about this tape recording, which
has the authenticity of a document, but I will limit myself to just one.
Each of these people lived in New York, in America, less than I did, but
the course of American life. they knew better than me, because they
were not observers, but participants in it. Yesterday's Soviet citizens,
not yet converted into Americans (a task that is solved only by the
second generation of immigrants), they had to live the American way -
there is no other life in America.
IN THE VALLEY
SAN JOAQUIN
“When Mr. Giffin says, “At four o’clock,” he means four o’clock, not
three or five minutes past five...
We seemed to be running late, and Frank Moradian fidgeted in the
backseat, despite his 64 years, gentlemanly manners, luxurious home
with stunning views, and position as a millionaire agriculturist.
Aram Araks was also nervous, despite his 74 years, progressive
beliefs, the wisdom of a poet and the sadness of a father who lost his
son. Not trusting his own watch, he asked and re-asked the time and
drove his Nova, exceeding the permitted speed. It's good that the road
was straight as an arrow and the terrain was flat as a table and like all
the terrain around Fresno.
A sign on a post by the road: “Giffin Ranch.” Very modest. Without
waiting, you will rush past. 3 hours 59 minutes. A turn, alleys, the most
spacious and tranquil lawns, a large house turned white, another turn
and a turn, an asphalt parking lot of more institutional than home size,
three slams of doors, very quickly to the white marble steps of the
wide front entrance. Frank restores the required degree of solidity as
he goes, a satisfied Aram smiles and whispers, looking around the
house: “Cleaner than the White House!”
The Negro gatekeeper opens the door. 4.00.
It's cool inside, pleasantly darkened after the white, cutting sun.
And immediately - Mr. Giffin, Russell Giffin. Didn't keep me waiting. He
led him into the living room, seated him in chairs, leaving some guests
who were loudly chattering with his wife on the glassed-in veranda - it
was a social charity gathering in the name of the fight against cancer.
Mr. Giffin... As they say, the best thing is in the coffin. Thin,
completely ethereal. A light, colorful jacket adds weightlessness: blow
it and it flies away. On the face the skin is like parchment, cracked and
in places deathly bluish. He is nearly seventy, but in terms of physical
mass, in terms of density, he is an Irish-American and an Armenian-
American. The face is elongated - forward is a shadow next to a large
nose with two narrow noses. Close-set eyes - exhausted and sick. But
they are not easy to look at. They have firmness and power.
Mr. Giffin... Everyone in Fresno knows him. And we are sure that
Mr. Giffin is known all over the world, because, if you please, these are
his global powers. The United States is the first country in the world in
terms of development and efficiency of agriculture. California is the
first state in the United States in terms of gross value of agricultural
products produced. The San Joaquin Valley is California's most
productive agricultural region. Fresno County produces over 500
million dollars a year in production - first among eight counties in the
San Joaquin Valley and among all counties in all 50 states. Who is
first in Fresno County? Mr Giffin. He has the largest farm of 120
thousand acres. This is the richest of the farmers, who, in contrast to
small and medium-sized family farmers, are called corporate.
Mr. Giffin doesn't really like journalists and doesn't need publicity.
They advised me to meet with him, but they doubted whether he would
want to accept. Frank Moradian helped.
Not right away, but when we got comfortable with each other and
he no longer looked at my tape recorder like a hedgehog, I asked Mr.
Giffin about the secrets of success.
“I don’t see any other explanation except that I happened to be
born in a good part of this country,” he said.
Hesitating - is it worth it? - continued:
“I lived in Kern County, in the south of this valley. And there, in his
youth... he went broke.
He said a terrible word, as if embarrassed. Broke is a difficult
concept in America. This is more of a public announcement of
bankruptcy and inability to pay debts. This is like a special kind of civil
suicide, a public recognition of oneself as a loser, an inferior person.
Since the financial characteristic of a person is the general
characteristic of an American, financial bankruptcy is equal to human
bankruptcy. It is no coincidence that many, without settling financial
accounts, take their own lives.
“I grew mostly potatoes there,” Giffin continued. “Spring frosts
destroyed them, and at the end of the year I couldn’t pay my bills and
went broke.” What could I do? I knew there would be work on the West
Side. I had a few horses left, and I went there with them. And he
stayed there. And he worked. That's the whole secret.
When people talk about the West Side here, they mean the former
semi-desert west of Interstate 99, which cuts the San Joaquin Valley
from north to south. Under the winter and spring rains, these places
came to life only for a few months a year, sheep were grazed there.
Russell Giffin was one of the first in their development. In a sense, he
went broke at the right time.
— Providence settled me in a good region, where land could be
bought at a very low price. Getting water was expensive. Fortunately, I
had friends who were involved in artesian wells and they gave me a
loan.
— Mr. Giffin, but you need perseverance and great ability to
achieve your results.
— I don’t think the latter is true. All people are gifted. One is in
one, the other is in another. I just believed that the West Side had a
great future. And many thought that there was no future there, that the
water would quickly be pumped out and everything would dry up
again. None of the bankers then gave money for farming on the West
Side. And I believed. And he turned out to be right..
His voice is slow and raspy, like the recording on the first Edison
phonograph. A very serious and sincere voice. There is a long, thin
cigar in the mouth, but he only puffs a couple of times—not smoking,
but the skeleton of a long-standing habit. The servant ordered vodka
with orange juice. But this was also the frame; the glass remained
untouched. As an outsider, information about yourself: “I am a victim
of three heartbeats.”
Outside the windows there are trimmed lawns, rare large trees and
low river banks, reinforcing the impression of the vastness of the
estate-ranch, such unshakable wealth, to which nothing like what
happened half a century ago can happen. And in the living room, the
voice of a man with a parchment face creaks slowly and quietly, with
pauses for breaths. Moradian and Arax took the chairs offered by the
owner and did not move, remaining respectfully silent for an entire
hour. Araks was here for the first time, but Moradian, a friend of the
house, was also silent, proving that a millionaire is not a
multimillionaire.
Having arranged the meeting, he was now afraid that I would let
him down with some insensitive question. His fear constrained him
and prevented him from taking advantage of the advantages of a
profession that allows him to see different people and ask them
different questions. At that time, I felt how intensely they were
listening to our conversation - it’s interesting when they ask Mr. Giffin
questions.
— Mr. Giffin, when did your ancestors come here?
“My grandfather was the first to come here to California. He was
from Western Pennsylvania, and all my ancestors were churchmen,
priests, preachers. My grandfather's job was to establish Presbyterian
churches in new places. He created them, moving from place to place.
But he had nine children in his family, and they needed to settle
somewhere, and they settled not far from here, in one small town.
Grandfather created churches, and someone had to feed these little
children and mother. And this fell to my father. He dropped out of
school and started working successfully. His brothers followed the
church line and received higher education, but my father had only four
classes.
— What is your education, sir?
He hesitated again: was he revealing too much to a foreign
journalist and two local Armenians?
— I don’t have much education. So, at the high school level...
— So you, as the Americans say in such cases, made yourself?
— I don’t know... I attribute a lot to the fact that I was in the right
place at the right time. I wasn't afraid of work. And God gave me a
wife who was also not afraid to work.
He speaks of attachment to the earth without exaltation: “It’s in
the blood.” And with the humility of a sick person, looking back on the
life he has lived, he does not want to single himself out, he even
denies perseverance. I’m trying to guess what this perseverance,
equal to talent, was like: the perseverance of a challenge in a ruined
youth, the perseverance of self-rehabilitation and self-affirmation, and
over the years, with the coming luck, a special American perseverance
- to be the first. Such people unite with their business, and only death
can separate them, proving that life is shorter than business.
“My organization remains basically the same as before,” says Mr.
Giffin. “It just gets bigger as we grow.” For the most part, these are
people who started working for me a long time ago - as tractor drivers,
irrigators... They rose from below. We farm one hundred and twenty
thousand acres in the San Joaquin Valley, most of it on the West side,
only about twelve thousand acres here on the East. On the West Side,
with the exception of one cattle ranch, everything is built on irrigation,
either from the river or from wells. We divided the land, roughly
speaking, into four parts: three on the Western side, one here.
Everything is under the supervision of my general manager. Each unit
has a manager, who, in turn, is subordinate to two tractor foremen and
two irrigation foremen. And in addition - accounting, purchasing
equipment and selling products, lawyers...
— How many permanent employees do you have?
— About four hundred and fifty people. The number of seasonal
workers depends on the circumstances, but, of course, there are
several times more of them. Not as much, however, as a few years
ago. A lot of things are done by machines.
He reports that the main crops are cotton, tomatoes,
watermelons, sugar beets, alfalfa, and citrus fruits. On the Western
side, their choice is narrowed by impurities in the water. The average
depth of irrigation wells is 200 meters, on mountain slopes - up to 500-
700 meters. New water is now flowing into the San Joaquin Valley
through irrigation canals from Northern California. Its quality is better,
the cost is lower, and this will make it possible to develop new crops.
A hitch in the conversation occurs when I ask about the owner’s
income, about the dollar value of the farm. The question is against the
rules, and Giffin makes it felt.
“I don’t know how to answer this,” he says, grinning. “After all, in
agriculture there are ups and downs.” We've had three bad years. This
year is much better.
— And in those bad years, how much product did you sell overall?
He again avoids answering directly:
“I can tell you right away how much we lost.” Last year we had
very significant losses, and three years ago the return on capital
employed was less than five percent before taxes. Who stays in
business with such profits? Only farmers. They talk about too high
prices - and sometimes they really are too high - for meat, for cotton,
for some specialized crops. But I don’t think we will return to previous
prices. An agricultural business cannot survive with current profits; it
is more profitable to keep money in a savings bank...
Russell Giffin's investment is evidenced, for example, by his wells,
equipped with powerful pumps and similar to pumping stations. Each
well cost from 50 to 80 thousand dollars, and our corporate farmer
has more than 200 of them.
Without water from the underground cisterns of nature, there
would be no transformation of the semi-desert into the most fertile
land. Another miracle and another major investment is mechanization.
Complex, I must say, a miracle.
— Take cotton harvesting - the cotton harvesters have
disappeared. We don't see them anymore. Or peaches - those who
harvested them disappeared. We don't see them anymore either...
And with a weak movement of his right hand, in which the cigar is
clutched, Mr. Giffin seems to draw “and so on” in the air. The words
spoken in a detached tone: “We don’t see them anymore” - suggest to
the imagination instantaneous transformations, like changing slides
on the screen: under the same sun, on the same flat fields and in neat
citrus groves, human figures and powerful, beautiful, picturesque
machines appear, which, it turns out, remove not only crops from the
fields, but also people.
3
We spent a day and a half as guests of the large grain corporation
Archel Daniels Midland (ADM) in the city of Dickator, Illinois.
Just an hour and a half away by car, Chicago rumbles, and in
Dikator, where 90 thousand inhabitants, life is quiet and boring and is
connected with the work of farmers on the surrounding rich black
soils. True, even there their own criminal chronicles are written in a
purely American spirit. And therefore, just in case, the three Soviet
guests were protected around the clock by stalwart guards from
among the city police officers working part-time for the corporation.
But our conversations concerned not criminal, but mainly agricultural
matters, and accordingly our meetings were not on dark streets with
shady personalities, but in the light of day, in the expanses of long-
plowed prairies.
We were accompanied by Dick Burkett, vice president of A.D.M.
He was worried about his daughter, who was due to give birth any
minute, but spent the whole day with the guests, showing them two
farms and a grain elevator.
One farm belonged to an uncle and nephew, Richard and Herbert
Gulick. We learned that their lineage on this land is already one and a
half hundred years old. They cultivate one land, their own and partly
rented, but they live in two houses, and to meet us in the clean, white
house of their two-meter-tall uncle, his nephew brought his two pretty
high school daughters. All of them saw Russians for the first time—
and on their own soil, too. For the first time in their lives, uncle and
nephew gave interviews to correspondents, and Soviet ones at that,
and did their best to hide their excitement.
The meeting is vividly preserved in my memory. Not the office of
an intellectual or an official, not the house of a metropolitan resident
among others, but a farmer’s house, visible from everywhere and open
to all winds, standing in the middle of a flat, harvested, autumnal land,
a house from which people go to work right there, nearby, in the
suffering from dawn to dawn . The constrained, expectant silence of
an elderly woman - the wife of an uncle and two blooming girls with
eyes burning with curiosity. The awkward poses of the uncle and
nephew are not used to sitting idly on chairs, answering questions. In
their weather-beaten faces, long arms, strong, clumsy bodies, decades
of work were imprinted when a person, in the biblical way, earns his
bread by the sweat of his brow - and this sweat did not stop rolling
because, in addition to two pairs of his own hands on this family farm
there are tractors, combines, trucks and other equipment worth no
less, as the elder said, than half a million dollars. It was as if I had
seen these people before and many times - not at their home, but here,
in our country. The faces seem to be more sharply outlined, the
haircuts are perhaps neater than ours, on the shoulders are American
work jackets, on the heads are red farmer's caps with a long visor, on
the feet are heavy yellow boots, not tarpaulin boots, but behind the
different appearance is the same nature farmers, plowmen, hard
workers, people who do not shirk work, but, on the contrary, see in it
both their duty to their loved ones and their purpose on Earth.
These scenes stand before your eyes - simple, but full of hidden
meaning. It's so simple. This earth-nurse, resting from her labors, just
lies there. There’s just a farmer’s house with neat outbuildings a little
further away. The weightless amber of corn grains simply flows
between your fingers: when you take a handful of them, climbing the
iron ladder to the top of the round tin storage. And life itself seems to
be simple. (Its difficulty begins outside this home and this land, where
it is discovered that the harder you work, you and others, the higher
the harvest and the lower the price of your product, the stronger the
curse of highly productive labor under capitalism. And yet You can’t
help but work hard, because otherwise you’ll go broke right away.)
And in this world of ordinary people and their hard work, it’s even
funny to ask: do they want peace with us? The answer is on their
faces, in their hands: what about?!
I would not like the emphasis on the simplicity that accompanies
folk life to look popular or simplified. There are only a few million
farmers with highly productive labor in America today, fewer, for
example, than workers in the enterprises of the “military-industrial
complex”, who, alas, earn their daily bread in the arms race. Yes, there
are some. And yet, let’s not break into an open door: what kind of
people, what kind of working people don’t want peace?!
Leaving the Gulick farmers on their Illinois land and again
returning to abstract categories, it must be said: with all the disputes
about what mandate Ronald Reagan received from his voters, in the
field of foreign policy the main meaning of the mandate is not in
doubt.
Moreover, the American president received here exactly the
mandate that he requested - from the beginning of the election year,
persistently emphasizing the theme of peace, the limitation of nuclear
weapons and, above all, a sincere, constructive dialogue with the
Soviet Union and thereby in every possible way getting rid of the
politically disastrous reputation of a leader who spoiled relations with
another great power, disrupted dialogue, and increased the danger of
nuclear war. And if we speculate a little more about the interaction
between those who give the mandate and the one who seeks the
mandate, we will inevitably come to the conclusion that Ronald
Reagan is not very clever! - asked for exactly the only mandate - for
peace, not for war, which the voter could issue.
With promises of peace, Reagan managed to outplay Mondale,
especially since he eventually took the fight on the field on which the
president was accustomed to playing and which is called peace from
a position of strength. The voter trusted Reagan as a "strong leader."
And he took his word for it, because things were of a different kind.
According to one poll, two-thirds of Americans overall and nine-tenths
of those who voted for Reagan believed that he would “make a real
effort to negotiate a good arms control agreement with the Soviet
Union.”
A clear idea of the mandate of the American people to their
president and government is given by a publication that I have seen
more than once on the desks of Americans professionally involved in
politics. “Voter Opinion on Nuclear Weapons Policy. 1984 Election
Manual” is the academic title of this large-format brochure. It was
published by the Public Agency Foundation, an organization that,
among others, is trying to say its useful word in the political education
of the public and experts.
This valuable manual summarizes both forgotten and recent
public opinion polls. Together they give a picture of the evolution in
the sentiments of the mass American from those first post-war years,
when he, along with the American elite, reveled in the illusions of
omnipotence inspired by the US nuclear monopoly, and even today,
when he, the mass American, is seriously thinking about the nuclear
threat and the possibility the destruction of humanity as a result of the
buildup of gigantic arsenals of nuclear weapons.
The following figures are now well known. 89 to 9 percent of
Americans agree that in a general nuclear war there will be no winner,
and two nuclear powers will completely destroy each other. 83
percent to 13 believe that if one of the two powers uses nuclear
weapons, it will result in not a limited, but an all-out nuclear war. 76
percent versus 23 do not at all see a “wild exaggeration” in the
assumption that a nuclear disaster would completely destroy life on
Earth. 68 percent to 20 percent reject an option that suggests
Americans could fight and win a nuclear war against the Soviet Union.
Do you want to know why there haven't been more
announcements coming out of Washington lately about the possibility
of a limited nuclear war or an American victory in a nuclear conflict?
The answer is in the given and other figures.
They prove that the American people as a whole are more peace-
loving than their leaders. And at the same time, the people exaggerate
the peacefulness of the leaders. 81 percent of Americans incorrectly
believe that their government adheres to the principle of no first use of
nuclear weapons, when the opposite is true. 69 percent are also
wrong in believing that their government would not use nuclear
weapons if armed conflict using only conventional weapons broke out
in Europe.
There is another, less encouraging part of the picture painted by
the polls. Among Americans, common sense coexists with a deep—
and long-instilled—suspicion of the Soviet Union. On the one hand, the
majority (70 percent) calls the attempt to declare the Soviet Union the
cause of “all the world’s problems” a “dangerous simplification,” on
the other hand, the majority (74 percent) sees communism as a threat
to American “religious and moral values.” On the one hand, 64 percent
believe , that in the USSR they are just as afraid of a nuclear war as in
the USA, and are ready to negotiate with the same readiness of the
Americans, on the other hand, 61 percent believe that “The Soviets will
only succumb to military force.”
By the way, a breakdown by category shows that the percentage
of suspicion towards the Soviet Union is highest among older people
and among the less educated.
All this does not change, however, the essence of the voter’s
order, nor the opportunities to chart the course of the world that this
order, this mandate gives to the people at the helm of state. If the will
of the people directly set in motion the turbines of the ship of state,
the path to peace would be direct and rapid. But, of course, there is no
such direct impact, but there are Washington bureaucratic and
ideological labyrinths, and the powerful charge of anti-war sentiment
of the masses does not break through them.
And here the critical question arises about another mandate - the
one that the head of the American state must issue to his employees
and associates if he wants to move forward the most important, in his
own words, task of his second term in the White House - the matter of
improving relations between the two powers m lowering the level of
their nuclear confrontation. How serious is he—in practice—about this
goal? And is he determined to achieve it, overcoming obstacles within
his own administration?
While in Washington, I became convinced that these are the
questions that are asked primarily by qualified observers of American
political life. And so far they have not found definite answers. Among
our interlocutors was the famous Paul Warnke, who led the American
delegation to the SALT II negotiations and is now a partner in the law
firm of Clifford and Warnke. On their American side, this man put a lot
of effort into working out the SALT II Treaty, which later got stuck in
the US Senate. Warnke, who knows exactly what he's talking about,
made a simple and important point: avoiding an arms control
agreement is easier than achieving one. He expressed the same idea
in an article in the New York Times. “Blocking an arms control
agreement is not difficult,” he wrote. “But achieving it is difficult, even
when everyone tries to do it. Those officials who do not believe in
arms control should be relieved of the task of pursuing it."
Warnke's words speak volumes to anyone even remotely familiar
with what happened to the US-Soviet nuclear arms negotiations during
Reagan's first term. The mandate that I called the second simply did
not exist then. And if the publication I mentioned speaks well about
the presence of the first mandate - a mandate for peace issued by the
American people, then the absence of a second mandate - and the
desire to achieve an agreement with the Soviet Union in the first term -
is very convincingly proven by another book, which is often quoted
now in oral and written Washington debates. This second book,
Deadly Gambits, comes from the knowledgeable journalist Strobe
Talbott of Time. The author calls himself a chronicler of the American-
Soviet negotiations in Geneva - on medium-range nuclear weapons in
Europe and on strategic weapons. And in fact, with the care of a true
chronicler, he did a lot of work and cited many facts to prove his main
conclusion: the negotiations were obviously doomed to failure,
because the president did not delve into the details and did not strive
for a reasonable compromise, and those who knew the details, also
avoided the real search for an agreement with the Soviet Union.
The President was not occupied with the merits of the matter, but
with presenting the American position in advertising packaging to his
compatriots and allies. And there was a “war of the two Richards” -
Assistant Secretary of State Richard Burt and Assistant Secretary of
Defense Richard Perle. They had the final say in the practical
development of the American position, but two ambitious and
arrogant officials, as Strobe Talbott argues, essentially fought each
other to ensure that the agreement was destroyed. In terms of
resourcefulness and damage done, the leader was, perhaps, Richard
Perle, a young but sophisticated intriguer, hostile to any normalization
of American-Soviet relations. At one time, serving the late Senator
Henry Jackson and Zionist groups, Pearl helped disrupt the already
signed trade agreement between the United States and the USSR.
Since then, he has greatly expanded his track record as a saboteur.
Pearl is not God knows what kind of bird in the Washington
bureaucracy, but she is a symbolic figure in a certain way. Behind him
is not only Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, but also those
hidden and secret groups who would like to corner another great
power. The goal is unrealistic - and dangerous. Anti-national even
from the point of view of reasonably understandable US interests.
Essentially, players driven by hatred are on a crusade against their
own people because the world is indivisible. Attempts to harm the
security of the USSR inevitably result in an increased threat to the
security of the United States.
The leitmotif in the reasoning of American observers is the
following: taking into account the lessons of the first four years,
President Reagan, if he is serious in his intentions, must restore order
in his own administration, torn by conflicts.
"He's an architect who needs damn good masons," says former
President Nixon. There is no shortage of advice, as well as
suggestions that the influence of moderates in the White House
apparatus and in the State Department has increased. Congress also
seems ready to do its part by moving, albeit timidly, towards reducing
military spending…
Washington's policy in recent years has unprecedentedly spurred
the arms race, and the consequences of this - economic, political,
military-strategic - are and will continue to be felt. Now in Washington
they are moving towards a space arms race, as vast as space itself. It
has not been abandoned even at the current time of heyday of peace-
loving rhetoric. It is being prepared for the same refrain - that it will
help the cause of disarmament.
...I asked the author of the new political bestseller Strobe Talbott
at a meeting about his future creative plans. He said that he was going
to continue the work of the chronicler. What will the name of his new
book be? He joked: “Even more deadly gambits.”
A conscientious journalist will write that continuation. what life
will offer him. But this is not the kind of sequel Strobe Talbott would
have wanted, with even more deadly gambits. As do many, many
Americans.
December 1984
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
IN DALLAS...