● enforcement of human rights in industrializing societies

● universality of human right

● effects of globalization on development (see Four Asian Tigers for Success)

Case Studies for Global Politics

Strongly Related -> 3 points

related -> 2 points

somewhat related -> 1 points

related at all -> no points

Case Study Unit 1: Power & Sovereignty Unit 2: Human Rights Unit 3: Development Unit 4: Peace and Conflict
 In 2008 Kosovo unilaterally Although Serbia never
declared its independence recognized Kosovo as an
Kosovo from the republic of Serbia independent state, the two
after 9 years of being under states started negotiating in
UN rule. Most countries March of 2011. The talks are
recognized Kosovo’s mediated by the EU and are
independence and the ICJ aimed at three main topics:
stated that they did not regional cooperation, freedom
violate international Law. the of movement and rule of law.
population in Kosovo is 92% So far, the two states ended the
Muslim Albanians and 5% trade embargo, agreed on
Christian Serbians. The freedom of movement across
Justification for the administrative borders,
legitimacy of Kosovo’s recognized each other’s
declaration is rooted in the university diplomas and so on
argument that Kosovars’ (emerging positive peace).
rights were abused under the
Kosovo was nominated to join
Serbian regime. The
the UN as a sovereign state, but
intervention of NATO in 99’
Russia (who is an ally with
and the presence of
Serbia) vetoed.
international forces in Kosovo
for a decade are evidence of
the human rights abuse that
took place. Raises the
question of what the criteria
for minority is to justify
secession.

After Ukraine’s 2014

revolution, Ukraine’s
Crimea and sovereign region, Crimea,
Ukraine was annexed by Russia. This
was made easier by the fact
that Crimea’s demographics
consist of a strong etphnic
Why Ukraine is Russians majority (65% ish).
trapped in (Can mention political
endless concepts like identity,
conflict?- Vox ethnicity, language,
constructivism, realism, etc
Documentary:
Winter on Fire
(on Netflix)
UN Security Council
Resolution 242 was passed in
Israeli- 1967. It requires Israel to
Palestinian withdraw to the borders that
Conflict existed before the 1967 Six
Day War, when Israel
occupied the West Bank,
Just keep in
Golan Heights and Gaza Strip.
mind that IB has
UN Security Council
a rule on
contemporary resolutions are binding in
case studies. international law, yet Israel
Information has not yet withdrawn to the
outside of the pre-1967 borders.
learner’s Furthermore, it has built a
lifetime can be security wall around, and
used for context settlements within, territory
but the bulk of that is beyond the pre-1967
case studies borders are no longer
should be relevant and that the security
contemporary
wall is needed to protect the
(ASA within the
state of Israel from terrorist
learner’s
lifetime) attacks from Palestine.

Boko Haram emerged in 2002
as an anti-west, progressive
Nigeria Muslim group. It started out
/Boko as a movement of young
Haram people who had enough of
living in poverty. Although
they didn’t start as a military
organization, their acts
became more and more
(This can link to human While south of Nigeria is
rights, sovereignty and mostly Christian due to
development) In June influences from British
2009, the Shell oil powers, the north is mostly
company settled a lawsuit Muslim. The country is
filed against them in a divided almost perfectly to
federal court. It violated 50/50.
human rights against the
Ogoni ethnic group in
136th on CPI, 152nd on
violent. Thousands of citizens
(Christians as well as Muslims
against the movement) were
killed in countless attacks by
Boko Haram. They gained
world recognition when in
2014 they kidnapped 274
girls from school. They’ve
controlled l the most
northern part of Nigeria with
an extreme Sharia law. At the
time, fighters from
neighboring countries joined
the group. they are using
children as soldiers and
young girls as suicide
bombers.
Boko Haram are an
illegitimate group because of
the strong human rights
violations (freedom of
religion, right to life) and are
therefore illegitimate actors,
as they are recognizedby the
UNHCR treaty. They assisted
displaced persons of the
northwest region
UNHR violations: Article 18;
right to freedom of religion
Article 3: Right to life
Southern Nigeria. Since HDI, gini coefficient of
1990, the group has 48. This obviously shows
formed a protest against a correlation between
what Shell has caused in corruption and
the Niger Delta. Shell
underdevelopment,
found 6 oil fields close to
which is accentuated if
high population densities,
causing severe pollution to
one considers that
citizens which broke out Nigeria’s debt towards
fires. This caused noise the IMF increased by
and air pollution leading to 500% since the 1990s
respiratory problems, as because the money
well as cancer in local disappeared instead of
communities. going to development.
As a result, a movement
started by the Ogoni
people against Shell.
Their legitimacy is justified:
For many years, oil was an
essential part in the
running of the Nigerian
economy. It was almost
the entire revenue source
for the Nigerian
government, which aids in
their ability to develop by
upholding its many
healthcare services.
Their legitimacy is not
justified:
Although oil was an
essential aspect in running
the Nigerian economy, the
oil industry provided very
few jobs for local
Nigerians, and it was
responsible for destroying
many Nigerian livelihoods.
 Venezuela had great
economic and soft power,
Venezuela with the biggest oil reserves
in the world and a democratic
The collapse of
government that was praised
Venezuela,
world-wide. However,
explained - Vox
although the money was
Inflation rate,
invested in education and
average health, it increased the
consumer prices dependence on oil. After the
- IMF oil crisis, Maduro’s
Venezuela government became more
Needs authoritarian and more and
International more power was given to the
army. To keep being in
Intervention.
charge Maduro must prevent
Now. - The New
a military coup, which is done
York Times
by paying a lot of money to
the army. Since the country is
in deep financial crisis, it
loans billions of dollars,
especially from China. China
invested over 50$ billion in
Venezuela, an investment
that seems to have very low
probability of having any
profit. However, it gives china
a very strong hold in the
region, and access to the
world’s biggest oil reservoir.
Taliban and US intervention:
Afghanistan - Taliban is a terrorist group
that was in power in
Afghanistan between 1996-
2001
- UNSC accepted
interventions against threats
to global terrorism, and in
res. 1386 they created the
ISAF to assist Afghani security
- The official government of
Afghanistan was reinstated
with the support of US and
Northern Alliance (rebels)
The EU is an IGO which has
many rules that “bend” state
EU
sovereignty:
How the euro - Schengen agreement 1985
caused the
aimed at abolishing border
Greek crisis? -
control inside the EU and
Vox
creating a common Visa
policy for all states
- EU regulations that are
adopted and binding and
directly applicable to every
individual member state
- Common external barriers
to trade, meaning that
individual countries are not
allowed to make individual in
trade, the common market
does so as a whole
75% of Venezuela’s
population lost 20 pounds,
hospitals are lacking 98%
percent of medical
supplies and 85 out of 100
drugs are totally
unavailable. Venezuela is
in a serious humanitarian
crisis, however, when aid
arrived to the country it
has been confiscated by
the military.
Hungary:
- violations of asylum
seekers’ rights by allowing
them to only ask for
asylum from transit zone,
not allowing them to enter
Hungary
- Their “deep border
control” policy allowed
police since 2017 to deport
people out of Hungary
involving physical abuse if
necessary
- Removed people
between the ages of 14-18
from the child protection
system, going against UN
regulations of Rights of the
Child
- Since 2017 the Hungarian
police has been accused of
beating and torturing
Venezuela used to be one
of the richest countries in
Latin America, and its
democracy and
government was praised
worldwide. Venezuela’s
economy is solely based on
oil, and it has the biggest
proven oil reservoir in the
world, following the oil
price crisis in 2014, the
Venezuelan economy
collapsed. Average
consumer prices index
changed from around 100$
in 2014 to over 2K in 2018.
It has the highest inflation
rates in the world (around
950%). It GDP dropped by
35% percent in the last 6
years and the murder rates
are standing at 91 people
per 100,000, one of the
highest in the world. The
poor in Venezuela make
about 82% of the
population
Facts and stats:
- Has received 60bn $ in aid
since 2002 and yet is 169th
on CPI and 169th on HDI
(impact of corruption)
- 7.2% of Afghanistan’s GDP
came from investments by
foreign MNCs in 2016
- Since 2016, foreign AID
has made up on average
76% of Afghanistan’s GDP
- Adult illiteracy is 61.8%
- Worst score for Gender
development in the world
Bulgaria:
- 5% of Bulgaria’s wealth
comes from EU investment
- In 2013, the EU’s budget
for Bulgaria was 144
million€, representing 39%
of Bulgaria’s GNI
- EU co-financed the
motorway that crosses
almost the entire country
- Since Bulgaria joined the
EU the average income per
agricultural worker
increased by 49%
asylum seekers to
discourage them from
coming into Hungary
 The question of
development and whether
Iraq it would be better with or
without US intervention.

Haiti
Guantanamo bay:
established in 2002 as part
Guantanam of the war on terror. Camp
o Bay is known for violating
many rights, namely 1, 5,
7, 10 and is justified in the
name of increased
security. Over the years
775 detainees have been
brought to the camp and 9
have died in custody.
Guantanamo costs the US
government 445 million
dollars a year, which is
about 7 million per
prisoner per year. The
camp is not on US soil (it is
rented from cuba for
4000$ a year) which put
Guantanamo in a vague
legal situation, which
means that prisoners can
be held without charges
for years. out of 212
Afghan detainees, almost
half were almost entirely
innocent, mere taliban
conscripts or had been
transferred to
Guantanamo with no
reason for doing so on file.

The second largest dam in
the world on the Narmada
India - river has been opened on
Sardar September 17, 2017 after a
Sarovar
case in the Indian Supreme
Dam Court filed by Friends of
the Narmada River and
multiple protests by local
communities. The World
Bank, an IGO, initially
provided 450 million
dollars loan for the project
but withdrew it later due
to unsolved social and
environmental concerns.
Despite democratic
character of the Indian
state, indigenous people
were not fully able to
pursue their rights as the
Supreme Court allowed for
expansion of the dam in
2000. 40 000 people were
deprived of their land and
not compensated.
There is breach of first-
and second-generation
human rights.
The dam is estimated to Local groups used
provide fresh water to 40 non-violent protest methods
million people and protect coming from Mahatma Gandhi
210 indigenous villages to protests against flooding
from flooding. Yet, it would their villages.
come at the expense of
destroying natural habitats
in the valley of the river.
It is a question of
sustainable development
whether to prioritise
environment or
infrastructure.

Libya
The Yemen Civil War started
as part of the Arab Spring in
Yemen 2011, with demonstration
The Middle calling to end the 33-year
East's cold war, rule of the president. Due to
explained - Vox international pressure, the
president resigned and was
the US maybe replaced by his vice
aiding war president. However, his
crimes in Yemen attempts at constitutional
- Vox and budget reforms angered
the Houthi group in the
north. By 2014 they took over
Why are the the capital of Yemen, forcing
Yemen has been in a state
of Humanitarian Crisis for
a few years now: 1.8
million children are
malnourished, 7 million
people are the break of
famine, around 2,000
people died of a cholera
epidemic and there are
over half a million
confirmed cases and there
are not enough drugs as
both sides in the war are
blocking humanitarian aid
SAUDIES losing the government to relocate.
in YEMEN? - The Saudis, that do not want
VisualPolitik EN
a Shia government on their
border back the government,
while the Iranians are
Yemen - World
supporting the rebels. This
Report 2018 |
one out of three current
Human Rights
proxy wars (the others being
Watch
Iraq and Syria) carried
between Saudi Arabia and
Iran.
– Doctors Without Borders
had to evacuate its
volunteers from the
country. The Saudis are
using cluster bombs which
are forbidden under
international law, and are
destroying schools and
hospitals, all backed and
fueled by the US. since
great powers as using
Yemen for their own
interests (with Saudi
Arabia and the USA
backing the government
and Iran backing the
rebels) it is not probable
that humanitarian
intervention will take place
in the foreseeable future.
 According to the World
Bank, more than 400,000
Syria The Islamic State began people have been killed in
seizing control of territory in Syria since the start of the
Syria in 2013. After a series of war. The UN reports that
terrorist attacks coordinated more than 5.6 million have
by the Islamic State across fled the country, and 6.5
Europe in 2015, the United million have been
States, the United Kingdom, internally displaced. Many
and France—with the refugees have fled to
support of Turkey, Saudi Jordan and Lebanon,
Arabia, and other Arab straining already weak
partners—expanded their air infrastructure and limited
campaign in Iraq to include resources. More than 3.4
Syria. Together, these nations million Syrians have fled to
have conducted over eleven Turkey, and many have
thousand airstrikes against attempted to seek refuge
Islamic State targets in Syria, in Europe.
while the U.S.-led coalition
has continued its support for
ground operations by the SDF
(Syrian Democratic Forces. a
military group led by Kurds
from the Democratic
Republic of Northern Syria
together with other ethnic
groups). Turkish troops have
been involved in ground
operations against the Islamic
State since 2016, and have
launched attacks against
armed Kurdish groups in
Syria. Meanwhile, at the
request of the Syrian
government in September
2015, Russia began launching
airstrikes against what it
claimed were Islamic State
targets, while Syrian
government forces achieved
several notable victories over
the Islamic State, including
the reclamation of Palmyra.
According to the U.S.-led
coalition against the Islamic
State, 98 percent of the
territory formerly held by the
group in Iraq and Syria,
including Raqqa and Deir al-
Zour, has been reclaimed by
Iraqi security forces and the
SDF.
With Russian and Iranian
support, the Syrian
government has steadily
regained control of territory
from opposition forces,
including the opposition’s
stronghold in Aleppo in 2016.
The regime has been accused
of using chemical weapons
numerous times over the
course of the conflict,
resulting in international
condemnation in 2013, 2017,
and 2018. Opposition forces
have maintained limited
control lin Idlib, in
northwestern Syria, and on
the Iraq-Syria border.

Russian
Intervention
in USA
Elections
Russians linked
to U.S. election
interference
indicted despite
Trump calling
probe a hoax -
PBS NewsHour
 An anarchist movement in Zapatistas oppose There is continuous military
Chiapas, Mexico that capitalism and have coercion between Zapatistas
Zapatistas established an autonomous collectivism-based, self- and Mexican government,
government. sufficient economy. including checkpoints and
assassinations.
Roles in the Juntas of Good Prices of goods are decided
Government are rotating by the local community.
between representatives
Focus on self-realisation is
from different communities.
expressed through learning
practical skills in indigenous
languages.

Yet, level of poverty is

A rough geographic region
where ethnic Kurds live.
Kurdistan There’s a movement to
and the create a sovereign Kurd
Democratic Nation-State in partitioned
areas of Northern Iraq,
Federation
Northern Syria, and Turkey.
of Northern
Syria
How Syria’s After the involvement in the
Kurds are Trying Syrian war (see unit 4
to Create a column), the Kurds were able
Democracy- to strengthen their fight for
Vox an independent Kurd
territory. Multiple ethnicities
SYRIA: US
in Northern Syria joined to
ALLY’S RAZING
form the Democratic
OF VILLAGES
Federation of Northern Syria
AMOUNTS TO
WAR CRIMES- with an organized multi-
Amnesty ethnic militia to fight both
International Assad and ISIS
Who are the
Kurdistan After the Strengthening of
Workers’ Party the Democratic Federation of
(PKK) rebels?- Northern Syria, Turkey grew
BBC worried that they are merely
a front for the violent Turkish
Kurd separatists the PKK, so
Turkey sent in troops into
Syria in September 2016.
TLDR; Kurds want
independence, infringing on
Sovereignty
extremely high.
Amnesty International During the war in Syria, the
Claims that the Democratic Kurdish party the Democratic
Union Party was Union Party installed a system
committing human rights where the vowed to protect the
violations against human rights of all ethnic
groups (including Assyrian and
non-ethnic Kurds.
Turkmen) and promoted gender
equality. Then in 2014, ISIS
began attacking, and with
foreign support from the US,
the Kurds maintained and
retook occupied land. The
Syrian Kurds had some of the
armies that were the most
effective against ISIS in the
Syrian war which lead to
continued US support.
Despite the countering actions
of Turkey, in 2017 the
Democratic Union Party took
ISIS’ capital in Syria, Raqqa.
Later in 2017, Turkey launched
Operation Olive Branch, to
suppress Kurdish forces.
Without the common enemy of
ISIS, and with the US no longer
providing an abundance of
support, the Democratic Union
Party is at a severe
disadvantage.

Burundi and Uganda don’t
respect the borders of the
Democratic DRC and just cross the
Republic of borders to exploit coltan
the Congo
Workers in the coltan Apple and Samsung
mines work 12 hours per electronics use the coltan
day and receive 5$ for a exploited from the DRC to
day of work. make phones worth of 500
– 1000$.
The DRC has been through two
civil wars – no positive peace.
The government is very
unstable, which also allows for
other actors to violates the
DRC’s sovereignty and exploit
its resources.

Costa Rica
Example of the use of Counter Argument for
Collective rights for Liberal Democracies being
Bolivia Indigenous Peoples needed for Development:

We should look
to Bolivia for Evo Morales, a leader
inspiration- The sometimes accused of
Guardian being overly Authoritarian
Bolivia|Data - and leader of Bolivia’s
the World Bank Socialist Regime has been
able to lower levels of
extreme poverty and
decrease income inequality
while raising minimum
wages and social spending,
with sub focuses on
indigenous rights and the
importance of protecting
the environment.

GDP increase from 20

Billion $ in 2010 to 34
Billion in 2016. literacy
rates are above 90%.
percentage of people
underneath the national
poverty line dropped from
52% in 2009 to 38% in 2015

ranked 118 on the HDI

index
 The FARC are communist the war between the FARC and
guerrilla movement fighting the Colombian government
FARC the Colombian government took the life of 250 thousand
Inside FARC's since 1964. only in 2012 did people and displaced around 7
Political Future peace negotiation start, million, in the past 50 years. the
(HBO) which took 4 years to sign. Havana accord signed between
this was following a crack the Colombian government and
The UN’s new down from the colombian the FARC insurgency group is
role in Colombia government which brought based on a new tripartite
can strengthen the FARC down from 20,000 verification mechanism with the
the peace fighters to 6,000-7,000, what UN as a third party. This has
process during eventually made them come never been tried before, but
its most to the negotiation table. The from the case study of Colombia
vulnerable FARC agreed to stop all drug it seems to have promising
phase | the trafficking and give all results. it is not a blue helmets
London School weapons to a UN supervised operation, and there are no UN
of Economics committee in return for no troops in Colombia. the role of
and Political jail time and saved five sits in the UN was to guarantee the
Science each of the houses of trust between the two parties in
UN Verification congress in Colombia. this fragile state of the
Mission in negotiations. it was done by the
Colombia UN being responsible for
collecting weapons from FARC
combatants (with average of 1
weapon per fighter, much
higher than similar operations)
and overlook integration of
FARC fighters into civilian life.

Rise of Far
Right in
Europe
China has been increasing Despite economic For the last 30 years, China
its soft power by taking capitalism, China has been the fastest
Rising China position of the US, for remains to be a country growing economy in the
Martin Jacques: example in terms of with restricted political world with annual growth
China's rise to of GDP at rate of 9%,
climate action. China is the freedoms.
power | CGTN becoming the largest
largest producer of solar
America economy in the world.
China's trillion panels and solar energy.
dollar plan to 300 million people
China is also investing a lot
dominate global moved to cities in that
of money in countries such
trade - Vox Atlas time.
Why China is as The Democratic
building islands Republic of the Congo and Absolute poverty in
in the South Venezuela, gaining soft China fell from 250
China Sea - Vox power and economic million in 1978 to 28
Atlas million in 2001.
influence.
In 1978 China started
reforming its communist
economy. Since then it
doubled its gdp 6 times.
More than 200M people
moved from the rural areas
to the urban ones. Its
downsides are: increase in
inequality, mainly between
the urban and the rural
societies which brought its
GIni index from 0.16 to
0.45; massive pollution
causing massive illness and
shoten in life spans; A lot of
separated families due to
urbanization.

After the genocide of 1994, After the genocide, there were

Rwanda was one of the over 800,000 dead, million
Rwanda poorest countries in the
of Rwandan displaced in
How is world. In 2000 president
neighboring countries, 130,000
RWANDA Paul Kagame came into
suspects accused of genocide
stepping out of power, and by looking at
 MISERY? -
VisualPolitik EN
How did Gacaca combine
elements of both retributive
and restorative justice and how
effective was it in reconciling
Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
after the 1994 genocide? |
Global Politics EEflfloffllfl
development models from
Thailand, Singapore and
China, he started to rebuild
Rwanda. He did that using
a plan called “vision 2020”
which is a list of 44 clear
and accountable goals,
which are being checked
regularly by the
government. one of them
was promoting gender
equality, and today
Rwanda is the country with
the most female
representatives in the
parliament. Besides that,
its GDP is growing 8%
annually (rate similar to
countries like china). Paul
Kagame has been president
for the past 18 years and
wins over 94% percent of
the votes in elections.
- Rwanda is in the top tier
for Gender development,
scoring higher than many
EU countries, and yet has
an HDI ranking of 159
crimes and only 36 judges and
14 prosecutors available. the
UN set the International Crime
Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in
Tanzania, where the most
serious violators of the IHL
(International Humanitarian
Law) were tried. France offered
to send judges to help speed up
the system, but Rwandan
refused to have foreign
involvement. The solution was
to re-establish the Gacaca
courts which is a community
based justice system from pre-
colonial times.In its retributive
form Gacaca punished those
who committed war crimes
during the genocide, treating
crime as done against the state.
However in its restorative form
it also acknowledged crimes
between people and focused on
efforts to reconcile communities
through dialogue. During their
time of operation, the Gacaca
courts completed roughly 1.5
million cases, and held
punishments which ranged from
life imprisonment to community
service. Despite criticism from
the international community,
today it is commonly agreed
that Gacaca courts were
successful in their mission.
 In Sudan, since 2003, there
was a conflict regarding the
Crisis in region of Darfur on the west,
South Sudan after the state split up with
South Sudan finally gaining
independence. The source of
the conflict was between
their ethnic groups. An IGO,
the UN, have contributed to
the conflict as they sent a
peacekeeping force to
protect people in Darfur from
the civil war. The IRC
(International Rescue
Committee) helps
humanitarian crises and they
have also aided them with
medical healthcare, water,
education and protection
from the war.

However they were expelled

from the nation by Sudan’s
government for cooperating
with the court. They also
created massive media
attention around the conflict
which exposed the nation

Ebola
outbreak
Since the beginning of
2017 more than 100 male
Chechnya LGBT Chechens were
abducted and detained in
torture camps because of
their sexual orientation,
and at least 3 have been
killed extrajudicially. The
local government justifies
this because of Chechnya’s
semi-autonomous
governing system, and the
Islamic background of the
population and culture.
There were two wars between
Chechnya (which declared
independence from Russia in
1991) and Russia, in 1994-1996
and 1999-2000. Between 2000
and 2009 Russia has had an
ongoing anti-terrorist operation
in Chechnya to help the country
transit from Islamic radicalism
to positive peace. In 2007
Ramzan Kadyrov was appointed
President of Chechnya with
Russia’s support. He has since
then fully supported Russian
policies on security and fought
Islamic radicalism, while at the
same time economically
developing the country with
financial assistance from the
Kremlin.

Oil crisis of
2014
South china sea is one of the There have been military
richest areas in the world: it clashes involving Chinese,
South China contains 11 billion barrels of Vietnamese, Malaysian and
Sea oil and 5.4 trillion cubic Filipino military vessels as well
meters of natural gas. as incidents of harassing
Why China is
Moreover, 30% of the world’s fishermen.
building islands
shipping trade goes through It is a traditional interstate
in the South
it. Most south-east Asian conflict over territory.
China Sea? - Vox
countries base their claims
for some part of it on the UN
law of the sea which states
that a country’s territorial
water extend 200 miles of
their shore. Everything within
these 200 miles is the
sovereign territory of that
state. China claims that they
have an historical right to
south china sea, and they
mark it using the so-called 9
dash line (a border made out
of 9 dashed lines – obviously
imprecise). China is building
islands there and placing
military bases on them to
slowly but steadily take
control of the region. So far,
the US have released
statements encouraging
china and other south-east
Asian countries to solve the
dispute, and sent its navy to
keep trading routes open.
However, actual international
intervention does not seem
likely.
 In the early 1960’s the
global economy was
Four Asian recovering from WW2
Tigers trauma. The four countries’
(Taiwan, governments took
advantage of the
Hong Kong,
opportunity to invest
Singapore, heavily in industrialization,
and South offering tax incentives for
Korea) foreign investors
(AKA Asian (globalization) , and
Dragons) implementing mandatory
education for the young
people. Soon after they
began exporting a wide
variety of goods.

They are an anomaly in

Asia, and they fared well
through the 1997 Asian
Economic Crisis and the
2008 Financial Crisis.

Catalonia’s
independen
ce

Smart
Power in
Negotiation
s with Iran

OPEC
Proxy war: India provides
military support to
Pakistani- Afghanistan to fight Pakistani
Indian terrorists, like Haqqani
conflict network, who are behind
attacks such as the 2007 and
2008 Indian embassy
bombings in Kaboul

- Lashker-e-taibe Pakistan
group responsible for 2008
Mumbain bombings, and
Pakistani Taliban responsible
for 30% of India’s terrorist
attacks

- Pakistan isn’t focused on

eradicating terrorism, and
there are arguments that say
this is because the terrorists
damage India in ways
Pakistan otherwise could not

UN peacekeeping:

Somalia - African Union mission with UN

approval to bolster peace and
remove Al-shabaab forces from
Somalia, started in 2007

- Criticism because AMISOM

uses mostly military and violent
means to eliminate Al-shabaab,
and has not focused on
peacebuilding and state-
building

- Because of the previous

reason, AMISOM has not been
able to expand peace even in
the areas it liberated in Somalia
 Peacebuilding:

Northern - 40 years of conflict between

IRA and British government
Ireland
ended with Good Friday
Agreement in 1998

- since 1994 there had been

negotiations in place to bring all
fighting parties to the table,
including non-state actors such
as Ulster Loyalists and the IRA
which renewed its 1994
ceasefire in 1997

- the agreement itself in 1998

gave political stability to Ireland
and Northern Ireland, being
signed by all political parties
involved and stating Northern
Ireland’s relationship with
Ireland while still being part of
the UK.

Mexico (gini coefficient of

48)
Mexico
× States in Mexico that
were least affected by
globalization are the ones
which were seen to be
lagging behind in terms of
poverty and labour in the
1990s.

× Also, during the same

period income in states of
Mexico with low exposure
to globalization decreased
by 10%, and the number of
families in poverty
increased.

× In 2002 32% of Mexico’s

GDP was foreign
investment.

× NAFTA severely damaged

most Mexican farmers
because of the import of
US subsidised corn.

× Poor Mexicans are

migrating to the US
because of their poverty
level impacted by
globalization, and are then
being employed by the
same companies that put
them out of work.

× After NAFTA, Mexican

average wages dropped by
22%.

- Brief Summary: Britain

supported the Sierra Leone
Sierra Leon Army against the
ne revolutionary forces trying
to overthrow the
government. Operation
Palliser (7th May 2000 -
September 2000)On 18
January 2002, President
Kabbah declared the Sierra
Leone Civil War (1991 -
2002) over.
- Stakeholders:
Revolutionary United Front
(RUF), Sierra Leone Army
(SLA), British Army
- What happened? After
deciding that the RUF
would not disarm
voluntarily, the British
began training the SLA for
a confrontation against the
rebels.
- Results and facts: The
overall British operation
was mostly completed by
September 2000. The RUF
began to disarm after
political pressure, and later
economic sanctions, were
exerted on Liberia—which
had supported the RUF in
exchange for conflict
diamonds smuggled out of
Sierra Leone. The
government signed a
ceasefire agreement with
the RUF that later led to
the Disarmament,
Demobilisation and
Reintegration (DDR)
process.
 Three of the major global
powers, US, Russia and China
Rome didn’t sign the statute and
Statute are not accountable to the
court.
Economic embargo on Iraq
was imposed on all trade
Economic from 1990 until 2003.
Sanctions Multinational Interception
Force was inspecting vessels
on Iraq
and cargoes carrying loads to
or from Iraq.
During sanctions period, per
capita income decreased
from 3500 dollars to 450
dollars.
Countries through the United
Nations used their economic
power in order to exercise
pressure on a target country.
Norwegian government owns
a large number of shares in
State some of the largest
capitalism in companies in the country
Norway such as Statoil, Telenor,
Norsk Hydro, Yara and
Statecraft. Moreover, it holds
37% of
Oslo stock market.
Government has economic
power in the country rather
than MNCs or foreign
investors.
Google
maps affect
on
territorial
disputes
Google Maps is
Different in
Other Countries
Kenya 2007
The Rome statute from
1998 sets up an
ICC(international criminal
court) which is authorized
to conduct hearings for
breaches of international
law and for crimes against
humanity. They are also
authorized to issue arrest
warrants and launch
investigations of against
breaches and crimes. As it
is aimed to complement
existing judicial system, it
can exercise its power only
when national courts
cannot or are unwilling to
prosecute a suspect or
when cases are referred to
the courts by states or the
UNSC.
Economic sanctions are Funds obtained from
likely to have inverse exports of oil merely
impact on citizens as allowed to fund
claimed by the UN. humanitarian aid and there
Approximately 500 000 was little or no funds for
children died in result of
development projects.
sanctions, there was
severe malnutrition, lack
of medical supplies and
spread of diseases.
Government of Norway
gains high revenues from
shares as well as sales of oil
and it has established the
Government Pension Fund
Global for post-oil future.
Money is invested in social
services.
Electoral violence after
President Kibaki was
declared winner.
Supporters of Raila Odinga
claimed there was
electorial manipulation.
Ethnic violence occured
between the two
supporters. UN arrived a
 month later and violence
ceased after coalition set
up; Odinga was made
Prime Minister. kibaki was
made President

Disputed election win

Ivory Coast between former president
2011 Laurent Gbagbo and
Alassane Outtara. Violent
conflict between
supporters of both sides
with military. Various war
crimes committed and
Gbagbo was taken to the
ICC for trail. Fighting
ended
Sub-saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa has
been caught in a poverty
cycle that has made it
difficult or impossible to
break out of poverty. This
has been exacerbated by
the link between poverty
and disease. HIV/AIDS has
been a particular blight on
sub-Saharan Africa,
accounting in 2007 for
some 68 per cent of
HIV/AIDS cases worldwide
and 76 per cent of all AIDS
deaths. The association
between poverty and civil
conflict, crime, corruption
and state failure has also
seriously disadvantaged
sub-Saharan Africa

Past Paper 2 Questions

Power and Sovereignty
Specimen 2014
● To what extent is state sovereignty an outdated concept in the 21st century?
● “Global politics is characterized more by cooperation than by conflict.” Discuss.

May 2014

● Examine the claim that the significance of military power is diminishing in contemporary global politics.
o Oxford Exam Hints
● Discuss the impact of NGOs, MNCs, and international organizations on state sovereignty
o Oxford Exam Hints

May 2015

● Examine the claim that increased interactions and interconnectedness in global politics have fundamentally changed the nature of state
sovereignty.
o Nicolai example essay
o Oxford Exam Hints
● Power is often assumed to be linked to the possession of, or access to, resources. Discuss the validity of this view
o Oxford Exam Hints

May 2016

● Discuss the claim that power in global politics is mostly exercised through the use of force and
threats.
 o Cecilia example essay
o Oxford Exam Hints
o Mark scheme
● Evaluate the claim that state sovereignty creates obstacles for the realization of justice for
individuals and communities.
o Omer Maly example essay
o Oxford Exam Hints
o Mark Scheme

May 2017

● Discuss reasons why the legitimacy of a state may need to be questioned.

o Mark Scheme
● Examine the claim that economically powerful states are able to manipulate global governance
institutions to their advantage.
o Mark Scheme

November 2017

● Examine the claim that state sovereignty is challenged by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) and other non-state actors (NSAs).
o Mark Scheme
● Evaluate the function and impact of one of the following in dealing with global challenges: Political parties, Intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs), Multinational corporations (MNCs), Informal forums.
o Mark Scheme

Human Rights
Specimen 2014
● “A national or regional approach to human rights enforcement is more effective than a global approach.” Discuss.
● “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights seeks to impose a Western perspective on human rights on non-Western societies.” To what
extent do you agree with this criticism?

May 2014

● Compare and contrast an institutional approach to the ratification and enforcement of human rights (for example, through The Hague
Courts) with non-institutional approaches (for example, through human rights NGOs, such as Amnesty International).
● To what extent do the complex realities and relationships of power in global politics make the concept of human rights an unachievable
ideal?

May 2015

● “Human rights covenants and treaties can limit development in newly industrializing economies.” To what extent do you agree with this
claim?
● Discuss the extent to which cultural relativism can be used to justify different concepts of human rights.

May 2016

● “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is no longer relevant for dealing with human rights issues in the 21st century.” To
what extent do you agree with this claim?
o Sebas C example essay
o Mark Scheme
● Examine the eff /ectiveness of non-state actors in advancing the protection of human rights.
o Uriel example essay
o Mark Scheme

May 2017

● Examine the claim that human rights as presented in treaties and covenants are not enforceable, and are therefore of little use to
vulnerable populations.
o Mark Scheme
● Discuss the claim that development in industrializing countries often violates universal rights to a clean environment and to the
humanitarian treatment of labour.
o Mark Scheme

November 2017

● To what extent has the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provided the basis for contemporary political movements for social
change?
o Mark Scheme
● “Universal rights should take precedence over cultural relativism in the formation of human rights treaties and covenants.” Discuss this
view.
o Mark Scheme
Specimen Paper 2017
● In April 2016, Theresa May said that the UK should reject the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) because it ‘makes us less
secure’ – a proposal that would strike at the heart of international rights protections.

●
●
○ Uriel Example Essay

Development
Specimen 2014
● Evaluate the claim that development is impossible to measure.
● “The biggest obstacle to development in developing countries is debt.” Discuss.

May 2014

● Evaluate the claim that development through aid relies heavily on a stable government and a lack of corruption.

● The fundamental weakness of development goals (such as the Millennium Development Goals) is their lack of focus on how targets are
actually to be achieved. To what extent do you agree with this claim?

May 2015

● Evaluate the view that globalization harms rather than benefits the poorest people in countries with the lowest incomes.
o Sebas C Example Essay
● Discuss the view that sustainable development will never be achieved until state and non-state actors can be persuaded or forced to act
in the common interest.
o Benjy Example Essay

May 2016

● Discuss the view that social factors such as gender relations or migration can both help and hinder development.
o Khan T example essay
o Mark Scheme
● Examine the view that successful development cannot be achieved without addressing political
inequality
o Sebas C example essay
o Mark Scheme

Specimen 2017
● Discuss the view that the biggest obstacles to development in today’s world are political.

May 2017

● Evaluate the claim that inequality encourages, rather than prevents, development.
o Mark Scheme
● To what extent is the achievement of political and social stability essential for development?
o Mark Scheme

November 2017

● “Definitions of development that stress meeting basic needs should be replaced with definitions that focus on well-being.” Discuss this
statement.
o Mark Scheme
● Discuss the view that harmful environmental factors represent the greatest threat to successful development
o Mark Scheme

Peace and Conflict

Specimen 2014
● “Truth and reconciliation commissions are the most effective way to foster peace.” To what extent do you agree with this claim?
● Evaluate the claim that humanitarian intervention is a justifiable intrusion into the sovereignty of a state.

May 2014

● “Transforming armed conflict towards peace relies on an interrelationship of peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace building.” Discuss.

● “If a person died from tuberculosis in the eighteenth century it would be hard to conceive of this as violence since it might have been
quite unavoidable, but if he dies from it today, despite all the medical resources in the world, then violence is present” (Galtung). To
what extent do you agree with the view that those in power have an obligation to identify and prevent structural violence?

May 2015

● Peacebuilding is arguably more important than peacemaking, yet it is given much less funding and attention. To what extent do you
agree with this claim?
● Discuss why non-violent protest is sometimes able to achieve success against even the most powerful of opponents
May 2016

● Evaluate the success of third-party involvement in transforming one intra-state conflict away from violence and towards positive peace.
o Mark Scheme
● “The use of violence can never be legitimate.” Discuss the validity of this claim, with reference to at least one violent conflict you have
studied.
o Caterina example essay
o Mark Scheme

Specimen 2017
● Examine the view that peace can be defined as the absence of physical violence

May 2017

● Compare and contrast two different approaches to peacemaking in one armed conflict you
have studied.
o Mark Scheme
● Discuss the view that peace is more than simply the absence of war
o Mark Scheme

November 2017

● Examine the claim that contrasting material interests are the main cause of conflicts.
o Giang Example Essay
o Mark Scheme
● Discuss the view that non-violent protest are the only way to achieve lasting change in conflicts between the state and non-state actors.
o Mark Scheme

https://www.stuvia.com/doc/241277/approaches-to-global-politics

https://www.slps.org/Page/44844

https://peda.net/jao/lyseo/isac/ias/global-politics/p1ppatm/paper-1-power:file/download/a5a2de35633a1c087a8c1f8ed4dc649fe32197ef/
paper%201%20power.pdf

https://www.macmillanihe.com/companion/Heywood-Global-Politics-1e/student-zone/Chapter-notes/

http://gameswofrontiers.blogspot.com/2013/11/ib-glopo-year-2-development-our-final.html

https://sites.google.com/a/isb.be/isbglobalpolitics/course-info/assessment/external-assessment

https://sites.google.com/a/isb.be/isbglobalpolitics/debates