WDM Section 07 Treated Effluent Systems R3

WASTEWATER DESIGN MANUAL
Section 07 – Treated Effluent Systems
Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-07
Issue Date: 29/09/2016
Revision: 03
The content of this document material is a property of Haya Water. No part of this document in whole or in part,
may be reproduced in any form, by photocopy, microfilm, scanning or any other means, or incorporated into any
information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of Haya water Management.
Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-07 Issue Date: 29/09/2016
Classification: Revision: 03
i Revision History
The following is a brief summary of the most recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions
prior to these are held on file by the issuing department.
Revision
Date Scope / Remarks
No.
0 13/04/2006 Document approved and issued
01 01/06/2008 To incorporate Tender Board and Veolia comments
02 31/12/2010 To incorporate latest changes as per current International standards.
03 29/09/2016 Updated as part of the Haya Water Technical Standards Upgrading
project
ii Current Revision: 03 dated 29/09/2016
Document Prepared by Document Reviewed by
HAYA Water
M/s Halcrow on Behalf of Haya Water Asset Management / Projects / O&M
iii Document Authorisation

This document is authorised for issue.
Document Approval Authority
General Manager Asset Management
Suleiman Al Qasmi
Page 2 of 39 Standard Specifications

Controlled version of this document is available in CMS. Any printed copies are uncontrolled
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Revision History................................................................................................................ 2
ii Current Revision: 03 dated 29/09/2016 ............................................................................ 2
iii Document Authorisation .................................................................................................. 2
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2. Scope .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3. Objective .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4. Distribution/Target Audience .................................................................................... 6
1.5. Definitions .................................................................................................................. 7
1.6. Standards ................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 8
2. Treated Effluent System Description and Components.............................................10
2.1. General ......................................................................................................................10
2.2. Treated Effluent Supply System ..............................................................................10
2.2.1. Storage Tanks/Reservoirs.....................................................................................10
2.2.2. Pumping Stations .................................................................................................. 11
2.2.3. Transmission Mains .............................................................................................. 11
2.2.4. Distribution Mains ................................................................................................. 11
2.2.5. Sea Outfall and Groundwater Recharge .............................................................. 11
2.2.6. Tanker Filling Stations .......................................................................................... 11
2.2.7. Re-Chlorination Stations ......................................................................................12
2.2.8. Combination Air/Vacuum Valves ..........................................................................12
2.2.9. Washouts (Scour Valves) ......................................................................................12
2.2.10. Isolation Valves ..................................................................................................12
2.2.11. Chambers ...........................................................................................................12
3. Basic Design Consideration ........................................................................................13
3.1. Planning and Design Horizon ..................................................................................13
3.2. General Planning ......................................................................................................13
3.3. Data Collection ..........................................................................................................14
3.4. Pre-Design Data Collection and Review ..................................................................14
3.5. Design Phase Data Collection..................................................................................14
4. Treated Effluent Water Demand ...................................................................................16
4.1. Treated Effluent Use and Demand ...........................................................................16

4.2. System Losses ..........................................................................................................17

4.3. Peaking Factors ........................................................................................................18
5. Design Considerations ................................................................................................20
5.1. Disinfection ...............................................................................................................20
5.1.1. Chemical Disinfection ...........................................................................................20
5.1.2. Ultraviolet Disinfection .........................................................................................20
5.2. Basic Treated Effluent System Design Principles ..................................................20
5.3. Treated Effluent Supply System – Battery Limit .....................................................21
5.4. Future Connections ..................................................................................................22
5.5. Highways ...................................................................................................................22
6. Design Parameters .......................................................................................................23
6.1. Pipe Materials............................................................................................................23
6.2. Hydraulic Design.......................................................................................................23
6.3. Minor Losses.............................................................................................................25
6.4. Velocities and Profiles ..............................................................................................26
6.5. Network Modelling ....................................................................................................26
6.6. Pipe Restraint............................................................................................................26
6.7. Laying Depths ...........................................................................................................26
6.8. Utility Crossings .......................................................................................................27
6.9. Pipe Protection Slabs ...............................................................................................27
6.10. Wadi Protection .....................................................................................................27
6.11. Pipe Sleeves ..........................................................................................................28
6.12. Air Valves, Washouts, and Isolation Valves .........................................................28
7. Storage Tanks/Reservoirs............................................................................................30
7.1. General ......................................................................................................................30
7.2. Configuration ............................................................................................................30
7.3. Piping Arrangement ..................................................................................................30
7.4. Access and Ventilation .............................................................................................31
8. Pump Stations ..............................................................................................................31
8.1. Design and Configuration Considerations..............................................................31
8.2. Consideration of Pump Selection ............................................................................33
8.2.1. Centrifugal Pumps ................................................................................................33
8.2.2. Vertical Turbine Pumps .........................................................................................34
9. Tanker Filling Stations .................................................................................................34
10. Thrust Restraint ........................................................................................................35

10.1. Thrust Blocks ........................................................................................................35

10.2. Mechanically Anchored Joints .............................................................................36
11. Surge Protection .......................................................................................................37
12. Leak Detection ..........................................................................................................38

1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
The purpose of this document is to communicate the technical requirements and preferences of
Haya Water for the Treated Effluent Systems.
1.2. Scope
i. The scope of this Manual is to provide technical guidance to the Designer regarding key system
elements for treated effluent systems. This Manual shall be applicable to all Haya Water projects,
and shall be read in conjunction with the relevant standard Specifications of all other documents
or any Contract requirements or Particular Specification, or both. Any clause in the Manual which
relates to Works or materials not required by any particular Contract shall be deemed not to
apply.
ii. The Manual address the minimum standards for each aspect of a treated effluent system and
takes into account hydraulic performance, overall civic design, and network planning philosophy.
In general, a treated effluent system acts similarly to a pressurised potable water supply network
with two notable exceptions: for an irrigation system less importance is placed on water quality
and supply reliability.
iii. The contents of this document shall be read in conjunction with all Haya Water Technical
Specifications. Compliance with the contents of Haya Water Technical Specifications shall be an
integral requirement of this document.
1.3. Objective
i. The objective of this Manual is to ensure that all designs are carried out to a uniform high
standard, in line with Haya Water’s intentions and best international practices. Incorporating the
requirements and criteria of this Manual will ease Haya Water’s technical review and approval
process in the implementation of projects.
ii. The Manual is intended for use by Designers who are knowledgeable and experienced in the
design of wastewater collection, transfer, and treatment processes. The Designers need to be
fully familiar with the contents of the Manual.
iii. Requirements and criteria included in the Manual are not purported to cover all design conditions.
The Manual is a guide and not meant to preclude the use of experienced engineering judgement
for specific design situations. Designers shall address all necessary aspects for their particular
project in consultation with the Engineer, and any proposed deviations from the Manual must be
discussed and agreed upon with the Engineer prior to commencement of the Works.
1.4. Distribution/Target Audience

This document is issued for use by concerned Haya Asset Management and Operations
employees, Designers, Owner Representatives/Engineers, Consultants, and Contractors.

1.5. Definitions
i. Client/Owner: Oman Wastewater Services Company (Haya Water) for whom the Works are to
be undertaken
i. Owner Representative/Engineer: The firm or company named in the Contract as appointed by
the Client to supervise and administer the Contract
ii. Consultant: The firm or company selected by the Client to prepare the Particular Specification
(the Contract documents) for a given project
iii. Contractor: The company or organisation responsible for the construction of the Works and who
have entered into a Contract with the Client
iv. Designer: Any person carrying out design activities for or on behalf of any of the parties
mentioned previously. A person involved in any changes to existing or proposed Works shall be
deemed to be a Designer.
v. Site: The land allocated for the Works
ii. Project Documents: All documents associated with and applicable to the Contract
vi. Particular Specification: The Specification associated with the Contract and prepared at the
time of the project by the Engineer specifically for that application
vii. Technical definitions related to this Manual are to be found within the appropriate technical
clauses in the document.
1.6. Standards
CIRIA Report 128 Guide to design of thrust blocks for buried pressure pipelines
BS 1780 Specification for Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges
BS 3505 Specification for unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pressure

pipes for cold potable water
BS 4346 Joints and fittings for use with PVC-U pressure pipes
BS 5150 Specification for cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves for
general purposes
BS 5154 Specification for copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, and
check and gate valves for general purposes
BS 8007 Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining
aqueous liquids
BS 8010 Code of practice for pipelines
EN 1295-1 Structural design of buried pipelines under various conditions of

loading. General requirements.
ASTM D2241 Specifications for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure-rated pipes

ASTM D2466 Specification for PVC-U pipe fitting Schedule 40
ASTM D2467 Specification for PVC-U pipe fitting Schedule 80

ASTM D1248 Standard specification for polyethylene plastic
ASTM D1785 American standard for testing of material for PVC pipes
ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance system
1.7. Abbreviations
ASTM ASTM International (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials)
BS British Standard
CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association
DI Ductile Iron
DIPRA Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EN European Norm
FOS Factors of Safety
GRP Glass-Reinforced Plastic
HDPE High-Density Polyethylene
ICA Instrumentation, Control, and Automation
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
MHEW Ministry of Housing, Electricity, and Water

NRV Non-Return Valve
NSA National Survey Authority
PRV Pressure Reduction Valve
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
PVC-U Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride

ROW Right-of-Way
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SI International System of Units
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
TE Treated Effluent
TDH Total Dynamic Head
TSE Treated Sewage Effluent

UV Ultraviolet
WHO World Health Organisation

Other abbreviations related to this Specification can be found within the appropriate technical
clauses in the document.
i. Units of Measurement
° and deg Degree
°C Degree Celsius
km Kilometre
kN Kilo newton
L/m/day Litre per Metre per Day
L/m2/day Litre per Square Metre per Day

L/plant/day Litre per Plant per Day
m Metre
m3/h Cubic Metre per Hour

mg/L Milligram per Litre
mm Millimetre
m/s Metre per Second
m2/s Square Metre per Second
m3/s Cubic Metre per Second

2. Treated Effluent System Description and Components
2.1. General
Treated Effluent (TE) is the water available, after the treatment of domestic wastewater, at
sewage treatment plants (STPs), generally to be used for variety of irrigation applications, such
as the irrigation of food crops and non-food crops, and watering of public parks and landscape
areas. To be suitable for re-use as irrigation water, the TE must meet the quality standards
defined in the Haya Water Concession Agreement.
a) Haya Water Treated effluent systems typically include the following:
 Transmission and distribution pipelines
 Storage tanks/reservoirs
 Pumping stations and booster stations
 Disinfection facility
 Tanker filling stations
b) Where TE water is used for irrigation purposes, the treated effluent quality shall be in
accordance with the Standard A or B, stipulated in the Ministerial Decision 145/1993 dated 13
June 1993 by Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs. For any other reuse applications
not mentioned in the Ministerial Decision 145/1993, shall be referred to the concerned
Ministry for approval.
c) In case, the TE water is to be discharged in to the marine environment, the quality standard
stipulated in Ministerial decision No. 159/2005 of MRMEWR shall be followed. (The
Ministerial Decision 145/1993 and the Ministerial Decision 159/2005 are include in the
Section 5 Sewage Treatment Plant Design Manual.
2.2. Treated Effluent Supply System

The Designer shall refer to the latest Haya Water Master Plan to understand the overall concept
of TE supply system including storage tanks/reservoirs, pumping stations, and transmission and
distribution systems, and accordingly develop the TE supply system for specific area.
a) A TE supply system is defined as a system that conveys treated sewage effluent (TSE)
generated from wastewater treatment Works to its downstream distribution network for
landscaping, farming, and other reuse. The main components of TE supply systems include
the following:
 Storage tanks/reservoirs
 Pumping stations
 Re-chlorination stations
 Transmission and distribution mains
2.2.1. Storage Tanks/Reservoirs
Reservoirs are provided in the TE system to buffer peaks in TE production, provide emergency
storage, and allow optimisation of the sizing of the distribution network by allowing reservoirs to
be filled during low demand periods and emptied during high demand periods. Ideally, a TE

supply system should have a storage tanks/reservoirs of minimum 1 day average demand
storage capacity Pumping Stations
2.2.2. Pumping Stations
The purpose of the TE pump stations is to transfer TE from one location to another, distribute it
throughout the systems, boost the pressure, and feed tanker filling stations. Due to large diurnal
and monthly demand fluctuations, variable speed pumps are generally used in the distribution
system. In transmission mains and tanker filling stations, constant speed pumps are preferred
due to the constant delivery heads.
2.2.3. Transmission Mains
Transmission mains transfer treated effluent from production sources (wastewater treatment
plants) to areas of concentrated demand or zonal storage facilities, and have limited direct
consumer connections. Transmission mains are distinct from distribution mains in size
arrangement, and operation. Transmission mains should be designed such that the bulk transfer
of water to each zonal district or demand cluster can be independently controlled. During network
design, an interface between transmission and distribution mains should be made such that the
transmission mains have a single, or very few, connections to each district or demand cluster.
This allows the transfer of water to each district to be easily controlled or isolated, or both.
Similarly, a transmission main should maintain one, or very few, discrete (unmixed) connections
from each source or storage.
2.2.4. Distribution Mains
Distribution mains are defined in this Manual as a pipeline minimum 100mm (ID) in diameter.
Pipelines that are smaller than 100 mm in diameter are typically landscaping feeder lines or are
individual consumer connections. These pipelines run over short distances and can be
categorised as service laterals.
a) The interface between the distribution network and service lateral must be separated by an
isolation valve such as a small hand-operated ball valve or tap valve. The interface with
landscaping or irrigation feeder lines is called an customer connection chamber which,
among other features, contains a small hand operated tap or valve, flow meter,
b) At locations where a distribution main interfaces with a transmission main, an isolation valve
must be provided, which preferably will be automated for ease and flexibility in operational
control.
c) Distribution network pipelines are to be thoroughly looped and interconnected, providing
multiple paths of flow to every consumer connection. This will not only minimise pressure
losses but also will minimise the number of consumers disrupted during maintenance or
repairs to the distribution network. Whilst the distinction between transmission and
distribution mains may not be clear in the existing TE network, any changes, upgrades, or
new pipes must follow these guidelines to incrementally improve the TE system operations
and functionality.
2.2.5. Sea Outfall and Groundwater Recharge
Sea outfalls discharge bulk quantities of excess TSE into the sea along the coastline. Other
discharge points for the excess TSE have been located inland for the purpose of groundwater
recharge, and shall be operated as such in the future. These are to be represented in network
hydraulic assessments as open boundaries controlled by flow or pressure.
2.2.6. Tanker Filling Stations
Tanker filling stations are required to fill tankers that supply consumers outside of the distribution
network. A filling station shall comprise a holding tank and a minimum of two filling bays.

2.2.7. Re-Chlorination Stations

Chlorine is added to the TE at the STP for disinfecting purposes. Over time, especially at
elevated temperatures, the residual chlorine levels in the effluent decreases. Depending on the
TE network length, it may not be possible to add sufficient chlorine at the STP to provide a
suitable level of residual at remote locations, as this level would lead to unacceptably high
residual chlorine concentration at locations close to the STP. To maintain the correct chlorine
levels throughout the system, re-chlorination stations shall be required.
a) The optimum location for the re-chlorination stations must be determined through modelling.
In additional, a careful study of the location and technology chosen (for example, chlorine
gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypocrite or electro-chlorination methods) must be carried
out to ensure there is no danger to public health or the environment through routine
operations or accidents. Typically, chlorine gas storage shall require a gas collection and
scrubbing system in the event to a leak.
b) Due to the complexities of designing chorine dosing systems, they are not covered in this
Design Manual. The Designer shall engage experienced and suitably qualified professionals
or specialist companies to deal with this element of the design and ensure compliance with all
regulatory requirements.
2.2.8. Combination Air/Vacuum Valves
Combination air/vacuum valves allow gas to be vented from the pipelines during priming and
operation to ensure the pipes operate at full bore capacity. They can also be used to mitigate the
effects of surge by allowing air into the pipelines if negative pressures are induced. Air valves are
normally placed at all high points within the TE network and at strategic points, such as pump
stations, to control release air accumulating at high points and to dampen surge pressures.
2.2.9. Washouts (Scour Valves)
Washouts, or scour valves, serve two purposes in the TE system. Firstly, they allow the pipelines
to be flushed to remove sediment and stagnant TE that may accumulate at dead ends within the
system. Secondly, they allow the pipelines to be drained down for maintenance or repair. The
distance between the washouts shall be chosen so that the time required to empty the relevant
section of main is no longer than 2 to 3 hours.
2.2.10. Isolation Valves
Isolation valves are installed in the TE network to allow flows to be controlled and diverted, and
for maintenance purposes. They are also installed at connections between primary and
secondary mains, secondary and distribution mains, and connections to local irrigation systems.
Unless stated otherwise in the Particular Specification, isolation valves shall be comprised of gate
vales up to 300 mm and butterfly valves for larger diameters. Depending on the Specification,
they may be manual or motorised, local command or remote control, with or without bypass,
installed in valve chamber, or buried (if necessary, with proper arrangement of operation),
corrosion protection, fixing, or similar).
2.2.11. Chambers
Chambers are generally installed at key locations in the network and can be used for air valves,
washouts, isolation valves, flow meters, pressure reduction valves (PRVs), distribution points and
future connection points. They are also used at the connection points to the reservoirs feeding
local irrigation systems, and contain a SCADA controlled/timer valve (with manual override) and a
flow meter. if required, chambers except for flow meters should be equipped with future
connection ports as detailed in the Particular Specification.

3. Basic Design Consideration
3.1. Planning and Design Horizon

i. The planning horizon is defined as the period for which the new Works would be required in the
future. Some projects may have several stages where the planning horizons are different. There
are many factors to be considered at the project appraisal stage in defining the planning horizon,
namely, the following:
a) Initial asset life
b) Future developments
c) New technology
d) Future Works extensions
e) Energy costs
f) Replacement and renovation
ii. The Designer shall be in agreement with the Client for the proposed area planning, and design
horizon and phasing concept of the proposed area. Unless specifically stated the initial period of
30 years shall be considered. The particular elements of designed Works shall provide the
minimum life expectancies presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Asset Design Life
TE System Component Design Life
Pressure pipelines 60-65 years

Civil Structures 45-50 years
Mechanical Works 20 years
Electrical Works 15 years
Instruments and Control System 10years
3.2. General Planning

i. Projects are normally developed through the following stages, with a deliverable document at the
end of each stage:
a) Preliminary study (survey, preliminary investigation, and optioneering)
b) Preliminary design
c) Detailed design, tender documentation
d) Construction and commissioning
ii. The Designer shall collect all relevant information relating to the project area. This includes digital
mapping with all topographical features and contours, future development plans for the area,
details of existing TE assets both within and adjacent to the design area, details of other utility
assets, hydrological information, and current and projected TE demand.
iii. A detailed onsite survey may then be required to validate the critical design information before the
initial desktop design is undertaken. During project optioneering phase, the "life cycle cost" of

each alternative or option shall be estimated for comparison purposes. The best overall design for
the area shall then be selected, leading to the production of the final construction drawings.
3.3. Data Collection
3.4. Pre-Design Data Collection and Review

In the pre-design stage, the Designer shall undertake and document a detailed desktop review
and gap analysis of all available data related to the area in question and present it in the initial
study report. Information collected is likely to include but will not be limited to the following:
a) Site-related data such as topographic surveys, previous geotechnical investigations, service
drawings, Ministry of Housing Electricity and Water (MHEW) structural plans and any other
relevant authority. This will include examination of National Survey Authority (NSA) plans to
establish preliminary routes for the TE mains and desirable pumping station locations.
b) Current system layout.
c) Site features.
d) Other planned developments such as new or upgraded buildings, roads, and other
infrastructure.
e) Muscat Municipality landscaping plan for the project area.
f) Any available data on current and future TE production and demands, including spot
monitoring and other telemetric sources.
g) Any information on required design horizons.
h) Assessments of demand variations, both diurnally and monthly.
i) Anecdotal evidence of supply and demand problems (for example, is there known to be TE
shortages in certain areas or low pressures).
3.5. Design Phase Data Collection

During the design phase, the Designer shall use and develop the information collected at the pre-
design (study) stage and update it with Site investigations and ongoing consultations with all
stakeholders. The information collected shall be clearly laid out in an updated design report and
calculations. Additional data collection is likely to include but will not be limited to the following:
a) Individual houses/customers within the project area.
b) Potential current and future customers identified by the Haya Water Commercial department.
c) Number of plots, division of plots (as small, medium, and large), and their respective TE
demand (particularly, industrial demand for TE water, if any).
d) Landscape details from Muscat Municipality, hotels and tourist/recreational projects, and
ministry of tourism.
e) Topographic surveys, ground penetrating radar surveys, and lift and look surveys for
chambers.
f) Trial holes to verify positions of utilities in the vicinity of the proposed Works.
g) Ground investigations including bore holes beyond the proposed main laying depths to
establish ground conditions and water table levels, rising head tests to establish dewatering

requirements, and other related studies. The results of the ground investigations should be
presented in an interpretative report.
h) Environmental studies and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), if specified. The
environmental studies should consider all design, construction, maintenance, and demolition
of the Works.
i) Flow logging to verify previously collected data and calculations.
j) Review of services reservations to ensure economical use of space.
k) Review of planning and approvals requirements and identification of any conflicts.

4. Treated Effluent Water Demand
4.1. Treated Effluent Use and Demand

i. There is high demand for the use of TE in Oman. Treated effluent use is broadly grouped into
public and private consumer use, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Classification of Treated Effluent Use
Public Consumers Private Consumers
Beautification of the highways and main roads Community parks

Beautification of the secondary road Golf courses
Beautification of Interchanges and roundabouts Private gardens
Public parks Nurseries and farms
ii. Water demand should be determined according to the following factors:

a) Plant type: The amount of water applied should be enough to ensure growth of the plants.
b) Leaching requirements: If the groundwater or soil stratum is such that leaching cannot occur,
the drainage system should be considered to provide the required downward movement of
salts.
c) Application losses: Proper equipment and layout must be planned to minimise losses and
ensure the efficient application of TE water.
d) Soil classification: Water infiltration rate and water retention capacity must be evaluated.
e) Groundwater table level: The water table level and associated effects on the infiltration rate of
soil and leaching capability must be addressed.
f) Climate: Higher rates of evaporation and plant evapotranspiration due to climatic conditions
must also be considered.
g) Irrigation management: The following methods shall be employed:
 Field measurement of soil moisture levels at the beginning and end of an irrigation cycle
 Installation of flow meters at certain locations to monitor actual losses and use
 Salinity measurements to establish leaching requirements and actual salt conditions
 Scheduling of the irrigation cycle
h) Typical planting demand values for summer irrigation that can be used for conceptual design
planning purposes are shown in Table 3. It should be considered, however, that diurnal and
seasonal demand can vary greatly due to many factors such as ambient temperature,
irrigation pattern and efficiency, types of plants used, and system losses. It is important that
all these factors are fully understood and agreed upon with the Engineer at the detailed
design stage.
Table 3. TE Demand

Summer Daily Unit

Plant Water
Requirement
Shrubs 20–40 L/plant/day

Palm Tree 120–165 L/plant/day
Other Trees 40– 80 L/plant/day
Hedges 10 L/m/day
Ground Cover 10 L/m2/day
Seasonal Flowers 10 L/m2/day
Grass 12 L/m2/day
i) Typical planting densities for conceptual design purposes are shown in Table 4. It is
important, however, especially when designing small distribution schemes that consultation is
carried out with a landscape architect to verify the exact plant demands, planting densities,
and other relevant factors.
Table 4. Planting Density
Plant Spacing
Trees 15 m
Shrubs 3m
Other plants Varies
j) Roads and Junctions Landscaping: Different degrees of landscaping along a service corridor
may be considered depending on the width of the right-of-way (ROW), the availability of TSE,
and available space within a road service corridor.
 In the absence of specific vegetation type information and subject to the concerned
Municipality approval, a TE demand of 10 L/m2/day can be used for roads and junctions
considering mixed vegetation type.
4.2. System Losses

Losses will occur through the STPs due to evaporation, sludge dewatering, and operation and
maintenance needs (for example, washing). For design purposes, it can be assumed that
95 percent of the raw sewage flow entering the sewage treatment plant will be available as TE.
a) Further losses will occur in the TE transmission and distribution network principally from pipe
joints and connection points. For modern TE distribution systems, such as in Oman, the
losses will be comparatively low due to relatively new pipelines, improved construction
techniques, and fewer illegal connections. For design purposes, a system loss of 10 percent
of all produced TE shall be assumed.

4.3. Peaking Factors

In the months of June, July, and August, TE demand is at its highest due to increased TE
demand. Conversely, demand is at its lowest during the winter months of December, January,
and February. The demand seasonal peaking factor is shown in Table 5 as a percentage of the
summer demand.
Table 5. Annual Variations in Water Demand
Percentage
Month
Demand (%)
January 50
February 50
March 75
April 75
May 75
June 100
July 100
August 100
September 75
October 75
November 75
December 50
a) The TE system shall be sized to accommodate the peak demand experienced during the
summer months. The actual water requirements must be strictly monitored so that the TE
amounts can be adjusted to reflect the seasonal changes. This practice will save water,
decrease energy costs, and promote healthy growth of landscaping.
b) The diurnal variation of TE demands during a 24-hour cycle will exhibit a strong confluence of
demands during optimum landscaping irrigation times.
c) Large consumers and their irrigation timings have a strong influence on network hydraulic
assessment results. Any consumer with an average daily demand larger than 500 m3/day is
to be studied individually, and an irrigation timing pattern shall be applied that reflects its
actual settings.
d) For consumers with large internal storage tanks, demand is to be distributed evenly for the
number of hours storage is provided relative to the consumer’s total average demand.
e) TE demand fluctuation is to be represented in a hydraulic model using diurnal patterns which
shall be obtained from the concerned authority and/or private customers for individual
demands. Samples of diurnal patterns are given in Figures 1 and 2 as a reference only.

Figure 1. Road Landscaping Demand Pattern
Figure 2. Mixed User (Private Consumers, Farms) Demand Pattern

5. Design Considerations
5.1. Disinfection
TE water is often used in close proximity to the general public, therefore, requiring the disinfection
of TE. There are two options: chemical disinfection or the use of ultraviolet light.
5.1.1. Chemical Disinfection
Chemical disinfection of TE water shall consist of a duty/standby system dosing chlorine gas,
sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. The system shall be installed on the inlet to the TE
storage tanks/reservoirs and shall be sized to dose the maximum flow entering the tank. Chlorine
monitors shall be installed on the outlet of the storage tanks/reservoirs, and an alarm shall be
raised if the chlorine level drops below 0.5 mg/L.
a) In addition, secondary chlorination would also be required to ensure a residual chlorine of 0.5
mg/L at the point of transfer. A similar monitoring system as the previous should also be
installed at the point of transfer. As per the Haya Water Concession Agreement, the residual
chlorine of TE water at point of End-users shall be between 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L.
5.1.2. Ultraviolet Disinfection
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is not suitable for applications that require 100 percent pathogen kill
and is therefore of limited application for recycled water disinfection. Furthermore, UV disinfection
does not provide protection against pathogens in the pipeline. If used, the UV plant should meet
the following specifications:
a) The UV disinfection phase should consist of at least two units arranged in a duty/standby
configuration.
b) On-line monitoring of the upstream suspended solids/turbidity content of the influent shall be
carried out.
c) Continuous monitoring of the UV dose supplied shall be installed.
d) In addition chlorine dosing is required to maintain the minimum residual chlorine
requirements in the TE water.
5.2. Basic Treated Effluent System Design Principles

The design of the TE system is principally influenced by available sources of TE, and areas
where there is demand. Some of the key principles that should be followed when designing a TE
network are as follows:
a) The TE network shall be constructed primarily from glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) or high
density polyethylene (HDPE) (PE100) pipes. There may, however, be specific situations
where other materials are deemed to be more appropriate, such as the use of ductile iron (DI)
at shallow road or Wadi crossings. Wall penetrations and fittings in chambers shall be DI. The
use of GRP fittings in chambers shall be permitted on larger diameter GRP pipelines at the
Engineer’s discretion.
b) Thrust blocks shall be used wherever sufficient space is available. Wherever possible, blocks
shall take the form of a cradle wedged against the undisturbed trench side and be designed
based on the safe bearing pressure of the ground.
c) When thrust blocks are not feasible, the TE system shall use restrained joints, especially in
the vicinity to the other (existing) services.

d) All chambers shall be constructed with dismantling joints to transmit the axial thrusts along
the pipelines. Chambers shall also be designed to restrain axial thrust loads through their
walls (by using puddle flanges or thrust flanges, or both) in case internal fittings are removed
and blank flanges fitted.
e) The minimum working pressure available at any connection point in the TE network should
not be less than 1.5 bars, considering downstream valves, strainer, piping, and irrigation
devices (that is, sprinklers and similar components) head losses. The maximum pressure in
the transmission and distribution network shall be limited to 7.0 bar.
f) No TE transmission or distribution mains shall be laid below 2.5 m depth unless approved by
the Client.
g) Air/vacuum valves shall be placed at all highpoints.
h) Washouts shall be placed at all low points.
i) Isolation valves shall be installed in the TE network at all key strategic locations and
connections between primary and secondary mains, secondary and distribution mains, and
connections to local irrigation systems.
j) During the hydraulic design of the system, consideration must be given to maximum and
minimum water levels in pump station wet wells and storage tanks/reservoirs. Minimum flow
and head requirements must be meet throughout the system under all conditions.
k) Pipelines shall be designed to be fully primed at all times to avoid surge problems.
l) Dead legs in pipelines shall be avoided, if possible, to reduce the risk of stagnation of TE and
deposition of sediment.
m) Ring type distribution mains are preferable to single lines to allow uninterrupted supply during
maintenance.
n) Distribution networks shall be set up in discreet zones, where possible, with closed valves at
the boundaries to make flow monitoring, leak detection, and pressure regulation easier and to
allow flexibility of supply in the event of routine maintenance or a burst.
5.3. Treated Effluent Supply System – Battery Limit

TE supply systems include TSE tank/reservoirs, pumping stations, and transmission and
distribution pipelines. The battery limit of TE supply systems starts at the inlet point to TSE
storage tank/reservoir and ends at the supply point identified as customer connection chamber.

5.4. Future Connections

Future connection points shall be provided at every 500m run of distribution line or as per the
Particular Specification, any road-crossings, junctions and wadi’s etc. shall also be considered
while proposing the future connections. In addition, future connection ports can be provided in
washout, air, and valve chambers, if stated in particular specification. The number and position of
these ports shall be agreed upon with the Engineer.
5.5. Highways
The laying of pipes in the highways shall be accordance with the Omani Highways Design
Standards 2010, or latest edition, in consultation with the Highways Authority.

6. Design Parameters
6.1. Pipe Materials

A summary of pipe selection is shown in Table 6. It shall be noted that the stated pressure ratings
are considered minimums, and the design shall ensure that a suitable rating is selected taking
into account the Works, test, and surge pressures, and the thermal de-rating effects of TE
temperature.
Table 6. Treated Effluent System Pipe Sizes and Materials
Type Material Minimum Rating Size Restraint System
Transmissions PE100 SDR11 (16 Butt fusion/ Electro-

mains bar) fusion (to the
HDPE All
Distribution PE100 SDR11 (16 approval of
systems bar) Engineer)
Transmissions
16 bar
mains Mechanical coupler
GRP All
Distribution / Laminated joints
16 bar
systems
Mechanical
DI All 16 bar All restraint or thrust
blocks
6.2. Hydraulic Design

Design of TE mains should be based on equations such as Manning (for gravity TE pipe line),
Colebrook-White and Hazen Williams. Applicable pipe roughness factors shall be selected in
accordance with selected pipe material, and their typical values are given as a guidelines, as
follows:
a) Manning: n = 0.013
b) Colebrook-White: ks = 0.30 mm (for velocity ≤ 1.1m/s), 0.15mm (for velocity 1.1 to 1.8 m/s)
c) Hazen Williams: C= 150mm (PVC /HDPE Pipes)
C= 145mm (GRP Pipe)
C= 140mm (Ductile Iron Pipe)
C= 130mm (SS Pipe)
d) Whilst the basic formulas are shown in this Manual, Designer shall carry out the calculations
using recognised propriety software.
e) For example, if TE networks are designed by using the Colebrook White formula, the
procedure is shown in Equations 1 through 3.

Equation 1 – Colebrook White Formula for Pressurised Pipes

𝑘𝑠 2.51𝑣
𝑉 = −2√(2𝑔𝐷𝑖) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
3.7𝐷 𝐷√(2𝑔𝐷𝑖)
where:
V = Full bore velocity (m/s) 𝑖 = Hydraulic gradient (m/m)
𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity (m 2/s) 𝑘𝑠 = Roughness coefficient (mm)
D = diameter (m) 𝑣= Kinematic viscosity of water (m 2/s)
f) The calculation of the hydraulic gradient is shown in Equation 2.

Equation 2 – Hydraulic Gradient
𝐻
`𝑖 = 𝐿
where:
i = Hydraulic gradient (m/m) L = Pipe length (m)
H = Friction head loss (m)
g) The calculation of friction head loss using the Darcy-Weisbach formula is shown in Equation
3. The Darcy’s coefficient (f) shall be derived from tables or software.
Equation 3 – Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach)
fLV 2
H=
2gd
where:
H = Friction head loss (m) g = acceleration due to gravity (m2/s)
f = Darcy’s coefficient (dimensionless) d = diameter (m)
h) Hazen-Williams Formula: if TE networks are designed by using the Hazen-Williams equation

in International System of Units (SI), the flow velocity V is given by the following:
V = 0.849 C R0.63 S0.54
and
S = HL / L
where:
V = flow velocity (m/s)
C = coefficient of roughness (dimensionless)
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = slope of energy grade line (m/m)
HL = head loss
L = total length of the main (m)
In terms of the flow rate, Q can be expressed as follows in SI units:
Q = 0.278 C D2.63 S0.54
where:
Q = flow rate (m 3/s)

D = pipe diameter (m)

i) The coefficient of roughness (C) used in the hydraulic model depends upon the material and
conditions of the pipe.
j) Kinematic Viscosity: values for kinematic viscosity are shown in Table 7. For basic design
purposes, the conservative value of 15oC shall be used.
Table 7. Kinematic Viscosity
Temperature Viscosity (𝐯)

(C) (m2/s x 10-6)
15 1.141
25 0.897
35 0.727
6.3. Minor Losses

Minor losses in pipelines shall be calculated in using Equation 4. Typical head loss coefficients (k)
are shown in Table 8. For other fittings, standard texts shall be consulted for relevant k values.
Equation 4 – Minor Losses
𝑘𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔
where:
hL = Head loss (m) V = Velocity (m/s)
k= Head loss coefficient (dimensionless) g = acceleration due to gravity (m2/s)
Table 8. Minor Losses Table
S. No. Component Loss Coefficient
1 Globe valve, fully open 10.0
2 Angle valve, fully open 5.0
3 Swing check valve, fully open 2.5
4 Gate valve, fully open 0.2
5 Short-radius elbow 0.9
6 Medium-radius elbow 0.8

7 Long-radius elbow 0.6
8 45 degree elbow 0.4
9 Closed return bend 2.2
10 Standard tee - flow through run 0.6
11 Standard tee - flow through branch 1.8
12 Square entrance 0.5
13 Exit 1.0
6.4. Velocities and Profiles

Treated effluent networks shall be designed to have flow velocities between 0.6 and 3.0 m/s.
wherever possible, the pipe shall be laid at minimum gradients of 1:500 rising and 1:300 falling.
No pipe shall be laid at a gradient steeper than 1:150.
6.5. Network Modelling

Any detailed TE network modelling analysis carried out for the Client shall be presented in soft
copy in an approved software format.
a) Hydraulic design scenarios shall be considered for different design stages (5-year intervals)
by considering the following:
 Combination of minimum and maximum friction coefficients
 Minimum and maximum flow
6.6. Pipe Restraint

All pressurised pipelines must be restrained to prevent axial movement of the pipes caused by
system pressure inducing thrust loads on the pipe at changes in direction. Typically, pipes are
restrained by either thrust blocks that use concrete blocks at the bends to resist movement, or
mechanical locking or bonding of the pipes at the joints. In the case of DI, this is usually carried
out with mechanically restrained joints, Glass-reinforced plastic can use either mechanical
fasteners or lamination, and HDPE usually uses a process fusion welding to produce a
continuous pipe.
6.7. Laying Depths

Laying depths recommended depth for treated effluent is 1,500 to 2,500mm. For pipe line
bedding details and protection, see standard detail drawings.

6.8. Utility Crossings

A minimum vertical clearance of 300 mm should be maintained between TE pipeline and other
services at crossings. Other service authorities shall have their own requirements which must be
followed. Where this vertical clearance is not possible, it shall be reduced, if precautions are
taken to ensure that no load is transferred from one utility to another. In case of TE pipeline
crossing the potable water pipeline, potable pipeline should always be kept on top of TE line.
a) TE pipelines should be placed in the standard services corridor in accordance with the latest
requirements of the Roads and Transport Authority
6.9. Pipe Protection Slabs

The Engineer shall request pipe protection sleeves to be constructed at any point in the systems
where there is considered to be a risk of erosion of the pipe cover over time, objects damaging
the pipes (such as deep sub-soiling activities on agricultural land), or close proximity to third-party
services. Protection slabs shall be used only for existing pipelines.
a) Typical protection details are shown on the standard detail drawings as guidance. The
Designer shall develop a full design for each slab taking into account pipe size and material,
cover, and ground conditions for the Engineer’s approval.
6.10. Wadi Protection

All pipes shall be protected at Wadi crossings. The type of protection is dependent on the
available cover from the pipe crown to the Wadi bed, as shown in Table 9. For details of bedding
and protection design, see standard detail drawings.
Table 9. Wadi Protection
Cover to Pipe Crown from Wadi Bed

Protection
(mm)
A – Pipe crossing Wadi
>4,000 to <5,000 mm Concrete pipe surround (Type C)
Concrete pipe surround (Type B) and gabion

>2,000 to < 4,000 mm
protection
Full concrete encasement with shear key

≤2,000 mm
(Type A)
B – Pipe runs along and inside Wadi
>2,000 to <4,000 mm Concrete pipe surround (Type C)
Concrete pipe surround (Type B) and gabion

>600 to ≤2,000 mm
protection
Full concrete encasement with shear key
≤600 mm
(Type A)

a) In addition to the protection to the pipelines, the banks of the Wadi shall be provided with
protection, as shown in the standard detail drawings, to stabilise the bank and allow for easy
future identification of the crossing point.
b) For pipes running in close parallel with or in the Wadi bed, protection shall be applied per
Table 12, suitably modified to the specific installation and subject to the Engineer’s approval.
c) The Designer shall endeavour to avoid locating chambers in or close to a Wadi. Any chamber
that is required to be constructed in a Wadi shall be designed as a water retaining structure
capable of withstanding external water pressure to at least 5 m above the maximum Wadi
flow depth. Due consideration shall be given to proper water stops in the structural design
and flotation risk. The chamber shall be provided with sealed bolt down covers designed to
withstand the greater of 10 m positive and negative pressure, or the maximum Wadi flow
depth plus 5 m.
d) If an air valve or wash-out is required in a Wadi, the same basic design parameters shall be
adopted as per a chamber. An air valve chamber shall require a vent pipe extending from the
manhole to a suitable point outside the maximum water level.
e) For any construction in or close to a Wadi, the Engineer should be consulted and shall be
responsible for approving all proposed pipeline and chamber designs.
6.11. Pipe Sleeves

Pipe sleeves may be required in the Particular Specification at strategic road of other service
crossings where maintenance or replacement of the service pipe would be prohibitively expensive
or cause major disruption. Indicative conduit pipe sizes are shown in the standard drawings. The
conductor pipes shall extend at least 1,500 mm beyond the extents of the required span.
a) The service pipe shall be suspended within the conductor pipe by stainless steel guides that
shall allow for easy insertion and subsequent removal. The guides shall be of suitable design
and spaced to prevent damage to the pipe and ensure the pipe remains with the deflection
and laying gradient minimum requirements throughout its whole service life. The conductor
pipe shall be sealed at the ends with waterproof non-shrinking grout. The design shall be
such that the service pipe can be easily removed and replaced in the future.
6.12. Air Valves, Washouts, and Isolation Valves

Pipeline fitting requirements are shown in Table 10. The designs of the chambers are shown in
the standard detail drawings.
Table 10. Air Valves, Washout, and Isolation Valve Locations
Chamber Type Location
Combination air/vacuum  At all high points

valves  Changes in pipe gradient
 Maximum 500 m spacing
 At other key points to assist main priming,
emptying, and surge reduction
Washouts  At all low points
 At other key points to assist main emptying
and cleaning

Chamber Type Location
Isolation gate valve  Transmission mains: maximum 5 km

(<=300 mm)  Principal distribution main: maximum 2 km
 Secondary distribution mains: maximum
Isolation butterfly valve 0.5 to 1.0 km
(>300 mm)  Connection points between primary and
secondary mains
 Connection points between secondary and
distribution mains
a) Air Valves: The size of the air valve will normally be from 50 to 200 mm, depending on the
pipe diameter, the predicted flow rate of air, and the configuration of the system. Typical
double orifice air valve selection is shown in Table 11.
Table 11. Typical Double Orifice Air Valve Selection
Pipe Bore (mm) Nominal Air Valve Size (mm)
≤100 50
150- 250 80
300 – 500 100
600 – 900 150
1,000 – 1,200 200
1,300 – 1,600 2 x 200
b) The maximum distance between the air-release valves should not exceed 800 m, or 1,000 m
along flat runs.
c) Washouts: Washouts shall be provided to facilitate drainage of pipeline segments for
maintenance and repairs. Washout valves shall generally be installed at all low points in the
pipeline profile and on uphill sides of mainline valves. The minimum diameter of washout
valves and associated piping shall be 100 mm. The following guidelines shall be used for the
sizing of washout pipe as a minimum requirement:
 Up to 400 mm: 100 mm washout pipe
 500 to 800 mm: 150 mm washout pipe
 900 to 1200 mm: 200 mm washout pipe
 1,200 mm and above: 300 mm washout pipe
d) Washouts shall be located inside the concrete chambers. All chambers shall be large enough
to allow access for maintenance. Where possible, valve chambers shall be located to allow
vehicular access. Proper ventilation should be provided for the washout chamber.

7. Storage Tanks/Reservoirs
7.1. General
Covered reservoirs are to be provided to store TE at STPs and transmission and distribution
stations. The capacity of transmission reservoirs shall be 35 to 65 percentage of daily demand,
depending on operational and surplus storage requirements. Distribution reservoirs shall be sized
for a minimum of 1 day of summer demand.
a) Reservoirs shall be operated by telemetry with all key valves actuated, unless otherwise
stated in the Particular Specification. All M&E equipment shall be protected against leakage
or flooding and suitably rated for the application and installed location.
b) Treated effluent storage reservoirs shall be of reinforced concrete construction, unless
otherwise stated in the Particular Specification. The design of concrete reservoirs shall be in
compliance with the relevant British Standards and best international practices, and all metal
fittings must be suitably finished to resist corrosion.
c) Due to the risk of high sulphate content ground conditions, the Specification may call for
sulphate-resistant Portland cement or super sulphate cement. All external surfaces exposed
to the soil shall be protected per the Specification. Internal linings such as cement based
waterproofing coating, rubber based coating/membrane, or epoxy resin based paint shall also
be used.
d) The reservoirs shall be protected against exposure to sun. Temperature variations within the
structure should be kept to a minimum, and the roof must be protected against direct sun
exposure. The walls can be protected by burying the reservoir.
7.2. Configuration
The reservoirs shall have the following configuration:
a) Rectangular, square, or circular depending on the plan area of the allocated site
b) Two equal compartments (to facilitate periodic cleaning)
c) Internal height 3 to 6 m
d) Internal baffle walls to avoid short circuiting
e) Roof supported on columns to suit structural design
7.3. Piping Arrangement

A splitting chamber or Tee connection shall be provided to separately feed to each compartment
with appropriate valves and fitting. A ball float valve or a level controlled relay operated valve
shall be fitted in each compartment for automatic water level control. All reservoirs shall be
provided with an emergency overflow.
a) The outlet arrangement depends on downstream requirements related to TE system pumps
and suction head. The pipes shall be sized to suit the pumps and the downstream
requirements. A flow velocity of 0.6 to 3.0 m/s shall be maintained.
b) Separate overflow/washout pipework is required for each compartment with discharge to a
common collection chamber. The washout shall be fitted with a valve.
c) Disposal shall be to an adjacent sewer, soak-away, or by tanker removal.

7.4. Access and Ventilation

Intermediate removable platforms shall be provided to facilitate valve operation in the inlet
chamber. Covers above ball float/replay operated valves shall be provided to afford access for
maintenance and possible removal. Water level check facility to each compartment and lockable
covers shall also be incorporated.
a) Two ventilation pipes with integral de-odourisers and mosquito screens shall be provided to
each compartment.
8. Pump Stations
As the suction head of the pumps is directly related to the reservoir level, the feeder reservoir
level switches shall be included in the pump control system. In the case of a booster pump
station, the suction pipes may be part of the TE transmission or distribution piping system. In this
case, the upstream pressure of the network shall be included in the pump control system. The
control of pump stations is addressed in detail in the Instrumentation, Control, and Automation
(ICA) Design Manual.
a) Pressure sensors/relays or level sensors/relays are required on the suction side of the pumps
to signal the pumps to trip in the event of a set maximum negative pressure being exceeded
or the set values of maximum or minimum levels being reached. Pumping station operation
shall be by telemetry (that is, all relevant valves shall be motorised and remote controlled,
and all pumps shall be remote controlled), unless specified otherwise. All electrical and
mechanical installations shall be protected against flooding from leakage.
b) Pressure sensing/relays shall be installed on the delivery main.
8.1. Design and Configuration Considerations

The following must be considered in the design of TE pumping systems:
a) Pumping stations should be designed to ensure a safe working environment for operation
and maintenance staff.
b) The design should include features to maximise performance whilst minimising operation
cost.
c) Planned capacity in relation to the development phasing with easy up-scaling of capacity.
d) Provisions should be made to facilitate removing pumps, motors, and other mechanical and
electrical equipment for maintenance and replacement.
e) Pump operation should be automatically controlled using a level sensing system to facilitate
sequential pump operation.
f) The design should include efficiency features, with all flanged pipework to include the
following:
 Proper anchorage and robust pipework support
 Drainage facilities for emptying pumps and pipework
 Flexible and dismantling couplings.
 Good access facilities to all equipment, with adequate working space.
 Adequate ventilation to all areas that have to be accessed.

 Provision of adequate lighting and electrical power points for portable lights and tools.
g) Pumping station types have been categorised according to their design flow:
 Type 1: Design flow up to 100 L/s
 Type 2: Design flow greater than 100 to 500 L/s
 Type 3: Design flow greater than 500 L/s
h) The requirements for each type of TE pumping station are provided in Table 12.
Table 12. Type of TE Pumping Stations
General Requirements Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Minimum number of > 2 based on flow

1 (for Transmission) 2 (for Transmission) rate for Transmission
duty pumps
≥2 (for Distribution) ≥3 (for Distribution) ≥3 based on flow rate
for distribution
Minimum number of 1 1 ≥ 1 depending on

standby pumps number of duty
pumps
Total number of pumps Dependent on flow requirement

Service rating for civil 45-50 years’ design life
structure
Service rating for 20 years’ design life (minimum)
pumps
Inlet control Penstock / sluice gate valve (motorised or manual)
Suction line control Isolation valves (motorised or manual)
Delivery line control Isolation valves (motorised or manual) and non-return valves
(NRVs)
Station pipework Protective coatings internally and externally

Lifting equipment Portable davit Monorail with Gantry crane
electric hoist
Guard house facilities Guard house with Guard house with Guard house with
kitchen and toilet kitchen and toilet kitchen and toilet
facilities facilities facilities
Store Not required Not required Storage facilities for
spare parts and
tools for the
equipment
Administrative building Not required Not required Required
administrative

General Requirements Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

building for Site
staff, office with
meeting, kitchen,
and toilet facilities
Fire protection and Fire detection and Fire detection, Fire detection,
detection alarm alarm, and optional alarm, and
firefighting system firefighting system
8.2. Consideration of Pump Selection

The selection of TE pumps shall be based on the design flow rate and the total dynamic head
(TDH) as well as operation mode. The following types of pumps can be considered:
8.2.1. Centrifugal Pumps
The centrifugal pumps are used to pump the water from reservoirs, lakes, streams, and shallow
wells. Centrifugal pumps are designed for either horizontal or vertical operation. The end suction
centrifugal pump has a vertical impeller connected to a horizontal drive shaft.. They are generally
less costly, require less maintenance, easier to install, and more accessible for inspection and
maintenance than other options.
a) The main drawback of centrifugal pumps is that they require priming before operation. The
suction lines as well as the pumps have to be filled with water and free of air. Air tight joints
and connections are extremely important on the suction pipe. A schematic diagram showing
the vertical in line centrifugal pump is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. A Schematic Diagram for vertical in line Centrifugal Pump

8.2.2. Vertical Turbine Pumps

i. The vertical turbine pumps are used in cased wells or where the water surface is below the
practical limits of a centrifugal pump. Turbine pumps are also used with surface water systems.
Since the intake for the turbine pump is continuously underwater, priming is not a concern.
Turbine pump efficiencies are comparable to or greater than most centrifugal pumps. They are
usually more expensive than centrifugal pumps and more difficult to inspect and repair. A
schematic diagram showing the arrangement of vertical turbine pumps is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. A Schematic Diagram for Vertical Turbine Pumping Station
ii. When selecting the pumping equipment, the following must also be considered:
a) Pumps with impeller combinations that will allow for the greatest flexibility in increasing
capacity as flows increase over the years.
b) Split casing type with double entry impellers are preferred for TE transmission End suction
centrifugal pumps and vertical multistage pumps are preferred for lower flow or distribution,
c) Construction material for the parts in contact with the TSE must be resistant to corrosion from
the chlorine content.
d) Trouble-free operation of equipment.
e) Availability of spare parts and easy maintenance of equipment by operators.
9. Tanker Filling Stations

Tanker filling stations shall have a minimum of two bays. The number of bays shall be decided
upon based on the number of tankers to be served and treated effluent demand, and the area to
be covered by tankers shall be as agreed upon with the Client. Each bay of the tanker filling
station shall have a filling capacity of 40 m3/h, and each station shall be fed from pumps sized to
feed all bays simultaneously. The pump station shall be fed from a TE storage tank having a
minimum capacity of 3 hours related to the station demand.

10. Thrust Restraint
10.1. Thrust Blocks

i. Thrust blocks shall be installed at every unrestrained bend and junction on pressure pipelines and
where otherwise shown instructed by the Engineer. Rocker pipes shall be installed on either side
of thrust blocks to alleviate the risk of pipe damage through differential settlement.
ii. Wherever two pressure lines (with one standby) are at parallel in the same trench followings shall
be considered in designing thrust blocks:
a) There shall be independent thrust bock arrangements for each pressure pipeline designed
appropriately. So that in case of failure of one pipeline, the standby line shall be working
without any disruption and without causing instability to the system.
b) Pipeline routing at bends could be designed so that the lines could be separated by changing
the thrust block allocations by using various bending combinations to avoid overlapping of
thrusting areas.
c) If the space is constrained, thrust blocks can be supported by adopting suitable ground
anchoring methods to dissipate the thrust forces into sub without harming the pipelines itself
and adjacent assets.
iii.
a) Thrust blocks shall be designed to withstand the greater of 1.5 times working pressure, 1.25
times maximum surge pressure, or minimum 10 bar. The design load for a blank end thrust
block is shown in Equation 5 and for bends in Equation 6. Thrust block design factors of
safety (FOS) are shown in Table 13.
Equation 5 – Thrust Loads on Blank Ends
𝐹 = 100𝐴𝑃
where:
F = Thrust (kN) P = pressure (bar)
A = Crosssectionalareaofpipe (m2 )
Equation 6 – Thrust Loads on Bends

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹 = 100𝐴𝑃( )
2
where:
F = Thrust (kN) P = pressure (bar)
A = Crosssectional area of pipe (m2 ) θ = deviation angle of bend (deg)
Table 13: Thrust Block Designs Factors of Safety
Factor FOS
Friction 1.5
Sliding 2.0

Overturning 2.0
Bearing capacity 2.0
b) All thrust block calculations and designs are to be submitted to the Engineer for approval. It is
the Designer’s responsibility to ensure that all thrust blocks are properly designed, taking into
account soil conditions, groundwater levels, and other factors that may influence the design
or performance of the blocks. This should include consideration of the risks of subsequent
excavations around the blocks.
c) It is recommended the Designer to consult the CIRIA Report 128 – Guide to the Design of
Thrust Blocks for Buried Pressure Pipelines for detailed guidance on thrust block design.
Typical thrust block configurations are shown in the standard detailed drawings for guidance
purposes only.
Below table refers to the Table 5 of CIRIA report 128 for reduction factors, reproduced here to
use appropriately with FOS defined above.
Reduction factors (Tr) for Class 1

thrust blocks
Reduction factor
Soil or rock type (Tr)
Dense sand or gravel
Moderately or strongly
cemented soil 2 to 3
Stiff clay
Fresh rock
Medium dense sand or
gravel
Lightly cemented soil 3 to 4
Firm clay
Weathered rock
Loose sand or gravel
4 to 5
Soft clay
Table 5 from CIRIA report 128
10.2. Mechanically Anchored Joints

Anchoring of joints by mechanical means. Due consideration must be given to differential
settlement and possible axial expansion and contraction of the pipe when mechanically anchored

joints are specified. All pipe restraint calculations and designs are to be submitted to the Engineer
for approval.
a) Where there are twin pipelines, each pipeline shall be designed to be mechanically restrained
independently of the other.
b) Literature such as the ‘Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe’, 2660, Ductile Iron Pipe
Research Association (DIPRA), and other such publications may provide useful guidance to
the Designer.
11. Surge Protection

Water hammer, surge, or hydraulic transients are phenomena that occur in closed conduit or pipe
flows, caused by with rapid changes in discharge in the pipe due to the unplanned activities. The
rapid change in discharge and the associated velocity is accompanied by a change in pressure,
which is propagated through the pipe. The water hammer wave is propagated at acoustic speed,
which varies with the material and wall thickness of the pipe. Sudden changes in flow and velocity
occurs in the system due to the unplanned activities such as power failure at the pumping station,
pump failure, rapid closing of a valve, pump start, and pump shutdown, which generate the
pressure transients. These pressure waves can be positive or negative and cause instantaneous
pipe burst or collapse, or more commonly, a fatigue failure over time due to increased flexing of
the pipe walls. The pressure waves may lead to the unacceptable conditions such as the
following:
a) High Pressure: may rupture the pipelines or damage fittings
b) Low Pressure: may collapse the pipeline
c) Reverse flow: may damage pump seal or brush gear on motors
d) Pipeline movement: may lead to overstressing and failure of pipe support or failure of
pipelines
e) Pressure incremental changes can be calculated based on Youkowsky equation:
where:
“c” is the variable which is dependent on the physical properties of the pipe, and the liquid
being conveyed
f) The Designer shall study the potential for surge affects in all pipelines and provide
calculations to justify his/her decisions. Where there is concern over surge, or at the request
of the Engineer, the Designer shall carry out a detailed surge analysis using propriety
third-party software such as Bentley Hammer, InfoSurge, Flowmaster, Hammer, Surge 2000,
or Mike Urban. Where large or complex mains and pumps stations are being designed, the
Engineer may request a surge analysis to be carried out by a third party.
g) The primary output from the surge analysis model is the predicted changes in pressure and
flow at any point in the system as a result of a transient event. The operation limits for the
system are as follows:

 Vapour cavities and column separation shall not occur in the system. A combination air
release / air vacuum valve shall be considered in such cases,
 Minimum pressure in the system shall not exceed the allowable limit specified by the pipe
manufacturer or a maximum negative pressure of 0.5 bar below atmospheric pressure,
whichever is highest.
 Maximum pressure shall not exceed the hydraulic test pressure of the pipeline or rated
maximum pressure of any of the components, such as valve fittings and similar items, in
the system, whichever is lowest.
h) The Designer shall endeavour to minimise by good hydraulic design surge, or transient,
effects caused by changes in the velocity of the water column in the pipelines. Any residual
surge affects that cannot be designed out shall be accommodated in the system by measures
that may include but are not limited to the following:
 Slow or soft start/stop pumps
 Slow operating valves
 Balancing tank
 Fly wheels
 Installation of bypass with check valve from the suction side to the delivery side
 Air valves and vents
 Pressure relief valves
 Surge vessels
 Surge anticipation valves
i) Pressurised surge arresting vessels shall be connected to the pumping main to force water
into the pressure main in the event of pump shutdown to convert a rapid fluid transient event
into a controlled mass oscillation. Adequate balancing pressure shall be achieved in the
vessels either by pressurised membrane bladder or by compressors. The total volume of the
vessel is determined by the extent to which the air expands as the pressure falls plus a
minimum allowance of 20 percent or more to ensure that the vessel does not drain down
completely.
12. Leak Detection

i. For monitoring consumption and checking leakage and system losses, it is desirable to install
permanent meters on the flows from sources, pumping stations and reservoirs, and on the flows
to zones, direct feed areas and local reservoirs. In general, electromagnetic flow meters should
be used in the TSE transmission and distribution system.
ii. In general, flow meter locations should facilitate day to day system monitoring, and network
model calibration. Flow meters outside pumping station buildings, and associated data loggers,
should be housed in suitable, underground concrete chambers.
iii. For further details on flow meters please refer to TSS – ICA Section 2 – Instrumentation
Standards, Document No: AM-ENG-SS-05-02

a) Appendix – Engineering Design Process


WDM Section 07 Treated Effluent Systems R3

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WASTEWATER DESIGN MANUAL

Section 07 – Treated Effluent Systems

Document No: AM-ENG-WDM-07

Issue Date: 29/09/2016

ii Current Revision: 03 dated 29/09/2016

Document Prepared by Document Reviewed by

iii Document Authorisation

Document Approval Authority

General Manager Asset Management

Page 2 of 39 Standard Specifications

Page 3 of 39 Standard Specifications

4.2. System Losses ..........................................................................................................17

Page 4 of 39 Standard Specifications

10.1. Thrust Blocks ........................................................................................................35

Page 5 of 39 Standard Specifications

1.4. Distribution/Target Audience

Page 6 of 39 Standard Specifications

BS 1780 Specification for Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges

BS 3505 Specification for unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pressure

BS 8010 Code of practice for pipelines

EN 1295-1 Structural design of buried pipelines under various conditions of

ASTM D2241 Specifications for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure-rated pipes

ASTM D2467 Specification for PVC-U pipe fitting Schedule 80

Page 7 of 39 Standard Specifications

ASTM D1248 Standard specification for polyethylene plastic

ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance system

CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association

DIPRA Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FOS Factors of Safety

GRP Glass-Reinforced Plastic

HDPE High-Density Polyethylene

ICA Instrumentation, Control, and Automation

ISO International Organisation for Standardisation

MHEW Ministry of Housing, Electricity, and Water

NSA National Survey Authority

PRV Pressure Reduction Valve

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

PVC-U Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SI International System of Units

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

TDH Total Dynamic Head

TSE Treated Sewage Effluent

Page 8 of 39 Standard Specifications

WHO World Health Organisation

° and deg Degree

L/m/day Litre per Metre per Day

L/m2/day Litre per Square Metre per Day

m3/h Cubic Metre per Hour

m/s Metre per Second

m2/s Square Metre per Second

m3/s Cubic Metre per Second

Page 9 of 39 Standard Specifications

2. Treated Effluent System Description and Components

2.2. Treated Effluent Supply System

Page 10 of 39 Standard Specifications

Page 11 of 39 Standard Specifications

2.2.7. Re-Chlorination Stations

Page 12 of 39 Standard Specifications

3. Basic Design Consideration

3.1. Planning and Design Horizon

TE System Component Design Life

Pressure pipelines 60-65 years