HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Physics 2

Experimental Report

Full name: Hồng Huy Hoàng

Student ID: 20227813
Class: 736043 – PH 1026
Group: 3


1
 Experiment Report 1
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE, CAPACITANCE,
INDUCTANCE AND RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF
RLC USING OSCILLOSCOPE
Class: 736043 - PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813

I. Experimental Motivation
- Understand a typical circuit.
- Learn how to use electrical equipment including oscilloscope and function
generator.
- Improving experimental skills.

II. DATA TABLE:

1. Resistance measurement:
Trial f (Hz) R(Ω)
1 500 2201
2 1000 2200
3 1500 2206

2. Capacitance measurement:
Trial f (Hz) R (Ω) 1
CX= (F)
2 πf R0
−7
1 1000 239 6.37 ×10
−7
2 2000 119 6.63 ×10
−7
3 3000 79 6.63 ×10
3. Inductance measurement:

2
 Trial f (Hz) R (Ω) R0
L x= (H )
2 πf
−3
1 1000 2504 3.50 ×10
−3
2 1500 4167 3.66 ×10
−3
3 2000 6180 3.50 ×10

4. Determination of Resonant frequency:

Trial Series RLC Parallel RLC
1 1017 (Hz) 1012 (Hz)
2 1005 (Hz) 1009 (Hz)
3 1010 (Hz) 1016 (Hz)

III. DATA TREATMENT:

1. Resistance measurement:
We have: R X =R0
3

∑ Ri
R x = i=1 =2163(Ω)
3

√∑ (
3
2
R xi−R x )
i=1
Δ Rx ≈ S . D ≈ =12(Ω)
3
Hence,

R x =2163 ±12(Ω)

2. Capacitance measurement:
We have:
3

∑ C xi
C X = i=1 =6.54 ×10−7 (F )
3

√∑
3
Δ C X ≈ S . D≈ ¿¿¿¿¿
i=1

Hence:

3
 −7
C X = ( 6.54 ± 0.12 ) × 10 (F)

3. Inductance measurement:
We have:
3

∑ L xi
L x = i=1 =3.55 ×10−3 ( H)
3

√∑
3
2
(L xi−L x )
i=1 −3
Δ L x ≈ S . D≈ =0.08 ×10 (H)
√3
Hence:
−3
L X =(3.55 ± 0.08)× 10 (H )

4. Determination of Resonant frequency:

a. Series RLC Circuit:
3

∑ f xi
f x = i=1 =1040 (Hz)
3

√∑ (
3
2
f Xi−f X )
i=1
Δ f x≈ S.D ≈ =8(Hz)
√3
Hence:
f X− Series=1040 ± 8(Hz)

b. Parallel RLC Circuit:

3

∑ f xi
f X= i=1 =1028(Hz)
3

√
3

∑ ( f Xi−f X )2
i=1
Δ f X ≈ S . D≈ =6(Hz)
√3

4
Hence:
f X−¿ =1028 ±6 (Hz)

c. Theoretical Result and Conclusion:

1
f=
2 π √ LC
1
f X= =3303.1(Hz)
2 π √ 3.55 ×10−3 × 6.54 ×10−7

Δ f X ≈ S . D≈ 3303.1 ×
√( )(
3.14
.
2 3.55 ) (
0.01 2 −1 0.08 2 −1 0.12 2
+ + .
2 6.54
=49.1(Hz))
Hence:
f X−Theoretical =3303.1± 49.1 ( Hz )

Conclusion: The theoretical result of resonant frequency is approximately equal

to the directly measured results. We can see that the RLC circuit (with properly
small resistance) becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit.

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 Experimental Report 2
MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELD
INSIDE A SOLENOID WITH FINITE LENGTH
Class: 736043 - PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813

I. Experimental Motivations:

- Investigate the magnetic field at a position along the axis of solenoid

- Investigate the relationship between the magnetic field and the current through
the solenoid
II. Experimental Results:

1. Investigation of the magnetic field at the position along the axis of

solenoid– B(x):

Table 1
I = 0.3(A)
x (cm) B (mT) x (cm) B (mT) x (cm) B (mT)
1 0.35 11 0.75 21 0.75
2 0.57 12 0.76 22 0.75
3 0.66 13 0.76 23 0.75
4 0.7 14 0.76 24 0.75
5 0.73 15 0.76 25 0.74
6 0.74 16 0.76 26 0.73
7 0.74 17 0.76 27 0.71
8 0.75 18 0.76 28 0.67
9 0.75 19 0.76 29 0.60
10 0.75 20 0.76 30 0.38

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2. Measurement of the relationship between the magnetic field and the
current through the solenoid – B(I):
Table 2
x = 15 (cm)
I (A) B (mT)
0.10 0.63
0.15 0.69
0.20 0.81
0.25 1.08
0.30 1.41
0.35 1.59
0.40 1.87
0.45 1.96
0.50 2.24
0.55 2.54

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field:

Table 3
I = 0.4 (A)
x (cm) B (mT)
0 0.89
15 1.87
30 1.05
III. Data Analysis:
1. Relationship between the magnetic field and the position of the probe
inside the solenoid:

7
 B (mT)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

B (mT) x (cm)

- The graph show that the magnetic field inside a solenoid depends on the
position of the probe inside. The magnitude of the magnetic field increase from
x = 0 cm to x = 0cm, and stable until x = 16 cm and then decrease with exact
the same pace as it increase to the end of the Table 1, x = 30cm.
2. Relationship between the magnetic field and the applied current:
3

2.5

2
B (mT)

1.5

0.5

0
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

I (A)

- The graph shows that the magnitude of the magnetic field and the applied
current has a linear relationship.

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field:

- We have:
μ0 μ r
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )
2

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- In this case, µr = 1, µ0 = 1.256×10-6
N 750
 n 0= L = −3
=2500(round per unit length)
300 ×10

 I 0=I √2=0.4 √ 2=0.566 (A)

x
 cos γ 1=
√ R + x2
2

−L−x
 cos γ 2= R2 +(L−x)2
√
D 40.3
 R= 2 = 2 =20.2 (mm)

 x = 0(cm): cos γ 1= 0; cos γ 2= -0.998

B=¿ 0.01 (mT)

 x = 15(cm): cos γ 1= 0.991; cos γ 2= -0.991

B=¿ 1.76 (mT)

 x = 30(cm): cos γ 1= 0.998; cos γ 2= 0

B=¿ 0.01 (mT)

IV. Conclusion:
x (cm) Btheoretical (mT) Bexperimental (mT)
0 0.01 0.29
15 1.76 1.90
30 0.01 1.02
- The result from the experiment is approximately close the theoretical values.
The different due to the uncertainty of the instruments used.

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 Experimental Report 3
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC OSCILLATING OF
RL AND RLC CIRCUITS
Class: 736013 – PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813

I. Experiment

- Understanding the current across an inductor-resistor and RLC

circuit.
- Calculating the energy of the oscillation RLC circuit.

II. Experimental result

1. Resistance and Inductance of the coil
a. Without core
I0 = 0,14(A)

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Voltage: VS = 0,4563(V)

Slope S = -890,4402

Coil inductance :
VS 0,4563 −3
LW /O = = =3.66 ×10 (H)
I O ×|S| 0 ,14 × 890.4402
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 b. With core (Not experiement)

2. Free oscillation of the RLC circuit

a. Frequency
The current in RLC circuit:

12
T = 0.0009(s)
Lw/o = 0.97 x 10-3 (H)
C = 10 x 10-3 (F)
The frequency based on the graph:
1 1
f measured = = =1111.11( Hz)
T 0.0009
The
frequency based on theoretical calculation:
1 1
f prediction= = =51.1( Hz)
2 π √ LC 2 π √ 0.97 ×10−3 × 0.01❑
Comparison:

Δ f =f measured −f prediction=1111.11−52.1=1058.01( Hz)

b.
Energy
1 2
U B= L ⅈ
2
1 2
U E= C U
2

The total energy in RLC circuit:

1 2 1 2
U =U E + U B = C U + Li
2 2
Comment:
- After stopping the electric power, the energy of the circuit does not
decrease rapidly to zero, it reduces to zero over a short period of time.
- The energy of oscillations of the coil and the capacitor are damped
oscillations.
Explain:
- The energy of the circuit loses by the heat of the resistor at rate i 2 R
- The graph of total energy is steepest at the time that the magnetic energy
reaches a local maximum because in these times, the current through the
coil is highest, and the loss of energy is mainly due to the resistance of the
coil ( ΔQ=i 2 R ).

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 Experimental Report 4
VERIFICATION OF FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELETROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Class: 736043 - PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813

I. Experiment Motivations
- Measure the voltage across a coil of wires when a bar magnet moves through
the coil of wire. Compare the voltage to the number of turn of wire in the coil.
II. Experimental result
1. 1200 turn coil
R = 12 (Ω); L = 35 (mH)
Pole Voltage Peak 1 Voltage Peak 2
North -0.428 0.820
South 0.469 -0.859
North-South -0.088 0.151
North-North -0.032 0.581
South-South 0.391 -0.718

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North

South

15
North-South

North-North

16
 South-South

2. 150 turn coil

R = 0.4 (Ω); L = 1 (mH)
Pole Voltage Peak 1 Voltage Peak 2
North 0.049 -0.098
South -0.053 0.130
North-South 0.013 -0.016
North-North 0.046 -0.075
South-South -0.040 -0.114

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North

South

18
North-South

North-North

19
 South-South

III. Comment and Explanation

1. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

20
A voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a
conductor and a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is
proportional to the rate of change of the flux
ΔΦ Δ(BA)
V induced =−N =−N
Δt Δt

2. So, we have:
- Comparison between the first voltage peak and second voltage peak:
 The two voltage peak has opposite sign corresponding to the direction of
the magnetic field line’s rate and direction of change. According to
Faraday’s Law, the induced electromotive force acts in the direction that
opposes the change in magnetic flux.
 Also, the magnitude of second voltage peak is greater than that of the first
peak.This can be explained by the motion of the magnet bar. When the
magnet is released to fall through the coil, its motion is free fall. Therefore,
the velocity of the bottom pole when it falls through the coil is larger than
that of the top pole. This means the change in magnetic field increases in
time, and according to the Faraday’s Law above, this result in the greater
magnitude of the second peak.

- The shape of the graph:

 Both graphs are approximately symmetric about the point when Δ Φ B =0
(rate of change of the magnetic field flux equals zero). This can be
explained by Faraday’s law, which states that the induced voltage through
the wire induces a current that creates a magnetic flux in the direction
opposing the change in flux, and the fact that the magnetic field line going
in/out the north and the south pole of the magnet are exactly the same.
- Comparison between two coil

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 The maximum voltage for the coil with more turns is higher than the one
with fewer turn, because the magnitude of voltage is proportional to the
number of turns in the coil, as shown in the equation:
ΔΦ
V induced =−N
Δt

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 Experimental Report 5
INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (MICROWAVE)
Class: 736043 - PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813

I. Experiment Motivation
- Evaluate both qualitative and quantitative results of transmitting and receiving
microwave.
II. Experimental Results

1. Investigation of reflection of microwaves:

Refection Angle Incidence Angle
30° 66°
40° 72°
50° 105 °
60° 124°

2. Determining wavelength of standing waves:

f x 1 (mm) x 2 (mm) x=x 2−x 1 (mm)
1 214 237 23
2 215 240 25
3 214 236 22
4 220 247 27
5 220 245 25
III. DATA PROCESSING
1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves
- Observation:
+ When the receiver is in alignment with the rail, facing the transmitter, the volt-meter
displays its maximum reading, which is 24 volts.
+ As the receiver moves further away from the rail in a plane perpendicular to it, the reading
on the volt-meter decreases.
In conclusion, it can be deduced that microwaves propagate most effectively in a straight line.
2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves
- Observation:
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+ When a dry absorption plate (an electrical insulator) is placed between the transmitter and
receiver, the volt-meter shows a slight decrease.
- Conclusions:
+ Microwaves are capable of penetrating through the dry absorption plate.
+ However, not all of the microwaves will pass through; a portion of them will be absorbed
by the absorption plate.
3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves
- Observation: When a reflection plate (an electrical conductor) is inserted between the
transmitter and receiver, the volt-meter indicates a value significantly smaller than when the
absorption plate is absent. In this scenario, the volt-meter displays an approximate value of 0
(0.01).
- Conclusion: The majority of the microwaves are unable to pass through the reflection plate.
4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves:
- Observation:
Refection Angle Incidence Angle
30° 66°
40° 72°
50° 105 °
60° 124°

+ When the arrow bisects two rails (with the reflector angle equal to the incidence angle), the
volt-meter indicates its maximum value.
- Conclusions:
+ Microwaves reflect most effectively when the perpendicular bisector of the reflection plate
aligns with the bisector of the angle formed by the transmitter and receiver.
+ During microwave reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves:
- Observation:
+ When the angle formed by the two rails is 81°, the volt-meter displays its maximum
reading.
+ When the receiver is turned to different angles, the volt-meter reading decreases.
- Conclusion: Microwaves refract most effectively with an angle of 81°.
6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves:
- Observation:
+ When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the volt metter increase.
+ When the plate í between the probe and the transmitter, the value on the volt meter í
approximate 0. When the probe í moved on the horizontal plane, the value slightly
increase.
- Conclusion: Microwaves has diffraction properties.
7. Investigation of interference of microwaves:
- Observation: When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the volt meter is
oscillating. Number of maxima = 3.
- Conclusion: Microwave has property of interference.
8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves:

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- Observation:
+ When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the volt meter slightly decreases.
+ When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the volt meter is approximately zero.
+ When the grating is aligned at 45°, the value on the volt meter is higher than in the vertical
case, but lower than in the horizontal case.
- Conclusion:
+ When a polarization grating is placed between the transmitter and receiver, the microwave
(electromagnetic wave) becomes polarized.
+ Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we receiver is Voltage.
⟹ Therefore:
+ When using a vertical polarization grating, only the vertical waves are able to pass through,
resulting in a strong signal received.
+ When employing a horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal waves can pass
through. As a result, the received signal is very small, approximating zero.
+ With a 45° inclined polarization grating, a portion of both vertical and horizontal waves can
pass through. Consequently, the received signal is smaller compared to when a vertical
polarization grating is used, but larger than when a horizontal polarization grating is
employed.
9. Determining wavelength of standing waves:
- Observation:
f x 1 (mm) x 2 (mm) x=x 2−x 1 (mm)
1 214 237 23
2 215 240 25
3 214 236 22
4 220 247 27
5 220 245 25


∑ xi
x= i=1 =24.4(mm)
5

√
5

 s.d
∑ ( x i−x )2
Δx=S . D= = i=1 =1.74 (mm)
√5 5
 λ=2 × x=48.8(mm)
 Δ λ= Δx=1.74 (mm)

Hence: λ=λ ± Δ λ=48.80± 1.74 (mm)

- Frequencies of the microwaves:

8
c 3× 10 9
f= = =6.15 ×10 ( Hz )
λ 48.8 ×10−3

Δ f =f ×
√( λ)
Δλ 2
=0.22× 109 (Hz)

25
 9
Hence: f =f ± Δ f = ( 6.15 ±0.22 ) ×10 (mm)

26
 Experimental Report 6
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO OF AIR
BASED ON CLEMENT DESORME’S METHOD
Class: 736043 - PH1026 Verification of the instructors
Group: 3
Name: Hồng Huy Hoàng
Student ID: 20227813
I. Experimental Motivation:
- To determine the specific heat ratio γ =Cp /Cv for air.
II. Experimental Results:

1. H = 240 mm
a. Table
H
Trial L1 (mm) L2 (mm) h=L2−L1 (mm) γ= (mm)
H−h
1 311 250 61 1.34
2 316 249 67 1.39
3 314 250 64 1.36
4 312 249 63 1.35
5 319 250 69 1.40
6 310 253 57 1.31
7 320 249 71 1.42
8 311 251 60 1.33
9 315 250 65 1.37
10 319 247 72 1.43

27
b. Calculation of the uncertainty of h:
10
1
h= ∑ hi=64.9 ( mm )
10 i=1

√∑
10
2
(hi ¿−h)
i=1
∆ h= =4.63(mm)¿
10
Hence:

h=64.9 ± 4.63(mm)

c. Calculation of the uncertainty of γ :

10
1
γ = ∑ γ i =1.37
10 i=1

√
10

∑ (γ i¿ −γ )2
i=1
∆ γ= =0.04 (mm)¿
10
Hence:

γ =γ ± ∆ γ =1.37 ± 0.04 (mm)

I. Comparison and conclusion:

- Theoretically, we can calculate the specific heat ratio of air by using the
i+ 2
formula γ = i , where i = 5 which is the Degree of Freedom (DOF) of

ideal gas (in this case it is air). Hence, we get:

i+ 2 5+ 2
γ= = =1.40 (mm)
i 5
- The experiment result is a bit different from the theoretical result due to
instrumental uncertainty, observational uncertainty and environment
uncertainty.

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