Chapter 1

“
"µ
e

1.1 öÜ
˛
¡¡ ⌥y
\ ⇣H
’fl
± Å
3 (i) n = 1 ) a 1=a 1$
⌦w
Ì n.
(ii) 1  k  n 1ì
⌅ó∏é
H&
✏ ⌦√
Ò∫ k\
Å@/K
⌫$⌦w
ÌnÙ
«⇥
◆ì¶ ◆Ä
⌅

an 1 = (a + 1)(an 1 1) a(an 2 1)
= (a + 1)(a 1)(an 2 + · · · + 1) a(a 1)(an 3
+ · · · + 1)
= (a 1)(an 1 + · · · + 1)

)ó
∏é
H ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢∫ n\
Å@/K
⌫$⌦w
Ì n
7 (i) n = 1 ) 1 = 2 1=1$n.
⌦w
Ì
(ii) n = k 1{ ⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
Ì nÙ
«⇥
 ◆ì
¶ ◆Ä ⌅
1(1!) + · · · + (k 1)((k 1)!) + k(k!) = k! 1 + k(k!) = k!(k + 1) 1 = (k + 1)! 1
)ó
∏éH ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢∫ n\
Å@/K
⌫$⌦w
Ì n
8 (a) (i) n = 1{ ⌃M
9 :$ n.
⌦w
Ì
(ii) n = k 1{ ⌃M
9 :$⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì
¶ ◆Ä ⌅
(2(k 1))! (2(k 1))! 2k(2k 1) (2k)!
2 · 6 · · · (4k 2) = · (4k 2) = · =
(k 1)! (k 1)! k k!
)ó ∏éH ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢ ∫ n\
Å@/K⌫$ ⌦w
Ì n.
(2n)!
(b) = 2 · · · (4n 2) 2n
n!
) (2n)! 2n (n!)
9 (i) n = 1 ) 1 + a 1+a $
⌦w
Ì n.
(ii) n = k{⌃M
9 :$⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì¶ ◆Ä ⌅
(1 + a)k+1 = (1 + a)k (1 + a) (1 + ka)(1 + a) = 1 + (k + 1)a + a2 1 + (k + 1)a $
⌦w
Ì n.
)ó
∏éH ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢∫ n\
Å@/◆#
å$⌦w
Ì n.
13 (i) n = 1{
⌃M
9 : a1 = 1 < 2 $n.
⌦w
Ì
(ii) n  k{
⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì ¶ ◆Ä⌅
ak+1 = ak + ak 1 + ak 2 < 2k + 2k 1
+ 2k 2
= 2k 2
22 + 2 + 1 = 2k 2
· 7 < 2k+1
)ó
∏éH ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢ ∫ n\
Å@/K
⌫$ n.
⌦w
Ì
14 (i) a1 = 11 = 5 · 2 + 1 $n.
⌦w
Ì

1
 (ii) n  k{ ⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
ÌnÙ«⇥
◆ì ¶ ◆Ä ⌅
ak+1 = 3ak + 2ak 1 = 3(5 · 2k + 1) 2(5 · 2k 1
+ 1) = 15 · 2k + 3 5 · 2k 2 = 10 · 2k + 1 =
5 · 2k+1 + 1
)ó
∏é
H ◆É
✏ ⌅√
⇢∫ n\
Å@/◆#
å$⌦w
Ì n.

1.2 l/
◊«
ë ah
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n n n
3 (a) + + ··· +
= (1 + 1)n = 2n
0 1 n
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n n n
(b) + · · · + ( 1)n = (1 1)n = 0
0 1 n
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n 1 (n 1)! n! n
(c) n = n· = (k + 1) = (k + 1)
k k! · (n 1 k)! (k + 1)! · (n 1 k)! k+1
✓✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆◆
n 1 n 1 n 1
n2 n 1
= n(1 + 1) n 1
= n + + ··· +
0 1 n 1
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n 1 n 1 n 1
= n +n + ··· + n
0 1 n 1
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n n n
= +2 + ··· + n
1 2 n
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n n n
(d) 3 = (1 + 2) =
n n
+2 + ··· + 2 n
0 1 n
(e) (a)+(b) & (a)-(b)
(f) (c)\Å_ ✓K⌫ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 n 1 1 n
=
k+ ✓1 ◆ k ✓ ◆n k+1 ✓ ◆
n 1 n ( 1)n n
) + ··· +
0 ✓✓ 2 1 ◆ ✓ n +◆1 n ✓ ◆◆
1 n+1 n+1 n+1 1
= + · · · + ( 1)n =
n+1 1 2 n+1 n+1
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
2 3
(5) (a) (i) n = 1 ) =1= ⌦w
Ì
$ n.
2 3
(ii) ✓
n = k{
⌃M
9 :
◆ $⌦✓
Ì nÙ
w «⇥
 ◆ì¶◆◆Ä ⌅,✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
k+2 k+1 k+1 k+1 k 2
= + = + + ··· +
3 3 2 2 2 2
(b)
✓
✓ ◆ ◆
n2
12 + 22 + · · · + n2 = 2
+ ··· + 2 + 1 + 2 + ··· + n
22
✓ ◆
n+1 n(n + 1) (n + 1)n(n 1) n(n + 1)
= 2 + = +
3 2 3 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
✓✓ ◆ ✓ ◆◆ ✓ ◆
2 n+1 n+2 n(n + 1)(n + 2)
(c) 1 · 2 + · · · n(n + 1) = 2 + ··· + =2 =
2 2 3 3

2
 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
2 4
(6) (i) n = 2{
⌃M
9 :, + = 7 = 2 · 3 · 7/6 $n.
⌦w
Ì
2 2
(ii) n✓ = k,
◆ k ✓ 2{ ⌃◆M
9 :$⌦w
Ì nÙ «✓⇥
 ◆ì ¶ ◆Ä ⌅ ◆ ✓ ◆
2 4 2(k + 1) k(k + 1)(4k 1) 2(k + 1)
+ + ··· + = +
2 2 2 6 2
k(k + 1)(4k 1) 2(k + 1)(2k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)(4k + 3)
= + =
6 2 6
✓ ◆
2n (2n!) (2n!) 1 · 3 · · · (2n 1) 2n
(9) = = 22n = 2 < 22n
✓ n ◆ (n!) · (n!) ((2n)(2n 2) · · · 2)2 2 · 4 · · · 2n
2n 2·1 2·3 2(2n 1) n
= · ··· · 2 > 2n
n 2 4 2n

3
Chapter 2

a¡ò
« + ◆⇤
∫ó̊
‰ ga«h

2.1 Ô µ
ùe ¡“
e
n(n + 1)
1. (a) tn `
¶ nÅ
⌥ ⌅P:
ôy
å ï√
å∫⇤◆ì ⌅ tn = 1 + · · · + n =
¶ ◆Ä
2
(k + 1)(k 1) 1 k+1 k 1
(b) )) 8n + 1 = k 2 s⇤
◆ø ⌅, n =
∫Ä = · · (nì
r&
… ⌦√
Ò ∫, kç
H.
✏ À∫)
f√
8 2 2 2
m(m + 1)
) k 1 = ms◆ ⇤ø∫⌅ Än= ) nì r
… ôy
å ï√
å ∫
2
k(k + 1)
() n = ◆ø
⇤ ∫Ä⌅
2
8n + 1 = 4k(k + 1) + 1 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1 = (2k + 1)2
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(2n + 2)
(c) + = = (n + 1)2
2 2 2
(d) n = k(k + 1)2⇤ ◆ø ∫Ä⌅
9k 2 + 9k + 2 (3k + 1)(3k + 2)
9n + 1 = =
2 2
25k 2 + 25k + 6 (5k + 2)(5k + 3)
25n + 3 = =
2 2
29k + 49k + 12
2
(7k + 3)(7k + 4)
49n + 6 = =
2 2
✓ ◆
n+1 n(n + 1)
2. = = tn
2 2
10. (i) n = 1{
⌃M
9 :, p1 = 2/2 = 1$
⌦w
Ì n.
(ii) n = k{⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
ÌnÙ «⇥
 ◆ì¶ ◆Ä ⌅,
k(3k 1) 3k 2 + 5k + 2 (k + 1)(3k + 2)
pk + 1 = pk + (3k + 1) = + 3k + 1 = =
2 2 2

2.2 ∫ó̊
‰
◆⇤ g«ah
3. (a) (3n)2 = 3 · 3n2
(3n + 1)2 = 3 · (3n2 + 2n) + 1
(3n + 2)2 = 3 · (3n2 + 4n + 1) + 1
(b) (3n)3 = 9 · 3n3
(3n + 1)3 = 9 · (3n3 + n2 + n) + 1 (3n + 2)3 = 9 · (3n3 + 2n2 + 4n) + 8

4
 (c) (5n)4 = 5 · 53 n
(5n + 1)4 = 5 · (53 n4 + 53 n3 + 2 · 25n2 + 5n) + 1
(5n + 2)4 = 5 · (53 n4 + 2 · 53 n3 + 23 · 25n2 + 8 · 5n + 3) + 1
(5n + 3)4 = 5 · (53 n4 + 3 · 53 n3 + 2 · 32 · 25n2 + 33 · 5n + 16) + 1
(5n + 4)4 = 5 · (53 n4 + 4 · 53 n3 + 2 · 42 · 25n2 + 43 · 5n + 51) + 1

4. 3a2 1 = 3(a2 1) + 2, 3(a)\

Å _K
⌫¢aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡jYLs |
c√
® ∫\◆.
O⇥
7. ◆–
w̧!
r&
l ⌦o\
Ò Å _K
⌫&⌦√
Ò ∫ a, b(b 6= 0)\
Å@ ⌫ a = q 0 b + r0 , 0  r0  |b|ì
/K ⌅ q0 , r0 s ƒ
ª{⌃◆>
9 ⇡îr
>
⌫Ù
F«⇥
 ◆.
1
(i) 0  r0  ⌅‚
|b|ì ∫, r = r0 , q = q 0
⌦ƒ
2
1
(ii) |b|  r0  |b|ì
⌅‚ ∫, r = r0 |b|⇤
⌦ƒ ◆ø ∫Ä ⌅
2
a = q b + r = q b + |b| + r = (q + b/|b|)b + r ) q = q 0 + b/|b|
0 0 0 0

(i), (ii)\
Å _K
⌫Î H]
⌫ j_ õ ∏|⌅` ¶Î
⌥ ñ7
fl §◆ç
· H q, rs î
✏ ⌫.
rF
>
a = qb + r = xb + y, 0  r, y  |b| ) r y = (x q)bsŸ
ºñ–r H b_ C
✏
yç ⌫√∫.
) r y = 0 ) r = y ) (x q)b = 0 ) x = q.
8. 4|100 & 11 = 4 · 2 + 3sŸ – 11 · · · 11g
ºñ J_ √
1 ∫çHó
✏ ∏ø∫ 4k + 3g ◆.
Js⇥
1
(2n)2 = 4 · n2 , (2n + 1)2 = 4(n2 + n) + 1sŸ
ºñ– 4k + 3g
J_ &
1 ⌦√
Ò ∫ç
H¢
✏ aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡jY
L√
∫◆ |
c√
® ∫\◆.
O⇥
10. (i) ns ã
ï√
å ⌅ 7n2 + 5ç
∫sÄ Hf
✏ ∫, ns f
À√
. À√
. ⌅ 7n2 + 5ç
∫sÄ Hã
✏ ï√
å∫ sŸ
ºñ– n(7n2 + 5)ç
H 2_
✏
⌫√
C ∫.
(ii) n = 3kg
JsÄ
1 ⌅ n(7n2 + 5)ç
H 3_ C
✏ ⌫√∫.
n = 3k + 1¢H n = 3k + 2g
∏ç
✏ ⌅ n2 = 3k + 1g
JsÄ
1 JsŸ
1 ºñ– 7n2 + 5 = 21k + 7 + 5 = 3(7k + 4)

) n(7n2 + 5)ç
H 6_ C
✏ ⌫√∫.

2.3 ¶7
i ⌫ú
ªª
Ø –¡
»
7. a = 2n + 1, b = 2m + 1s⇤◆ø∫Ä⌅
a4 + b4 2 = (2n + 1)4 + (2m + 1)4 2 = (4n2 + 4n + 1)2 + (4m2 + 4m + 1)2 2 =
16n4 + 16n2 + 1 + 16m2 + 16m2 + 1 + 2(16n3 + 4n(n + 1) + 16m3 + 4m(m + 1)) 2 =
16(n4 + 2n3 + n2 + m4 + 2m3 + m2 ) + 8n(n + 1) + 8m(m + 1)
n(n + 1), m(m + 1)s ãï√
å ∫sŸ ºñ–ó∏é HÜ
✏ ”ì
Ω r 16_ C
… ⌫√∫.
13. (a) )) d = gcd(a, b)⇤◆ø∫Ä⌅ d|a & d|b ) d|ax + by = c
() d = ax + by ì
0 0
⌅&
⌦√
Ò ∫ x0 , y 0 s î
rF
> ⌫ ) d|c ) c = k(ax0 + by 0 ) = a(kx0 ) + b(ky 0 )
a b
(b) gcd(a, b) = d⇤
◆ø∫Ä ⌅ d|a & d|b ) x + y = 1 ) gcd(x, y) = 1.
d d
16. (2n+1)2 = 4n2 +4n+1sŸ ºñ–f À√
. ∫_ ¢ aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jYLìr 4ñ
… – ◆æ ∫%✓`
3 ¶M
⌥ : ◆Qt◆ 1. a, a+2, a+4
∏ø
ó ∫f À√
. ∫sŸ ºñ – a2 + (a + 2)2 + (a + 4)2 ì
r 4_ C
… ⌫√∫.
a2 + (a + 2)2 + (a + 4)2 + 1 = 3a2 + 12a + 21 = 3(a2 + 4a + 7) 3_ C
⌫√∫.

2.4 ¬<
À ≥hfí N
Ӕ
± ßhû
∏
Ê
2. (c) 272 = 119 ⇥ 2 + 34, 119 = 34 ⇥ 3 + 17, 34 = 17 ⇥ 2
) gcd(272, 119) = 17 = 119 3 · 34 = 119 3 · (272 2 · 119) = 7 · 119 3 · 272
) x = 7, y = 3

5
 4. (a) d = gcd(a + b, a b) = gcd(a + b, 2b)sŸ – d|2b, gcd(a, b) = 1 ) d - b ) d|2
ºñ
(b) gcd(2a+b, a+2b) = gcd(2a+b, 3a+3b), gcd(2a+b, a+b) = gcd(a, a+b) = gcd(a, b) = 1
) gcd(2a + b, 3(a + b)) = gcd(2a + b, 3)|3
(c) gcd(a + b, a2 + b2 ) = gcd(a + b, (a + b)(a b) + 2b2 ) = gcd(a + b, 2b2 ) = gcd(a + b, 2)|2
(* gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, b2 ) = 1)
(d) gcd(a + b, a2 ab + b2 ) = gcd(a + b, (a + b)2 3ab = gcd(a + b, 3ab) = gcd(a + b, 3)|3
6. gcd(a + b, ab) = d⇤
◆ø∫Ä⌅ d|ab & gcd(a, b) = 1 ) d|a ¢
∏ç
H d|b
✏
⌃Ï̄
9
{ Õ$⌦`
Ì ¶{
⌥ ⌧t ∑
9 ß̇ì
¶ d|a⇤
◆ ◆Ä⌅ d|a + b ) d|b ) d|gcd(a, b) = 1
10. (a) )) gcd(a, b) = d⇤ ◆ ø ∫Ä ⌅ gcd(a, b) = d = lcm(a, b) = |ab|/d ) d2 = |ab| & d 
min(|a|, |b|) ) d = |a| = |b| ) a = ±b
() a = ±b ) gcd(a, b) = |a| = lcm(a, b)
|k 2 ab| |k 2 ab| k|ab|
(b) lcm(ka, kb) = = = = lcm(a, b)
gcd(ka, kb) k gcd(a, b) gcd(a, b)
(c) lcm(a, b) = t, |m| = ns⇤ ◆ ◆Ä⌅, ˛jô Ë/ NC
B⌫√ ∫_ & ⌦_\
Ò Å _K ⌫ t  nsŸ
ºñ–,
n = qt + r, 0  r < tì ⌅& ⌦√
Ò ∫ q, rs ƒ ª{⌃◆>
9 ⇡î rF
> ⌫.
a|nsì¶ a|tsŸ ºñ– a|r, ∞ †ì
˙r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹ ºñ – b|r ) t  r ¢ H r = 0 ) r = 0 ) mì
∏ç
✏ r t_ C
… ⌫
∫.
√
12. gcd(198, 288) = d⇤◆ø ∫Ä⌅ gcd(198, 288, 512) = gcd(d, 512)
288 = 198 + 90, 198 = 90 · 2 + 18 ) d = 18 & 18 = 3 · 198 2 · 288)
512 = 18 · 28 + 8, 18 = 8 · 2 + 2 ! gcd(18, 512) = 2 & 2 = 57 · 18 2 · 512
) gcd(198, 288, 512) = 57·18 2·512 = 57·(3·198 2·288) 2·512 = 171·198 114·288 2·512
) x = 171, y = 114, z = 2

2.5 Ô5̃œ
gõ Ÿ‚´'
◊«
ë a–
⌥
œ
4. &
⌦o 2.9\
Ò Å _K ⌫ ax + ( b)y = cç HK
✏ ⌫◆ îrF
> ⌫◆9, :
§√
£∫K⌫\
¶ x0 , y0 ⇤
⌥ ◆ ◆Ä
⌅, e
⌥__ &
î ⌦√
Ò ∫ t\
Å
b a
/K
@ ⌫ x = x0 t, y = y0 ¶K
⌥
t\ ⌫ñ– ◆î
⌅⇥◆.
⇢ d d
b a
T = min t 2 Z t < x0 , and t < y0 ⇤ ◆ø∫Ä
⌅
d d
b a
t  T ) x = x0 t, y = y0 HÄ
✏
tç ú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫K⌫
d d
)Äú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫K⌫çH¡
✏ ∫Ù «y ¥̇
 ß⇥◆.
6. ◆
⌃5ux⌅
p ◆o, Ä úy⌅
™ ◆o, ⌘ #t z ⌅ ◆o Ω ®{ 9˛°
Ÿ⇥◆ì
¶ ◆Ä
⌅
120x + 50y + 25z = 4000 ) 24x + 10y + 5z = 800 ) 24x + 5(2y + z) = 800
gcd(24, 5) = 1 ) 1 = 5 · 5 24 ) 800 = 4000 · 5 800 · 24
) 2y + z = 4000 24t and x = 800 + 5t ) 160 < t  166
x + y + z = 100 ) y = x + (2y + z) 100 = 3100 19t ) t  163
) x = 800 + 5t, y = 3100 19t, z = 2200 + 14t, 160 < t  163
(x, y, z) = (5, 41, 54), (10, 22, 68), (15, 3, 82)
8. (b) 
Ù 8p\
« Å[ t#
˛ Qe✓ç
î H ı{
✏ ⌃_ >
9 h√∫\ ¶ x, #
⌥ å'ùÃ
ü os ◆*
ê $ ◆tç
H ı{
✏ ⌃_ >
9 h√
∫\
¶ y⇤
⌥ ◆ ◆Ä ⌅
63x+7 = 23y ) 63x 23y = 7, gcd(63, 23) = 1 = 4·63+11·23 ) 7 = 28·63+77·23
) x = 28 + 23t, y = 77 + 63t ) x = 18 + 23t, y = 49 + 63t, t 1
(d) z
ô◆ x "
å ⌦, #
Ó å◆ y " ⌦, ⌥
Ó ◆s z " ⌦e
Ó ✓⇥
î ◆ì ¶ ◆Ä ⌅
3x + 2y + z/2 = 20 ) 6x + (4y + z) = 40 ) gcd(6, 1) = 1 = 6 · 0 + 1
x = t, 4y + z = 40 6t, and x + y + z = 20 ) 3y = 20 5t ) 0  t  4 &3|t 1 ) t = 1
or t = 4 ) (x, y, z) = (1, 5, 14), (4, 0, 16)

6
Chapter 3

?‹
ø¡ˇ
ö ´&
P†
Ô

3.1 —‰
5
Ò ∑ò
+ e‘
µ«
e ah
4. p\
¶ 5s
⌥ ú_ ô
© Ë√∫⇤◆ ◆Ä ⌅, p = 6k + 1 ¢∏çH p = 6k 1, k
✏ 1.
p2 + 2 = (6k ± 1)2 + 2 = 6(6k 2 ± 2k) + 3 ) 3|p2 + 2
5. (a) p|an ) p|a or p|an 1 sŸ ºñ –√ ∫Ü∆&
< ⇤ )±̇
h öZ O\ Å _K ⌫e
⌥__ ◆É
î ⌅√
⇢∫ n\
Å@ ⌫, p|a
/K
) pn |an
(b) a = a⇤ p, b = b⇤ p, gcd(a⇤ , b⇤ ) = 1s⇤ ◆ø ∫Ä ⌅,
⌥__ ◆É
î
e ⌅√
⇢ ∫ i, j\Å@ /K⌫ gcd((a⇤ )i , (b⇤ )j ) = 1
) gcd(a2 , b2 ) = p2 , gcd(a2 , b) = p, gcd(a3 , b2 ) = p2
6. (a) n4 + 4 = n4 + 4n2 + 4 4n2 = (n2 + 2)2 (2n)2 = (n2 + 2n + 2)(n2 2n + 2),
n > 1 ) n2 2n + 2 > 1
(b) i. n = ab, 1 < a < bñ –≥â ≥Ω
& …√
+ ∫e ✓ç
î H‚
✏ ⌦ƒ∫.
(n 1)! = (n 1) · · · b · · · a · · · 1 ) n = ab|(n 1)!
ii. n = ab, 1 < a < bñ
–≥â ≥Ω
& …√
+ ∫\ OçH‚
✏ ⌦ƒ∫ ) n = p2
n > 4 ) p > 2 ) 2p < n ) (n 1)! = (n 1) · · · 2p · · · p · · · 1 ) n = p2 |(n 1)!
(c) 8 + 1 = (2n )3 + 1 = (2n + 1)(4n 2n + 1)
n

(d) i. n = 2k ) n = 6 + 2(k 3), k 5

ii. n = 2k + 1 ) n = 9 + 2(k 4), k 6
16. (a) )) d|nsÄ ⌅ d2 - nsŸ ºñ–, e ⌥__ p|nì
î ⌅ô Ë√ ∫ p\ Å@ /K ⌫ , p2 - n
) n = p 1 · · · pr
() ns square-free◆ ⌥ ◆m⇤ ◆ì ¶ ◆Ä ⌅, 9d s.t. d2 |n ) p|dì ⌅ôË√∫pîrF
> ⌫ ) p2 |nsŸ º–ñ
ns " fñ –⇥ ◆è rô
… Ë√ ∫[
t_ Y
˛ L‹ºñ –≥ â ≥ù
& a⇥
) ◆ç H ◆&
✏ ⌦\
Ò Åó ∏Ì
H
⌫
(b) n = pa1 1 · · · par r , i 6= j ) pi 6= pj & ai 1⇤ ◆ø ∫Ä⌅, { ⌃Ï̄
9 Õ$ ⌦`
Ì ¶{
⌥ ⌧t ∑
9 ß̇ì
¶ a1 , · · · , ai ç
Hf
✏ À
.
∫, ai+1 , · · · , ar ì
√ rã
… ï√
å ∫⇤◆— ţ √ ∫e ✓⇥
î ◆.
ai+1
n = pa1 1 · · · par r = pa1 1 1 · · · pai i 1 · pi+1 · · · par r (p1 · · · pi )
19. n = pa1 1 · · · par r , i 6= j ) pi 6= pj & ai 2⇤
◆ ø ∫Ä ⌅, { ⌃Ï̄
9 Õ$⌦`
̶ 9
⌥ {t ∑
⌧ ß̇ì
¶ a1 , · · · , ai ç
H f
✏ À
.
∫(1  j  i ) aj 3), ai+1 , · · · , ar ì
√ rã
… ï√
å ∫(i + 1  j  r ) aj 2)⇤ ◆—ţ √
∫e✓⇥
î ◆.
ai+1
n = pa1 1 · · · par r = p31 · · · p3i pa1 1 3 · · · pai i 3 · pi+1 · · · par r

3.2 c
U⇤◆ü
◊‚´Y
cO ´ò
3‚ +W
Ö
7. Ë
ô√∫◆ ƒ ªÙ«◆⇥
 ◆ì
¶ ◆&
⌦◆ì
Ò ¶, ◆Å
ú✏
© HôË√
∫\
¶ p⇤
⌥ ◆ ◆◆.
N = p! + 1s⇤
◆ø∫Ä
⌅ Nì
rΩ
… À$
+ ∫. e
⌦√
Ì ⌥__ ô
î Ë√∫ q\
Å@ ⌫ q  p ) q|p! ) q - N ó
/K H.
∏Ì
⌫

7
 12. (a) n = 5{
⌃M
9 :, p5 = 11 > 2 · 5 1.
k 5ì ⌅ k\
Å@/K ⌫$ ⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì¶ ◆Ä⌅, pk+1 2 + pk > 2 + 2k 1 = 2(k + 1) 1
(b) p1 = 2, p2 · · · pn ì
r f
… À√
. ∫ 7 §, 4k + 1 ¢
£ H 4k + 3g
∏ç
✏ Js⇥
1 ◆. ) p1 · · · pn ì
r 4k + 2g
… Jsì
1 ¶,
p1 · · · pn + 1ì
r 4k + 3g
… Js ˜
1 &# Q"f¢ aÑ
-⌅]
⇡ jY
Ls | c√
® ∫\ O⇥◆.
Xn
1 1 p 2 · · · pn + p1 · A p2 · · · p n
(c) + ··· + = , A= ¶, p1 ì
sì r ã
… ï√
å ∫, pi , i 2ç
H .
✏ À
f√
∫
p1 pn p1 · · · pn i=2
pi
sŸ ºñ –Ï ró
⌧ ∏çHã
✏ ï√
å ∫, Ï r◆ç
⌧ Hf
✏ À√
.∫◆ ù a⇥
) ◆. ’
™QŸ ºñ –& ⌦√
Ò ∫◆ |c√
® ∫\ O⇥ ◆.
10n 1
13. (a) Rn = sŸ – 10n 1|10m 1e
ºñ ⌥`
î¶ò
⌥ –sÄ ⌅ù
a⇥
) ◆.
9
n|m ) m = kn ) 10 m
1 = (10 )
n k
1 = (10 n
1)(10n(k 1)
+ · · · + 1)
(b) 10 n+m
1 = 10 n+m
10 + 10
n
1 = 10 (10
n n
1) + 10
m
1 n

10m+n 1
) Rm+n = = 10n Rm + Rn ) d|Rm+n
9
(c) (b)¸
<∞ †ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹ºñ– m > n{⌃M
9 :, d|Rn & d|Rm ) d|Rm n e⌥`
î¶ò
⌥ –{⌃√
9 ∫e ◆.
✓⇥
î
n=1¢ ∏çH m = 1ì
✏ ⌅‚⌦ƒ ∫ç
HÜ
✏ ”
Ω ú$
© ⌦w
Ì n(* R1 = 1)
n, m > 1ì
⌅‚ ⌦ƒ ∫ gcd(n, m) = 1 ) an+bm = 1ì ⌅Ò⌦
&√∫ n, ms îrF
> ⌫, (a)\
Å _K
⌫ Rn |R|a|n
& Rm |R|b|m
gcd(Rm , Rn ) = d⇤
◆ø∫Ä⌅ d|Ran+bm = R1 ) d = 1

3.3 Øfí⇧
ú + ◆‡
◆◆ò ⌦
Ö
12. Q
!‡‘Í̄
Õ‡‘ ◆[
⌃\
O ⌫ pn+1 < 2pn ) p2n+3 < 4p2n+2 < 8pn+1 pn+2
Å _K
) n 5sÄ⌅$
⌦w
Ì n. n = 3, 4{
⌃M
9 :f
⇤]
î X@/{ 9K⌫ò–Ä ⌅$ ⌦w
Ì n.
20. p2 + 8s ôË√∫s9Ä ⌅ pç Hf
✏ À√
. ∫7 §, p 6= 2
£
p 6= 3sÄ⌅ p = 6k ± 1 ) p2 + 8 = 6m + 9 = 3(m + 3) ; ô
Ë√∫◆ ⌥ ◆.
◆m⇥
p = 3sÄ ⌅ p2 + 8 = 17 ô
Ë√∫
) p, p2 + 8s ô
Ë√ ∫ p = 3 ) p3 + 4 = 41 ô ∫.
Ë√

25. n = 4{
⌃M
9 :, p 4 = 7 < 2 + 3 + 5
n = k{⌃ M
9 : $ ⌦w
Ì nÙ
«⇥
 ◆ì
¶ ◆& ⌦◆Ä
Ò ⌅, !
Q‡‘Í̄
Õ‡‘ ◆[
⌃\
O ⌫pk + 1 < 2pk = pk + pk < pk +
Å _K
pk 1 + · · · + p1

8
Chapter 4

ºû
“
T‚l“
µ
e

4.1 ◆À
¡‚´
4.2 ºû
“
T ‚ò
+ e‘
µ«
e ah
2. 22 ⌘ 12 ( mod 3)stÎ
ñ, 2 6⌘ 1( mod 3)
fl
8. (a) a = 4k ± 1s⇤
◆ø ⌅, a2 = 16k 2 ± 8k + 1 ⌘ 1( mod 8)
∫Ä
(b) n ⌘ 0( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 0( mod 7)
n ⌘ 1( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 1( mod 7)
n ⌘ 2( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 1( mod 7)
n ⌘ 3( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 6( mod 7)
n ⌘ 4( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 1( mod 7)
n ⌘ 5( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 6( mod 7)
n ⌘ 6( mod 7) ) n3 ⌘ 6( mod 7)
(c) a ⌘ 0( mod 5) ) a4 ⌘ 0( mod 5)
a ⌘ 1( mod 5) ) a4 ⌘ 1( mod 5)
a ⌘ 2( mod 5) ) a4 ⌘ 1( mod 5)
a ⌘ 3( mod 5) ) a4 ⌘ 1( mod 5)
a ⌘ 4( mod 5) ) a4 ⌘ 1( mod 5)
(d) (a)\ ⌫, a2 ⌘ 1( mod 8)sì
Å _K ¶, a2 ⌘ 1( mod 3) (* a ⌘ ±1)sŸ
ºñ– a2 ⌘ 1( mod 24)
11. 21 ⌘ 2( mod 11), 22 ⌘ 4( mod 11), 23 ⌘ 8( mod 11), 24 ⌘ 5( mod 11),
25 ⌘ 10( mod 11), 26 ⌘ 9( mod 11), 27 ⌘ 7( mod 11), 28 ⌘ 3( mod 11), 29 ⌘ 6( mod 11)
)¢aÑ
- ⌅e
⇡ ⌦#
Á å>
⇢
12 ⌘ 102 ( mod 11)sŸºñ–, #{0, 12 , · · · , 102 } < 11 ) ¢
aÑ
-⌅e
⇡ ⌦#
Áå>⇢◆ |
c√
® ∫\O⇥◆.
14. 14 ⌘ 24 ( mod 3), 4 ⌘ 1( mod 3)stÎ
ñ 11 6⌘ 21 ( mod 3)
fl
15. n = 1{ ⌃M
9 :, a2 ⌘ 1( mod 8)(*) #8(a)\
Å _K ⌫)
n = k{ ⌃M
9 :, $
⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì ¶ ◆Ä
⌅
k+1 k k k k k
a2 = a2·2 = (a2 )2 sŸ – (a2 )2 1 = (a2
ºñ 1)(a2 + 1)sì¶,
k k k+1
2k+2 2
|a 1 & 2|a + 1(* aç
2
Hf
✏ À√
. ∫) ) a2
⌘ 1( mod 2 k+2+1
)

4.3 a¡ò
« + 2Î
>fl
⌃ ů
↵ 10Î
>fl
⌃ Å∏
ÿ´õ
≈
5. (a) b ⌘ 1( mod b 1)sŸ
ºñ– N ⌘ am + · · · a1 + a0 ( mod b 1)
) N ⌘ 0( mod b 1) , am + · · · + a0 ⌘ ( mod b 1)

9
 (b) l$◆ 9sÄ
⌅'ÕP: ◆o\
¶]
⌥ j@¸Ù
« ◆Qtç
 H 3_ C
✏ ⌫√∫sŸ – 3_ C
ºñ ⌫√∫◆ |
cÄ
® ⌃Ø
9 πÿ
ÊÏ
⇧ rõ
⌧∏
⌅ì
| r{
… ⌃_ ◆o√
9 ∫◆ 3_ C
⌫√ ¶, (a)\
∫sì Å _K⌫ 8_ C
⌫√∫◆ |
cÄ
® ⌃Ø
9 πÿ
ÊÏ
⇧ rõ
⌧ ∏|
⌅ìry
… ï ◆o
å
∫_ Ω
√ Às 8_ C
+ ⌫√∫.
(c) 3|6sŸ
ºñ– 3_ C
⌫√∫, 4 + 4 + 7 + 8 + 3 + 6 = 32, 8|32sŸ
ºñ– 8_ C
⌫√∫.
10. n`
¶y
⌥ ï ◆o√
å ∫_ ΩÀs 15ì
+ ⌅& ⌦√
Ò ∫⇤ ◆ì ⌅, n ⌘ 15 ⌘ 6( mod 9)
¶ ◆Ä
™Q◆ #
’ Qã
⌅ a\
" Å@ ⌫ a2 ⌘ 0, 1, 4, 7( mod 9)sì
/K ¶, a3 ⌘ 0, 1, 8( mod 9)s⇥
◆.
17. (a) ns ãï√
å ∫sÄ ⌅ 103n ⌘ 1, 103n+1 ⌘ 10, 103n+2 ⌘ 100( mod 1001), ns f
À√
. ⌅ 103n ⌘
∫sÄ
1, 10 3n+1
⌘ 10, 103n+2
⌘ 100( mod 1001)
) N ⌘ M ( mod 1001)
(b) 42 ⌘ 4( mod 6)sì
¶, 10 ⌘ 4( mod 6)sŸ
ºñ–, e
⌥__ ™
î ú
Ä_ &
⌦√
Ò∫ k\
Å @
/K⌫, 10k ⌘ 4(
mod 6)
) N ⌘ M ( mod 6)
26. (a) 7, 5(È
ñÌ
fl H>
⌫ ñ)
⇢Ì
fl
(b) 8 ⌘ 205 + 7a4 ( mod 10) ) 7a4 ⌘ 3( mod 10) ) a4 ⌘ 9( mod 10) ) a4 = 10

4.4 >Ã
n
§ CT
f ºû
“ ‚–
⌥¯
œ ↵⌦
ª⇥
‰ ⇢Í
± >ò
⌃+ ◆xm «
ah
5. 17x ⌘ 3( mod 2) ) x ⌘ 1( mod 2), 17x ⌘ 3( mod 3) ) x ⌘ 0( mod 3), 17x ⌘ 3( mod 5)
) x ⌘ 4( mod 5), 17x ⌘ 3( mod 7) ) x ⌘ 1( mod 7)
§, x ⌘ 1( mod 2), x ⌘ 0( mod 3), x ⌘ 4( mod 5), x ⌘ 1( mod 7)`
£
7 ¶€
⌥ ¶Ä
⇧ ⌅ù a⇥
) ◆.
N1 = 3 · 5 · 7 = 105, N2 = 70, N3 = 42, N4 = 30
N1 x1 ⌘ 1( mod 2) ) x1 ⌘ 1( mod 2), N2 x2 ⌘ 1( mod 3) ) x2 ⌘ 1( mod 3), N3 x3 ⌘ 1(
mod 5) ) x3 ⌘ 3( mod 5), N4 x4 ⌘ 1( mod 7) ) x4 ⌘ 4( mod 7)sŸ ºñ
–

) x = 1 · 105 · 1 + 0 + 4 · 42 · 3 + 1 · 30 · 4 = 729 ⌘ 99( mod 210)

9. x ⌘ 1( mod 2), x ⌘ 1( mod 3), x ⌘ 1( mod 4), x ⌘ 1( mod 5), x ⌘ 1( mod 6), x ⌘ 0(
mod 7)
) x ⌘ 1(mod3 · 4 · 5), x ⌘ 0( mod 7) ) N1 = 7, N2 = 60, x1 = 43, x2 = 2
x = 1 · 7 · 43 ⌘ 301( mod 3 · 4 · 5 · 7) ) ˛
jôË∞ r 301.
Ø̇ì
…
14. x ⌘ 1( mod 9), x ⌘ 2( mod 11), x ⌘ 6( mod 13) ) N1 = 11 · 13 = 143, N2 = 117,
N3 = 99, x1 ⌘ 8( mod 9), x2 ⌘ 8( mod 11), x3 ⌘ 5( mod 13)
x = 1 · 143 · 8 + 2 · 117 · 8 + 6 · 99 · 5 = 5986 ⌘ 838( mod 1287)
17. 3x + 4y ⌘ 5( mod 13) ) 6x + 8y ⌘ 10( mod 13), 2x + 5y ⌘ 7( mod 13) ) 6x + 15y ⌘ 21(
mod 13)
) 7y ⌘ 11( mod 13) ) y ⌘ 22 ⌘ 9( mod 13), 2x + 45 ⌘ 7( mod 13) ) x ⌘ 7( mod 13)

10
Chapter 5

cfl
Z ◆«
√⌅ ah

5.1 c
Zfl√⌅
◆
5.2 c
Zfl ◆ò
√⌅ +º
–÷
« R«
ahˇ
?À¬⌃
◆öø¡
8. 1835 ⌘ 1( mod 7), 1986 ⌘ 5( mod 7), 2061 ⌘ 3( mod 6) ) 2061 = 6k + 3
18351910 + 19862061 ⌘ 1 + 56k · 53 ⌘ 1 + 53 ⌘ 1 + 6 ⌘ 0( mod 7)
10. (a) Ö̀ÿ
‘⌅◆&
⌦o\
Ò ⌫ ap ⌘ a( mod p), bp ⌘ b( mod p) ) a ⌘ ap ⌘ bp ⌘ b( mod p)
Å _K
(b) ap ⌘ bp ( mod p)sŸ – a = b + pk, ap bp = (a b)((b + pk)p
ºñ 1
+ (b pk)p 2 b + · · · +
(b pk)b p 2
+ b ) = (a b)(p · bp 1 + pA)sŸ
p 1
ºñ – p|(ap 1 + ap 2
b + · · · + abp 2 + bp 1 )
2 p p
) p |a b
11. (a) 1p 1
+ · · · + (p 1)p 1
⌘ 1 · (p 1) ⌘ 1( mod p)
(p 1) p 1
(b) 1p + · · · + (p 1)p = 1 + · · · + (p 1) = p (* p f
À√
. ∫) H&
✏
ç ∫)
⌦√
Ò
2 2
14. gcd(p, q) = 1sŸºñ– pq 1 ⌘ 1( mod q), q p 1
⌘ 1( mod p) ) pq 1
+ qp 1
⌘ 0 + 1( mod p),
p q 1
+q p 1
⌘ 1 + 0( mod q) ) pq 1 + q p 1
⌘ 1( mod pq)
16. (a) 1104 = 24 · 3 · 23sŸ
ºñ– 4|1104, 12|1104, 16|1104
(b) 2820 = 22 · 3 · 5 · 47sŸ
ºñ– 6|2820, 12|2820, 30|2820
(c) 2464 = 25 · 7 · 11sŸ
ºñ– 4|2464, 16|2464, 28|2464
⌦o 5.3\
Ò
& å (a), (b), (c) ó
Å _◆# ∏ø∫]
⌃@
X/ƒª⌃
◆ô ∫.
Ë√
18. (a) n = 2p > 2, a ⌘ 0( mod 2) ) an 1 ⌘ a ⌘ 0( mod 2), a ⌘ 1( mod 2) ) an 1
⌘a⌘
1( mod 2)
)ó∏éH&
✏ ⌦√
Ò ∫ a\Å@ /K⌫ an 1 ⌘ a( mod 2)
p|a ) an 1
⌘ a ⌘ 0( mod p), p - a ) an 1 = a2p 1 = ap ap 1 ⌘ a( mod p)
)ó∏éH&
✏ ⌦√
Ò ∫ a\Å@ /K⌫ an 1 ⌘ a( mod p) ) an 1 ⌘ a( mod 2p = n)
(b) n 3 = 192 = 26 · 3sŸ ºñ – a◆ 3_ C ⌫√∫◆ ⌥◆mÄ ⌅ a192 ⌘ 1( mod 3) ) a193 ⌘ a(
mod 3), a◆ 3_ C
⌫√∫sÄ ⌅a 193
⌘ a ⌘ 0( mod 3), ∞
†ì
˙r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹ºñ– a193 ⌘ a( mod 5, 13)
)a 193
⌘ a( mod 3 · 5 · 13)

5.3 ˆ’
◊
˙ Mò
+«ah
5. (a) )) ]
í
4 H_ &
✏ ⌦o\
Ò ⌫ (n
Å _K 1)! ⌘ 1( mod n), gcd(n, n 1) = 1 ) (n 2)! ⌘ 1(
mod n)

11
 () n > 1s ôË√∫◆ ⌥ ◆m⇤ ◆ì
¶ ◆Ä ⌅, (b)\ ⌫ n 6= 4sÄ
Å _K ⌅ (n 1)! ⌘ 0( mod n) )
(n 2)! ⌘ 0 6⌘ 1( mod n)
n = 4{
⌃M
9 :, 2! 6⌘ 1( mod 4)
(b) i. n 6= p2 ì
⌅‚⌦ƒ ∫, n = ab, a > bñ
– ◆↵
◆Ëq√
≠ ∫e ✓‹
î ºŸ ºñ– ab|(n 1)! = (n 1) · · · a · · · a · · · 1
ii. n = p2 , p 6= 2ì
⌅‚⌦ƒ∫, n = p2 > 2p ) n = p2 |(n 1)! = (n 1) · · · 2p · · · p · · · 1
6. p = 2{⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
Ì n.
1 + 2 + · · · + (p 1) = p p 2 1 ,
p 1
(p 1)! ⌘ p 1( mod p)sì ¶, (p 1)! ⌘ p 1 ⌘ 0( mod 2 )sŸ
ºñ–

(p 1)! ⌘ p 1( mod 1 + 2 + · · · + (p 1))

9. e
⌥__ &
î ⌦√
Ò ∫ k\
Å@ ⌫, k ⌘
/K (p k)( mod p)sŸ
ºñ–
p 1
2 · 4 · · · (p 1) ⌘ ( 1) 2 1 · 3 · · · (p 2)( mod p)
p 1
) 12 · · · (p 2)2 = (1 · · · (p 2))(2 · · · (p 2)) ⌘ ( 1) 2 (2 · · · (p 1))(1 · · · (p 2)) =
p 1 p 1
( 1) 2 (p 1)! ⌘ ( 1) 2 ( mod p)
12. a 6⌘ 0( mod p)⇤
◆ì¶ ◆& ⌦◆Ä
Ò ⌅, gcd(a, p) = 1 ) 9x, y 2 Z s.t. ax + py = 1 7 §, ax ⌘ 1(
£
mod p) ) a2 + b2 ⌘ 0( mod p) ) x2 b2 + x2 a2 ⌘ (xb)2 + 1 ⌘ 0( mod p) p = 4k + 3g
J sº
1 Ÿ
–ó
ñ ∏ÌH.
⌫

17. apq ap aq + a ⌘ aq a aq + a ⌘ 0( mod p),

apq ap aq + a ⌘ ap ap a + a ⌘ 0( mod q) sŸ
ºñ– apq ap aq + a ⌘ 0( mod pq)
18. 4((p 1)! + 1) + p ⌘ 4( 1 + 1) + 0 ⌘ 0( mod p),
(q 1)! ⌘ 1( mod q) ) (q 2)! = p! ⌘ 1( mod q) ) 2(p 1)! ⌘ 1( mod q),
4((p 1)! + 1) + p ⌘ 2 + 4 + p ⌘ p + 2 ⌘ 0( mod q)
) 4((p 1)! + 1) + p ⌘ 0( mod p(p + 2))

12
Chapter 6

µ¡
¡“
e ù¡
˛

6.1 –¡ò
»
ª +Tº¯
“ ↵5
⌫¡
p
6. ns ô Ë√∫ì ⌅‚
⌦ƒ∫ ⌧ (n) = 2  2 n
ns ô Ë√∫◆ X◆ç
⌥ ⌅‚⌦∫ ƒçH n = ab, a  b⇤
✏ ◆ì¶ ◆↵
◆Ëq√
≠ ∫e
✓⇥
î ◆.
p
⌧ (n)  2 12 n
p
d|n&d n
P P P P
8. d|n 1/d = d|n (n/d)(1/n) = (1/n) d|n (n/d) = (1/n) d|n d = (n)/n

(n) pk11 +1 1 pkr r +1 1 p1 pr

10. (a) 1 < = · · · < ···
n (p1 1) · p11 k
(pr 1) · pkr r p1 1 pr 1
(n!) X 1 1 1
(b) #8\Å _K ⌫ = 1 + + ··· +
n! d 2 n
d|n!
p p
(c) n = ab, 1 < a  b < ns⇤ ◆ø ∫Ä ⌅, b nsŸºñ– (n) 1 + a + b + n > n + n
14. (a) (2k 1
) = 1 + 2 + · · · + 2k 1
= 2k 1 = 2n 1
(b) (2 k 1
(2k
1)) = (2 k 1
) (2k 1) = (2k 1)(1 + 2k 1) = 2k (2k 1) = 2n
(c) (2 (2
k 1 k
3)) = (2 ) (2
k 1
3) = (2
k
1)(1 + 2 k k
3) = (2
k
1)(2k 2) =
2 (2k 2)
k
2k + 2 = 2k (2k 3) + 2 = 2n + 2
19. gcd(m, n) = 1ì
⌅ m, n\Å@ /K⌫, f (mn) = f (m)f (n), g(mn) = g(m)g(n)sŸ
ºñ–
f g(mn) = f (mn)g(mn) = f (m)f (n)g(m)g(n) = f g(m)f g(n),
f f (mn) f (m)f (n) f f
(mn) = = = (m) (n)
g g(mn) f (m)f (n) g g

20. (a) gcd(m, n) = 1sÄ⌅ m = pa1 1 · · · par r , n = q1b1 · · · qsbs , pi 6= qj ⇤

◆—ţ √
∫e ◆.
✓⇥
î
2!(mn)
=2 r+s
= 2r · 2s = 2!(m) · 2!(n)
(b) ⌧X
(n)s 5xZ
p OÜ<√ ∫s
X ºñ
Ÿ – ⌧ (n2 )ï
∏5xZ
p OÜ <√∫s⇥ ◆. (* gcd(m, n) = 1 ) gcd(m2 , n2 ) = 1)
2!(d) = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2k = ⌧ ((pk )2 )
d|pk 1<d|pk
)n=p { ⌃M
9 :$⌦w
Ì k
n◆Ÿ ºñ–ó ∏éH&
✏ ⌦√
Ò∫ n\
Å@ /K
⌫$⌦w
Ì n.
X X
22. (a) 0 (n) = 1 = ⌧ (n), 1 (n) = d = (n)
d|n d|n
X
(b) #19\ ⌫ ns ç
Å _K H5
✏ xZ
p OÜ
<√
∫sì
¶&⌦o 6.4\
Ò Å _K
⌫ s (n) = ds ï
∏5xZ
pOÜ<√
∫◆ ù◆.
a⇥
)
d|n

13
 (c) s◆ xZ
p
5OÜ<√
∫sŸ
ºñ– n = pk {
⌃M
9 :Î
ñò
fl –sÄ
⌅ù ◆.
a⇥
)

ps(k+1) 1
s (p ) = 1 + ps + (p2 )s + · · · + (pk )s = 1 + (ps ) + · · · + (ps )k =
k
p 1
P
23. (a) (n)s 5 xZ
p OÜ <√∫ ) d|n (d)ï ∏5 xZ
pOÜ ∫.
<√
P P
⌧ (n)/ns 5 xZ
p OÜ<√∫ ) n d|n ⌧ (d)/d = d|n (n/d)⌧ (d)ï ∏5 xZ
p OÜ <√∫.
P k
n = p s⇤k
◆ ◆Ä ⌅, Pd|p (d) = 1 + (1 + p) + · · · + (1 + · · · + p ) = 1 · (k + 1) + p · k +
k

· · · pk 1 · 2 + pk = d|n (n/d)⌧ (d)

(b) (a)¸
P< ˙ ∞ì
† r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹ ºñ –ø ∫Å ⌅ì ró
… ∏ø ∫5 xZ
p OÜ<√ ∫.
d|pk d⌧ (d) = 1 + 2p + · · · (k + 1)p k
= 1 + (p + p) + · · · + (pk + · · · + pk ) = (1 + p + · · · +
P
p ) + p(1 + · · · p
k k 1
) + ··· + p k 1
(1 + p) + pk = d|n (n/d) (d)

6.2 CjÀ
d ¡‚´ò
+Ö⌥ú
] ª–
Ø ⌥
œ
P
3. µ, f ◆ 5 xZ
p OÜ <√∫sŸ ºñ – d|n µ(d)f (d)ï ∏5 xZ
p OÜ<√ ∫.
P
d|pk µ(d)f (d) = µ(1)f (1) + µ(p)f (p) + · · · + µ(p )f (p ) = f (1) f (p),
k k

f 6=
P0 ) 9m s.t. f (m) Qr 6= 0 ) f (m) = f (1)f (m) ) f (1) = 1
) d|n µ(d)f (d) = i=1 (1 f (pi ))
P Qr
4. (a) d|n µ(d)⌧ (d) = i=1 (1 ⌧ (pi )) = ( 1)r
P Qr
(b) d|n µ(d) (d) = i=1 (1 (pi )) = ( 1)r p1 · · · pr
P Qr
(c) d|n µ(d)/d = i=1 (1 1/pi )
P Qr
(d) d|n dµ(d) = i=1 (1 pi ) = ( 1)r

6. P
#3\
Å" f f (d) = µ(d)/⌧
Q (d), µ(d)/ (d)ñ–ø ∫Ä⌅Qù
a⇥
) ◆. n = pa1 1 · · · par r s⇤
◆ø∫Ä
⌅
r r
d|n µ2 (d)/⌧ (d) = i=1 (1 µ(pi )⌧ (pi )) = i=1 (1 + 2) = 3r
P Qr Qr Qr
d|n µ (d)/ (d) = i=1 (1 µ(pi ) (pi )) = i=1 (1 + 1 + pi ) = i=1 (2 + pi )
2

7. (a) gcd(m, n) = 1sÄ ⌅ m = pa1 1 · · · par r , n = q1b1 · · · qsbs , pi 6= qj s⇤

◆—ţ √
∫e✓⇥
î ◆.
(mn) = ( 1) a1 +···ar +b1 +···bs
= ( 1)a1 +···+ar · ( 1)b1 +···bs = (m) (n)
P P
(b) d|n (d)ç
H5
✏ xZ
p OÜ <√ ∫ sŸ ºñ –, d|pk (d) = 1 + ( 1) + · · · + ( 1)k
P P
) k◆ ã ï√
å ∫sÄ ⌅ d|pk (d) = 1, f À√
. ∫sÄ ⌅ d|pk (d) = 0
™QŸ
’ ºñ– n = p2a 1
1 · · · pr
2ar
§, n = m2 sÄ
£
7 ⌅ 1, ’ ™X ⇣t ∑
O ß̇‹
ºÄ ⌅0
P Qr
8. (a) #3\ Å _K ⌫ d|n µ(d) (d) = i=1 (1 (pi )) = 2r = 2!(n)
P P 0
(b) gcd(m, n) = 1s⇤ ◆ø ∫Ä ⌅ d|mn (mn/d)2!(d) = d|m,d0 |n (m/d) (n/d0 )2!(d) 2!(d ) =
P P 0
(m/d)2!(d) d0 |n (n/d0 )2!(d ) sŸ ºñ –5 xZ
p OÜ <√ ∫.
Pd|m
d|pk (p /d)2 = 1 · ( 1) + 2( 1) + · · · + 2 · ( 1)2 + 2 · ( 1), k◆ f
k !(d) k k 1
À√
. ∫sÄ⌅
1 + 2 = 1, ã
ï√
å ∫sÄ ⌅1

6.3 ¶7
i ⌫«
a¡ ¡
ù¡
˛
1 
X hni
2n
6. (a) &
⌦o 6.9\
Ò ⌫ (2n)!/(n!) `
Å _K ¶ ◆æ
⌥ H 2_ ◆Å
∫ç
✏ ú✏
© H ⌧[
v]
˛jY2
L_ t√
∫ç
H
✏ 2 ,
i=1
2i 2i
 hni 1 
X hni
2n 2n
2k 1
 n < 2k ì
⌅ k\
Å@/K
⌫ 2 1sŸ
ºñ– 2 1
2k 2k i=1
2i 2i

14
 (b) &
⌦o 6.9
Ò
(c) n = 1{
⌃:
9 M, 1 < p < 2ì
⌅ôË√∫ pçHî
✏ rF
> ⌫◆t ∑ß̇6 ß
£
n 2{ ⌃M
9 :, n < p < 2nì
⌅f À√
. ∫ì⌅ôË√
∫ pçHÜ
✏ ”©
Ω ú
î rF
> ⌫, p◆ f
À√
.∫ì⌅ô
Ë√∫⇤
◆ ◆Ä
⌅
X1    
2n n 2n n
p2 = p · p > 2nsŸºñ – 2 i = 2 =1
i=1
pi p p p

(pk 1) k(p 1)
8. (a) #7\
Å _K
⌫ p_ ◆Å
ú✏
© H ⌧[
v]
˛ jY
L_ t√
∫ç
H
✏
p 1
(* 0  i  k 1\
Å@ ⌫ ai = (p
/K 1))
(b) 80 = 3 1, 2400 = 7
4
1sŸ
ºñ–y 4
ïy
å ï 36, 397
å
PN PN P
10. (a) &
⌦o 6.11\
Ò Å _K ⌫ n=1 µ(n)[N/n] = n=1 d|n µ(d) = 1
P P
(* k 6= 0sÄ⌅ d|pk µ(d) = 1 + µ(p) = 0 ) d|n µ(d)çH n = 1{
✏ ⌃M
9 : 1, ’
™X⇣t ∑
O ß̇‹
ºÄ⌅
0)
PN PN
(b) | n=1 µ(n)/n| = | n=1 µ(n)(N/n) · (1/N )|,
PN PN PN 1
(N/n) = [N/n] + ↵n , 0  ↵n < 1 sì ¶,| n=1 µ(n)↵n |  n=1 ↵n = n=1 ↵n 
NP 1sŸ ºñ
– PN PN PN
N
| n=1 µ(n)(N/n)| = | n=1 µ(n)[N/n]+µ(n)↵|  | n=1 µ(n)[N/n]|+| n=1 µ(n)↵n | 
N P PN
N
) | n=1 µ(n)/n| = | n=1 µ(n)(N/n) · (1/N )|  N/N = 1
N
X  N X
X
N p
12. (n) = (n) = N`
¶≈
⌥ ⌥t ∑
ß̇ç
H¢
✏ aÑ
-⌅]
⇡jYL√
∫_ >
h√∫(* 6.2 #7(b)) = n
n=1
n n=1 d|n

P2N P2N P P2N 2N

13. (a) n=1 ⌧ (n) = n=1 d|n 1 = n=1 [ ]
PN 2N P2N PN n 2N
= n=1 [ n ] + n=N +1 [ n ] =
2N
n=1 [ n ] +N ·1
(b) [N/n] [(N 1)/n] = [(N 1)/n + 1/n] [(N 1)/n]sŸ ºñ – N/ns &⌦√
Ò ∫sÄ ⌅ 1, N/ns
⌦√
Ò
& ∫◆ ⌥◆mÄ ⌅ 0.
(* N = an + r, 0 < r < n ) [N/n] = [a + r/n] = a = [a + (r 1)/n] = [(N 1)/n])

15
Chapter 7

cfl
Z ◆«
√⌅ ahò
+⌧⌦
ô 5⇧
™-õ
Ô⌧
⌦a «
ô ah

7.1 c÷
Q µ◆fl
e √Á Ô⌧
√õ ⌦a
ô
7.2 Ô⌧
õ ⌦a PHI-¡
ô ù¡
˛
5. (n) = (2) (2p 1) = 1 · (2p 2) = 2p 2
(n + 2) = (4p) = (4) (p) = 2 · (p 1) = 2p 2
k /2 k /2 1p
7. (a) n = 2a0 pa1 1 · · · par r ) (n) = 2a0 1 (2 1) · · · par r 1 (pr 1) 2a0 1 p11 · · · pr r 2 n
p p p p
(* p◆ fÀ√
. ∫ì ⌅ô Ë√ ∫sÄ⌅ p 1 > ( p + 1)( p 1) > p ) pa 1 (p 1) > pa )
(b) (pk ) = pk 1 (p 1) pk /2 (* p 2 ) p 1 > p/2) ) (n) n/2r
Qr Qr p
(c) (n) = i=1 pai i (1 p 1/pi ) = n n=1 (1 1/pi ), pk < nì
⌅ k◆ î
rF
> ⌫◆Ÿ
ºñ–, (n) 
n(1 1/pk )  n n
10. 9
{Ï̄
⌃ Õ$⌦`
Ì ¶{
⌥ ⌧t ∑
9 ¶, n = pa1 1 · · · pas s , m = pb11 · · · pbrr , ai  bi , s  rs⇤
ß̇ì ◆ì ¶j
t√
˛ ∫e✓⇥
î ◆.
bs+1 Qs Qr b 1
(nm) = (p1 a1 +b1
· · · pas s +bs ps+1 · · · pbrr ) = i=1 pai i +bi 1 (pi 1) j=s+1 pjj (pj 1) =
Qr
n i=1 pbi i 1 (pi 1) = n (m)
Qr
12. (a) (n) (n) = i=1 (1 + pi + · · · + pki i )((pki i )(1 1/pi ))
Qr Qr
i=1 (pi (1 + 1/pi ))((pi )(1
ki ki
1/pi )) = n2 i=1 (1 1/p2i )
Qr
(b) ⌧ (n) = i=1 (ki + 1) 2r
Qr Qr
(n) = i=1 pki i (1 1/pi ) ki
i=1 pi (1/2) = n(1/2)
r

20. (pk ) = pk 1 (p 1), p¸

< p 1ìr"
… fñ Ë.
–ô
( (pk )) = (pk 1 ) (p 1) = pk 2 (p 1) (p 1) = pk 2
((p 1)2 ) (* #10)

7.3 Ô⌧
õ ⌦a «
ô ah
3. a15 a3 = a3 (a1 2 1)sŸºñ – a◆ 215 23 ı " fñ–ôËsÄ ⌅ a12 ⌘ 1( mod 5, 7, 8, 9, 13)
(* (5) = 4, (7) = 6, (8) = 4, (9) = 6, (13) = 12)
5. m (n)
⌘ 1( mod n), n (m) ⌘ 1( mod m)sŸ ºñ–
m (n)
+ n (m) ⌘ 1( mod n, m) ) m (n) + n (m) ⌘ 1( mod mn)
9. (77) = (11) (7) = 60 ) f rm e60 = 1( mod 77)sì
¶ 230 ⌘ 1( mod 77)
)2 100000
=2 1666·60+40
⌘ 2 ⌘ 2 ⌘ 23( mod 77)
40 10

11. p◆ ô
Ë√∫sŸ
ºñ < (p
– p¸ 1)!ì
r"
… fñ
–ôË

16
 (a) ⌧ (p!) = ⌧ (p)⌧ ((p 1)!) = 2⌧ ((p 1)!)
(b) (p!) = (p) ((p 1)!) = (1 + p) ((p 1)!)
(c) (p 1)! = (p) ((p 1)!) = (p 1) ((p 1)!)

7.4 ù¡ò
˛
phi-¡ +#a≠
>≈
ƒ ]ô
⌦
P Qr Qr
3. ⇢
É_
⌅ vÎ
˛ H]
⌫ j 6.2#3\ Å _K ⌫, d|n µ2 (d)/ (d) = i=1 (1 µ(pi )/ (pi )) = i=1 (1 + 1/(pi 1)) =
Qr
i=1 (pi
ai 1
/pai i 1 )(pi /(pi 1)) = n/ (n)
P Qr Qr
5. (a) d|n µ(d) (d) = i=1 (1 phi(pi )) = n=1 (2 pi )
P
(b) n = pk {⌃M
9 :, d|pk d (d) = 1+p(p 1)+p2 p(p 1)+p3 p2 (p 1)+· · ·+pk +pk 1 (p 1) =
2k 2k+1
1) pp2 11 = p p+1+1
1 + p(p
P
(c) n = pk {
⌃M
9 :, d|pk ( (d)/d) = 1 + (p 1)/p + · · · + pk 1 (p 1)/pk = 1 + k(p 1)/p
P Pn Pn
6. n = d|n (d)sŸ ºñ –& ⌦o 6.11\
Ò ⌫, d=1 (d)[n/d] = d=1 d = n(n + 1)/2
Å _K

8. () n = 3 ) ⌧ (32 ) = 2 + 1 = 3
)) n = p1 · · · pr s⇤
◆ø ⌅, ⌧ (n2 ) = 3r = n = p1 · · · pr ) r = 1, p1 = 3
∫Ä

17
Chapter 8

SkF
j
x 9¯
D ↵ m∏
ÿ

8.1 Å nU
fl c7⌫5̄ «
a¡ò
+ m∏
ÿ
6. (a) p◆ n2 + 1_ f
À√
.∫ì⌅ô
Ëì
⌅√∫⇤ ⌅ n2 ⌘
◆ ◆Ä 1( mod p)sŸ
ºñ– 4| (p) ) p = 4k + 1.
(b) (a)¸
<∞†ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
ΩO‹ºñ
–n ⌘ 4
1( mod p) ) 8| (p) ) p = 8k + 1.
(c) n + n + 1 ⌘ 0( mod p) ) n = 1sÄ
2
⌅ 3 ⌘ 0( mod p)sŸ
ºñ – p = 3, n 6= 1sÄ
⌅ n3 ⌘ 1(
mod p)sŸºñ– 3| (p) ) p = 3k + 1, p◆ f
À√
. ∫ sŸºñ– p = 6k + 1.
8. (a) ap ⌘ 1( mod q) ) a ⌘ 1( mod q) ¢∏çH ordq a = p ) a ⌘ 1( mod q) ¢
✏ ∏çH p|q
✏ 17
§,
£
q = pk 0 + 1, q◆ f
À√
.∫ sŸ
ºñ– k 0 = 2k 7
§, q = 2pk + 1
£
(b) (a)\
Å"f a = 2\
¶@
⌥ /{ ⌅ q - 1sŸ
9◆Ä ºñ– q = 2kp + 1.
(c) (b)\ ⌫ 217 1_ ô
Å _K Ëì⌅√H 34k + 1g
∫ç
✏ Jsì
1 ¶, 229 1_ ôËì⌅√H 58k + 1g
∫ç
✏ ◆. ’
Js⇥
1 ™◊Ê
⇧
◆ÅúÅ
© ïì
å rô
… Ëì⌅√¶ ”f
∫\
⌥ ⇤]
î X>⇢Ì
ñK
fl ⌫ò–Ä⌅” y
ïy
å ï 217 1, 233s ◆ì
å ◆.
r⇥
:
10. (a) 24 = 16 ⌘ 1( mod 17), ⌘ 3( mod 19) ) 28 ⌘ 1( mod 17), 29 ⌘ 1(mod19)sŸ
º–ñ
∂r
È
" Hs ⌥ ◆.
◆m⇥
(b) ord15 2 = 4, ord15 4 = 2, ord15 7 = 4, ord15 8 = 4, ord15 11 = 2, ord15 13 = 4, ord15 14 = 2s
¶, (15) = 8sŸ
ì ºñ –"∂r
È Hs î rF
> ⌫◆t ∑ ß̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆.

11. (n)_ Ä
ï√
ç ∫ d\Å@ /K⌫, (rk )d ⌘ 1( mod n)s⇤
◆ø ∫Ä⌅, rkd ⌘ 1sŸ
ºñ– (n)|kd.
k
r s"∂r
È Hs ˜ &l 0A «
ÙÄ ⌃Ø
9 πÿÊÏ
⇧ rõ
⌧ ∏|
⌅ìr (r ) ⌘ 1( mod n) , d = (n) £
… k d
7, (n)|kd ,
§
d = (n) ) gcd(k, (n)) = 1
13. (a) q|Rp = 10p 1 + · · · + 10 + 1 = (10p 1)/9sì
¶, gcd(q, 10) = 1 = gcd(3, q)sŸ
º–ñ
(10p 1)/9 ⌘ 0( mod q) ) 10p ⌘ 1( mod q) ) p|q 1 ) q = 2pk + 1(* qçHf
✏ À√
. ∫)
(b) (a)\
Å _K
⌫f⇤]
î X 2pk + 1g
J_ ô
1 Ëì
⌅√∫\
¶f
⌥ ⇤X
î ]π
‘⌥
1 ◆ò
–Ä
⌅yïy
å ï 41, 239◆ ◆ì
å ◆.
r⇥
:

8.2 ø +x
ö¡ò SkF
j 9
D
1. (a) x2 ⌘ 1( mod p)_ "
fñ– ⇥
◆èr Ω
… À1
+xs ⌥
l ◆ç⌅ K
⌫çH ˛
✏ / 2>
j@ h î⌫, 12 ⌘ (p
rF
> 1)2 ⌘ 1(
mod p)
(b) xp 1 1 ⌘ (x 1)(xp 2 + · · · + x + 1) ⌘ 0( mod p)sì ¶, p◆ ô Ë√∫sŸ ºñ – xp 1 1 ⌘ 0(
mod p)_ K ⌫çH x 1 ⌘ 0( mod p)_ K
✏ ⌫s⌧◆ x p 1
+ · · · + x + 1 ⌘ 0( mod p)_ K
⌫s
◆.
⇥
xp 1 ⌘ 0( mod p)_ K H 1, 2, · · · , p 1sì
⌫ç
✏ ¶, x 1 ⌘ 0( mod p)_ K ⌫çH 1sŸ
✏ º–ñ
xp 1 + · · · + x + 1 ⌘ 0( mod p)_ K ⌫ç H 2, · · · , p 1s ù
✏ a⇥
) ◆.

17
 6. (a) r(p 1)/2 çH x2 ⌘ 1( mod p)_ 
✏ HsŸ
ºñ–, r(p 1)/2
⌘ ±1( mod p), rs "
∂r
È HsŸ
º–ñ
r (p 1)/2
6⌘ 1( mod p)
) r(p 1)/2 6⌘ 1( mod p)
(b) r, r0 s ó
∏ø∫"
∂r
È H⇤
◆ì ⌅, r(p 1)/2 ⌘ r0(p
¶ ◆Ä 1)/2
⌘ 1( mod p) sŸ
ºñ– (rr0 )(p 1)/2
⌘ 1(
mod p) ) rr ì
0
r"
… ∂r
È Hs ⌥
◆m⇥ ◆.
(c) rr0 ⌘ 1( mod p)sÄ
⌅ rk ⌘ 1 , r0k ⌘ 1sŸ
ºñ– rı r0 ì
r∞
… †ì
˙r>
… ⇢√
∫\
¶∞
⌥ ù̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆. ’
™QŸ
º–ñ
0
rï ∏"∂r
È H.
7. rs "
∂r
È HsÄ⌅ r_ %
⇤√
i ∫ r0 s î
rF
> ⌫. 6(c)\ ⌫ r0 ï
Å _K ∏"∂r
È ◆. p_ lÄ
Hs⇥ ïe
ç⌦#
Áå> ¶ r, r2 , · · · , rp
⇢\
⌥ 1
s
ºñ
Ÿ –r =r
0 p 2
¶ p > 3sÄ
sì ⌅ r 6= r 0

10. {1, 2, · · · , p 1}ı {r, r2 , · · · , rp 1 }ì

r p_ lÄ
… ïe
ç ⌦#
Á ⇢.
å>
p(p 1) p 1
) 1 · 2 · · · (p 1) ⌘ r · r · · · r
2 p 1
⌘r 1+2+···+(p 1)
⌘r 2 ⌘ (r 2 )p ⌘ 1( mod p)
12. {1, 2, · · · , p 1}ı {r, r2 , · · · , rp 1 }ì
r p_ lÄ
… ïe
ç⌦#
Áå>⇢sŸ ºñ–
(p 1)|n ) 1n + · · · + (p 1)n ⌘ 1 + · · · + 1 = p 1 ⌘ 1( mod p)
r(p 1)n 1
(p 1) - n ) 1n + · · · + (p 1)n ⌘ 1 + rn + r2n + · · · + r(p 2)n = ⌘ 0( mod p),
rn 1

8.3 9£
SkF
j
x D ∑G
⇡ ÿ–
± MT
º≈
“ ]¡
3. (p2 ) = p(p 1)sŸ ºñ– xp 1 ⌘ 1( mod p2 )_ K
⌫ç
H lÄ
✏ ïe
ç⌦#
Á å>
⇢◊ Ê>
⇧ ∫◆ p 1_ Ä
⇢√ ï√
ç ∫ì ⌅" ∂
È
Ës⇥
ô ◆.
ordp rk = p(p 1)/ gcd(p(p 1), k)sŸ
ºñ– k◆ p_ C
⌫√∫#
å⌥Ù
«⇥
 ◆. ’
™QŸºñ
–K H rp , · · · , r(p 1)p
⌫ç
✏
4. (a) 3ì
r 7_ "
… ∂r
È H. ò
–õ ⌦o2\
∏&
Ò Å _K⌫ 36 6⌘ 1( mod 72 )sŸ – 3ì
ºñ r 7k _ "
… ∂r
È H.
⌦o 8.9_ ✏
Ò
& ◆2ß&
£⌦o\
Ò Å _K k
⌫p _f À√
. ∫ì ⌅" ∂r
È Hìrp _"
… 2k
∂r
È HsŸ ºñ– 3ì
r 2 · 7k _ "
… ∂
È
rH.
(b) 3ì
r 17_ "
… ∂r
È H. 31 6 ⌘ 171 6⌘ 1( mod 172 )sŸ
ºñ– 3ì
r 17k _ "
… H. 17k _ ó
∂r
È ∏éH"
✏ ∂r
È
Hì
 r 3 , gcd(s, 17 · 16) = 1
… s

7. r + tp ⌘ r( mod p)sŸ
ºñ– rì
r p_ "
… H. ò
∂r
È –õ ⌦o 2\
∏&
Ò ⌫ (r + tp)p
Å _K 1
6⌘ 1( mod p2 )s
⌅ r + tpç
Ä k
Hp _È
✏ "r
∂ H.
8. (a) (2) = 1 = (2), (4) = 2 = (4), (pk ) = (pk ), (2pk ) = (pk ) = (2) (pk ) = (2pk )
(b) k = 1, 2{
⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
Ì n. k = 3{⌃M
9 :, a = 2b + 1s⇤◆ø ⌅, a2 = (2b + 1)2 = 4b2 + 4b + 1 ⌘ 1(
∫Ä
mod 8)$ ⌦w
Ì n.
n+1 n n
k = n 3{ ⌃M
9 :$ ⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì
¶ ◆& ⌦◆Ä
Ò ⌅ a (2 ) = a2 (2 ) = (a (2 ) )2 = (2k · c + 1)2 =
22k c2 + 2k+1 c + 1 ⌘ 1( mod 2k+1 )
ki
(c) a (pi ) ⌘ 1( mod pki i )sì
¶ phi(pki i )| (n)sŸ –, a (n) ⌘ 1( mod pki i )
ºñ
)⇧◊≤
Ê Gì
D ⌅_ ◆Qt & ⌦o\
Ò Å _K⌫a (n)
⌘ 1( mod n)

8.4 ÿl“
m∏ µ
e
2. (c) 2ç
H 11_ "
✏ ∂r
È HsŸ – 2\
ºñ Å@/Ù« t≥
 \
¶“
⌥ ty
q ⌅, 8indx ⌘ ind10( mod 10) ) 8indx ⌘
ï◆Ä
å
5( mod 10)sŸ
ºñ–K⌫ç
H\
✏ O⇥◆.
3. (c) 3\
Å@/Ù« t≥
 \¶“
⌥ ty
q ï◆Ä
å ⌅, ind(9x3 ) ⌘ ind8( mod 16) ) ind9 + 3indx ⌘ 10( mod 16)
) 3indx ⌘ 8( mod 16) ) indx ⌘ 40 ⌘ 8( mod 16) ) x ⌘ 16( mod 17)
7. rs "∂r
È HsŸ
ºñ– r(p 1)/2
⌘ 1( mod p), 1⌘p 1( mod p) ) indr ( 1) = indr (p 1) =
1
(p 1)
2

18
 9. (a) gcd(2, p 1) = 2sŸ
ºñ– K⌫◆ îrF
> ⌫Ω… Ä
+ ⌃Ø
9πÿ
Ê⌧
⇧rÏõ
∏|
⌅ìr ( 1)(p
… 1)/2
⌘ 1( mod p) ,
(p 1)/2ìrã
… ï√
å ∫ , p ⌘ 1( mod 4)
(b) p ⌘ 1( mod 8)sÄ
⌅ gcd(4, p 1) = 4 ) ( 1)(p 1)/4 ⌘ 1( mod p)sŸºñ –K ⌫îrF
> ⌫.
⌫◆ î
K rF
> ⌫◆Ä⌅ (x ) = 1( mod p)sŸ
2 2
– (a)\
ºñ Å _K ⌫ gcd(p 1, 4) = 4 ) ( 1)(p 1)/4 ⌘
1( mod p)sŸºñ– (p 1)/4ç Hã
✏ ï√
å ∫7§, p ⌘ 1( mod 8)
£
13. 1  i < j  p 1\
Å@/K⌫ ik 6⌘ j k ( mod p)\
¶ò
⌥ –sÄ
⌅ù ◆. ind(ik ) ⌘ kindi 6⌘ kindj ⌘ ind(j k )(
a⇥
)
mod p 1) (* gcd(k, p 1) = 1)
) ik 6⌘ j k
15. Î
H]
⌫ j 7Å
⌅\ ⌫, ind(p
Å _K a) ⌘ ind( a) ⌘ ind( 1) + inda ⌘ inda + (p 1)/2( mod p 1)
16. (a) ind(ax ) = indb( mod p 1) , xinda = indb( mod p 1)sŸ
ºñ–K
⌫◆ î
rF
>⌫Ω
…Ä
+ ⌃Ø
9πÿ
Ê
⇧
rõ
⌧
Ï ∏|⌅ì r d|indb. K
… ⌫◆ îrF
> ⌫◆Ä⌅ d>h_ ΩÀ1
+ xs ⌥
l ◆ç⌅K⌫◆ î
rF
> ⌫.
(b) i. 17_ "
∂r
È H 3\Å @/Ù« t≥
 \¶ “
⌥ ty
q ï◆Ä
å ⌅, xind4 ⌘ ind13( mod 16) ) 12x ⌘ 4(
mod 16) ) 3x ⌘ 1( mod 4) ) x ⌘ 3( mod 4) ) x ⌘ 3, 7, 11, 15( mod 16)

ii. 19_ "∂r

È H 2\
Å @ /Ù« t≥
 \¶ “
⌥ ty
q ï◆Ä
å ⌅, xind5 ⌘ ind4( mod 18) ) 16x ⌘ 2(
mod 18) ) 8x ⌘ 1( mod 9) ) x ⌘ 1( mod 9) x ⌘ 8, 17( mod 18)

19
Chapter 9

◊°
ë
l◆( ıfl
Å”⌥
œ

9.1 Ô⌧
õ ⌦a 5̃«
ô a e)
K
1. (c) 5x2 + 6x + 1 ⌘ x2 8x + 14 ⌘ 0( mod 23) ) (x 4)2 ⌘ 2( mod 23) ) x 4 ⌘ ±5(
mod 23) ) x ⌘ 9, 22( mod 23)
3. (a) s◆ e ⌦#
Á å¿ ”_ | 9ΩÀì
+ r {12 , 22 , · · · , p2 }sì
… ¶, k 2 ⌘ ( k)2 ⌘ (p k)2 ( mod p)sŸ
º–ñ
{1 , 2 , · · · , p } = {1 , 2 , · · · , ((p 1)/2) }
2 2 2 2 2 2

(b) (a)\ ⌫ 12 , 22 , · · · , 82 `
Å _K ¶y
⌥ ïy
å ï>
å ⇢Ì
ñ◆Ä
fl ⌅ù ◆.
a⇥
)
5. (a) a\
¶ s◆e
⌥ ⌦#
Á å¿
”⇤◆ì ⌅, a = r2 ) a(p
¶ ◆Ä 1)/2
⌘ rp 1
⌘ 1( mod p)sŸ
ºñ– aç
H"
✏ ∂r
È H
s⌥ ◆.
◆m⇥
(b) a = r2 s⇤
◆ø∫Ä⌅ p a ⌘ a ⌘ ( 1)r2 ( mod p), (( 1)r2 )(p 1)/2 ⌘ ( 1)(p 1)/2 ( mod p)
sŸºñ– p ⌘ 1( mod 4)sÄ
⌅ s◆ e⌦#
Á å¿ ”sì¶ p ⌘ 1( mod 4)sÄ ⌅ s◆ qe ⌦#
Á å¿ ”s⇥◆.
(c) ((±a)(p+1)/4 )2 ⌘ a(p+1)/2 ⌘ a(p 1)/2
· a ⌘ a( mod p)
10. i. a, b◆ ó
∏ø ∫ s◆e ⌦#
Á å¿ ”ì⌅‚ ∫(x2 = a, x2 = b◆ ó
⌦ƒ ∏ø∫K ⌫\ ¶ ◆tç
⌥ H‚
✏ ⌦ƒ∫)
a(p 1)/2
⌘ 1, b (p 1)/2
⌘ 1( mod p) ) (ab)(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1 · 1 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) abï
∏s
◆e ⌦#
Á å¿”.
ii. a, b ó
∏ø∫ s◆qe ⌦#
Á å¿ ”ì⌅‚ ⌦ƒ
∫
a(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1, b(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) (ab)(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1 · 1 ⌘ 1( mod p) )
abçH s◆ e
✏ ⌦#
Á å¿ ”.
iii. a, b◊
Ê ◆◆ç
⇧ H s◆e
✏ ⌦#
Á å¿”, ◆◆çH s◆qe
✏ ⌦#
Á å¿”ì⌅‚ ⌦ƒ∫
a(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1, b(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) (ab)(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1 · 1 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) abç H
✏
s◆ qe ⌦#
Á å¿”.
11. (a) 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 218
(b) 29_ "
∂r
È Hìr 2, 31_ "
… ∂r
È Hìr 3.(a)¸
… <∞†ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
ΩO‹
ºñ–Ω
®◆Ä
⌅ùa⇥
) ◆.
12. a◆ s◆e
⌦#
Á å¿ ⌅ a = x2 sì
”sÄ ¶, gcd(x, n) = 1sŸ
ºñ–a (n)/2
=x (n)
⌘ 1( mod n)

9.2 √*
fl ◊fífl
ë √ e°
ıˇ?‹
´≈]ô
⌦
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
18 2·9 2 9 2
1. (d) = = = = 1(* 43 ⌘ 3( mod 8))
43 43 43 43 43
2. (c) 18/2 = 9sŸ
ºñ– {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40}`
¶Z
⌥ O 19\
Å@/K
⌫"f≥
â ⌅ {5, 10, 15, 1, 6, 11, 16, 2, 7}s
≥◆Ä
&
ºñ
Ÿ – 9ò–⇥◆✏
H" ∂ô
È Ëç H 4>
✏ h. (5/19) = 1

20
 3. p_ s◆e⌦#
Á å¿
ӍH"
✏ ∂r
È Hs ⌥◆mŸ –, "
ºñ ∂r
È Hì
ró
… ∏ø
∫ s◆ qe ⌦#
Á å¿”s⇥◆. 7
§, "
£ ∂r
È Hs ⌥
◆
⌅ s◆qe
ç ⌦#
Áå¿”_ >
h√∫çH s◆qe
✏ ⌦#
Á å¿”_ >h√∫\
Å"f"
∂r
È H_ > h√∫\¶N
⌥ SÄ
⌅ù a⇥
) ◆.
s◆qe ⌦#
Á å¿
”_ >
h√∫çH (p 1)/2sì
✏ ¶" ∂r
È H_ >h√ H ( (p)) = (p 1)sŸ
∫ç
✏ ºñ–" ∂r
È Hs
◆ç
⌥ ⌅ s◆qe⌦#
Á å¿
”_ >h√∫çH (p 1)/2
✏ (p 1)s⇥
◆.
7. 1 a p 1ì ⌅ a\Å@ /◆# å a0 `
¶ a_ %
⌥ ⇤√
i ∫⇤◆ì¶ ◆Ä ⌅,
p 2✓
X ◆ X p 2 ✓ 02 ◆ Xp 2✓ ◆
a(a + 1) a a(a + 1) 1 + a0
= = ¶, p 1_ %
sì ⇤√
i∫ç
Hp
✏ 1sŸ
ºñ–,
a=1
p a=1
p a=1
p
p 2✓
X ◆ X p 1✓ ◆
1 + a0 a
= 1= 1
a=1
p a=1
p
✓ ◆
2
9. &
⌦o 9.6\
Ò Å _K ⌫, = 1sŸ
ºñ – 2(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) p|2(p 1)/2 1
p
p+1 p 1
13. p_ " ∂r
È H⌥¶
` rs⇤◆ ø ∫Ä⌅, s◆e⌦#
Áå¿”_ Y Lìr r2 · · · rp 1 ⌘ r2+4+···+(p 1) ⌘ r 2 2 ⌘
…
p 1 p+1 p+1
(r 2 ) 2 ⌘ ( 1) 2 ( mod p)sŸ
ºñ– p ⌘ 3( mod 4)sÄ ⌅ 1ı ΩÀ1
+ x, p ⌘ 1( mod 4)sÄ
l ⌅
1ı Ω À1
+ x.
l
15. ⇢
É5
⌅ qì
≈ ⌅ s◆e⌦#
Á å¿
”◆ î
rF
> ⌫◆t ∑ ß̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆ì
¶ ◆Ä ⌅, ((p 1)/2) = ((p + 1)/2)sŸ
ºñ–ó∏ø∫ s◆ q
⌦#
Á
e å¿”s⇥◆. s◆e
⌦#
Á å¿
”_ >h√∫◆ (p 1)/2>h sŸ ºñ –, É
⌅5
⇢ qì
≈ ⌅ s◆qe ⌦#
Á å¿ ∏ (p 1)/2, (p+
ӕ
p 2✓
X ◆
a(a + 1)
1)/2¸
@\
ÅçHî
✏ rF
> ⌫◆t ∑
ß̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆. ’
™QŸºñ– = (p 3) + 1 = p 2 6= 1sº Ÿ
a=1
p
– 7Å
ñ ⌅ÎH]
⌫j\Åó H. ’
∏Ì
⌫ ™QŸºñ–É⌅5
⇢ qì
≈ ⌅ s◆e ⌦#
Á å¿”◆ î rF
> ⌫.
†ì
˙
∞ r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹ºñ
–É⌅5
⇢qì
≈ ⌅ s◆qe ⌦#
Á å¿”ï∏îrF
> ⌫.
18. a◆ p_ s◆e⌦#
Á å¿
”sÄ ⌅ p a ⌘ a( mod p)ï ∏ s◆e ⌦#
Á å¿”s⇥◆. ’
™QŸ
ºñ– S\
¶ s◆e
⌥ ⌦#
Á唿
_ΩÀs⇤
+ ◆ì¶ ◆Ä⌅, 2S = p · p 2 1 = p(p 1)/2 ) S = p(p 1)/4

9.3 l◆ (
◊°
ëı≈]
✓ ◆ ✓ 2n ◆ ✓ 2n ◆
3 2 +1 22n /2 2 +1
2. (a) = ( 1) = = 1
22n + 1 3 3
(* 22n ⌘ 1( mod 3))
✓ ◆ ✓ p ◆ ✓ p ◆
3 2 1 (2p 2)/2 2 1
(b) = ( 1) = = 1
2p 1 3 3
(* pç
Hf
✏ À√
. ∫)
3. (c) 2x2 + 5x 9 ⌘ 0( mod 101) ) x2 48x + 46 ⌘ (x 24)2 71 + 46 ⌘ 0( mod 101) )
(x 24)2 ⌘ 25( mod 101)
25 = 52 sŸ ºñ –ZO101\Å@ /Ù « s◆e
 ⌦#
Á ”, 
å¿ Hs î rF
> ⌫.
✓ ◆
2
7. &
⌦o 9.6\
Ò Å _K ⌫, p = 8k ± 3gJ_ ô
1 Ë√∫sÄ ⌅ = 1
p
8k + 3g
J_ ô
1 Ë√ ∫◆ ƒ ªÙ«>
 h⇤
◆ì ¶ ◆& ⌦◆ì
Ò ¶, p1 , · · · , pr `
¶ó
⌥ ∏éH 8k + 3g
✏ J_ ô
1 Ë√ ∫⇤
◆ ◆◆.
N = (p1 · · · pr )2 +2⇤
◆ø∫Ä ⌅, (8k +3)2 ⌘ 1( mod 8)sŸ ºñ– N ⌘ 3( mod 8) ) p|N ì
⌅ 8k 3g
J
1
_ô Ë√∫ p◆ Ï̄ Õ◊ ºr î rF
> ⌫Ù«⇥
 ◆. ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆
2 1 2
N ⌘ 0( mod p) ) (p1 · · · pr )2 ⌘ 2( mod p), = = 1, ó
∏Ì H
⌫
p p p
✓ ◆ ⇣ ⌘
7 p
10. (c) = ( 1)(p 1)/2 = 1sŸºñ–
p 7 ⇣p⌘
p ⌘ 1( mod 4)ì ⌅‚⌦ƒ ∫ = 1 ) p ⌘ 1, 2, 4( mod 7)
7

21
 ⇣p⌘
p ⌘ 3( mod 4)ì
⌅‚⌦ƒ
∫ = 1 ) p ⌘ 3, 5, 6( mod 7)
7
™QŸ
’ º–ñ p ⌘ 1, 3, 9, 19, 25, 27( mod 28)
11. 5k 1g J_ ô
1 Ë√ ∫◆ ª ƒÙ«◆⇥
 ◆ì¶ ◆& ⌦◆ì
Ò ¶, p1 , · · · , pr s ó ∏éH 5k 1g
✏ J_ ô
1 Ë√∫⇤◆ ◆◆.
N = 5(p1 · · · pr )2 1s◆ ⇤ø ∫Ä⌅, 5k + 1 gJs ⌥
1 ◆ç ⌅ N_ ô Ëì⌅√∫ p◆ î rF
> ⌫Ù
«⇥
 ◆.
✓ ◆
5
p|N ) p 6= pi , 1  i  r, N ⌘ 0( mod p) ) 5(p1 · · · pr )2 ⌘ 1( mod p) ) =1
p
10(a)\
Å _K ⌫ p ⌘ 1( mod 5)s⇥ ◆. (p 6= pi \
Åó ∏Ì H)
⌫
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
21 21 21 8 4 2
16. = = = = 1
221 13 17 13 17 13
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆✓ ◆
215 215 215 6 8 2 3 2
= = = = 1·1·1= 1
253 11 23 11 23 11 11 23
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
631 631 631 1 3 157 1
= = = = =1
1099 7 157 7 157 3 3
18. b = p1 · pr s⇤
◆ ◆Ä
⌅
(a) a ⌘ a0 ( ✓mod◆b) ) ✓a ⌘ ◆ a ( ✓mod
0
◆ p)s ✓Ÿ
ºñ –◆ ✓ 0◆
⇣a⌘ a a a0 a0 a
= ··· = ··· =
b p1 pr p1 pr b
✓ 0◆ ✓ 0◆ ✓ 0◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ 0 ◆ ✓ 0 ◆ ⇣ ⌘✓ 0◆
aa aa aa a a a a a a
(b) = ··· = ··· ··· =
b p1 pr p1 pr p1 pr b b
(c) (b)¸<∞
†ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹
ºñ –..
✓ 2◆ ⇣ ⌘⇣ ⌘ ⇣a⌘ ⇣a⌘ ⇣ a ⌘
a a a
(d) = =1= = 2
b b b b b b
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1 1
(e) = ··· =1
b p1 pr
uv 1 u 1 v 1 (u 1)(v 1)
(f) u, v◆ f À√
.∫{⌃M
9 :, = ⌘ 0( mod 2)
2 2 2 2
u 1 v 1 uv 1
) + ⌘ ( mod 2)sŸºñ –
✓ 2
◆ ✓ 2◆ ✓ 2 ◆
1 1 1
= ··· = ( 1)(p1 1)/2+···(pr 1)/2
= ( 1)(p1 ···pr 1)/2
= ( 1)(b 1)/2
b p1 pr
u2 1 v2 1 (uv)2 1
(g) u, v◆ f
À√
.∫sÄ
⌅ + ⌘ ( mod 2)sŸ
ºñ– (f)¸
<∞†ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹
ºñ–7
x
£
8 8 8
⌦Ω
Ó
" …√
+ ∫e◆.
✓⇥
î

22
Chapter 11

¥fl
ß
⇡⌦5̄ f
~ C
Ã@⌫ò
+ ¡û
∑
Ê

11.1 ◆,
⌅ jR
g ä
cfl d›
´
11.2 î¶
Ï
µ >¡
á
X Xn X1 X1
3. 2n = (n) = d= =n ) =2
d d d
d|n d|n d|n d|n

5. 1 + 2 + · · · + (2k 1) = 2k (2k 1)/2 = 2k 1 (2k 1) = n

(n) = (2k 1 ) (2k 1) = 2k 2
(2k 1 1) = 2k 2 · 2(2k 1
1) = 2k 1
(2k 1
1)
12. (a) .
f√
À ∫ì⌅ôË√∫ p\
Å@/K⌫, 2p 1 ⌘ 4(p 1)/2 ⌘ 1( mod 3)sŸ
ºñ–, 2p 1 (2p 1) ⌘ 1·(2 1) ⌘ 1(
mod 3), 7
§ã
£ ï√
å ∫ì
⌅¢aÑ
- ⌅√
⇡ ∫çHZ
✏ O2\ Å@ /K ⌫ 0sì¶ZO 3\Å@/K⌫ 1s⇥ ◆. ’™QŸ ºñ–Z O 6\Å@ /
⌫ 4.
K
(b) n = 6{
⌃M
9 :, n ⌘ 1( mod 7).
p > 3sÄ⌅ 2p 1 ⌘ 4(p 1)/2 ⌘ 4, 2, 1( mod 7)
2p 1 ⌘ 4( mod 7) ) 2p 1 ⌘ 7 ⌘ 0( mod 7) ) 2p 1ìrô
… Ë√∫◆ ⌥◆m⇥ ◆.
2p 1 ⌘ 2( mod 7) ) 2p 1 ⌘ 3( mod 7) ) 2p 1 (2p 1) ⌘ 1( mod 7)
2p 1 ⌘ 1( mod 7) ) 2p 1 ⌘ 1( mod 7) ) 2p 1 (2p 1) ⌘ 1( mod 7)
17. 2k 1
+ · · · + 22k 2
= 2k 1
(1 + · · · + 2k 1
) = 2k 1
(2k 1), 2k 1s ô
Ë√∫sŸ
ºñ–¢
aÑ
- ∫.
⌅√
⇡
18. 2k 1s ô Ë√∫sŸ ºñ– n_ ó ∏éHÄ
✏ ú_ Ä
™ ï√
ç ∫çH 1, 2, 22 , · · · , 2k 1 , 2k 1, 2(2k
✏ 1), · · · , 2k 1
(2k
1)s
Y ⇥ ◆.
d = 21+2+···+(k 1) · 21+2+···+(k 1) (2k 1)k = 2k(k 1) (2k 1)k = nk
d|n

20. ⌫
Î]
H j 5Å⌅\ f (n) = 2k
Å" 1
(2k 1
1) = 2k 1
(2k 1) + 2k 2
1 k 1
2k 2 =n
1 k
2k 1
(2k
2k 1 = n 22(k 1)

11.3 cfl
R ä
d›´ö ?Ï
ø¡ˇ >⇧
⌃ ™Ü
⌥¡
\
pk 1
4. (a) f
À√
. ∫ì
⌅ôË√
∫ p\
Å@ ⌫ (pk ) = 1 + p + · · · + pk =
/K + pk < 2pk , f
À√
. ∫ì
⌅ôË√
∫ç
H¡
✏ ∫
p 1
«y ¥̇

Ù ß‹ ºŸ
ºñ–¬
“7§√
· ∫ï
∏¡∫Ù
«y ¥̇
 ß⇥ ◆.
(b) 1ò
–⇥◆✏H ◆É
⌅√
⇢ ∫ k\
Å@ ⌫ (2k · 3) = (2k ) (3) = 4 · (1 + 2 + · · · + 2k ) = 4 · (2k+1
/K 1) >
3·2k+1

24
 (c) 2, 3, 5, 7`
¶ì
⌥ ⌅√
∫ñ–∞ù̇t ∑ ß̇çHf
✏ À√
. ∫ k\
Å@ ⌫, (945) = (33 ) (5) (7) = 6 · 8 · (1 + 3 +
/K
3 + 3 ) = 1920 > 2 · 945sŸ
2 3
– (945k) = (945) (k) > 2 · 945k
ºñ
X X X X
5. 11.2]
⌃Î
X H]
⌫ j 3\ ⌫,
Å _K 1/c < 1/c = 2sŸ
ºñ– (d) = d/c = d 1/c < 2d
c|d c|n c|d c|d

7. (a) (220) = 504 = (284)

(b) (17296) = 35712 = (18416)
(c) (9363584) = 18800640 = (9437056)
11. (2n pq) = (2n+1 1)(p + 1)(q + 1) = (2n+1 1) · 3 · 2n 1
· 3 · 2n = (2n+1 1) · 9 · 22n 1
=
(2n )(r + 1) = (2n r)
14. (a) î
e__ f
⌥ À√
. ∫ì
⌅¢ aÑ
-⌅√
⇡ ∫çH pk m2 , pç
✏ Hô
✏ ∫, p - m, p ⌘ k ⌘ 1( mod 4)sŸ
Ë√ ºñ– k = 4n + 1s
◆ø
⇤ ⌅, p m = p
∫Ä k 2
m = p(p2n m)2 ‹
4n+1 2
ºñ–≥ â≥ù
& a⇥
) ◆.
(b) a◆ f
À√
.∫sŸ
ºñ– a2 ⌘ 1( mod 8) ) n ⌘ p( mod 8)

11.4 cfl
Z √⌅
◆¡
2n+1
3. (a) 22n ⌘ 1( mod 3)sŸ ºñ– 22n = 3k + 1ì⌅ &⌦√
Ò ∫ k◆ î
rF
> ⌫. 22 + 3 = 22(3k+1) + 3 =
2n+1
4 · 4 + 3 ⌘ 4 · 1 + 3 ⌘ 7 ⌘ 0( mod 7) ’
3k
™QŸºñ– ◆É⌅√
⇢∫ n\Å@ ⌫ 22
/K + 3ì
rΩ
… ÀÌ
+⌦$√
∫
s⇥ ◆.
n n
(b) (a)\
Å"f 22 = 3l + 1, l 1 ) 22 + 5 = 3l + 6 = 3(l + 2)sŸ
ºñ–Ω
ÀÌ
+⌦ ∫.
$√
n n n 2n n 2n n
4. Fn = 22 + 1sŸ – 22 ⌘ 1( mod Fn ) ) (22 )2
ºñ ⌘ ( 1)2 ⌘ 1( mod Fn ) )
n 2n n 2n 2n
22 ·2 ⌘ 22 ⌘ 1( mod Fn ) ) 22 +1 ⌘ 2( mod Fn )
n
5. n = 2{
⌃M
9 :, 22 ⌘ 6( mod 10).
k+1 k k
n = k{
⌃M
9 :, ⌅
◆t} ï ◆o√
å ∫◆ 6s⇤ ⌅, 22
◆ ◆Ä ⌘ 22 ·2 ⌘ (22 )2 ⌘ 36 ⌘ 6( mod 10)sŸ
º–ñ
n n
∏é
ó H n 2\
✏ Å@ ⌫ 22 _ ⌅
/K ◆t} ï ◆o√
å H 6s⇥
∫ç
✏ ◆. ✏
◆⇤◆" f Fn = 22 + 1_ ⌅ ◆t}ï ◆o√
å ∫ç
H
✏
7s⇥◆.
8. (a) -
¢Ñ
a ⌅]
⇡jYL√
∫_ ⌅
◆t}
ï ◆o√
å H 1, 4, 9, 6, 5sŸ
∫ç
✏ ºñ– Ö̀ÿ
‘⌅◆ √
∫çH ¢
✏ aÑ
-⌅]
⇡jY
L√∫◆ |
c √
® ∫ \
O
◆.
⇥
(b) 2.1]
⌃_ 1(b)\
X Å _K⌫ ns 
ôy
å ï√
å∫sÄ⌅ 8n + 1s ¢
aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jY
L√ ∫s⇥◆. n`
¶ Ö̀ÿ
⌥ ‘⌅◆√
∫⇤◆ø∫Ä
⌅,
H]
⌫
Î j 5Å
⌅\Å"f Ö̀ÿ
‘⌅◆√
∫_ ⌅
◆t} ï ◆oç
å H 7sŸ
✏ ºñ– 8n + 1_ ⌅
◆t}ï ◆oï
å ∏ 7s ù◆. ’
a⇥
) ™
QŸºñ– 8n + 1ì
r¢
… aÑ
-⌅]
⇡ jY
L√
∫◆ ⌥◆mì¶, nì
r
… ôy
å ï√
å∫◆ ⌥ ◆m⇥◆.
n
13. n = 3{ ⌃M
9 :, 22 = 28 =⌘ 4 ⌘ 22 ( mod 9).
k k 2 k+1 k k k 2
n = k{ ⌃M
9 :, 22 ⌘ 22 ( mod 9)◆ $ ⌦w
Ì nÙ«⇥
 ◆ì ⌅, 22
¶ ◆Ä = 22·2 = (22 )2 ⌘ (22 )2 ⌘
k 2 k 1 n n 2
22·2 ⌘ 22 ( mod 9)sŸ ºñ – n 3ì ⌅ n\ Å@ ⌫ 22 ⌘ 22 ( mod 9)
/K
2
) ns f À√
.∫sÄ ⌅ Fn ⌘ 2 + 1 ⌘ 5( mod 9), ns ã
2
ï√
å∫sÄ ⌅ Fn ⌘ 22 + 1 ⌘ 8( mod 9).

25
Chapter 12

a≠
#> j§
ƒ >Ã
n C gõ
f Ô5̃œ
Ÿ‚´'
◊«
ë a–
⌥
œ

12.1 ◊«
ë
' ⌥ x2 + y 2 = z 2
a–
œ
3. (a) x = 2ab, y = a2 b2 , z = a2 + b2 , gcd(a, b) = 1, a > b, a 6⌘ b( mod 2)⇤ ◆ø∫Ä⌅
n = 4k = 2l k 0 , k 0 ì
rf
… À√
.∫ì⌅‚ ⌦ƒ∫ a = max(2l 1 , k 0 ), b = min(2l 1 , k 0 )‹
ºñ–ø∫Ä⌅ x = n.
n = 4k + 1ì
⌅‚ ⌦ƒ ∫, b = 2k, a = 2k + 1ñ
–ø∫Ä⌅ y = n, n = 4k + 3ì ⌅‚ ⌦ƒ ∫, b = 2k + 1, a =
2k + 2ñ
–ø ∫Ä ⌅ y = n.
(b) ns f À√
. ∫{ ⌃M
9 : n, (n2 1)/2, (n2 + 1)/2ç
H x↵
✏ ◆ì¶⇤
◆€º
ô◊
å Êä
⇧ ú, ns ã
© ï√
å∫{
⌃M
9 : n, (n2 /4)
1, (n /4) + 1ì
2
r x↵
… ◆ì¶⇤
◆€º ô◊
å Êä
⇧ ú.
©
4. o x = 2ab, y = a2 b2 , z = a2 + b2 , gcd(a, b) = 1, a > b, a 6⌘ b( mod 2)⇤
◆ø∫Ä
⌅
xy = 2ab(a2 b2 ), a, b◊
Ê ◆◆◆ ã
⇧ ï√
å ∫sŸ ºñ – 4|x, a, b◊Ê ◆◆◆ 3_ C
⇧ ⌫√ ⌅ 3|2ab, ’
∫sÄ ™
⇣t ∑
O
X ß̇‹
ºÄ ⌅ a2 ⌘ b2 ⌘ 1( mod 3) 7 §, a2 b2 ì
£ r 3_ C
… ⌫√ ∫ ) 12|xy.
o 12|xysŸ – 5|xyz = 2ab(a2 b2 )(a2 + b2 ) = 2ab(a4 b4 )Î
ºñ ñò
fl –sÄ
⌅ÿ Ê⌧
⇧ r
Ï
a¢∏çH b◆ 5_ C
✏ ⌫√∫sÄ ⌅ 5|xyz, ’
™X ⇣t ∑
O ß̇‹ ⌅ a4 ⌘ b4 ⌘ 1( mod 5) ) 5|a4
ºÄ §,
b4 7
£
5|xyz.
8. ,
Vs¸
⇠ <— ţY
U◆ ∞†‹
˙ ºŸ – x + y + z = xy/2, f
ºñ ⇤y
î ï
å ôy
å ï+
åAsŸ
˛ ºñ– x2 + y 2 = z 2 . ∑
°̇_ d⇤`
î ¶ z\
⌥ Å
aK
'
õ ⌫€ ¶#
⇧ Q"f+'_ d ⇤\
î Å@/{9◆Ä ⌅, x + y = (xy/2 x y)2 ) 8 + xy 4(x + y) = 0 )
2 2

(x 4)(y 4) = 8sì ¶, 8 = 2 · 4 ¢
∏çH 8 = 1 · 8sŸ
✏ ºñ–ôy
å ï+
åA_ [
˛ jÅ ⌅_ U ¥sç
⇥ H 5, 12, 13 ¢
✏ ∏
H 6, 8, 10s ù
✏
ç a⇥
) ◆.
10. a = 2p2 , b = q 2 , p, q◆ "
fñ–ô
Ëì
⌅f À√
. ∫⇤◆ø⌅ x = 2ab = (2pq)2 , y = |a2 b2 |, z = a2 + b2 ì
∫Ä r
…
∂r&
È
" ⇤ x↵
h ◆ì¶⇤ ◆€ º[ jäús ˜
© &ì¶, "
fñ–ô
Ëì
⌅fÀ√
.∫çH¡
✏ ∫Ù«y ¥̇
 ßs î rF
> ⌫Ù «⇥
 ◆.
12. (a) x, x + 1, z◆ x↵ ◆ì
¶⇤◆€º ô◊
å Êä
⇧ úsÄ
© ⌅ 3x + 2z + 1, 3x + 2z + 2, 4x + 3z + 2ï
∏ x↵◆ì ¶⇤◆€ º
ô◊
å
 Êä
⇧ úe
© ⌥`
î ¶∑
⌥ ò̇ √
∫e ◆. gcd(3x + 2z + 1, 3x + 2z + 2) = 1sŸ
✓⇥
î ºñ –" ∂r&
È ⇤ x↵
h ◆ì¶⇤ ◆€º ô
å
Êä
⇧
◊ ús ù
© a⇥
) ◆.
x = 3, z = 5⇤◆ø∫Ä⌅ 3, 4, 5ç
H"
✏ ∂r&
È ⇤ x↵
h ◆ì¶⇤ ◆€º[ jä ús ˜
© &ì¶, 20, 21, 29 ! 119, 120, 169
! 696, 697, 985 ! 4059, 4060, 5741`
¶%
⌥ ⇧`
3 ¶√
⌥ ∫e ✓⇥
î ◆.
(b) (a)¸
<∞†ì
˙ r~
… ”Z
Ω O‹
ºñ–Ω
®Ω…√
+ ∫e
✓⇥
î ◆.

12.2 cfl
Z ◆ò
√⌅ +⌅
◆m∏
–«
« ah
3. x↵ ◆ì
¶⇤◆€º[jäú x, y, z◊
© Ê[
⇧ j> h◆ ¢ aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jYLs⇤ ⌅, x = a2 , y = b2 , z = c2 ) a4 +b4 = c4 s
◆ ◆Ä
ú_ &
™
Ä ⌦√
Ò ∫K
⌫\¶ ◆tŸ
⌥ ºñ –ó∏ÌHs⇥
⌫ ◆.
x, y◆ ¢
aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jY
Ls⇤ ◆ ◆Ä ⌅ a4 + b4 = z 2 s Ä
ú_&
™ ⌦√
Ò∫K⌫\
¶ ◆4
⌥ R⌥ ◆ì ¶, x, z◆ ¢ aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jY Ls⇤ ◆◆
⌅ c4 a4 = y 2 s Ä
Ä ú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫K⌫\ ¶ ◆4
⌥ R⌥  ◆Ÿºñ
–ó∏Ì
Hs⇥
⌫ ◆.

26
 6. x, y, z, w◆ ≈
“#Qî⌅~”&
Ω ⌦d
Ò ⇤`
î ¶Î
⌥ ñ7
fl §Ù
· «⇥
◆ì ⌅, z 2 x2 = y 2 , z 2 + x2 = w2 sŸ
¶ ◆Ä ºñ–ø
∫d⇤_ y
î ï
å
⌅`
Å ¶Y
⌥ L◆Ä ⌅z 4
x = (wy) `
4 2
¶Î
⌥ ñ7
ߤK
· ⌫⌥
 ◆ì¶, s d⇤⌥
î `Î
¶ ñ7
fl §◆ç
· HÄ
✏ ú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫ç
Hî
✏ rF
>⌫◆t ∑ß̇
H⇥
✏
ç ◆.
8. x4 + y 4 = 2z 2 ) x8 + 2x4 y 4 + y 8 = 4z 4 ) x8 2x4 y 4 + y 8 = 4(z 4 x4 y 4 ) ) z 4 (xy)4 =
((x4 y 4 )/2)2 sì¶, s ~”&
Ω ⌦d
Ò ⇤s K
î ⌫\¶ ◆t9Ä
⌥ ⌅ö∏è
rA
… §Ü
· ”s 0s#
Ω Q⌥ Ù ⇥. ’
«◆
 ™QŸ ºñ–"fñ–Ëô
⌅Ä
ì ú_ K
™ ⌫\¶ ◆t9Ä
⌥ ⌅ x = y = 1 ) z = 1s# Q⌥
Ù«⇥
 ◆.
10. ,
Vs◆ ¢
⇠ aÑ
- ⌅]
⇡ jYL_ ø ∫ C⌫ì ⌅ x↵ ◆ì¶⇤◆€
º ôy
å ï+
å As e
˛ ✓⇥
î ◆ì¶ ◆&⌦◆Ä
Ò ⌅ x2 + y 2 = z 2 , xy/2 =
2w ) xy = 4w s $
2 2
⌦w
Ì nK ⌫⌥Ù «⇥
 ◆.
(x + y)2 = z 2 + 2xy = z 2 + 8w2 , (x y)2 = z 2 8w2 sŸ
ºñ–yïÅ
å ⌅`
¶"
⌥ fñ–YL◆Ä ⌅ z 4 4(2w)4 =
(x 2
y ) s$
2 2
⌦w
Ì nK⌫⌥ ◆ì ¶, Î
H]
⌫ j 9\Å _K⌫s~ ”&
Ω⌦d
Ò ⇤ì
î rÄ
… ú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫K⌫\¶∞
⌥ ù̇t ∑ ß̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆.
∫Å
ƒ ⌅s 0sÄ ⌅ z 4 = 4(2w)4 sŸ ºñ –Î ñ7
fl §◆ç
· HÄ
✏ ú_ &
™ ⌦√
Ò ∫K⌫çH\
✏ ◆. 2w = 0sÄ
O⇥ ⌅ z 2 = |x2 y 2 |,
z 2 = x2 + y 2 \Å ó H. z = 0sÄ
∏Ì
⌫ ⌅ 2(2w)2 = |x2 y 2 | ) (xy)2 = 2|x2 y 2 | ) 1/2 =
|1/y 2
1/x |`
2
¶Î
⌥ ñ7
fl §◆ç
· H x, yç
✏ Hî
✏ rF
> ⌫◆t ∑ ß̇ç ◆.
H⇥
✏

27
Chapter 13

a¡ü
« ∑V
⇡ Åú
πû
Ø ∑ò
Ê +T
º„
“ √ó
׸ث
õ◆e
≈

13.1 øH
ú h«
í Ÿl ⇤
◆‹´%
◊Ã
ë ¬
13.2 ¡V
∆ Åú
π¡ò
Ø +Tº
“
3. (a) ø
∫]jY
L√∫_ Ω
À[
+ t_ Y
˛ Lìrø
… ∫]
jYL√
∫_ Ω ¶, 2 = 1 + 1sŸ
Àsì
+ ºñ– 2n ì
rø
… ∫]
jYL√
∫_ Ω
À
+
(b) 9_ s◆e ⌦#
Á å¿H 1, 4, 7sŸ
Ӎ
✏ ºñ–ø∫] jY
L√∫_ ΩÀ‹
+ ºñ
–≥â≥|
&c√
® ∫îeç
✓ H√
✏ ∫ç HZ
✏ O 9\Å@/⌫K
0, 1, 4, 7_ +
À
Ω‹ºñ
–≥â≥ù
& a⇥
) ◆. 7
§, ø
£ ∫]jY
L√∫_ +À
ΩìrZ
… O 9\
Å@ ⌫ 0, 1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 8sŸ
/K ºñ–3
∏ç
¢ H 6ì
✏ ⌅‚⌦ƒ∫ç
Hø
✏ ∫]jY L√ ∫_ Ω
À‹
+ ºñ
–≥â≥|
& c√
® ∫\O⇥◆.
(c) ∫
ø ôy
å ï√
å ∫\ ¶ k(k + 1)/2, l(l + 1)/2⇤
⌥ ◆ø∫Ä⌅,
4n + 1 = 2k(k + 1) + 2l(l + 1) + 1 = 2k 2 + 2k + 2l2 + 2l + 1 = k 2 + l2 + 1 + 2k + 2l +
2kl + k 2 + l2 2kl = (k + l + 1)2 + (k l)2
(d) Ò
&o11.11\
⌦ Å _◆#
åó∏é
H Ö̀ÿ
✏ ‘⌅◆√
∫_ ô
Ëì⌅√
∫ç
HZ
✏ O 4\
Å@ å 1sŸ
/◆# ºñ–ø
∫]jY
L√
∫_ Ω
À
+
ºñ
‹ –≥
â≥Ω
& …√
+ ∫e◆.
✓⇥
î
(e) Ò
&o 11.7\
⌦ Å _K
⌫ ns f
À√
.∫ì⌅¢aÑ
-⌅√
⇡∫⇤ ⌅ n = p a m2 g
◆Ä ¶, p ⌘ 1( mod 4)sŸ
Jsì
1 ºñ–∫
ø
jY
] L√
∫_ ΩÀ‹
+ ºñ
–≥â
≥ ◆0
& x.
p
5. (a) ns ø ∫] jY L√ ∫_ Ω À , n = N 2 a, aì
+ r 4k + 3g
… J_ ô
1 Ëì ⌅√ ∫\¶ü
⌥ ÌÜ<◆t ∑ ß̇ç
H⇥
✏ ◆. , N =
p 1 · · · p r q 1 · · · q s , pi ç
H 4k + 1g
✏ J_ ô
1 Ë√∫, qj ç
H 4k + 3g
✏ J_ ô
1 Ë√ ∫(◊
Ê4
⇧ §˜
ü &ç
H ‚
✏ ⌦ƒ∫ï
∏ ü <),
ÌÜ
a = 2m pr+1 · · · pr+t , n = 2m q12 · · · qs2 p21 · · · p2r pr+1 · · · pr+t = 2m a2 b
(b) 3185 = 5 · 72 · 13 = 72 (1 + 22 )(22 + 32 ) = 72 (82 + 12 ) = 562 + 72
39690 = 2 · 34 · 5 · 72 = 632 (1 + 1)(1 + 22 ) = 632 (32 + 1) = (63 · 3)2 + 632
62920 = 23 · 5 · 112 · 13 = 222 (1 + 1)(1 + 22 )(22 + 32 ) = 222 (1 + 1)(82 + 1) = 222 (92 + 72 ) =
(22 · 9)2 + (22 · 7)2
7. ns ø ∫ƒªo√∫_ ]jY
L_ Ω
À‹
+ ºñ
–≥â
≥ù
& a⇥
) ◆ì
¶ ◆Ä ⌅, n = (a/b)2 + (c/d)2 ) n(bd)2 = (ad)2 +
(bc)2 ns ø
∫]jY
L√∫_ +
À
Ωs ⌥
◆mŸ – p2k 1 k nsì
ºñ ¶, p ⌘ 3( mod 4)ì ⌅ô Ë√∫ p◆ î rF
> ⌫Ù«⇥
 ◆.
™X
’ ⇣tÎ
O ñƒ
fl ∫Å
⌅ìrø
… ∫]
jYL√
∫_ Ω
ÀsŸ
+ ºñ
– pçHã
✏ ï√
å ∫ t√ ∫\¶∞
⌥ ù̇>
⇡ù a⇥
) ◆.
9. (a) n = k(k+1)/2⇤ ◆ø∫Ä ⌅, 8n2 = 2k 2 (k+1)2 sŸ ºñ–ø∫] jYL√∫_ ΩÀ‹
+ºñ–≥â≥◆0
& x, 8n2 +1 =
p
2k 2 (k 2 + 2k + 1) + 1 = k 4 + 4k 3 + 4k 2 + k 4 2k 2 + 1 = (k(k + 2))2 + (k 2 1)2 ,
8n2 + 2 = 2k 4 + 4k 3 + 2k 2 + 2 = (1 + 1)((k(k + 1))2 + 1)ì
rø
… ∫]jY
L√∫_ Ω À[
+ t_ Y
˛ LsºŸ
–ø
ñ ∫] jYL√∫_ ΩÀ.
+
(b) ns ø
∫]jY
L√ ∫_ ΩÀs⇤
+ ◆ì¶ ◆Ä ⌅, n = N 2 msì
¶, mìr 4k + 3g
… J_ ô
1 Ëì⌅√
∫\¶ü
⌥ ÌÜ
<◆t ∑
ß̇
ºŸ
‹ – m 6⌘ 3( mod 4), N 2 6⌘ 3( mod 4) ) n 6⌘ 3( mod 4). ’
ºñ ™⌅X
<É⌅5
⇢qù
≈ aW
) 1>
h_
⌦√
Ò
& ∫◊
Ê\
⇧ Åç
H Ï̄
✏ Õ◊ºr ZO 4\Å@ /K ⌫ 3ì
⌅√ ∫◆ ü ÌÜ
<ùa⇥
) ◆.

28
11. (a) p|a ) p|bsŸºñ – gcd(a, b) = 1\
Åó H. 7
∏Ì
⌫ §, p - a, p - bs⇥
£ ◆.
p|a2 +b2 ) a2 ⌘ b2 ( mod p) ) ap 1 ⌘ ( 1)(p 1)/2 bp 1 ( mod p) ) 1 ⌘ ( 1)(p 1)/2
(
mod p) ) p ⌘ 1( mod 4)
(b) (a)\
Å _K⌫ø∫>
h_ "fñ
–ô Ëì⌅]jY
L√
∫_ ΩÀì
+ r 4k + 3g
… J_ ô
1 Ëì⌅√
∫\
¶∞
⌥ ù̇t ∑
ß̇ç◆. ’
H⇥
✏ ™QŸº
–ó
ñ ∏éHÄ
✏ ú_ Ä
™ ï√
ç∫ï∏ 4k + 3g
J_ ô
1 Ëì
⌅√∫\
¶∞
⌥ ù̇t ∑
ß̇l M:Î
H\
⌫Åø∫]jY
L√∫_ +À
Ω‹ºñ
–≥ â
≥
&
a⇥
)
ù ◆.
15. k = 1, 2, · · · , n\
Å@ /K ⌫ 22n+1 = (22n k + 2k 1 )2 (22n k 2k 1 )2 sì ¶, i > jsÄ⌅ (22n i +
2 ) < (2
i 1 2 2n j
+ 2 ) sŸ
j 1 2
ºñ
–" fñ–⇥ ◆èr n>
… h_ ~ ”Z
Ω O‹
ºñ–≥â≥|
& c√
® ∫e ✓⇥
î ◆.
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆
2 1 2
17. = = 1sŸ ºñ– t2 ⌘ 2( mod p)ç HK
✏ ⌫◆ î rF
> ⌫◆Ÿºñ – x ⌘ ty( mod p)çH
✏
p p p
p
0 < |x|, |y| < pì ⌅K ⌫◆ î rF
> ⌫.
x2 ⌘ t2 y 2 ( mod p) ) x2 + 2y 2 ⌘ 0( mod p), 0 < x2 + 2y 2 < 3p
x2 + 2y 2 = 2psÄ ⌅ p = 2(x/2)2 + y 2 (* 2p, 2y 2 ã
ï√
å∫)xã ï√
å ∫) K
⌫ (y, x/2) î
rF
> ⌫
x + 2y = psÄ
2 2
⌅K⌫ (x, y) î ⌫.
rF
>

29