8Th Annual Clean Energy Conference (ACEC2023)

2 to 4 May, 2023,Babol Noshirvani University of Technology (NIT) , Babol, Iran.

ACEC8-00880144

Water-Energy Nexus: Exploring the Interdependence of Water and Energy Systems for
Sustainable Resource Management
Mohammad Azadmanjiri 1, Mohammadreza Shirvani2, Mohammad Hossein Sarrafzadeh 3

1
Mohammad Azadmanjiri, University of Tehran, Tehran; Mohammad.azad@ut.ac.ir
2
Mohammadreza Shirvani, University of Tehran, Tehran; mmdrezashirvani@ut.ac.ir
3
Mohammad Hossein Sarrafzadeh, University of Tehran, Tehran; sarrafzdh@ut.ac.ir

Abstract in the scientific community about the relationship

The relationship between water and energy is
fundamental. For several decades, a considerable
amount of effort has been put toward explicitly
integrating water and energy across a variety of
industries. Think of a nexus as a system where two
water and energy networks are related because they
share one or more nodes that process energy in and
water out. At the most fundamental level, water is
necessary for the production of electricity. Water
energy connections, already limited and uncertain due
to climate change, have come into sharper focus. As a
result, renewable sources of energy are not only
abundant but also clean and offer a potential alternative
for the generation of power. This research also
highlights water's potential role as a source of energy
production and the energy requirements of the
desalination process. Because of this, desalination is a
crucial option for addressing the issue of water scarcity
that exists on a global scale. Optimizing energy or
water systems is important when resource conservation
becomes a priority. For optimal water and energy usage
in an industrial unit, the UNESCO chair on water reuse
proposes the water closed-loop system, which employs
some theoretical methodologies like pinch analysis.
Lastly, the case study is examined to determine the
ideal subsidy level that results in the lowest energy use
per water unit.
Keywords: Water-energy nexus, Source-sink network,
Power Generation, Desalination, Pinch analysis
1. Introduction
Saving water and energy has become one of the essential
premises of sustainable development worldwide. They
are also interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Saving
energy can lower pressure on water resources, as the
water required to produce the power can be saved or
reallocated. Increasing water efficiency can also reduce
the energy consumed to transport, heat and treat water
[1]. Based on the rise in demand and the relationships
between water and energy, which are generally defined
as the water-energy nexus, there is an interesting debate
1
between water and energy on a global scale [2].
Research and understanding of the interconnection
between water and energy are receiving enormous
attention as part of the conservation effort, which is
understandable given the rising global concerns for
water and energy security [3]. The ramifications of these
interconnections for economic growth, human life, and
well-being are enormous[4].The rapid population and
urban growth coupled with global economic
development will add tremendous pressure on the
limited resources on our planet, including water, energy,
food, land and ecosystems [1].
Due to rising demand for local resources, pollution,
and climate change, droughts, floods, and natural
catastrophes are more likely[1]. Water management is
key to reaching many Sustainable Development Goals
[5]. Current policy and climate trends may increase
water scarcity in many emerging nations undergoing fast
growth and economic transition [6]. Water management
regimes must use non-traditional technologies and
source waters to meet demand and protect ecosystems
and aquifers. Hence, seawater desalination is the main
method for supplying coastal areas with fresh water.
Seawater desalination provides a seemingly infinite,
steady supply of high-quality drinking water without
harming natural freshwater habitats; However, it is
expensive and energy-intensive [7] and Desalinated
water's carbon footprint is higher than other
technologies[8]. Therefore, desalination increases
residential and business water costs. High prices prevent
required desalination plant investment. Without
government subsidies, customers won't buy this
technology. Hence, aiming for minimum water
desalination subsidy improves water resource planning
[8].
Most water-energy nexus research use mathematical
modeling to optimize integrated water management
practices [9]. The purpose of this research is to identify
the appropriate subsidy for water desalination by
creating a graphical pinch analysis approach[8]. When
ACEC8-00880144
compared to other optimization methods, PA's benefit is
the clear documentation of its optimization technique. As
a result, it is better able to comprehend people who
employ this method. Using PA, you may foresee a
process's ideal performance even before its synthesis and
design have been implemented. It is most useful for
helping make choices in the early phases of design. Over
the past decade, PA has transitioned from an energy
conservation tool into an analytical tool for optimization
and process integration, and this benefit has been a key
enabler of this shift [9]. In addition, it's important to
remember that various forms of energy are needed to run
the various desalination processes[10].
Because of its high energy intensity and contribution
to global warming through greenhouse gas emissions
[11], desalination necessitates the exploration of
alternate energy sources. An emerging choice, renewable
energy is regenerated naturally and can be harvested
either directly or indirectly from the Sun or other
environmental acts and procedures [12]. Thus, it
motivates researchers to look into using RES to power
desalination plants [10]. One feasible approach[13] is the
use of renewable energy sources, which plays a crucial
role [14] due to its binding impact in coping with climate
changes [15].
This review study represents water-energy network
and illustrates its interdependency in power generation
plant. Subsequently, the water-energy nexus is utilized to
desalination, one of the largest industries. Pinch
Analysis, a step-by-step process that incorporates local
water pricing and supply and demand, computed the
appropriate subsidy for water desalination. Lastly,
desalination and RES are compared and evaluated.
2. Network demonstration of water-energy nexus
In the fields of energy and water management, the idea
of a nexus is essential. It alludes to the processing nodes
that act as bridges between the water and power grids.
These hubs improve water and energy efficiency by
facilitating inter-network resource sharing. The hub's
ultimate purpose is to provide these assets as exports to
other grids. The concept of a nexus can be extended to
networks of varying sizes, from those with a few nodes
to those with thousands. Nexus is more than just two
independent water and energy networks; the two must
communicate with one another if sustainability goals are
to be met [16]. Figure 1 shows water network flows in
blue and energy network flows in red. Circles denote
shared processing nodes. Each node receives and
releases energy and water (multiple flows can be
combined to one without loss of generality). A node
from an upper-level network can be part of two lower-
level water and energy networks, demonstrating
scalability. As such, it conforms to the idea that a nexus
is a "system of systems"[17]. Net production or
consumption classifies processing nodes as sources or
sinks. A source gets an input and returns a higher-
quality or quantity output. Sinks take inp uts and return
lower-quality outputs. The grids can serve as
metaphorical sinks.
2
When defining a phenomenon, quality takes
precedence over number whenever the two are at odds.
Hence, a node is a water source (sink) if its net output
water flow or quality exceeds its net input. If the net
output energy flow exceeds the net input energy flow, a
node is an energy source (sink). Consider a basic nexus
with three energy sources (E1, E2, and E3) and two
water sources (W1 and W2). As shown in Figure 1 the
nexus as a network, with red and blue circles
representing energy and water sources. Assume all
flows are of same quality. Hence, only net positive
amounts determine sources. E1 provides 4 energy units.
Its 5 water units make it a water sink. E1's energy
powers W1's 18-unit water production. W1 sends water
to three sinks. E1 (5 units), E2 (4 units), E3 (3 units),
and the external water grid (6 units). In this case, all
energy and water sources are sinks. E1, E2, and E3
produce 4, 6, and 9 energy units and use 5, 4, and 3
water units, respectively. W1 and W2 produce 18 and 6
water units and use 5 and 7 energy units, respectively.
Energy generated (19 units) exceeds water production
energy (19 units) (12 units). The nexus can supply 7
more units to the external energy grid. Water created or
obtained from external inputs (24 units) exceeds water
usage (12 units). The exterior water grid receives water
(12 units). The nexus processes natural resources to
produce all energy and water and the network does not
show them for simplicity. We assume no water or
energy loss during production or transit.
Figure 1. An inspiring case of the interdependence between
water and energy[16]
Several sinks can receive from the same source, and
the same source can send to multiple sinks. The facilities
involved in a regional water-energy nexus are illustrated
in Table 1. Connections between water and energy can
be broken down into the production, transportation, and
consumption categories, respectively, based on the
purposes of the various sectors. Network services in the
supply of water and energy are referred to as
transportation. Services such as water and wastewater
treatment, as well as energy transmission and
distribution, fall into this category. The amount of water
or energy that is utilized but not immediately returned to
its source is considered "consumption" in the water-
ACEC8-00880144

energy nexus. The "consumption" category[18] include
activities performed in close proximity to the final
consumers, such as retail water and power provision,
wastewater treatment, and embedded generating.
Processes such as Power Generation and Desalination -
which all require water or energy in order to function -
are included in the "Production" category studied here.
The parts that follow will elaborate on these two distinct
economic sectors.
Table 1. Water-energy nexus examples of sources and
sinks[16]
Water Energy Examples
- Source
Fossil fuels, nuclear energy,
Solar energy, Wind power
Rainwater, Surface water,
Source -
Ground water
Sink Domestic energy usage
Sink - Domestic water usage
Natural gas, Wind Park,
Sink Source
hydroelectric plant, biofuel crop
Freshwater, wastewater
Source Sink treatment plant, desalination
plant, rainwater collection
Source Source Geothermal spring
Agricultural activity, Food
Sink Sink
production
2.1. Power Generation
The water-energy nexus includes all the steps involved
in producing and distributing electricity as well as all the
processes that use water [20]. Water strains may be
reduced by continuing to use the existing thermal power
generation from fossil sources. However, the fluctuating
nature of renewable electricity generation from sources
like solar photovoltaics (PV), wind, and run-of-river
hydro necessitates energy storage [19]. In the following,
we will examine two ways of using non-renewable and
renewable power generation sources.
2.1.1. Power generation from thermal plants
Over the course of several centuries, humans have
discovered and used conventional energy sources
including coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity
in power plants. The high energy density of these
sources is the primary advantage. However, their use
results in the release of carbon and other greenhouse
gases [21]. The water-related processes in thermal power
plants are similar regardless of the fuel type. The
majority of water used by these plants goes toward
cooling processes [19]. Thermal power plants are
particularly vulnerable to water scarcity since they rely
on a steady supply of fresh water for their power output.
Water supply systems need reliable electrical energy
conversion since water pumping, processing, and
disposal require electricity. Recent climatic changes
increase heat waves and droughts, which affect river
water temperature and availability. Such conditions have
already damaged global electric power generation and
prompted many thermal-power-generating unit
shutdowns. Thermal discharge in rivers is strictly
regulated to preserve wildlife habitat from unexpected
and severe water temperature fluctuations[22].
The majority of water used in power plants is for
operational purposes, most notably cooling. Introducing
streams of cooler water into a process system is how
cooling towers, a typical type of heat transfer equipment,
work. Hence, the overall water usage in the plant can be
decreased by reusing and recycling water from other
plant operations or by employing cooling tower
blowdown to deliver water to other plant processes[22].
Once-through cooling, recirculation/tower/pond cooling,
dry cooling, and hybrid cooling are the four main types
of thermal power plant cooling systems as follows [19]:
• When using water from a body of water (such as the
ocean, a river, a lake, or a cooling pond) as the cooling
fluid, one-through cooling (OT) is implemented[23].
Because cooling water only goes through the heat
exchanger once, it retains its characteristic chemical
makeup [24]. The OT systems typically do not use any
water from the plant's internal systems, but they do use
water from the freshwater systems due to increased
evaporation from reservoirs and higher water
temperatures [25].
• In an open recirculating cooling system, air is pushed
through water that is withdrawn and reused within the
system rather than discharged. The concentrations of
minerals and pollutants in circulating water grow over
time because some of the cooling water is lost during
recirculation due to evaporation and drift. To keep the
correct concentration, a 'blowdown' of cooling water is
periodically removed. Water losses from evaporation,
drift, and blowdown are offset by adding "makeup"
water to cooling systems [22].
• In dry cooling, air is used as the primary coolant medium
instead of water, and heat is transferred through a surface
that isolates the circulating cooling fluid from the
surrounding air. There is no need to drain or use any
water because convective heat transfer is used instead of
evaporation. Yet, environmental temperatures and
humidity have a major impact on the efficacy of dry
cooling. A dry cooling system is optimal for use in dry,
tropical climates[22].
• Wet and dry cooling components can be used together or
independently in a hybrid system. A dry cooling tower
has the advantage of protecting working fluids from
ambient exposure and pollution, and a hybrid system's
heat transfer performance is comparable to that of a wet
cooling system [24].
2.1.2. Power generation from renewables
The planet's surface temperature is rising steadily. One
of the main causes of global warming is the excessive
consumption of fossil fuels. Using fossil fuels to
generate electricity results in emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases [26]. Reducing fossil
fuel use and increasing use of Renewable Energy
Sources (RESs) in the energy sector are both crucial in
the fight against carbon emissions and global warming.
RESs have a reputation for being clean and safe for the
environment. While RESs are preferable to fossil fuels,
studies have shown they can still have negative

3
ACEC8-00880144
environmental effects [21]. Water is not directly used in
the production of power by wind, marine technologies,
or solar PV. Compared to other energy sources,
especially wind and ocean-based technologies, they
utilise an extremely small percentage of the world's fresh
water [19].
2.2. Desalination
By 2050, desalination will be one of the most important
new water sources, along with agricultural water
consumption management[18]. Rainwater collection
facilities and sewage treatment plants are two examples
of desalination plants. These establishments are also
energy consumers and "sinks." In this way, a nexus node
or facility can function as either a water source or an
energy sink, or both[16]. Desalination, the water supply
method with the highest energy requirements, is used in
regions with extreme water scarcity. Desalination
facilities can benefit from the generation of electricity
from ocean energy sources [36]. In addition, different
desalination processes can be directly integrated with
some forms of ocean energy (in the form of mechanical
force, thermal resource, or chemical potential) (Figure 2)
[6].
Figure 2. An illustration of different desalination processes,
linked to some types of ocean energy [6]
Reverse osmosis (RO) with phase change and multi-
stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED)
without phase change are the two basic desalination
technologies [35]. High-pressure pumps are used in the
RO process to separate fresh water from saline water.
The high pressure is applied to salt water, and
subsequently the solution is pumped through
membranes. This procedure produces potable water by
removing the solid salt from the salty solution [29].
The MSF approach, in contrast to the RO method,
involves a multi-stage process (as suggested by the
name)[27]. At first, the water is heated until it reaches a
boiling point of 90-110 degrees Celsius, and then the
pressure is gradually lowered. Then, at each level, some
of the water is swiftly evaporated and distilled, while the
rest is moved on to the next evaporation stage. At the
end of the process, when all the foregoing steps have
been taken, the evaporated waters are distilled to
generate fresh water [30]. The MED approach, like the
MSF approach, is carried out in a series of steps. In
contrast, the steam produced at each stage of the MED
process is condensed in the subsequent stage before
being evaporated and distilled once more [31]. The
4
electrical power needed for the desalination methods
indicates [32] shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Electricity required for water treatment intensity
factors[32]
Process Energy intensity factor (kWh/gal)
Minimum Maximum
MSF 0.0352 0.0946
MED 0.0151 0.0360
RO (Sea water) 0.0114 0.0322
There are location-specific caps on how much can be
spent on each water source (surface water, ground water,
external water diversion, and reclaimed water). Another
supply option that draws on a practically infinite water
resource base is desalination of sea water. Nevertheless,
as we've established, this choice also comes with
significant expense. The prohibitive cost prevents its
widespread use. This issue can be fixed with a well-
targeted subsidy. In order to guarantee a steady supply of
water, lower water costs and subsidies, and cut down on
energy-related emissions, it's crucial to identify the best
possible combination of these many water sources. In
order to find the most cost-effective combination of
water sources that results in the lowest amount of
desalinized water produced in China's Dongjiakou
Industrial Park (DIP), Jia, X., et al., 2019[8] devised a
pinch-analysis based technique.
3. Desalinated price subsidy optimization
Based on the principles of the circular economy and with
the primary objective of conserving water, the UNESCO
Chair on Water Reuse has proposed the water closed-
loop system (WCLS) as a sustainable alternative. In
order to implement the circular economy as a theoretical
framework for managing water and waste water in
industrial units, the WCLS integrated system has been
proposed. The key benefit of combining process
engineering, wastewater treatment expertise, and process
integration analyses is the provision of crucial data for
potential wastewater treatment plants, including the
objective contaminant, desired treatment efficiency, and
the method of treatment, which is valuable information
for reducing the process costs. That is one of the primary
distinctions between WCLS and other industrial water
consumption control techniques[33].
Utilizing theoretical and technological tools like
pinch analysis, process integration techniques, water and
wastewater treatment technologies, and qualitative-
quantitative analysis of the water and wastewater
streams, the system's ultimate goal is to reduce water
consumption and wastewater generation in an industrial
unit [27]. Pinch Analysis (PA) began as a method for
determining optimal energy objectives[28], but it has
since been adapted to deal with a wide range of process
synthesis issues [8], including those pertaining to water
networks[28] and carbon management networks [34].
3.1. Approach
Finding the least energy consumption based on the
appropriate subsidy for desalinated water quantity
ACEC8-00880144

required to meet the requirements of the industrial park (kt/d) ($/t)

are the two main issues that have been tackled in this Demand
work. Table 3 organizes the parameters that need to be D1 Industrial 150 0.65
set. D2 Residential sector 70 0.36
D3 Commercial sector 45 0.94
Table 3. Parameters which are needed for PA[8] D4 Other use 10 1.05
Parameter Definition Total 275 175.5
Ns Water sources in the industrial park Source
Water demands, which are water S1 External diversion water 90 0.72
Nd
consumers in the industrial park S2 Reclaimed water 50 0.78
Fi Available quantity of water source (i) S3 Surface water 50 0.43
Pi Unit price of water source (i) S4 Ground water 20 0.55
Pdw The price of desalinated water Total 210
The subsidized price for desalinated
Sdw Table 5 shows that the DIP requires 275 kt/d of water
water
Consumers, divided into industrial, and spends 175.5 $/t on water infrastructure, while
j commercial, residential and other receiving 210 kt/d from all water sources combined
sectors (excluding desalinized water). The water needs of the
Fj Water demands for the consumer (j) industrial park have grown to exceed the availability in
Pj Corresponding expected water price (j) the area. Desalinated water can make up the difference
of 65 kt/d (= 275 - 210 kt/d). It is possible for the local
The Limiting Composite Curve (LCC) is produced in government to subsidize desalinated water production
this work using the findings of the Composite Table (1.15 $/t) in order to maintain rates low enough that
Algorithm (CTA), as indicated in Table 4. This work industrial plants can afford them. The goal is to find the
solves the problem. The values in Pi, Fj, and Fi denote the appropriate subsidy for desalinated water that will both
price per unit, demand, and supply, respectively. alleviate government subsidy pressure and cut down on
emissions caused by the production of that water's
Table 4. The first three columns in Generic structure of energy source. The CTA is completed with 3 more
CTA[8] columns which are the net water deficit (Fnet,k),
Price Demand (Fj) Source (Pj) calculated via Eq. 1,
P1 Fj Fi Nd,k Ns,k
P2 Fnet,k = F
j=1
j −  F , k= 1,2,3,...,n
i=1
i (1)
…

interval water cost (Costk) which is calculated by Eq. 2,

Pk
Cost k = Fnet,k (Pk+1 − Pk ), K = 1,2,3,...,n (2)
…

and the cumulative water cost Costcum is determined in

Pn
Some lines are drawn, as shown in the second and
third columns (Table 4), beginning at the cost associated
with each water resource and requirement and
terminating at the flow rate of the respective supplies
and demands; this facilitates the identification of the net
water deficit in the subsequent step. Table 5 organizes
the water demand and resource sectors examined in the
DIP case study. The first three columns of CTA that
pertain to DIP have been updated accordingly.
Table 5. Flow rate of water demands and water sources and
corresponding prices[8]
General Fj Pj
the sixth column, by adding the water cost Costk for
each interval. Table 6 illustrates the resulting CTA for
DIP. The LCC chart can be used to plot the Water
Supply Line with varying subsidy costs of desalinized
water. To create a tangent with the LCC, rotate the
Water Supply Line (desalinated water) counterclockwise
around the point of rotation (0, Sdw). The pinch point is
the tangent, and it shows the decision-maker in a very
concrete way which consumers use desalinized water
and which do not. Only those with incomes below the
pinch point can afford to buy desalinated water.
Untapped water sources can be selected among those
found higher above the pinch point. Consumers located
below the pinch point are not permitted to draw water
from sources located above the pinch point. If not, the
system's cost will be sub-optimal and a cost penalty will
ensue.

5
ACEC8-00880144

Table 6. Composite Table for optimal subsidy analysis in DIP[8]

Net water Interval Cumulative
Water Price
Demand (kt/d) Source (kt/d) deficit water cost water cost
($/t) `
(kt/d) (k$/d) (k$/d)
0.36

0.43 70 4.90 0

0.55 20 2.40 4.90

0.65 0 0 7.30

0.72 150 10.50 7.30

0.78 60 3.60 17.80

0.94 10 1.60 21.40

1.05 55 6.05 23

65 2 29.05

1.08 31.05
150 70 45 10 90 50 50 20
D1 D2 D3 D4 S1 S2 S3 S4

The minimal needs for desalinated water at various
subsidized prices are calculated so that the impact of the
subsidized price of desalinated water on the total subsidy
saving can be studied. Because the subsidized price of
desalinated water should not exceed the least price in the
system, the minimum and maximum allowable prices are
set at 0 and 0.36 $/t, respectively; otherwise, a portion of
the water supply line would be positioned above LCC.
Figure 3 depicts the outcomes when the subsidized price
of desalinated water is increased from $0 to 0.36$/t.
There is a breaking point for any given range of
subsidized price (Sdw).
The lowest desalinized water flowrate required for a
certain subsidy is equal to the slope of the water delivery
line divided by its reciprocal. If, for example, the per-
unit subsidized cost of desalinated water is 0.326 $/t,
then the pinch point for its water supply line will be at
0.78 $/t, with its origin at (0, 0.326) Figure 4. Thus,
21.4 − 0
47.16 kt/d ( = ) of desalinated water is the
0.78 − 0.326
very minimum that can be expected to be needed. The
"pinch point" is $1.08/ton if the subsidized price of
desalinated water per unit is $0.00. According to Figure
4, this results in a subsidy-supported desalinated water
31.05 − 0
demand of at least 28.8 kt/d ( = ) as shown in
1.08 − 0
Figure 3.

Figure 3. Limiting Composite for subsidy from 0 to 0.36 $/t[8]

Figure 4. Limiting Composite at a subsidized price of 0.326[8]

Figure 5 depicts how the discounted cost of

desalinated water affects the overall subsidy. As can be
6
ACEC8-00880144
seen in Figure 5, the subsidy is gradually reduced as the
subsidized price is raised from $0.00/t to $0.354/t. Jia,
X., et al., 2019 [8] demonstrated that at a subsidized
price of 0.354 $/t, the corresponding subsidized
desalinated water production rate is 64.47 kilotons per
day. Hence, the lowest possible subsidy is $12,73 k/d.
The second part of the process is cutting down on energy
usage as much as possible.
Figure 5. Effects of desalinated water subsidy variation on
saved subsidy[8]
4. Conclusion
sustainable development relies heavily on the
interconnection of water and energy or the water-energy
nexus. It is essential to understand and manage how
these two resources are linked. There is a lot of strain on
the Earth's limited resources due to escalating global
worries about water and energy security, rapid
population increase, and increasing urbanization.
Renewable energy sources can power desalination
plants; thus, calculating the correct subsidy for the
process is essential for better water resource planning.
This study further extended the optimization technique
based on pinch analysis. Pinch analysis and
mathematical modelling are vital tools for efficient
integrated water management. Ultimately, a complicated
network links water and power production, transmission,
and consumption. Using thermal power from non-
renewable sources can simultaneously reduce water and
energy consumption. Water and energy resource
management is critical to achieving sustainable
development goals and protecting ecosystems and
aquifers. The water-energy nexus faces more obstacles
than ever, making finding creative answers to these
problems essential.
7
Nomenclature
Ns Water sources in the industrial park
Water demands, which are water
Nd
consumers in the industrial park
K interval
Fi Available quantity of water source (i)
Pi Unit price of water source (i)
Pdw The price of desalinated water
The subsidized price for desalinated
Sdw
water
Consumers, divided into industrial,
j commercial, residential and other
sectors
Fj Water demands for the consumer (j)
Pj Corresponding expected water price (j)
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