1.

SEMAPHORE MUTUAL EXCLUSION WITHOUT USING MONITOR

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <pthread.h>

#include <semaphore.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#define NUM_THREADS 2

// Shared resource

int shared_variable = 0;

// Semaphore for mutual exclusion

sem_t mutex;

void* thread_function(void* thread_id) {

int id = ((int)thread_id);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {

// Entry section (wait)

sem_wait(&mutex);

// Critical section

printf("Thread %d in critical section. Shared variable = %d\n", id, shared_variable);

shared_variable++;

// Exit section (signal)

sem_post(&mutex);

// Non-critical section

printf("Thread %d in non-critical section.\n", id);

 // Sleep to make the output more readable

usleep(100000);

pthread_exit(NULL);

int main() {

pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];

int thread_ids[NUM_THREADS];

// Initialize semaphore

sem_init(&mutex, 0, 1);

// Create threads

for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) {

thread_ids[i] = i;

pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, thread_function, (void*)&thread_ids[i]);

// Join threads

for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) {

pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);

// Destroy semaphore

sem_destroy(&mutex);

return 0;

}
2. PROCESS CREATION USING FORK(), GETPID(),GETPPID(), WAIT()

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/wait.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main() {

pid_t child_pid;

// Create a new process

child_pid = fork();

if (child_pid == -1) {

perror("fork");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

if (child_pid == 0) {

// Code for the child process

printf("Child process: PID = %d, PPID = %d\n", getpid(), getppid());

exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Child process exits

} else {

// Code for the parent process

printf("Parent process: PID = %d, Child PID = %d\n", getpid(), child_pid);

wait(NULL); // Parent process waits for the child to finish

printf("Child process has terminated.\n");

return 0;

}
3. BANKERS ALGORITHM FOR DEADLOCKS

#include <stdio.h>

int m, n, i, j, al[10][10], max[10][10], av[10], need[10][10], temp, z, y, p, k;

void main() {

printf("\n Enter no of processes : ");

scanf("%d", &m); // enter numbers of processes

printf("\n Enter no of resources : ");

scanf("%d", &n); // enter numbers of resources

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

printf("\n Enter instances for al[%d][%d] = ", i,j); // al[][] matrix is for allocated instances

scanf("%d", &al[i][j]);

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

printf("\n Enter instances for max[%d][%d] = ", i,j); // max[][] matrix is for max instances

scanf("%d", &max[i][j]);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("\n Available Resource for av[%d] = ",i); // av[] matrix is for available instances

scanf("%d", &av[i]);

// Print allocation values

printf("Alocation Values :\n");

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

printf(" \t %d", al[i][j]); // printing allocation matrix

}
printf("\n");

printf("\n\n");

// Print max values

printf("Max Values :\n");

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

printf(" \t %d", max[i][j]); // printing max matrix

printf("\n");

printf("\n\n");

// Print need values

printf("Need Values :\n");

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

need[i][j] = max[i][j] - al[i][j]; // calculating need matrix

printf("\t %d", need[i][j]); // printing need matrix

printf("\n");

p = 1; // used for terminating while loop

y = 0;

while (p != 0) {

for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {

z = 0;

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

if (need[i][j] <= av[j] &&

(need[i][0] != -1)) { // comparing need with available instance and

// checking if the process is done

// or not
z++; // counter if condition TRUE

if (z == n) { // if need<=available TRUE for all resources then condition

// is TRUE

for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {

av[k] += al[i][k]; // new work = work + allocated

printf("\n SS process %d", i); // Print the Process

need[i][0] = -1; // assign -1 if Process done

y++; // cont if process done

} // end for loop

if (y == m) { // if all done then

p = 0; // exit while loop

}} // end while

printf("\n");

4. FCFS

#include <stdio.h>

void findWaitingTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[]) {

wt[0] = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)

wt[i] = bt[i - 1] + wt[i - 1];

void findTurnAroundTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[], int tat[]) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

}

void findAverageTime(int n, int bt[]) {

int wt[n], tat[n];

findWaitingTime(n, bt, wt);

findTurnAroundTime(n, bt, wt, tat);

float total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

total_wt += wt[i];

total_tat += tat[i];

printf("Average waiting time = %.2f\n", total_wt / n);

printf("Average turnaround time = %.2f\n", total_tat / n);

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of processes: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int burst_time[n];

printf("Enter burst times for each process:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Process %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);

findAverageTime(n, burst_time);

return 0;

}
5. SJF

#include <stdio.h>

void findWaitingTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[]) {

int temp[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

temp[i] = bt[i];

int complete = 0, t = 0, minm = 9999, shortest = 0, finish_time;

while (complete != n) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

if ((temp[j] <= t) && (temp[j] < minm) && (temp[j] > 0)) {

minm = temp[j];

shortest = j;

temp[shortest] = 0;

wt[shortest] = t;

t += bt[shortest];

complete++;

minm = 9999;

void findTurnAroundTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[], int tat[]) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

void findAverageTime(int n, int bt[]) {

int wt[n], tat[n];

 findWaitingTime(n, bt, wt);

findTurnAroundTime(n, bt, wt, tat);

float total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

total_wt += wt[i];

total_tat += tat[i];

printf("Average waiting time = %.2f\n", total_wt / n);

printf("Average turnaround time = %.2f\n", total_tat / n);

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of processes: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int burst_time[n];

printf("Enter burst times for each process:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Process %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);

findAverageTime(n, burst_time);

return 0;

}
6. Priority Scheduling

#include <stdio.h>

void findWaitingTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[], int priority[]) {

int pos, temp;

wt[0] = 0;

// Sort processes based on priority

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

pos = i;

for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {

if (priority[j] < priority[pos]) {

pos = j;

// Swap priority values

temp = priority[i];

priority[i] = priority[pos];

priority[pos] = temp;

// Swap burst time values

temp = bt[i];

bt[i] = bt[pos];

bt[pos] = temp;

// Calculate waiting time

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)

wt[i] = bt[i - 1] + wt[i - 1];

void findTurnAroundTime(int n, int bt[], int wt[], int tat[]) {

 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

void findAverageTime(int n, int bt[], int priority[]) {

int wt[n], tat[n];

findWaitingTime(n, bt, wt, priority);

findTurnAroundTime(n, bt, wt, tat);

float total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

total_wt += wt[i];

total_tat += tat[i];

printf("Average waiting time = %.2f\n", total_wt / n);

printf("Average turnaround time = %.2f\n", total_tat / n);

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of processes: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int burst_time[n], priority[n];

printf("Enter burst times and priorities for each process:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Process %d:\n", i + 1);

 printf("Burst Time: ");

scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);

printf("Priority: ");

scanf("%d", &priority[i]);

findAverageTime(n, burst_time, priority);

return 0;

7. ROUND ROBIN

#include <stdio.h>

void findWaitingTime(int processes[], int n, int bt[], int wt[], int quantum) {

int remaining_time[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

remaining_time[i] = bt[i];

wt[i] = 0;

int t = 0; // Current time

while (1) {

int done = 1;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (remaining_time[i] > 0) {

done = 0; // There are still processes to execute

if (remaining_time[i] > quantum) {

t += quantum;
 remaining_time[i] -= quantum;

} else {

t += remaining_time[i];

wt[i] = t - bt[i];

remaining_time[i] = 0;

if (done == 1)

break;

void findTurnAroundTime(int processes[], int n, int bt[], int wt[], int tat[]) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];

void findAverageTime(int processes[], int n, int bt[], int quantum) {

int wt[n], tat[n];

findWaitingTime(processes, n, bt, wt, quantum);

findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, bt, wt, tat);

float total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

total_wt += wt[i];

total_tat += tat[i];

}
 printf("Average waiting time = %.2f\n", total_wt / n);

printf("Average turnaround time = %.2f\n", total_tat / n);

int main() {

int n, quantum;

printf("Enter the number of processes: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int burst_time[n], processes[n];

printf("Enter burst times for each process:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

processes[i] = i + 1;

printf("Process %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);

printf("Enter the time quantum: ");

scanf("%d", &quantum);

findAverageTime(processes, n, burst_time, quantum);

return 0;

8. LRU

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX_FRAMES 3 // Number of frames in memory

void printFrames(int frames[], int n) {

printf("Frames: ");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (frames[i] == -1) {

printf("[ ] ");

} else {

printf("[%d] ", frames[i]);

printf("\n");

int isPageInFrames(int frames[], int n, int page) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (frames[i] == page) {

return 1; // Page is in frames

return 0; // Page is not in frames

int getLRUIndex(int counter[], int n) {

int minIndex = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {

if (counter[i] < counter[minIndex]) {

minIndex = i;

return minIndex;

}
void lruPageReplacement(int pages[], int n, int frames[], int frameCount) {

int pageFaults = 0;

int counter[MAX_FRAMES] = {-1, -1, -1}; // Counter to keep track of usage

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("\nReference to Page %d:\n", pages[i]);

printFrames(frames, frameCount);

if (!isPageInFrames(frames, frameCount, pages[i])) {

int lruIndex = getLRUIndex(counter, frameCount);

frames[lruIndex] = pages[i];

counter[lruIndex] = i; // Update the counter for the newly added page

pageFaults++;

} else {

for (int j = 0; j < frameCount; j++) {

if (frames[j] == pages[i]) {

counter[j] = i; // Update the counter for the referenced page

break;

printf("\nTotal Page Faults: %d\n", pageFaults);

int main() {

int n, frames[MAX_FRAMES], pages[MAX_FRAMES];

printf("Enter the number of pages: ");

 scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter the page reference sequence:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &pages[i]);

for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES; i++) {

frames[i] = -1; // Initialize frames as empty

lruPageReplacement(pages, n, frames, MAX_FRAMES);

return 0;

9. LFU

#include <stdio.h>

#include <limits.h>

#define MAX_FRAMES 3 // Number of frames in memory

void printFrames(int frames[], int n) {

printf("Frames: ");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (frames[i] == -1) {

printf("[ ] ");

} else {

printf("[%d] ", frames[i]);

printf("\n");

}
int isPageInFrames(int frames[], int n, int page) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (frames[i] == page) {

return 1; // Page is in frames

return 0; // Page is not in frames

int getLFUIndex(int frequency[], int n) {

int minIndex = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {

if (frequency[i] < frequency[minIndex]) {

minIndex = i;

return minIndex;

void lfuPageReplacement(int pages[], int n, int frames[], int frameCount) {

int pageFaults = 0;

int frequency[MAX_FRAMES] = {0};

int counter[MAX_FRAMES] = {0};

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("\nReference to Page %d:\n", pages[i]);

printFrames(frames, frameCount);

if (!isPageInFrames(frames, frameCount, pages[i])) {

int lfuIndex = getLFUIndex(frequency, frameCount);

frames[lfuIndex] = pages[i];
 frequency[lfuIndex] = 1; // Set frequency to 1 for the newly added page

pageFaults++;

} else {

for (int j = 0; j < frameCount; j++) {

if (frames[j] == pages[i]) {

frequency[j]++; // Increment the frequency for the referenced page

break;

printf("\nTotal Page Faults: %d\n", pageFaults);

int main() {

int n, frames[MAX_FRAMES], pages[MAX_FRAMES];

printf("Enter the number of pages: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter the page reference sequence:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &pages[i]);

for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES; i++) {

frames[i] = -1; // Initialize frames as empty

lfuPageReplacement(pages, n, frames, MAX_FRAMES);

return 0;